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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Zhang Y, Wei Y, Meng J, Wang Y, Nie S, Zhang Z, Wang H, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wu J, Li T, Liu X, Zhang H, Gu L. Chromosome-scale de novo genome assembly and annotation of three representative Casuarina species: C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1490-1505. [PMID: 36971060 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Australian pine (Casuarina spp.) is extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions for wood production, shelterbelts, environmental protection, and ecological restoration due to their superior biological characteristics, such as rapid growth, wind and salt tolerance, and nitrogen fixation. To analyze the genomic diversity of Casuarina, we sequenced the genomes and constructed de novo genome assemblies of the three most widely planted Casuarina species: C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana. We generated chromosome-scale genome sequences using both Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel sequencing and chromosome conformation capture technology (Hi-C). The total genome sizes for C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana are 268 942 579 bp, 296 631 783 bp, and 293 483 606 bp, respectively, of which 25.91, 27.15, and 27.74% were annotated as repetitive sequences. We annotated 23 162, 24 673, and 24 674 protein-coding genes in C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana, respectively. We then collected branchlets from male and female individuals for whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) to explore the epigenetic regulation of sex determination in these three species. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed differential expression of phytohormone-related genes between male and female plants. In summary, we generated three chromosome-level genome assemblies and comprehensive DNA methylation and transcriptome datasets from both male and female material for three Casuarina species, providing a basis for the comprehensive investigation of genomic diversity and functional gene discovery of Casuarina in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yongcheng Wei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Jingxiang Meng
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Sen Nie
- Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350012, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongkang Yang
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yubang Gao
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tuhe Li
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hangxiao Zhang
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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3
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Garneau L, Beauregard PB, Roy S. Neighbours in nodules: the interactions between Frankia sp. ACN10a and non- Frankia nodular endophytes of alder. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:88-102. [PMID: 36288608 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the in vitro interactions between Frankia sp. ACN10a and non-Frankia nodular endophytes (NFNE) isolated from alder. The supernatant of NFNE grown in nitrogen-replete medium had neutral or negative effects on Frankia growth; none had a stimulatory effect. Inhibitory effects were observed for supernatants of some NFNE, notably Micromonospora, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas isolates. However, some NFNE-Frankia coculture supernatants could stimulate Frankia growth when used as a culture medium supplement. This was observed for supernatants of Frankia cocultured with Microvirga and Streptomyces isolates. In nitrogen-limited conditions, cocultures of Frankia with some NFNE, including some rhizobia and Cytobacillus, resulted in higher total biomass than Frankia-only cultures, suggesting cooperation, while other NFNE were strongly antagonistic. Microscopic observation of cocultures also revealed compromised Frankia membrane integrity, and some differentiation into stress resistance-associated morphotypes such as sporangia and reproductive torulose hyphae (RTH). Furthermore, the coculture of Frankia with Serratia sp. isolates resulted in higher concentrations of the auxinic plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and related indolic compounds in the culture supernatant. This study sheds new light on the breadth of microbial interactions that occur amongst bacteria that inhabit the understudied ecological niche of the alder nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Garneau
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
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Garneau L, Beauregard PB, Roy S. Deciphering the role of non- Frankia nodular endophytes in alder through in vitro and genomic characterization. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:72-87. [PMID: 36288604 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic bacterial populations are well-positioned to provide benefits to their host plants such as nutrient acquisition and plant hormone level manipulation. Actinorhizal plants such as alders are well known for their microbial symbioses that allow them to colonize harsh environments whether natural or anthropized. Although the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia sp. is the main endophyte found in alder root nodules, other bacterial genera, whose roles remain poorly defined, inhabit this niche. In this study, we isolated a diverse panel of non-Frankia nodular endophytes (NFNE). Some NFNE were isolated from alders grown from surface-sterilized seeds and maintained in sterile conditions, suggesting these may have been seed-borne. In vitro testing of 24 NFNE revealed some possessed putative plant growth promotion traits. Their genomes were also sequenced to identify genes related to plant growth promotion traits. This study highlights the complexity of the alder nodular microbial community. It paves the way for further understanding of the biology of nodules and could help improve land reclamation practices that involve alders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Garneau
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1K 2R1
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Mathesius U. Are legumes different? Origins and consequences of evolving nitrogen fixing symbioses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153765. [PMID: 35952452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixing symbioses between plants and bacteria are ancient and, while not numerous, are formed in diverse lineages of plants ranging from microalgae to angiosperms. One symbiosis stands out as the most widespread one is that between legumes and rhizobia, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The legume family is one of the largest and most diverse group of plants and legumes have been used by humans since the beginning of agriculture, both as high nitrogen food, as well as pastures and rotation crops. One open question is whether their ability to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has contributed to legumes' success, and whether legumes have any unique characteristics that have made them more diverse and widespread than other groups of plants. This review examines the evolutionary journey that has led to the diversification of legumes, in particular its nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and asks four questions to investigate which legume traits might have contributed to their success: 1. In what ways do legumes differ from other plant groups that have evolved nitrogen-fixing symbioses? In order to answer this question, the characteristics of the symbioses, and efficiencies of nitrogen fixation are compared between different groups of nitrogen fixing plants. 2. Could certain unique features of legumes be a reason for their success? This section examines the manifestations and possible benefits of a nitrogen-rich 'lifestyle' in legumes. 3. If nitrogen fixation was a reason for such a success, why have some species lost the symbiosis? Formation of symbioses has trade-offs, and while these are less well known for non-legumes, there are known energetic and ecological reasons for loss of symbiotic potential in legumes. 4. What can we learn from the unique traits of legumes for future crop improvements? While exploiting some of the physiological properties of legumes could be used to improve legume breeding, our increasing molecular understanding of the essential regulators of root nodule symbioses raise hope of creating new nitrogen fixing symbioses in other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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6
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Dong W, Song Y. The Significance of Flavonoids in the Process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5926. [PMID: 32824698 PMCID: PMC7460597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is essential for the growth of plants. The ability of some plant species to obtain all or part of their requirement for nitrogen by interacting with microbial symbionts has conferred a major competitive advantage over those plants unable to do so. The function of certain flavonoids (a group of secondary metabolites produced by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway) within the process of biological nitrogen fixation carried out by Rhizobium spp. has been thoroughly researched. However, their significance to biological nitrogen fixation carried out during the actinorhizal and arbuscular mycorrhiza-Rhizobium-legume interaction remains unclear. This review catalogs and contextualizes the role of flavonoids in the three major types of root endosymbiosis responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. The importance of gaining an understanding of the molecular basis of endosymbiosis signaling, as well as the potential of and challenges facing modifying flavonoids either quantitatively and/or qualitatively are discussed, along with proposed strategies for both optimizing the process of nodulation and widening the plant species base, which can support nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuguang Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China;
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Leonhardt N, Divol F, Chiarenza S, Deschamps S, Renaud J, Giacalone C, Nussaume L, Berthomé R, Péret B. Tissue-specific inactivation by cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyl transferase as a tool to study plant biology. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:731-741. [PMID: 31625644 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of plant developmental and physiological responses have benefited from tissue-specific approaches, revealing the role of some cell types in these processes. Such approaches have relied on the inactivation of target cells using either toxic compounds or deleterious genes; however, both tissue-specific and truly inducible tools are lacking in order to precisely target a developmental window or specific growth response. We engineered the yeast fluorocytosine deaminase (FCY1) gene by creating a fusion with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into 5-fluorouracyl, a drug used in the treatment of a range of cancers, which triggers DNA and RNA damage. We expressed the FCY-UPP gene construct in specific cell types using enhancer trap lines and promoters, demonstrating that this marker acts in a cell-autonomous manner. We also showed that it can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. It also revealed a role for the lateral root cap and the epidermis in controlling root growth, a faster response. The 5-FC precursor acts systemically, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit stomatal movements when supplied to the roots in combination with a guard cell-specific promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can therefore be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages. This tool will greatly enhance our capacity to understand the respective role of each cell type in plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leonhardt
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Fanchon Divol
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Deschamps
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Jeanne Renaud
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Giacalone
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CNRS-CEA-Université Aix-Marseille Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Benjamin Péret
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Plant Growth-Promoting Active Metabolites from Frankia spp. of Actinorhizal Casuarina spp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:74-91. [PMID: 31989439 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In agriculture, plant growth enrichment via plant growth stimulating microbes has been recognized as an emergency, it is used as an alternatives to chemical pesticides and growth stimulants. The phytopathogens cause various diseases such as blister bark; stem cankers, and pink and brown rot diseases besides affect the growth frequency of Casuarina spp. toward biotic and abiotic stresses. Bio-control and plant growth-promoting potential of native Frankia isolates from Casuarina spp. in Tamil Nadu, India, was not much explored. Hence, in the present study, we are investigating the plant growth improvement activity and phytopathogen control in Casuarina spp. The Frankia sp. DDNSF-01 and Frankia casuarinae DDNSF-02 were isolated and identified from the root nodules of Casuarina spp. Additionally, it is recognized for plant growth promoter activity and in vitro antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens including Pseudomonas sp. and Colletotrichum sp. The plant growth regulators including IAA, siderophore, ammonia production, and phosphate solubilization were found out. Therefore, the formation of the most significant plant growth-promoting phytohormone IAA was confirmed by UV, FT-IR, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, and NMR spectrum. Bioactive metabolites including methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, dodecanoic acid, and some novel flavonoids were identified. Therefore, various growth regulators such as L-aspartic acid, 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde were confirmed by GC-MS spectra. The present findings conclude Frankia spp. as efficient plant growth enhancement mediator and also inhibit the phytopathogens.
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Nouioui I, Cortés-albayay C, Carro L, Castro JF, Gtari M, Ghodhbane-Gtari F, Klenk HP, Tisa LS, Sangal V, Goodfellow M. Genomic Insights Into Plant-Growth-Promoting Potentialities of the Genus Frankia. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1457. [PMID: 31333602 PMCID: PMC6624747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the plant growth promoting (PGP) potential of members of the genus Frankia. To this end, the genomes of 21 representative strains were examined for genes associated directly or indirectly with plant growth. All of the Frankia genomes contained genes that encoded for products associated with the biosynthesis of auxins [indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthases, anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases (trpD), anthranilate synthases, and aminases (trpA and B)], cytokinins (11 well-conserved genes within the predicted biosynthetic gene cluster), siderophores, and nitrogenases (nif operon except for atypical Frankia) as well as genes that modulate the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental stress (e.g., alkyl hydroperoxide reductases, aquaporin Z, heat shock proteins). In contrast, other genes were associated with strains assigned to one or more of four host-specific clusters. The genes encoding for phosphate solubilization (e.g., low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporters) and lytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases) were found in Frankia cluster 1 genomes, while other genes were found only in cluster 3 genomes (e.g., alkaline phosphatases, extracellular endoglucanases, pectate lyases) or cluster 4 and subcluster 1c genomes (e.g., NAD(P) transhydrogenase genes). Genes encoding for chitinases were found only in the genomes of the type strains of Frankia casuarinae, F. inefficax, F. irregularis, and F. saprophytica. In short, these in silico genome analyses provide an insight into the PGP abilities of Frankia strains of known taxonomic provenance. This is the first study designed to establish the underlying genetic basis of cytokinin production in Frankia strains. Also, the discovery of additional genes in the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in cytokinin production opens up the prospect that Frankia may have novel molecular mechanisms for cytokinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Nouioui
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Cortés-albayay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Carro
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jean Franco Castro
- The Chilean Collection of Microbial Genetic Resources (CChRGM), Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) – Quilamapu, Chillán, Chile
| | - Maher Gtari
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Université de Carthage Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ghodhbane-Gtari
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Université de Carthage Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louis S. Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Swarup R, Bhosale R. Developmental Roles of AUX1/LAX Auxin Influx Carriers in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1306. [PMID: 31719828 PMCID: PMC6827439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is predominantly synthesized in the shoot apex and developing leaf primordia and from there it is transported to the target tissues e.g. roots. Auxin transport is polar in nature and is carrier-mediated. AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) family members are the major auxin influx carriers whereas PIN-FORMED (PIN) family and some members of the P-GLYCOPROTEIN/ATP-BINDING CASSETTE B4 (PGP/ABCB) family are major auxin efflux carriers. AUX1/LAX auxin influx carriers are multi-membrane spanning transmembrane proteins sharing similarity to amino acid permeases. Mutations in AUX1/LAX genes result in auxin related developmental defects and have been implicated in regulating key plant processes including root and lateral root development, root gravitropism, root hair development, vascular patterning, seed germination, apical hook formation, leaf morphogenesis, phyllotactic patterning, female gametophyte development and embryo development. Recently AUX1 has also been implicated in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the developmental roles of AUX1/LAX gene family and will also briefly discuss the modelling approaches that are providing new insight into the role of auxin transport in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Swarup
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ranjan Swarup,
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Demina IV, Maity PJ, Nagchowdhury A, Ng JLP, van der Graaff E, Demchenko KN, Roitsch T, Mathesius U, Pawlowski K. Accumulation of and Response to Auxins in Roots and Nodules of the Actinorhizal Plant Datisca glomerata Compared to the Model Legume Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1085. [PMID: 31608077 PMCID: PMC6773980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal nodules are structurally different from legume nodules and show a greater similarity to lateral roots. Because of the important role of auxins in lateral root and nodule formation, auxin profiles were examined in roots and nodules of the actinorhizal species Datisca glomerata and the model legume Medicago truncatula. The auxin response in roots and nodules of both species was analyzed in transgenic root systems expressing a beta-glucuronidase gene under control of the synthetic auxin-responsive promoter DR5. The effects of two different auxin on root development were compared for both species. The auxin present in nodules at the highest levels was phenylacetic acid (PAA). No differences were found between the concentrations of active auxins of roots vs. nodules, while levels of the auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-alanine were increased in nodules compared to roots of both species. Because auxins typically act in concert with cytokinins, cytokinins were also quantified. Concentrations of cis-zeatin and some glycosylated cytokinins were dramatically increased in nodules compared to roots of D. glomerata, but not of M. truncatula. The ratio of active auxins to cytokinins remained similar in nodules compared to roots in both species. The auxin response, as shown by the activation of the DR5 promoter, seemed significantly reduced in nodules compared to roots of both species, suggesting the accumulation of auxins in cell types that do not express the signal transduction pathway leading to DR5 activation. Effects on root development were analyzed for the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and PAA, the dominant auxin in nodules. Both auxins had similar effects, except that the sensitivity of roots to PAA was lower than to NAA. However, while the effects of both auxins on primary root growth were similar for both species, effects on root branching were different: both auxins had the classical positive effect on root branching in M. truncatula, but a negative effect in D. glomerata. Such a negative effect of exogenous auxin on root branching has previously been found for a cucurbit that forms lateral root primordia in the meristem of the parental root; however, root branching in D. glomerata does not follow that pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Demina
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pooja Jha Maity
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anurupa Nagchowdhury
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason L. P. Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eric van der Graaff
- Department of Plant Physiology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kirill N. Demchenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Katharina Pawlowski,
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Hocher V, Ngom M, Carré-Mlouka A, Tisseyre P, Gherbi H, Svistoonoff S. Signalling in actinorhizal root nodule symbioses. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:23-29. [PMID: 30306463 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants able to establish a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with the actinobacterium Frankia are called actinorhizal. These interactions lead to the formation of new root organs, called actinorhizal nodules, where the bacteria are hosted intracellularly and fix atmospheric nitrogen thus providing the plant with an almost unlimited source of nitrogen for its nutrition. Like other symbiotic interactions, actinorhizal nodulation involves elaborate signalling between both partners of the symbiosis, leading to specific recognition between the plant and its compatible microbial partner, its accommodation inside plant cells and the development of functional root nodules. Actinorhizal nodulation shares many features with rhizobial nodulation but our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in actinorhizal nodulation remains very scarce. However recent technical achievements for several actinorhizal species are allowing major discoveries in this field. In this review, we provide an outline on signalling molecules involved at different stages of actinorhizal nodule formation and the corresponding signalling pathways and gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hocher
- LSTM, UMR 040 IRD/INRA/CIRAD, Université Montpellier/Supagro, TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier CDX 5, France
| | - Mariama Ngom
- LCM, IRD/ISRA, UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal.,LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alyssa Carré-Mlouka
- LSTM, UMR 040 IRD/INRA/CIRAD, Université Montpellier/Supagro, TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier CDX 5, France.,MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tisseyre
- LSTM, UMR 040 IRD/INRA/CIRAD, Université Montpellier/Supagro, TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier CDX 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- LSTM, UMR 040 IRD/INRA/CIRAD, Université Montpellier/Supagro, TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier CDX 5, France
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- LSTM, UMR 040 IRD/INRA/CIRAD, Université Montpellier/Supagro, TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier CDX 5, France. .,LCM, IRD/ISRA, UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal. .,LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal.
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13
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Gifford I, Battenberg K, Vaniya A, Wilson A, Tian L, Fiehn O, Berry AM. Distinctive Patterns of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Roots and Nodules of Datisca glomerata and Medicago spp. Revealed by Metabolomic and Gene Expression Profiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1463. [PMID: 30364174 PMCID: PMC6192435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants within the Nitrogen-fixing Clade (NFC) of Angiosperms form root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Actinorhizal plants (in Cucurbitales, Fagales, Rosales) form symbioses with the actinobacteria Frankia while legumes (Fabales) form symbioses with proteobacterial rhizobia. Flavonoids, secondary metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway, have been shown to play major roles in legume root nodule symbioses: as signal molecules that in turn trigger rhizobial nodulation initiation signals and acting as polar auxin transport inhibitors, enabling a key step in nodule organogenesis. To explore a potentially broader role for flavonoids in root nodule symbioses across the NFC, we combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of roots and nodules of the actinorhizal host Datisca glomerata and legumes of the genus Medicago. Patterns of biosynthetic pathways were inferred from flavonoid metabolite profiles and phenylpropanoid gene expression patterns in the two hosts to identify similarities and differences. Similar classes of flavonoids were represented in both hosts, and an increase in flavonoids generally in the nodules was observed, with differences in flavonoids prominent in each host. While both hosts produced derivatives of naringenin, the metabolite profile in D. glomerata indicated an emphasis on the pinocembrin biosynthetic pathway, and an abundance of flavonols with potential roles in symbiosis. Additionally, the gene expression profile indicated a decrease in expression in the lignin/monolignol pathway. In Medicago sativa, by contrast, isoflavonoids were highly abundant featuring more diverse and derived isoflavonoids than D. glomerata. Gene expression patterns supported these differences in metabolic pathways, especially evident in a difference in expression of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), which was expressed at substantially lower levels in D. glomerata than in a Medicago truncatula transcriptome where it was highly expressed. C4H is a major rate-limiting step in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis that separates the pinocembrin pathway from the lignin/monolignol and naringenin-based flavonoid branches. Shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, the link between flavonoid biosynthesis and the lignin/monolignol pathway, was also expressed at much lower levels in D. glomerata than in M. truncatula. Our results indicate (a) a likely major role for flavonoids in actinorhizal nodules, and (b) differences in metabolic flux in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis between the different hosts in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Gifford
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kai Battenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Arpana Vaniya
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alex Wilson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alison M. Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Martin FM, Uroz S, Barker DG. Ancestral alliances: Plant mutualistic symbioses with fungi and bacteria. Science 2017; 356:356/6340/eaad4501. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Roy S, Robson F, Lilley J, Liu CW, Cheng X, Wen J, Walker S, Sun J, Cousins D, Bone C, Bennett MJ, Downie JA, Swarup R, Oldroyd G, Murray JD. MtLAX2, a Functional Homologue of the Arabidopsis Auxin Influx Transporter AUX1, Is Required for Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:326-338. [PMID: 28363992 PMCID: PMC5411133 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Most legume plants can form nodules, specialized lateral organs that form on roots, and house nitrogen-fixing bacteria collectively called rhizobia. The uptake of the phytohormone auxin into cells is known to be crucial for development of lateral roots. To test the role of auxin influx in nodulation we used the auxin influx inhibitors 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA) and 2-NOA, which we found reduced nodulation of Medicago truncatula. This suggested the possible involvement of the AUX/LAX family of auxin influx transporters in nodulation. Gene expression studies identified MtLAX2, a paralogue of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AUX1, as being induced at early stages of nodule development. MtLAX2 is expressed in nodule primordia, the vasculature of developing nodules, and at the apex of mature nodules. The MtLAX2 promoter contains several auxin response elements, and treatment with indole-acetic acid strongly induces MtLAX2 expression in roots. mtlax2 mutants displayed root phenotypes similar to Arabidopsis aux1 mutants, including altered root gravitropism, fewer lateral roots, shorter root hairs, and auxin resistance. In addition, the activity of the synthetic DR5-GUS auxin reporter was strongly reduced in mtlax2 roots. Following inoculation with rhizobia, mtlax2 roots developed fewer nodules, had decreased DR5-GUS activity associated with infection sites, and had decreased expression of the early auxin responsive gene ARF16a Our data indicate that MtLAX2 is a functional analog of Arabidopsis AUX1 and is required for the accumulation of auxin during nodule formation in tissues underlying sites of rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Fran Robson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Jodi Lilley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Simon Walker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Jongho Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Donna Cousins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Caitlin Bone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - J Allan Downie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.)
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.)
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R., F.R., J.L., C.-W.L., J.S., D.C., C.B., G.O., J.D.M.);
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.R., X.C., J.W.);
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.W., J.A.D.);
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nr Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.J.B., R.S.); and
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham CB22 3AT, United Kingdom (S.W.)
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16
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Boivin S, Fonouni-Farde C, Frugier F. How Auxin and Cytokinin Phytohormones Modulate Root Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1240. [PMID: 27588025 PMCID: PMC4988986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. The ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. Elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. Central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism plant associations and coordinate cellular and metabolic responses associated to the progression of microorganisms across different plant tissues. We review here hormonal regulations, focusing on auxin and cytokinin phytohormones, involved in the interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including bacterial and fungi associations, either beneficial (symbiotic) or detrimental (pathogenic). The aim is to highlight similarities and differences in cytokinin/auxin functions amongst various compatible versus incompatible associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences – Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-SaclayGif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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Froussart E, Bonneau J, Franche C, Bogusz D. Recent advances in actinorhizal symbiosis signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:613-622. [PMID: 26873697 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus availability are frequent limiting factors in plant growth and development. Certain bacteria and fungi form root endosymbiotic relationships with plants enabling them to exploit atmospheric nitrogen and soil phosphorus. The relationships between bacteria and plants include nitrogen-fixing Gram-negative proteobacteria called rhizobia that are able to interact with most leguminous plants (Fabaceae) but also with the non-legume Parasponia (Cannabaceae), and actinobacteria Frankia, which are able to interact with about 260 species collectively called actinorhizal plants. Fungi involved in the relationship with plants include Glomeromycota that form an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association intracellularly within the roots of more than 80% of land plants. Increasing numbers of reports suggest that the rhizobial association with legumes has recycled part of the ancestral program used by most plants to interact with AM fungi. This review focuses on the most recent progress made in plant genetic control of root nodulation that occurs in non-legume actinorhizal plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Froussart
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD-UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jocelyne Bonneau
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD-UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD-UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD-UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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18
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Biotechnological strategies for studying actinorhizal symbiosis in Casuarinaceae: transgenesis and beyond. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Chai C, Wang Y, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT. Comprehensive Analysis of the Soybean (Glycine max) GmLAX Auxin Transporter Gene Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:282. [PMID: 27014306 PMCID: PMC4783406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in regulation of plant growth and development as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses. This is mainly achieved through its uneven distribution in plant via a polar auxin transport process. Auxin transporters are major players in polar auxin transport. The AUXIN RESISTENT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX/LAX) auxin influx carriers belong to the amino acid permease family of proton-driven transporters and function in the uptake of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In this study, genome-wide comprehensive analysis of the soybean AUX/LAX (GmLAX) gene family, including phylogenic relationships, chromosome localization, and gene structure, was carried out. A total of 15 GmLAX genes, including seven duplicated gene pairs, were identified in the soybean genome. They were distributed on 10 chromosomes. Despite their higher percentage identities at the protein level, GmLAXs exhibited versatile tissue-specific expression patterns, indicating coordinated functioning during plant growth and development. Most GmLAXs were responsive to drought and dehydration stresses and auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) stimuli, in a tissue- and/or time point- sensitive mode. Several GmLAX members were involved in responding to salt stress. Sequence analysis revealed that promoters of GmLAXs contained different combinations of stress-related cis-regulatory elements. These studies suggest that the soybean GmLAXs were under control of a very complex regulatory network, responding to various internal and external signals. This study helps to identity candidate GmLAXs for further analysis of their roles in soybean development and adaption to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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20
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Clavijo F, Diedhiou I, Vaissayre V, Brottier L, Acolatse J, Moukouanga D, Crabos A, Auguy F, Franche C, Gherbi H, Champion A, Hocher V, Barker D, Bogusz D, Tisa LS, Svistoonoff S. The Casuarina NIN gene is transcriptionally activated throughout Frankia root infection as well as in response to bacterial diffusible signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:887-903. [PMID: 26096779 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbioses (RNS) allow plants to acquire atmospheric nitrogen by establishing an intimate relationship with either rhizobia, the symbionts of legumes or Frankia in the case of actinorhizal plants. In legumes, NIN (Nodule INception) genes encode key transcription factors involved in nodulation. Here we report the characterization of CgNIN, a NIN gene from the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca using both phylogenetic analysis and transgenic plants expressing either ProCgNIN::reporter gene fusions or CgNIN RNAi constructs. We have found that CgNIN belongs to the same phylogenetic group as other symbiotic NIN genes and CgNIN is able to complement a legume nin mutant for the early steps of nodule development. CgNIN expression is correlated with infection by Frankia, including preinfection stages in developing root hairs, and is induced by culture supernatants. Knockdown mutants were impaired for nodulation and early root hair deformation responses were severely affected. However, no mycorrhizal phenotype was observed and no induction of CgNIN expression was detected in mycorrhizas. Our results indicate that elements specifically required for nodulation include NIN and possibly related gene networks derived from the nitrate signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Clavijo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Issa Diedhiou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Brottier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jennifer Acolatse
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Daniel Moukouanga
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Amandine Crabos
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Auguy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Antony Champion
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Valerie Hocher
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - David Barker
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UMR 441), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 2594), Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Louis S Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824-2617, USA
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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21
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Zhao H, Ma T, Wang X, Deng Y, Ma H, Zhang R, Zhao J. OsAUX1 controls lateral root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2208-22. [PMID: 25311360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, mediated by influx and efflux transporters, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin influx carriers in Arabidopsis have been shown to control lateral root development and gravitropism, but little is known about these proteins in rice. This paper reports on the functional characterization of OsAUX1. Three OsAUX1 T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi knockdown transgenic plants reduced lateral root initiation compared with wild-type (WT) plants. OsAUX1 overexpression plants exhibited increased lateral root initiation and OsAUX1 was highly expressed in lateral roots and lateral root primordia. Similarly, the auxin reporter, DR5-GUS, was expressed at lower levels in osaux1 than in the WT plants, which indicated that the auxin levels in the mutant roots had decreased. Exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) treatment rescued the defective phenotype in osaux1-1 plants, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-D could not, which suggested that OsAUX1 was a putative auxin influx carrier. The transcript levels of several auxin signalling genes and cell cycle genes significantly declined in osaux1, hinting that the regulatory role of OsAUX1 may be mediated by auxin signalling and cell cycle genes. Overall, our results indicated that OsAUX1 was involved in polar auxin transport and functioned to control auxin-mediated lateral root initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingtian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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22
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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23
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Laplaze L, Lucas M, Champion A. Rhizobial root hair infection requires auxin signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:332-4. [PMID: 25920666 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can enter into a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria. A recent study by A. Breakspear et al. sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in rhizobial infection of their host root hair during symbiosis establishment and reveals a new role for auxin signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal; Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal.
| | - Mikaël Lucas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal; Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal
| | - Antony Champion
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal; Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, BP 1386, Senegal
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24
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Fàbregas N, Formosa-Jordan P, Confraria A, Siligato R, Alonso JM, Swarup R, Bennett MJ, Mähönen AP, Caño-Delgado AI, Ibañes M. Auxin influx carriers control vascular patterning and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005183. [PMID: 25922946 PMCID: PMC4414528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is an essential hormone for plant growth and development. Auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX transport auxin into the cell, while auxin efflux carriers PIN pump it out of the cell. It is well established that efflux carriers play an important role in the shoot vascular patterning, yet the contribution of influx carriers to the shoot vasculature remains unknown. Here, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to decipher the role of auxin influx carriers in the patterning and differentiation of vascular tissues in the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. Our theoretical analysis predicts that influx carriers facilitate periodic patterning and modulate the periodicity of auxin maxima. In agreement, we observed fewer and more spaced vascular bundles in quadruple mutants plants of the auxin influx carriers aux1lax1lax2lax3. Furthermore, we show AUX1/LAX carriers promote xylem differentiation in both the shoot and the root tissues. Influx carriers increase cytoplasmic auxin signaling, and thereby differentiation. In addition to this cytoplasmic role of auxin, our computational simulations propose a role for extracellular auxin as an inhibitor of xylem differentiation. Altogether, our study shows that auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX regulate vascular patterning and differentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Confraria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana I. Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Champion A, Lucas M, Tromas A, Vaissayre V, Crabos A, Diédhiou I, Prodjinoto H, Moukouanga D, Pirolles E, Cissoko M, Bonneau J, Gherbi H, Franche C, Hocher V, Svistoonoff S, Laplaze L. Inhibition of auxin signaling in Frankia species-infected cells in Casuarina glauca nodules leads to increased nodulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1149-57. [PMID: 25627215 PMCID: PMC4348781 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal symbioses are mutualistic interactions between plants and the soil bacteria Frankia spp. that lead to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. The plant hormone auxin has been suggested to play a role in the mechanisms that control the establishment of this symbiosis in the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. Here, we analyzed the role of auxin signaling in Frankia spp.-infected cells. Using a dominant-negative version of an endogenous auxin-signaling regulator, INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID7, we established that inhibition of auxin signaling in these cells led to increased nodulation and, as a consequence, to higher nitrogen fixation per plant even if nitrogen fixation per nodule mass was similar to that in the wild type. Our results suggest that auxin signaling in Frankia spp.-infected cells is involved in the long-distance regulation of nodulation in actinorhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Champion
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mikael Lucas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amandine Crabos
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Issa Diédhiou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hermann Prodjinoto
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daniel Moukouanga
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Elodie Pirolles
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maïmouna Cissoko
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jocelyne Bonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Claudine Franche
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (A.C., M.L., A.T., V.V., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.); andLaboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (A.C., M.L., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., D.M., E.P., M.C., J.B., H.G., C.F., V.H., S.S., L.L.) and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (A.C., A.T., A.C., I.D., H.P., M.C., S.S., L.L.), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal
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Breakspear A, Liu C, Roy S, Stacey N, Rogers C, Trick M, Morieri G, Mysore KS, Wen J, Oldroyd GED, Downie JA, Murray JD. The root hair "infectome" of Medicago truncatula uncovers changes in cell cycle genes and reveals a requirement for Auxin signaling in rhizobial infection. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4680-701. [PMID: 25527707 PMCID: PMC4311213 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia colonize legume roots via plant-made intracellular infection threads. Genetics has identified some genes involved but has not provided sufficient detail to understand requirements for infection thread development. Therefore, we transcriptionally profiled Medicago truncatula root hairs prior to and during the initial stages of infection. This revealed changes in the responses to plant hormones, most notably auxin, strigolactone, gibberellic acid, and brassinosteroids. Several auxin responsive genes, including the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana Auxin Response Factor 16, were induced at infection sites and in nodule primordia, and mutation of ARF16a reduced rhizobial infection. Associated with the induction of auxin signaling genes, there was increased expression of cell cycle genes including an A-type cyclin and a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex. There was also induction of several chalcone O-methyltransferases involved in the synthesis of an inducer of Sinorhizobium meliloti nod genes, as well as a gene associated with Nod factor degradation, suggesting both positive and negative feedback loops that control Nod factor levels during rhizobial infection. We conclude that the onset of infection is associated with reactivation of the cell cycle as well as increased expression of genes required for hormone and flavonoid biosynthesis and that the regulation of auxin signaling is necessary for initiation of rhizobial infection threads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Breakspear
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Chengwu Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonali Roy
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Stacey
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Rogers
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Morieri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Division of Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Division of Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - J Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Imanishi L, Perrine-Walker FM, Ndour A, Vayssières A, Conejero G, Lucas M, Champion A, Laplaze L, Wall L, Svistoonoff S. Role of auxin during intercellular infection of Discaria trinervis by Frankia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:399. [PMID: 25191330 PMCID: PMC4139986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing nodules induced by Frankia in the actinorhizal plant Discaria trinervis result from a primitive intercellular root invasion pathway that does not involve root hair deformation and infection threads. Here, we analyzed the role of auxin in this intercellular infection pathway at the molecular level and compared it with our previous work in the intracellular infected actinorhizal plant Casuarina glauca. Immunolocalisation experiments showed that auxin accumulated in Frankia-infected cells in both systems. We then characterized the expression of auxin transporters in D. trinervis nodules. No activation of the heterologous CgAUX1 promoter was detected in infected cells in D. trinervis. These results were confirmed with the endogenous D. trinervis gene, DtAUX1. However, DtAUX1 was expressed in the nodule meristem. Consistently, transgenic D. trinervis plants containing the auxin response marker DR5:VENUS showed expression of the reporter gene in the meristem. Immunolocalisation experiments using an antibody against the auxin efflux carrier PIN1, revealed the presence of this transporter in the plasma membrane of infected cells. Finally, we used in silico cellular models to analyse auxin fluxes in D. trinervis nodules. Our results point to the existence of divergent roles of auxin in intercellularly- and intracellularly-infected actinorhizal plants, an ancestral infection pathways leading to root nodule symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Imanishi
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Microbiología e Interacciones Biológicas en el Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de QuilmesBernal, Argentina
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | | | - Adama Ndour
- LAPSE and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel-AirDakar, Senegal
| | - Alice Vayssières
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Genevieve Conejero
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme PHIV, CiradMontpellier, France
| | - Mikaël Lucas
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Antony Champion
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
- LAPSE and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel-AirDakar, Senegal
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
- LAPSE and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel-AirDakar, Senegal
| | - Luis Wall
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Microbiología e Interacciones Biológicas en el Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de QuilmesBernal, Argentina
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
- LAPSE and Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel-AirDakar, Senegal
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Svistoonoff S, Hocher V, Gherbi H. Actinorhizal root nodule symbioses: what is signalling telling on the origins of nodulation? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:11-8. [PMID: 24691197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of bacteria are able to induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules: proteobacteria called rhizobia, which associate with Legumes or Parasponia and actinobateria from the genus Frankia which are able to interact with ∼220 species belonging to eight families called actinorhizal plants. Legumes and different lineages of actinorhizal plants differ in bacterial partners, nodule organogenesis and infection patterns and have independent evolutionary origins. However, recent technical achievements are revealing a variety of conserved signalling molecules and gene networks. Actinorhizal interactions display several primitive features and thus provide the ideal opportunity to determine the minimal molecular toolkit needed to build a nodule and to understand the evolution of root nodule symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Svistoonoff
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité mixte de recherche DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité mixte de recherche DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité mixte de recherche DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Péret B, Middleton AM, French AP, Larrieu A, Bishopp A, Njo M, Wells DM, Porco S, Mellor N, Band LR, Casimiro I, Kleine-Vehn J, Vanneste S, Sairanen I, Mallet R, Sandberg G, Ljung K, Beeckman T, Benkova E, Friml J, Kramer E, King JR, De Smet I, Pridmore T, Owen M, Bennett MJ. Sequential induction of auxin efflux and influx carriers regulates lateral root emergence. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:699. [PMID: 24150423 PMCID: PMC3817398 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a new lateral root primordium through the outer layers of the parental root requires the sequential auxin-mediated induction of two auxin transporters. This positive feedback regulatory loop coordinates patterned gene expression in outer tissues. ![]()
The emergence of lateral roots through several tissues requires the precise regulation of gene expression in overlaying cells to trigger cell separation. Auxin derived from new lateral root primordia induces a positive feedback loop in the outer tissues by promoting the expression of the auxin influx transporter LAX3. A mathematical model based on realistic 3D geometries predicted the involvement of an auxin efflux carrier that was later identified to be PIN3. The model also revealed that PIN3 must be expressed before LAX3 to ensure a ‘robust' pattern of LAX3 induction in just two overlaying cortical cell files, thereby delimiting cell separation.
In Arabidopsis, lateral roots originate from pericycle cells deep within the primary root. New lateral root primordia (LRP) have to emerge through several overlaying tissues. Here, we report that auxin produced in new LRP is transported towards the outer tissues where it triggers cell separation by inducing both the auxin influx carrier LAX3 and cell-wall enzymes. LAX3 is expressed in just two cell files overlaying new LRP. To understand how this striking pattern of LAX3 expression is regulated, we developed a mathematical model that captures the network regulating its expression and auxin transport within realistic three-dimensional cell and tissue geometries. Our model revealed that, for the LAX3 spatial expression to be robust to natural variations in root tissue geometry, an efflux carrier is required—later identified to be PIN3. To prevent LAX3 from being transiently expressed in multiple cell files, PIN3 and LAX3 must be induced consecutively, which we later demonstrated to be the case. Our study exemplifies how mathematical models can be used to direct experiments to elucidate complex developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- 1] Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK [2] Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK [3] Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Abdel-Lateif K, Vaissayre V, Gherbi H, Verries C, Meudec E, Perrine-Walker F, Cheynier V, Svistoonoff S, Franche C, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Silencing of the chalcone synthase gene in Casuarina glauca highlights the important role of flavonoids during nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:1012-1021. [PMID: 23692063 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodulation is confined to four plant orders, including > 14,000 Leguminosae, one nonlegume genus Parasponia and c. 200 actinorhizal species that form symbioses with rhizobia and Frankia bacterial species, respectively. Flavonoids have been identified as plant signals and developmental regulators for nodulation in legumes and have long been hypothesized to play a critical role during actinorhizal nodulation. However, direct evidence of their involvement in actinorhizal symbiosis is lacking. Here, we used RNA interference to silence chalcone synthase, which is involved in the first committed step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, in the actinorhizal tropical tree Casuarina glauca. Transformed flavonoid-deficient hairy roots were generated and used to study flavonoid accumulation and further nodulation. Knockdown of chalcone synthase expression reduced the level of specific flavonoids and resulted in severely impaired nodulation. Nodule formation was rescued by supplementing the plants with naringenin, which is an upstream intermediate in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results provide, for the first time, direct evidence of an important role for flavonoids during the early stages of actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clotilde Verries
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences pour l'Oenologie, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences pour l'Oenologie, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Perrine-Walker
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Turner M, Nizampatnam NR, Baron M, Coppin S, Damodaran S, Adhikari S, Arunachalam SP, Yu O, Subramanian S. Ectopic expression of miR160 results in auxin hypersensitivity, cytokinin hyposensitivity, and inhibition of symbiotic nodule development in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2042-55. [PMID: 23796794 PMCID: PMC3729781 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules in leguminous plants result from interaction between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. There are two major types of legume nodules, determinate and indeterminate. Determinate nodules do not have a persistent meristem, while indeterminate nodules have a persistent meristem. Auxin is thought to play a role in the development of both these types of nodules. However, inhibition of rootward auxin transport at the site of nodule initiation is crucial for the development of indeterminate nodules but not determinate nodules. Using the synthetic auxin-responsive DR5 promoter in soybean (Glycine max), we show that there is relatively low auxin activity during determinate nodule initiation and that it is restricted to the nodule periphery subsequently during development. To examine if and what role auxin plays in determinate nodule development, we generated soybean composite plants with altered sensitivity to auxin. We overexpressed microRNA393 to silence the auxin receptor gene family, and these roots were hyposensitive to auxin. These roots nodulated normally, suggesting that only minimal/reduced auxin signaling is required for determinate nodule development. We overexpressed microRNA160 to silence a set of repressor auxin response factor transcription factors, and these roots were hypersensitive to auxin. These roots were not impaired in epidermal responses to rhizobia but had significantly reduced nodule primordium formation, suggesting that auxin hypersensitivity inhibits nodule development. These roots were also hyposensitive to cytokinin and had attenuated expression of key nodulation-associated transcription factors known to be regulated by cytokinin. We propose a regulatory feedback loop involving auxin and cytokinin during nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Baron
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Stéphanie Coppin
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
| | - Sajag Adhikari
- Department of Plant Science (M.T., N.R.N., M.B., S.C., S.D., S.A., S.P.A., S.S.) and Department of Biology and Microbiology (S.S.), South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, BP32607 Auzeville-Tolosane, France (M.B., S.C.); and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (O.Y.)
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Santi C, Bogusz D, Franche C. Biological nitrogen fixation in non-legume plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:743-67. [PMID: 23478942 PMCID: PMC3631332 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in plant growth. The ability of a plant to supply all or part of its requirements from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) thanks to interactions with endosymbiotic, associative and endophytic symbionts, confers a great competitive advantage over non-nitrogen-fixing plants. SCOPE Because BNF in legumes is well documented, this review focuses on BNF in non-legume plants. Despite the phylogenic and ecological diversity among diazotrophic bacteria and their hosts, tightly regulated communication is always necessary between the microorganisms and the host plant to achieve a successful interaction. Ongoing research efforts to improve knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these original relationships and some common strategies leading to a successful relationship between the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and their hosts are presented. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the molecular mechanism of BNF outside the legume-rhizobium symbiosis could have important agronomic implications and enable the use of N-fertilizers to be reduced or even avoided. Indeed, in the short term, improved understanding could lead to more sustainable exploitation of the biodiversity of nitrogen-fixing organisms and, in the longer term, to the transfer of endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixation capacities to major non-legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Santi
- Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, Avenue Paul Alduy, 66100 Perpignan, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD/UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD/UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Suzaki T, Ito M, Kawaguchi M. Genetic basis of cytokinin and auxin functions during root nodule development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:42. [PMID: 23483805 PMCID: PMC3593528 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin are essential for the control of diverse aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation processes in plants. Although both phytohormones have been suggested to play key roles in the regulation of root nodule development, only recently, significant progress has been made in the elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of cytokinin action in the model leguminous species, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. Identification and functional analyses of the putative cytokinin receptors LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE 1 and M. truncatula CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1 have brought a greater understanding of how activation of cytokinin signaling is crucial to the initiation of nodule primordia. Recent studies have also started to shed light on the roles of auxin in the regulation of nodule development. Here, we review the history and recent progress of research into the roles of cytokinin and auxin, and their possible interactions, in nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology OkazakiAichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), OkazakiAichi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takuya Suzaki, Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan. e-mail:
| | - Momoyo Ito
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology OkazakiAichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology OkazakiAichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), OkazakiAichi, Japan
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35
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Tromas A, Diagne N, Diedhiou I, Prodjinoto H, Cissoko M, Crabos A, Diouf D, Sy MO, Champion A, Laplaze L. Establishment of Actinorhizal Symbioses. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN. The diversity of actinorhizal symbiosis. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:967-79. [PMID: 22398987 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous aerobic soil actinobacteria of the genus Frankia can induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of a diverse group of plants from eight dicotyledonous families, collectively called actinorhizal plants. Within nodules, Frankia can fix nitrogen while being hosted inside plant cells. Like in legume/rhizobia symbioses, bacteria can enter the plant root either intracellularly through an infection thread formed in a curled root hair, or intercellularly without root hair involvement, and the entry mechanism is determined by the host plant species. Nodule primordium formation is induced in the root pericycle as for lateral root primordia. Mature actinorhizal nodules are coralloid structures consisting of multiple lobes, each of which represents a modified lateral root without a root cap, a superficial periderm and with infected cells in the expanded cortex. In this review, an overview of nodule induction mechanisms and nodule structure is presented including comparisons with the corresponding mechanisms in legume symbioses.
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37
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Péret B, Li G, Zhao J, Band LR, Voß U, Postaire O, Luu DT, Da Ines O, Casimiro I, Lucas M, Wells DM, Lazzerini L, Nacry P, King JR, Jensen OE, Schäffner AR, Maurel C, Bennett MJ. Auxin regulates aquaporin function to facilitate lateral root emergence. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:991-8. [PMID: 22983115 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate water movement across cell membranes. In plants, aquaporins contribute to water relations. Here, we establish a new link between aquaporin-dependent tissue hydraulics and auxin-regulated root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We report that most aquaporin genes are repressed during lateral root formation and by exogenous auxin treatment. Auxin reduces root hydraulic conductivity both at the cell and whole-organ levels. The highly expressed aquaporin PIP2;1 is progressively excluded from the site of the auxin response maximum in lateral root primordia (LRP) whilst being maintained at their base and underlying vascular tissues. Modelling predicts that the positive and negative perturbations of PIP2;1 expression alter water flow into LRP, thereby slowing lateral root emergence (LRE). Consistent with this mechanism, pip2;1 mutants and PIP2;1-overexpressing lines exhibit delayed LRE. We conclude that auxin promotes LRE by regulating the spatial and temporal distribution of aquaporin-dependent root tissue water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
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38
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Péret B, Swarup K, Ferguson A, Seth M, Yang Y, Dhondt S, James N, Casimiro I, Perry P, Syed A, Yang H, Reemmer J, Venison E, Howells C, Perez-Amador MA, Yun J, Alonso J, Beemster GT, Laplaze L, Murphy A, Bennett MJ, Nielsen E, Swarup R. AUX/LAX genes encode a family of auxin influx transporters that perform distinct functions during Arabidopsis development. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2874-85. [PMID: 22773749 PMCID: PMC3426120 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.097766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin transport, which is mediated by specialized influx and efflux carriers, plays a major role in many aspects of plant growth and development. AUXIN1 (AUX1) has been demonstrated to encode a high-affinity auxin influx carrier. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AUX1 belongs to a small multigene family comprising four highly conserved genes (i.e., AUX1 and LIKE AUX1 [LAX] genes LAX1, LAX2, and LAX3). We report that all four members of this AUX/LAX family display auxin uptake functions. Despite the conservation of their biochemical function, AUX1, LAX1, and LAX3 have been described to regulate distinct auxin-dependent developmental processes. Here, we report that LAX2 regulates vascular patterning in cotyledons. We also describe how regulatory and coding sequences of AUX/LAX genes have undergone subfunctionalization based on their distinct patterns of spatial expression and the inability of LAX sequences to rescue aux1 mutant phenotypes, respectively. Despite their high sequence similarity at the protein level, transgenic studies reveal that LAX proteins are not correctly targeted in the AUX1 expression domain. Domain swapping studies suggest that the N-terminal half of AUX1 is essential for correct LAX localization. We conclude that Arabidopsis AUX/LAX genes encode a family of auxin influx transporters that perform distinct developmental functions and have evolved distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Ferguson
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malvika Seth
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicholas James
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Paula Perry
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Syed
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Jesica Reemmer
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Edward Venison
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Howells
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeonga Yun
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jose Alonso
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Antwerpen, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Université Montpellier 2), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Angus Murphy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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Swarup R, Péret B. AUX/LAX family of auxin influx carriers-an overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:225. [PMID: 23087694 PMCID: PMC3475149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is unique among plant hormones for exhibiting polar transport. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the major form of auxin in higher plants, is a weak acid and its intercellular movement is facilitated by auxin influx and efflux carriers. Polarity of auxin movement is provided by asymmetric localization of auxin carriers (mainly PIN efflux carriers). PIN-FORMED (PIN) and P-GLYCOPROTEIN (PGP) family of proteins are major auxin efflux carriers whereas AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX/LAX) are major auxin influx carriers. Genetic and biochemical evidence show that each member of the AUX/LAX family is a functional auxin influx carrier and mediate auxin related developmental programmes in different organs and tissues. Of the four AUX/LAX genes, AUX1 regulates root gravitropism, root hair development and leaf phyllotaxy whereas LAX2 regulates vascular development in cotyledons. Both AUX1 and LAX3 have been implicated in lateral root (LR) development as well as apical hook formation whereas both AUX1 and LAX1 and possibly LAX2 are required for leaf phyllotactic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
- *Correspondence: Ranjan Swarup, School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. e-mail:
| | - Benjamin Péret
- Laboratory of Plant Development Biology, SBVME/Institute for Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, CEA CadaracheSt. Paul lez Durance, France
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40
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Imanishi L, Vayssières A, Franche C, Bogusz D, Wall L, Svistoonoff S. Transformed hairy roots of Discaria trinervis: a valuable tool for studying actinorhizal symbiosis in the context of intercellular infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1317-24. [PMID: 21585269 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-11-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Among infection mechanisms leading to root nodule symbiosis, the intercellular infection pathway is probably the most ancestral but also one of the least characterized. Intercellular infection has been described in Discaria trinervis, an actinorhizal plant belonging to the Rosales order. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying intercellular infection with Frankia bacteria, we set up an efficient genetic transformation protocol for D. trinervis based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes. We showed that composite plants with transgenic roots expressing green fluorescent protein can be specifically and efficiently nodulated by Frankia strain BCU110501. Nitrogen fixation rates and feedback inhibition of nodule formation by nitrogen were similar in control and composite plants. In order to challenge the transformation system, the MtEnod11 promoter, a gene from Medicago truncatula widely used as a marker for early infection-related symbiotic events in model legumes, was introduced in D. trinervis. MtEnod11::GUS expression was related to infection zones in root cortex and in the parenchyma of the developing nodule. The ability to study intercellular infection with molecular tools opens new avenues for understanding the evolution of the infection process in nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Imanishi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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41
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Van Damme D, De Rybel B, Gudesblat G, Demidov D, Grunewald W, De Smet I, Houben A, Beeckman T, Russinova E. Arabidopsis α Aurora kinases function in formative cell division plane orientation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4013-24. [PMID: 22045917 PMCID: PMC3246319 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To establish three-dimensional structures/organs, plant cells continuously have to adapt the orientation of their division plane in a highly regulated manner. However, mechanisms underlying switches in division plane orientation remain elusive. Here, we characterize a viable double knockdown mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana group α Aurora (AUR) kinases, AUR1 and AUR2, (aur1-2 aur2-2), with a primary defect in lateral root formation and outgrowth. Mutant analysis revealed that aur1-2 aur2-2 lateral root primordia are built from randomly oriented cell divisions instead of distinct cell layers. This phenotype could be traced back to cytokinesis defects and misoriented cell plates during the initial anticlinal pericycle cell divisions that give rise to lateral root primordia. Complementation assays showed that the Arabidopsis α group Aurora kinases are functionally divergent from the single β group member AUR3 and that AUR1 functions in division plane orientation prior to cytokinesis. In addition to defective lateral root patterning, aur1-2 aur2-2 plants also show defects in orienting formative divisions during embryogenesis, divisions surrounding the main root stem cell niche, and divisions surrounding stomata formation. Taken together, our results put forward a central role for α Aurora kinases in regulating formative division plane orientation throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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42
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Pawlowski K, Bogusz D, Ribeiro A, Berry AM. Progress on research on actinorhizal plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:633-638. [PMID: 32480917 DOI: 10.1071/fp11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the plant side of actinorhizal symbioses has evolved rapidly. No homologues of the common nod genes from rhizobia were found in the three Frankia genomes published so far, which suggested that Nod factor-like molecules would not be used in the infection of actinorhizal plants by Frankia. However, work on chimeric transgenic plants indicated that Frankia Nod factor equivalents signal via the same transduction pathway as rhizobial Nod factors. The role of auxin in actinorhizal nodule formation differs from that in legume nodulation. Great progress has been made in the analysis of pathogenesis-related and stress-related gene expression in nodules. Research on nodule physiology has shown the structural and metabolic diversity of actinorhizal nodules from different phylogenetic branches. The onset of large-scale nodule transcriptome analysis in different actinorhizal systems will provide access to more information on the symbiosis and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ana Ribeiro
- ECO-BIO/Tropical Research Institute, Av. da República (EAN), Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alison M Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hocher V, Alloisio N, Bogusz D, Normand P. Early signaling in actinorhizal symbioses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1377-9. [PMID: 21847030 PMCID: PMC3258069 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodulation, confined to four plant orders, encompasses more than 14,000 Leguminosae species, and approximately 200 actinorhizal species forming symbioses with rhizobia (Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, etc) and Frankia bacterial species, respectively. While several genetic components of the host-symbiont interaction have been identified in legumes, little is known about the genetic bases of actinorhizal symbiosis. However, we recently demonstrated the existence of common symbiotic signaling pathways in actinorhizals and legumes. Moreover, important data on the identification of flavonoids as plant signaling compounds and the role for auxins during Frankia infection process and nodule organogenesis have been acquired. All together these results lead us to propose a unified model for symbiotic exchange and genetic control of actinorhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier,
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44
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De Smet I, Voss U, Lau S, Wilson M, Shao N, Timme RE, Swarup R, Kerr I, Hodgman C, Bock R, Bennett M, Jürgens G, Beeckman T. Unraveling the evolution of auxin signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:209-21. [PMID: 21081694 PMCID: PMC3075796 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Auxin signaling is central to plant growth and development, yet hardly anything is known about its evolutionary origin. While the presence of key players in auxin signaling has been analyzed in various land plant species, similar analyses in the green algal lineages are lacking. Here, we survey the key players in auxin biology in the available genomes of Chlorophyta species. We found that the genetic potential for auxin biosynthesis and AUXIN1 (AUX1)/LIKE AUX1- and P-GLYCOPROTEIN/ATP-BINDING CASSETTE subfamily B-dependent transport is already present in several single-celled and colony-forming Chlorophyta species. In addition, our analysis of expressed sequence tag libraries from Coleochaete orbicularis and Spirogyra pratensis, green algae of the Streptophyta clade that are evolutionarily closer to the land plants than those of the Chlorophyta clade, revealed the presence of partial AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs and/or AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID proteins (the key factors in auxin signaling) and PIN-FORMED-like proteins (the best-characterized auxin-efflux carriers). While the identification of these possible AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR- and AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID precursors and putative PIN-FORMED orthologs calls for a deeper investigation of their evolution after sequencing more intermediate genomes, it emphasizes that the canonical auxin response machinery and auxin transport mechanisms were, at least in part, already present before plants "moved" to land habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Perrine-Walker F, Doumas P, Lucas M, Vaissayre V, Beauchemin NJ, Band LR, Chopard J, Crabos A, Conejero G, Péret B, King JR, Verdeil JL, Hocher V, Franche C, Bennett MJ, Tisa LS, Laplaze L. Auxin carriers localization drives auxin accumulation in plant cells infected by Frankia in Casuarina glauca actinorhizal nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1372-80. [PMID: 20826704 PMCID: PMC2971613 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal symbioses are mutualistic interactions between plants and the soil bacteria Frankia that lead to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Little is known about the signaling mechanisms controlling the different steps of the establishment of the symbiosis. The plant hormone auxin has been suggested to play a role. Here we report that auxin accumulates within Frankia-infected cells in actinorhizal nodules of Casuarina glauca. Using a combination of computational modeling and experimental approaches, we establish that this localized auxin accumulation is driven by the cell-specific expression of auxin transporters and by Frankia auxin biosynthesis in planta. Our results indicate that the plant actively restricts auxin accumulation to Frankia-infected cells during the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Laplaze
- UMR DIAPC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France (F.P.-W., P.D., V.V., A.C., B.P., V.H., C.F., L.L.); Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (M.L., L.R.B., B.P., J.R.K., M.J.B.); Department of Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824–2617 (N.J.B., L.S.T.); UMR DAP, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, 34392 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.C.); and Plate-forme d’Histocytologie et d’Imagerie cellulaire Végétale, Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, 34392 Montpellier cedex 5, France (G.C., J.-L.V.)
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Päsold S, Siegel I, Seidel C, Ludwig-Müller J. Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana root galls caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:545-62. [PMID: 20618711 PMCID: PMC6640481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Three different flavonoids-naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol-accumulate in root galls of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography analysis indicated that these flavonoids and their glycosides were induced in galls rather than in healthy roots. The transcripts of selected genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids were up-regulated during the time course of the disease. Some, such as chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase, were up-regulated at both times investigated in this study, whereas up-regulation was observed only at later times for others, such as a flavonol synthase-like gene. Plants with mutations in different flavonoid biosynthesis genes were slightly more tolerant to clubroot at low infection pressure. However, flavonoid treatment of either leaves or roots did not reduce gall development. The possibility that flavonoids might influence auxin levels by regulating auxin transport or auxin degradation in roots was investigated by measuring auxin levels and response in roots of flavonoid-deficient mutants and the wild-type after inoculation with P. brassicae, as well as the antioxidative potential of flavonoids in the peroxidase-catalysed degradation of indole-3-acetic acid. In addition, the auxin transport rate from the shoots to the roots was measured in infected wild-type or flavonoid mutant plants compared with controls. In conclusion, our results indicate a role of flavonoids in the modulation of auxin efflux in root galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Päsold
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Svistoonoff S, Sy MO, Diagne N, Barker DG, Bogusz D, Franche C. Infection-specific activation of the Medicago truncatula Enod11 early nodulin gene promoter during actinorhizal root nodulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:740-7. [PMID: 20459313 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-6-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The MtEnod11 gene from Medicago truncatula is widely used as an early infection-related molecular marker for endosymbiotic associations involving both rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In this article, heterologous expression of the MtEnod11 promoter has been studied in two actinorhizal trees, Casuarina glauca and Allocasuarina verticillata. Transgenic C. glauca and A. verticillata expressing a ProMtEnod11::beta-glucuronidase (gus) fusion were generated and the activation of the transgene investigated in the context of the symbiotic associations with the N-fixing actinomycete Frankia and both endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices and Pisolithus albus, respectively). ProMtEnod11::gus expression was observed in root hairs, prenodules, and nodules and could be correlated with the infection of plant cells by Frankia spp. However, no activation of the gus reporter gene was detected prior to infection or in response to either rhizobial Nod factors or the wasp venom peptide MAS-7. Equally, ProMtEnod11::gus expression was not elicited during the symbiotic associations with either ecto- or endomycorrhizal fungi. These observations suggest that, although there is a conservation of gene regulatory pathways between legumes and actinorhizal plants in cells accommodating endosymbiotic N-fixing bacteria, the events preceding bacterial infection or related to mycorrhization appear to be less conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Svistoonoff
- Groupe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Benedito VA, Li H, Dai X, Wandrey M, He J, Kaundal R, Torres-Jerez I, Gomez SK, Harrison MJ, Tang Y, Zhao PX, Udvardi MK. Genomic inventory and transcriptional analysis of Medicago truncatula transporters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1716-30. [PMID: 20023147 PMCID: PMC2832251 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.148684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transporters move hydrophilic substrates across hydrophobic biological membranes and play key roles in plant nutrition, metabolism, and signaling and, consequently, in plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. To initiate and support systematic characterization of transporters in the model legume Medicago truncatula, we identified 3,830 transporters and classified 2,673 of these into 113 families and 146 subfamilies. Analysis of gene expression data for 2,611 of these transporters identified 129 that are expressed in an organ-specific manner, including 50 that are nodule specific and 36 specific to mycorrhizal roots. Further analysis uncovered 196 transporters that are induced at least 5-fold during nodule development and 44 in roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Among the nodule- and mycorrhiza-induced transporter genes are many candidates for known transport activities in these beneficial symbioses. The data presented here are a unique resource for the selection and functional characterization of legume transporters.
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Svistoonoff S, Gherbi H, Nambiar-Veetil M, Zhong C, Michalak Z, Laplaze L, Vaissayre V, Auguy F, Hocher V, Doumas P, Bonneau J, Bogusz D, Franche C. Contribution of transgenic Casuarinaceae to our knowledge of the actinorhizal symbioses. Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-009-0036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The differential distribution of the plant signaling molecule auxin is required for many aspects of plant development. Local auxin maxima and gradients arise as a result of local auxin metabolism and, predominantly, from directional cell-to-cell transport. In this primer, we discuss how the coordinated activity of several auxin influx and efflux systems, which transport auxin across the plasma membrane, mediates directional auxin flow. This activity crucially contributes to the correct setting of developmental cues in embryogenesis, organogenesis, vascular tissue formation and directional growth in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrásek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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