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Laaboudi FZ, Rejdali M, Amhamdi H, Salhi A, Elyoussfi A, Ahari M. In the weeds: A comprehensive review of cannabis; its chemical complexity, biosynthesis, and healing abilities. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101685. [PMID: 39056093 PMCID: PMC11269304 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For millennia, various cultures have utilized cannabis for food, textile fiber, ethno-medicines, and pharmacotherapy, owing to its medicinal potential and psychotropic effects. An in-depth exploration of its historical, chemical, and therapeutic dimensions provides context for its contemporary understanding. The criminalization of cannabis in many countries was influenced by the presence of psychoactive cannabinoids; however, scientific advances and growing public awareness have renewed interest in cannabis-related products, especially for medical use. Described as a 'treasure trove,' cannabis produces a diverse array of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid compounds. Recent research focuses on cannabinoids for treating conditions such as anxiety, depression, chronic pain, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy. Additionally, secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds, terpenes, and terpenoids are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic effects and their synergistic role with cannabinoids. These compounds show potential in treating neuro and non-neuro disorders, and studies suggest their promise as antitumoral agents. This comprehensive review integrates historical, chemical, and therapeutic perspectives on cannabis, highlighting contemporary research and its vast potential in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zahrae Laaboudi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Rejdali
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hassan Amhamdi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Amin Salhi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Abedellah Elyoussfi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M.’hamed Ahari
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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Clarke H, Miles S, Peer M, Fitzcharles MA. The Elusive Truth of Cannabinoids for Rheumatic Pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2024; 26:392-402. [PMID: 39120750 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-024-01162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Medical cannabis (MC) has entered mainstream medicine by a unique route. Regulatory acceptance as a medical product in many jurisdictions has bypassed the traditional evidence-based pathway required for therapies. Easier access to MC, especially related to recreational legalization of cannabis, has led to widespread use by patients for symptom relief of a variety of medical conditions and often without medical oversight. Musculoskeletal pain remains the most common reason for MC use. This review examines real-world issues pertaining to MC and offers some guidance for clinical care of patients with rheumatic diseases being treated with MC. RECENT FINDINGS Controlled clinical studies of cannabis products in patients with rheumatic diseases have been small and tested a range of compounds, routes of administration, and clinical populations, limiting our ability to generate conclusions on MC's effectiveness in this population. Observational cohort studies and surveys suggest that use of MC and related products in patients with rheumatic diseases improves pain and associated symptoms but is commonly accompanied by mild to moderate side effects. Conflicting evidence contributes to practitioner and patient uncertainty regarding the use of MC for rheumatic disease-related pain. Despite promising preclinical and observational evidence that MC and cannabis-derived compounds are useful in the management of rheumatic disease-related pain, there remains limited high-quality clinical evidence to substantiate these findings. There are a significant number of clinical trials on this topic currently planned or underway, however, suggesting the next decade may yield more clarity. Nevertheless, given that many people with rheumatic diseases are using cannabis products, healthcare professionals must remain apprised of the evidence pertaining to cannabinoids, communicate such evidence to patients in a meaningful way that is free from personal bias and stigma, and maintain strong collaborative clinical care pertaining to MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Transitional Pain Service, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Miles
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Sinai Health System, and Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miki Peer
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Sinai Health System, and Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Ann Fitzcharles
- Department of Rheumatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Kritikos AF, Graham M, Hodgkin D, Pacula RL. Medical Cannabis Dosing Trajectories of Patients: Evidence From Sales Data. Clin Ther 2024:S0149-2918(24)00265-0. [PMID: 39370328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medical cannabis use is rising with limited high-quality clinical trial data to guide dosing. This study relies on real-world, longitudinal medical cannabis purchase data to provide information on Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) dosing trends for patients with qualifying medical conditions. METHODS A retrospective study of purchases by 16,727 patients obtaining medical cannabis from dispensaries located in New York between 2016 and 2019, recorded in point-of-sale data. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify clusters of patients following similar progressions in dosing of THC and CBD over time. χ2 tests were performed to identify which patient characteristics and qualifying medical conditions were associated with membership in each trajectory group. FINDINGS Six trajectory groups were identified that described different patterns in the THC and CBD doses that patients purchased over the whole time period. For THC, the majority of patients (62.6%) purchased a steady amount but at different levels: consistently low (4.1 mg) or moderate (7.4 mg). Three groups, representing 22.0% together, exhibited doses that either fluctuate or constantly increase over time (5-20 mg). A final group of patients (15.8%) exhibited constant decrease in dose from 11 to 5 mg. For CBD, the data show similar trajectories, but at the generally higher values (4-16 mg). Patients with chronic pain, neuropathy, and cancer were overrepresented in groups where higher doses of THC were purchased over time. Patients with epilepsy had a higher representation in groups with higher doses of CBD across time. IMPLICATIONS Results suggest heterogeneous dosing patterns and trajectories in the use of medical cannabis by patients with different medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Kritikos
- NORC, the University of Chicago, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Myfanwy Graham
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dominic Hodgkin
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Institute of Behavioral Health, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Health Policy and Management, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Los Angeles, California; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Lavie O, Buxdorf K, Eshed Williams L. Optimizing cannabis cultivation: an efficient in vitro system for flowering induction. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:141. [PMID: 39267047 PMCID: PMC11397071 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis sativa L. is a versatile medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties, derived from its diverse array of secondary metabolites synthesized primarily in female flower organs. Breeding cannabis is challenging due to its dioecious nature, strict regulatory requirements, and the need for photoperiod control to trigger flowering, coupled with highly dispersible pollen that can easily contaminate nearby female flowers. This study aimed to develop a protocol for in vitro flowering in cannabis, investigate factors affecting in vitro flower production, and generate viable in vitro seeds, potentially offering a method for producing sterile cannabinoids or advancing breeding techniques. RESULTS We show that the life cycle of cannabis can be fully completed in tissue culture; plantlets readily produce inflorescences and viable seeds in vitro. Our findings highlight the superior performance of DKW medium with 2% sucrose in a filtered vessel and emphasize the need for low light intensity during flower induction to optimize production. The improved performance in filtered vessels suggests that plants conduct photosynthesis in vitro, highlighting the need for future investigations into the effects of forced ventilation to refine this system. All tested lines readily developed inflorescences upon induction, with a 100% occurrence rate, including male flowering. We revealed the non-dehiscent trait of in vitro anthers, which is advantageous as it allows for multiple crosses to be conducted in vitro without concerns about cross-contamination. CONCLUSION The current work developed and optimized an effective protocol for in vitro flowering and seed production in cannabis, potentially providing a platform for sterile cannabinoid production and an efficient tool for breeding programs. This system allows for the full and consistent control of plant growth conditions year-round, potentially offering the reliable production of sterile molecules suitable for pharmacological use. As a breeding strategy, this method overcomes the complex challenges of breeding cannabis, such as the need for large facilities, by enabling the production of hundreds of lines in a small facility. By offering precise control over factors such as plant growth regulators, light intensity, photoperiod, and temperature, this system also serves as a valuable tool for studying flowering aspects in cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lavie
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Buxdorf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Raeber J, Bajor B, Poetzsch M, Steuer C. Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39103248 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis sativa L. is renowned for its medicinal and recreational uses. With the increasing global legalization of C. sativa L.-based products for medicinal purposes, there is a growing need for well-characterized products. While the stability of cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is well understood, information on the chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes remains scarce. This is despite the fact that terpenes are also thought to have pharmacological activity and may contribute to the overall effect of C. sativa L. METHODS To address these challenges, four analytical methods based on chiral, polar, and apolar gas chromatographic separation combined with either MS or FID detection were developed and validated. These methods successfully separated and quantified a total of 29 terpenes, including 13 enantiomers and 5 diastereomers specific to C. sativa L. Furthermore, terpenes and authentic C. sativa L. flowers and extracts were subjected to UV and heat treatments to observe potential degradation reactions over time. RESULTS Each terpene generates a unique pattern of degradation products resulting in a diverse array of oxidation and cyclization products. P-cymene was identified as a major product of terpene aging. Notably, no enantiomeric conversion was detected, suggesting that the formation of (-)-α-pinene in cannabis extracts, for example, originates from other terpenes. CONCLUSION Terpenes have different degradation rates, even though they are structurally similar. In addition, cultivar- and growth-condition-specific enantiomeric ratios were observed in C. sativa L., confirming that enantiomer production is species-specific and has to be considered for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Raeber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Bajor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Steuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Žugić A, Martinović M, Tadić V, Rajković M, Racić G, Nešić I, Koren A. Comprehensive Insight into Cutaneous Application of Hemp. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:748. [PMID: 38931870 PMCID: PMC11207338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Known for its natural bio-compounds and therapeutic properties, hemp is being utilized in the development of skin products. These products offer a wide range of applications and benefits in the fields of natural bio-compounds, pharmaceutical technology, topical delivery systems, and cosmeceuticals. This manuscript deals with hemp actives, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and their diverse biological properties relative to topical application, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Also, the paper reviews strategies to overcome poor penetration of hemp actives, as well as the integration of hemp actives in cosmeceuticals that provide natural and sustainable alternatives to traditional skincare products offering a range of benefits, including anti-aging, moisturizing, and soothing properties. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development and manufacturing processes of skin products containing hemp actives. By delving into the science behind hemp-based products, the paper provides valuable insights into the potential of hemp as a versatile ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The utilization of hemp in these innovative products not only offers therapeutic benefits but also promotes natural and sustainable approaches to skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Žugić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (M.R.)
| | - Milica Martinović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Zorana Đinđića Boulevard 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (I.N.)
| | - Vanja Tadić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (M.R.)
| | - Miloš Rajković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (M.R.)
| | - Gordana Racić
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, University Educons, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Nešić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Zorana Đinđića Boulevard 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (I.N.)
| | - Anamarija Koren
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Blebea NM, Pricopie AI, Vlad RA, Hancu G. Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4204. [PMID: 38673788 PMCID: PMC11050509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds extracted from the Cannabis plant, have attracted interest due to their potential pharmacological effects and medicinal uses. This comprehensive review presents the intricate pharmacological profiles of phytocannabinoids while exploring the diverse impacts these substances have on biological systems. From the more than one hundred cannabinoids which were identified in the Cannabis plant so far, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are two of the most extensively studied phytocannabinoids. CBD is a non-psychoactive compound, which exhibits potential anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic properties, making it a promising candidate for a wide array of medical conditions. THC, known for its psychoactive effects, possesses analgesic and antiemetic properties, contributing to its therapeutic potential. In addition to THC and CBD, a wide range of additional phytocannabinoids have shown intriguing pharmacological effects, including cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN). The endocannabinoid system, made up of the enzymes involved in the production and breakdown of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), is essential for preserving homeostasis in several physiological processes. Beyond their effects on the endocannabinoid system, phytocannabinoids are studied for their ability to modify ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and anti-oxidative pathways. The complex interaction between phytocannabinoids and biological systems offers hope for novel treatment approaches and lays the groundwork for further developments in the field of cannabinoid-based medicine. This review summarizes the state of the field, points out information gaps, and emphasizes the need for more studies to fully realize the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Mirela Blebea
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University from Constanța, 900470 Constanța, Romania;
| | - Andreea Iulia Pricopie
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Robert-Alexandru Vlad
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania
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Buirs L, Punja ZK. Integrated Management of Pathogens and Microbes in Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabis) under Greenhouse Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:786. [PMID: 38592798 PMCID: PMC10974757 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The increased cultivation of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis), particularly in greenhouses, has resulted in a greater incidence of diseases and molds that can negatively affect the growth and quality of the crop. Among them, the most important diseases are root rots (Fusarium and Pythium spp.), bud rot (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew (Golovinomyces ambrosiae), cannabis stunt disease (caused by hop latent viroid), and a range of microbes that reduce post-harvest quality. An integrated management approach to reduce the impact of these diseases/microbes requires combining different approaches that target the reproduction, spread, and survival of the associated pathogens, many of which can occur on the same plant simultaneously. These approaches will be discussed in the context of developing an integrated plan to manage the important pathogens of greenhouse-grown cannabis at different stages of plant development. These stages include the maintenance of stock plants, propagation through cuttings, vegetative growth of plants, and flowering. The cultivation of cannabis genotypes with tolerance or resistance to various pathogens is a very important approach, as well as the maintenance of pathogen-free stock plants. When combined with cultural approaches (sanitation, management of irrigation, and monitoring for diseases) and environmental approaches (greenhouse climate modification), a significant reduction in pathogen development and spread can be achieved. The use of preventive applications of microbial biological control agents and reduced-risk biorational products can also reduce disease development at all stages of production in jurisdictions where they are registered for use. The combined use of promising strategies for integrated disease management in cannabis plants during greenhouse production will be reviewed. Future areas for research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Buirs
- Pure Sunfarms Corp., Delta, BC V4K 3N3, Canada;
| | - Zamir K. Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Pereira IF, Santos Oliveira AM, Santos AM, de Melo Soares D, Serafini MR, Almeida Alves I. A Descriptive Review of Cannabis sativa Patents for Cancer Treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:137-145. [PMID: 36788702 DOI: 10.2174/1574892818666230213095717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use for tumor treatment has been explored in several areas, and its potential for tumor remission is currently being studied after the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to conduct a critical patent review to identify and explore the latest advances and therapeutic strategies using Cannabis to treat cancer. METHODS The research was carried out in the free and online database Espacenet, using the descriptors "cancer" and "Cannabis or cannabidiol" in the title or abstract. A total of 95 patents were identified for preliminary evaluation in the database. Six duplicate patents were excluded, 12 referring to traditional Chinese medicine and 36 with a title in disagreement with the scope of this review. In addition the final selection involved 21 patents that were in line with the objective of the study. RESULTS As observed in the reading of patents, the interest of pharmaceutical industries and researchers and the development of new products to fight cancer have increased in recent years. The main cannabinoids present in the patents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and hemp. Moreover, the patents were classified and the main applicant countries were the United States followed by Japan, with a higher filing rate in 2019 and, mainly by the industry. CONCLUSION In conclusion we can say that, the importance of parliamentary approval in the cultivation and investments that, in addition to bringing innovation to the industrial sector, enriches research in the area, contributing to the creation of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Santos Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Mendonça Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Izabel Almeida Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the State of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Awwad F, Fantino EI, Héneault M, Diaz-Garza AM, Merindol N, Custeau A, Gélinas SE, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Li J, Lemay JF, Karas BJ, Desgagne-Penix I. Bioengineering of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with Cannabis Genes Enables the Production of the Cannabinoid Precursor, Olivetolic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16624. [PMID: 38068947 PMCID: PMC10706280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for novel natural compounds has prompted the exploration of innovative approaches in bioengineering. This study investigates the bioengineering potential of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum through the introduction of cannabis genes, specifically, tetraketide synthase (TKS), and olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), for the production of the cannabinoid precursor, olivetolic acid (OA). P. tricornutum is a promising biotechnological platform due to its fast growth rate, amenability to genetic manipulation, and ability to produce valuable compounds. Through genetic engineering techniques, we successfully integrated the cannabis genes TKS and OAC into the diatom. P. tricornutum transconjugants expressing these genes showed the production of the recombinant TKS and OAC enzymes, detected via Western blot analysis, and the production of cannabinoids precursor (OA) detected using the HPLC/UV spectrum when compared to the wild-type strain. Quantitative analysis revealed significant olivetolic acid accumulation (0.6-2.6 mg/L), demonstrating the successful integration and functionality of the heterologous genes. Furthermore, the introduction of TKS and OAC genes led to the synthesis of novel molecules, potentially expanding the repertoire of bioactive compounds accessible through diatom-based biotechnology. This study demonstrates the successful bioengineering of P. tricornutum with cannabis genes, enabling the production of OA as a precursor for cannabinoid production and the synthesis of novel molecules with potential pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Awwad
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Elisa Ines Fantino
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marianne Héneault
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Aracely Maribel Diaz-Garza
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Natacha Merindol
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Custeau
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sarah-Eve Gélinas
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Jessica Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lemay
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales Inc., 2263 Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan, QC G9N 6V8, Canada
| | - Bogumil J. Karas
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Isabel Desgagne-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Riviere, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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Rizzo G, Storz MA, Calapai G. The Role of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition. Foods 2023; 12:3505. [PMID: 37761214 PMCID: PMC10528039 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in Cannabis sativa and its uses. The recreational use of inflorescences as a source of THC has led to the legal restriction of C. sativa cultivation to limit the detrimental effects of psychotropic substance abuse on health. However, this has also limited the cultivation of textile/industrial varieties with a low content of THC used for textile and nutritional purposes. While previously the bans had significantly penalized the cultivation of C. sativa, today many countries discriminate between recreational use (marijuana) and industrial and food use (hemp). The stalks of industrial hemp (low in psychotropic substances) have been used extensively for textile purposes while the seeds are nutritionally versatile. From hemp seeds, it is possible to obtain flours applicable in the bakery sector, oils rich in essential fatty acids, proteins with a high biological value and derivatives for fortification, supplementation and nutraceutical purposes. Hemp seed properties seem relevant for vegetarian diets, due to their high nutritional value and underestimated employment in the food sector. Hemp seed and their derivatives are a valuable source of protein, essential fatty acids and minerals that could provide additional benefit to vegetarian nutrition. This document aims to explore the information available in the literature about hemp seeds from a nutritional point of view, highlighting possible beneficial effects for humans with particular attention to vegetarian nutrition as a supplemental option for a well-planned diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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12
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Xie Z, Mi Y, Kong L, Gao M, Chen S, Chen W, Meng X, Sun W, Chen S, Xu Z. Cannabis sativa: origin and history, glandular trichome development, and cannabinoid biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad150. [PMID: 37691962 PMCID: PMC10485653 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Is Cannabis a boon or bane? Cannabis sativa has long been a versatile crop for fiber extraction (industrial hemp), traditional Chinese medicine (hemp seeds), and recreational drugs (marijuana). Cannabis faced global prohibition in the twentieth century because of the psychoactive properties of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol; however, recently, the perspective has changed with the recognition of additional therapeutic values, particularly the pharmacological potential of cannabidiol. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism of cannabinoid biosynthesis is necessary to cultivate and promote globally the medicinal application of Cannabis resources. Here, we comprehensively review the historical usage of Cannabis, biosynthesis of trichome-specific cannabinoids, regulatory network of trichome development, and synthetic biology of cannabinoids. This review provides valuable insights into the efficient biosynthesis and green production of cannabinoids, and the development and utilization of novel Cannabis varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yaolei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingzhe Kong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Maolun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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13
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Liu J, Zhang C, Jiang M, Ni Y, Xu Y, Wu W, Huang L, Newmaster SG, Kole C, Wu B, Liu C. Identification of circular RNAs of Cannabis sativa L. potentially involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. PLANTA 2023; 257:72. [PMID: 36862222 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We identified circRNAs in the Cannabis sativa L. genome and examined their association with 28 cannabinoids in three tissues of C. sativa. Nine circRNAs are potentially involved in the biosynthesis of six cannabinoids. Cannabis sativa L. has been widely used in the production of medicine, textiles, and food for over 2500 years. The main bioactive compounds in C. sativa are cannabinoids, which have multiple important pharmacological actions. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play essential roles in growth and development, stress resistance, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. However, the circRNAs in C. sativa remain unknown. In this study, to explore the role of circRNAs in cannabinoid biosynthesis, we performed RNA-Seq and metabolomics analysis on the leaves, roots, and stems of C. sativa. We identified 741 overlapping circRNAs by three tools, of which 717, 16, and 8 circRNAs were derived from exonic, intronic, and intergenic, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the parental genes (PGs) of circRNAs were enriched in many processes related to biological stress responses. We found that most of the circRNAs showed tissue-specific expression and 65 circRNAs were significantly correlated with their PGs (P < 0.05, |r|≥ 0.5). We also determined 28 cannabinoids by High-performance liquid chromatography-ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Ten circRNAs, including ciR0159, ciR0212, ciR0153, ciR0149, ciR0016, ciR0044, ciR0022, ciR0381, ciR0006, and ciR0025 were found to be associated with six cannabinoids by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Twenty-nine of 53 candidate circRNAs, including 9 cannabinoids related were validated successfully using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Taken together, all these results would help to enhance our acknowledge of the regulation of circRNAs, and lay the foundation for breeding new C. sativa cultivars with high cannabinoids through manipulating circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ni
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicen Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuwei Wu
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven G Newmaster
- Natural Health Product Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Chittaranjan Kole
- International Climate Resilient Crop Genomics Consortium and International Phytomedomics and Nutriomics Consortium, Kolkata, 700094, India
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu J, Ni Y, Liu C. Polymeric structure of the Cannabis sativa L. mitochondrial genome identified with an assembly graph model. Gene 2023; 853:147081. [PMID: 36470482 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. belongs to the family Cannabaceae in Rosales. It has been widely used as medicines, building materials, and textiles. Elucidating its genome is critical for molecular breeding and synthetic biology study. Many studies have shown that the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and even chloroplast genomes (plastomes) had complex polymeric structures. Using the Nanopore sequencing platform, we sequenced, assembled, and analyzed its mitogenome and plastome. The resulting unitig graph suggested that the mitogenome had a complex polymeric structure. However, a gap-free, circular sequence was further assembled from the unitig graph. In contrast, a circular sequence representing the plastome was obtained. The mitogenome major conformation was 415,837 bp long, and the plastome was 153,927 bp long. To test if the repeat sequences promote recombination, which corresponds to the branch points in the structure, we tested the sequences around repeats by long-read mapping. Among 208 pairs of predicted repeats, the mapping results supported the presence of cross-over around 25 pairs of repeats. Subsequent PCR amplification confirmed the presence of cross-over around 15 of the 25 repeats. By comparing the mitogenome and plastome sequences, we identified 19 mitochondria plastid DNAs, including seven complete genes (trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, psbJ, trnN-GUU, trnD-GUC, trnH-GUG, trnM-CAU) and nine gene fragments. Furthermore, the selective pressure analysis results showed that five genes (atp1, ccmB, ccmC, cox1, nad7) had 19 positively selected sites. Lastly, we predicted 28 RNA editing sites. A total of 8 RNA editing sites located in the coding regions were successfully validated by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, of which four were synonymous, and four were nonsynonymous. In particular, the RNA editing events appeared to be tissue-specific in C. sativa mitogenome. In summary, we have confirmed the major confirmation of C. sativa mitogenome and characterized its structural features in detail. These results provide critical information for future variety breeding and resource development for C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Ni
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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15
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Scheyer AF, Laviolette SR, Pelissier AL, Manzoni OJ. Cannabis in Adolescence: Lasting Cognitive Alterations and Underlying Mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:12-23. [PMID: 36301550 PMCID: PMC9940816 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis consumption during adolescence is an area of particular concern, owing to changes in the social and political perception of the drug, and presents a scientific, medical, and economic challenge. Major social and economic interests continue to push toward cannabis legalization as well as pharmaceutical development. As a result, shifting perceptions of both legal and illicit cannabis use across the population have changed the collective evaluation of the potential dangers of the product. The wave of cannabis legalization therefore comes with new responsibility to educate the public on potential risks and known dangers associated with both recreational and medical cannabis. Among these is the risk of long-term cognitive and psychological consequences, particularly following early-life initiation of use, compounded by high-potency and/or synthetic cannabis, and heavy/frequent use of the drug. Underlying these cognitive and psychiatric consequences are lasting aberrations in the development of synaptic function, often secondary to epigenetic changes. Additional factors such as genetic risk and environmental influences or nondrug toxic insults during development are also profound contributors to these long-term functional alterations following adolescent cannabis use. Preclinical studies indicate that exposure to cannabinoids during specific windows of vulnerability (e.g., adolescence) impacts neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by durably changing dendritic structure and synaptic functions, including those normally mediated by endogenous cannabinoids and neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Scheyer
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Steven R. Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Pelissier
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone Adultes, Service de Médecine Légale, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier J.J. Manzoni
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Address correspondence to: Olivier J.J. Manzoni, PhD, INMED, INSERM U1249, Parc Scientifique de Luminy - BP 13 - 13273 MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France,
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16
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Blal K, Besser E, Procaccia S, Schwob O, Lerenthal Y, Abu Tair J, Meiri D, Benny O. The Effect of Cannabis Plant Extracts on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Quest for Cannabis-Based Personalized Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020497. [PMID: 36672446 PMCID: PMC9856564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plants have a wide diversity in their metabolite composition among their different chemovars, facilitating diverse anti-tumoral effects on cancer cells. This research examined the anti-tumoral effects of 24 cannabis extracts representative of three primary types of chemovars on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The most potent anti-tumoral extracts were type III decarboxylated extracts, with high levels of Cannabidiol (CBD). We identified extract 296 (CAN296) as the most potent in inducing HNSCC cell death via proapoptotic and anti-proliferative effects. Using chemical fractionation of CAN296, we identified the CBD fraction as the primary inducer of the anti-tumoral activity. We succeeded in defining the combination of CBD with cannabichromene (CBC) or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) present in minute concentrations in the extract, yielding a synergic impact that mimics the extract's full effect. The cytotoxic effect could be maximized by combining CBD with either CBC or THC in a ratio of 2:1. This research suggests using decarboxylated CBD-type extracts enriched with CBC for future preclinical trials aimed at HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifah Blal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | - Elazar Besser
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shiri Procaccia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ouri Schwob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | | | - Jawad Abu Tair
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +972-52-5330031 (D.M.); +972-52-8461462 (O.B.)
| | - Ofra Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +972-52-5330031 (D.M.); +972-52-8461462 (O.B.)
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17
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Iezzi D, Caceres-Rodriguez A, Chavis P, Manzoni OJJ. In utero exposure to cannabidiol disrupts select early-life behaviors in a sex-specific manner. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:501. [PMID: 36470874 PMCID: PMC9722662 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the main components of cannabis, is generally considered safe. CBD crosses the placenta and its use during pregnancy is steadily increasing, the impact of gestational CBD's effects on prenatal life and neurodevelopment are poorly understood. Here, we combined behavioral approaches and deep learning analysis to assess the sex-dependent neonatal behavior of CBD exposed progeny. Gestating C57BL6/J dams were exposed daily with vehicle or CBD (3 mg/Kg, s.c.), from gestational day 5 to 18. Body weight, pup ultrasound vocalizations (USVs, PND 10) and homing behavior (PND 13) were quantified in the progeny. Thus, male (but not female) pups from CBD-treated dams gained more weight than sham. There were sex-dependent differences in the coarse characteristics of ultrasonic vocalizations. Prenatally-CBD exposed male pups emitted shorter calls, whereas CBD females made more high frequency calls when compared with their control counterparts. There were significant qualitative changes in the syllabic USV repertoire reflected in call typologies and communication patterns. Finally, the homing behavior test showed that CBD-exposed females presented a greater vulnerability to gestational CBD than males. Only CBD-exposed female pups showed reduced motor and discriminatory abilities. Together the results suggest a sexual divergence in the consequences of in utero CBD exposure on neonates at early developmental ages, which may be predictive of adult psychopathology. Given the extent of cannabis and CBD use worldwide, these findings challenge the idea that CBD is a universally safe compound and reveal the need for additional studies on the effect of perinatal CBD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iezzi
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Cannalab "Cannabinoids Neuroscience Research International Associated Laboratory". INSERM-Aix-Marseille University/Indiana University, Marseille, France
| | - Alba Caceres-Rodriguez
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Cannalab "Cannabinoids Neuroscience Research International Associated Laboratory". INSERM-Aix-Marseille University/Indiana University, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Chavis
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
- Cannalab "Cannabinoids Neuroscience Research International Associated Laboratory". INSERM-Aix-Marseille University/Indiana University, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier J J Manzoni
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
- Cannalab "Cannabinoids Neuroscience Research International Associated Laboratory". INSERM-Aix-Marseille University/Indiana University, Marseille, France.
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18
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Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Shafran-Tomer H, Gottlieb GH, Doron-Faigenboim A, Zemach H, Kamenetsky-Goldstein R, Flaishman M. Non-photoperiodic transition of female cannabis seedlings from juvenile to adult reproductive stage. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:265-277. [PMID: 36063227 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition in female cannabis seedlings occurs autonomously with the de novo development of single flowers. To ensure successful sexual reproduction, many plant species originating from seedlings undergo juvenile-to-adult transition. This phase transition precedes and enables the vegetative-to-reproductive shift in plants, upon perception of internal and/or external signals such as temperature, photoperiod, metabolite levels, and phytohormones. This study demonstrates that the juvenile seedlings of cannabis gradually shift to the adult vegetative stage, as confirmed by the formation of lobed leaves, and upregulation of the phase-transition genes. In the tested cultivar, the switch to the reproductive stage occurs with the development of a pair of single flowers in the 7th node. Histological analysis indicated that transition to the reproductive stage is accomplished by the de novo establishment of new flower meristems which are not present in a vegetative stage, or as dormant meristems at nodes 4 and 6. Moreover, there were dramatic changes in the transcriptomic profile of flowering-related genes among nodes 4, 6, and 7. Downregulation of flowering repressors and an intense increase in the transcription of phase transition-related genes occur in parallel with an increase in the transcription of flowering integrators and meristem identity genes. These results support and provide molecular evidence for previous findings that cannabis possesses an autonomous flowering mechanism and the transition to reproductive phase is controlled in this plant mainly by internal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Hadas Shafran-Tomer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Gilad H Gottlieb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky-Goldstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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20
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Ahmad Fauzi NS, Abd Rahim MH, Abdul Majid N, Othman R, Yaacob JS. Evaluation of the effect of jasmonic acid elicitation on composition of pigments and biological activities in green callus of neem (Azadirachta indica). FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1017398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) elicitation on the bioactive pigments' biosynthesis and the antioxidant activities in green callus of Azadirachta indica of two different ages (4- and 8-week-old). Plant tissue culture technique was employed to induce the formation of green callus from leaf explants of A. indica on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L thidiazuron (CM) and three different concentrations of JA (2, 4, and 6 mg/L). The methanolic extracts from the green callus were used for determination of total chlorophyll content (TCh), total carotenoid content (TC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) through colorimetric and HPLC analyses. The highest amount of yield was obtained from CM and 2 mg/L JA (2JA) extracts for 4- and 8-week-old samples, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids in all 4- and 8-week-old samples elicited with 2, 4 and 6 mg/L JA. The highest value for TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC of 4- and 8-week-old samples were from callus cultured on media supplemented with 6 mg/L JA (6JA) and 4 mg/L JA (4JA), respectively. The lowest IC50 values were found to be 8.29 ± 0.10 mg/mL (6JA) for 4-week-old and 7.73 ± 0.03 mg/mL (4JA) for 8-week-old samples. The highest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values obtained in this study were 90.60 ± 1.55 g/g (6JA), and 74.59 ± 3.91 g/g (4JA), respectively, for 4- and 8-week-old samples. Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC with ABTS and FRAP assays. In addition, PCA analysis revealed that 83.5% of the information (variances) contained in the data were retained by the first two principal components. Overall, these findings suggested that JA supplementation into the culture media significantly increase the chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, phenolic and flavonoid contents and JA concentrations at 6 mg/L JA and 4 mg/L JA yielded the highest pigments content in 4- and 8-weeks-old callus, respectively.
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21
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Kalonji P, Revol A, Broers B, Ljuslin M, Pautex S. Patient-Related Barriers to the Prescription of Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in Palliative Care: A Qualitative Approach. Palliat Med Rep 2022; 3:200-205. [PMID: 36203714 PMCID: PMC9531874 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Kalonji
- Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Revol
- Palliative Medicine Division and University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Broers
- Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Primary Care Division, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ljuslin
- Palliative Medicine Division and University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Pautex
- Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Palliative Medicine Division and University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Sirangelo TM, Ludlow RA, Spadafora ND. Multi-Omics Approaches to Study Molecular Mechanisms in Cannabis sativa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2182. [PMID: 36015485 PMCID: PMC9416457 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), also known as hemp, is one of the oldest cultivated crops, grown for both its use in textile and cordage production, and its unique chemical properties. However, due to the legislation regulating cannabis cultivation, it is not a well characterized crop, especially regarding molecular and genetic pathways. Only recently have regulations begun to ease enough to allow more widespread cannabis research, which, coupled with the availability of cannabis genome sequences, is fuelling the interest of the scientific community. In this review, we provide a summary of cannabis molecular resources focusing on the most recent and relevant genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches and investigations. Multi-omics methods are discussed, with this combined approach being a powerful tool to identify correlations between biological processes and metabolic pathways across diverse omics layers, and to better elucidate the relationships between cannabis sub-species. The correlations between genotypes and phenotypes, as well as novel metabolites with therapeutic potential are also explored in the context of cannabis breeding programs. However, further studies are needed to fully elucidate the complex metabolomic matrix of this crop. For this reason, some key points for future research activities are discussed, relying on multi-omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana M. Sirangelo
- CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Richard A. Ludlow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Natasha D. Spadafora
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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23
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Al-Harrasi A, Behl T, Upadhyay T, Chigurupati S, Bhatt S, Sehgal A, Bhatia S, Singh S, Sharma N, Vijayabalan S, Palanimuthu VR, Das S, Kaur R, Aleya L, Bungau S. Targeting natural products against SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42404-42432. [PMID: 35362883 PMCID: PMC8972763 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Natural products, secondary metabolites show positive leads with antiviral and immunotherapy treatments using genomic studies in silico docking. In addition, it includes the action of a mechanism targeting the SARS-CoV-2. In this literature, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral movement of the NT-VRL-1 unique terpene definition to Human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). The effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on the SARS-CoV-2 were therefore theoretically reviewed and analyzed utilising the molecular operating surroundings for their C-Like protease 3CLpro catalytic dyad residues Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (MOE 09). Pedunculagin, tercatan, and castalin were detected as interacting strongly with SARS-receptor Cov-2's binding site and catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41). SARS-CoV-2 methods of subunit S1 (ACE2) inhibit the interaction of the receiver with the s-protein once a drug molecule is coupled to the s-protein and prevent it from infecting the target cells in alkaloids. Our review strongly demonstrates the evidence that natural compounds and their derivatives can be used against the human coronavirus and serves as an area of research for future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Tanuj Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shantini Vijayabalan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vasanth Raj Palanimuthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suprava Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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24
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Ilan Y. Digital Medical Cannabis as Market Differentiator: Second-Generation Artificial Intelligence Systems to Improve Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788777. [PMID: 35141242 PMCID: PMC8818992 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Legalized use of cannabis products and the rising interest in their therapeutic benefits have opened up new opportunities for therapy and marketing. However, the marked variability in formulations, administration modes, therapeutic regimens, and inter- and intra-subject responses make the standardization of medical cannabis-based regimens difficult. Legalization has made the cannabis market highly competitive and lowered the revenue margins. This study reviews some of the challenges in medical cannabis use and difficulties in standardizing its therapeutic regimens that hinder maximizing its beneficial effects. The development of tolerance toward cannabis and low adherence to chronic administration further impair its long-term beneficial effects. Digital medical cannabis is a cannabis product controlled by a second-generation artificial intelligence (AI) system that improves patient responses by increasing adherence and dealing with tolerance. Second-generation AI systems focus on a single patient's outcome and deal with the inter- and intra-subject variability in responses. The use of digital medical cannabis is expected to improve product standardization, maximize therapeutic benefits, reduce health care costs, and increase the revenue of companies. Digital medical cannabis offers several market differentiators for cannabis companies. This study presents a model for promoting the use of digital medical cannabis and presents its advantages for patients, clinicians, health care authorities, insurance companies, and cannabis manufacturers. Ongoing trials and real-world data on the use of these systems further support the use of digital medical cannabis for improved global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Yaron Ilan
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25
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Pinto JS, Martel F. Effects of Cannabidiol on Appetite and Body Weight: A Systematic Review. Clin Drug Investig 2022; 42:909-919. [PMID: 36180814 PMCID: PMC9525229 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cannabidiol, one of the main components of the Cannabis sativa plant, is a non-psychotropic cannabinoid that has recently drawn the attention of researchers and clinicians for its potential therapeutic applications. In this systematic review, we aim to describe the possible effects of cannabidiol in appetite and body weight. METHODS Both authors independently ran a thorough search in both PubMed and Cochrane databases up to 31 July, 2022 and included every peer-reviewed, original randomized controlled clinical trial that reported data on either of the said outcomes. Risk of assessment bias was performed with Cochrane's risk of bias tool and results were summarized in tables. RESULTS A total of 11 trials were included in this review. Of these, the majority reported on cannabidiol reducing appetite and/or body weight whilst some have found no significant changes and one trial described an increase in appetite. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that cannabidiol has an anorexigenic effect, correlated with a decrease in body weight. However, most of the studies included in the present review raised some concerns in terms of risk of bias. We believe further research is needed in order to clarify potential mechanisms involved in the effect of cannabidiol on feeding/appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Fitzcharles MA, Petzke F, Tölle TR, Häuser W. Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis in the Treatment of Nociplastic Pain. Drugs 2021; 81:2103-2116. [PMID: 34800285 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nociplastic pain is defined as pain due to sensitization of the nervous system, without a sufficient underlying anatomical abnormality to explain the severity of pain. Nociplastic pain may be manifest in various organ systems, is often perceived as being more widespread rather than localized and is commonly associated with central nervous system symptoms of fatigue, difficulties with cognition and sleep, and other somatic symptoms; all features that contribute to considerable suffering. Exemplified by fibromyalgia, nociplastic conditions also include chronic visceral pain, chronic headaches and facial pain, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. It has been theorized that dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to persistent pain in these conditions. As traditional treatments for chronic pain in general and nociplastic pain in particular are imperfect, there is a need to identify other treatment options. Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis (MC) may hold promise and have been actively promoted by the media and advocacy. The medical community must be knowledgeable of the current evidence in this regard to be able to competently advise patients. This review will briefly explain the understanding of nociplastic pain, examine the evidence for the effect of cannabinoids in these conditions, and provide simplified guidance for healthcare providers who may consider prescribing cannabinoids for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Fitzcharles
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, Division of Rheumatology, Health Centre Montreal, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Rheumatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Frank Petzke
- Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas R Tölle
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Häuser
- Department Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Health Care Center for Pain Medicine, and Mental Health Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
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27
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Wu B, Li Y, Li J, Xie Z, Luan M, Gao C, Shi Y, Chen S. Genome-Wide Analysis of Alternative Splicing and Non-Coding RNAs Reveal Complicated Transcriptional Regulation in Cannabis sativa L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111989. [PMID: 34769433 PMCID: PMC8584933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of significance to mine the structural genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid (FA) and cellulose as well as explore the regulatory mechanism of alternative splicing (AS), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose, which would enhance the knowledge of gene expression and regulation at post-transcriptional level in Cannabis sativa L. In this study, transcriptome, small RNA and degradome libraries of hemp 'Yunma No.1' were established, and comprehensive analysis was performed. As a result, a total of 154, 32 and 331 transcripts encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, FA and cellulose were predicted, respectively, among which AS occurred in 368 transcripts. Moreover, 183 conserved miRNAs, 380 C. sativa-specific miRNAs and 7783 lncRNAs were predicted. Among them, 70 miRNAs and 17 lncRNAs potentially targeted 13 and 17 transcripts, respectively, encoding key enzymes or transporters involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, cellulose or FA. Finally, the crosstalk between AS and miRNAs or lncRNAs involved in cannabinoids and cellulose was also predicted. In summary, all these results provided insights into the complicated network of gene expression and regulation in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yanni Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jishuang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; (M.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
- Correspondence:
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28
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Reyes-Cuapio E, Coronado-Álvarez A, Quiroga C, Alcaraz-Silva J, Ruíz-Ruíz JC, Imperatori C, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Juvenile cannabidiol chronic treatments produce robust changes in metabolic markers in adult male Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174463. [PMID: 34478689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic compound derived from Cannabis sativa, for therapeutic purposes is growing exponentially by targeting the management of multiple medical disorders, including metabolic-related diseases. Nevertheless, substantial questions have emerged in concerning the potential metabolic disturbances in adulthood as consequence of the long-term uses of CBD during early years of life. Therefore, we studied whether chronic CBD injections (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg; i.p.) given to juvenile rats (from post-natal day [PND] 30) for 14 days might influence in adulthood the activity of metabolic markers, such as glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides as well as activity of antioxidants (DPPH) from plasma, white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver, and hypothalamus. Our results showed that adult rats treated during juvenile ages with CBD (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg) for two weeks increased the contents of glucose whereas with no changes on total cholesterol in adulthood were observed. Additionally, a significant decrease in the levels of triglycerides were found in plasma, WAT, BAT, and liver in adult rats treated with chronic injections of CBD during the adolescence. However, unexpectedly, the contents of triglycerides in hypothalamus were found enhanced. Finally, the DPPH assay showed a significant enhancement in triglycerides analyzed from WAT and liver whereas opposite findings were observed in BAT and no significant changes were found in hypothalamus in adult rats that received during the adolescence chronic injections of CBD. In conclusion, repeated CBD administration to juvenile rats induced significant alterations in multiple metabolic markers analyzed in the adulthood. Our findings highlight the relevance of chronic CBD treatment in disturbed metabolic activity and remark the need for studying the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Reyes-Cuapio
- Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Carla Quiroga
- Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Jocelyne Alcaraz-Silva
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Jorge Carlos Ruíz-Ruíz
- Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
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29
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. plant is currently attracting increasing interest in cosmetics and dermatology. In this review, the biologically active compounds of hemp are discussed. Particularly the complex interactions of cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system of the skin to treat various conditions (such as acne, allergic contact dermatitis, melanoma, and psoriasis) with clinical data. Moreover, the properties of some cannabinoids make them candidates as cosmetic actives for certain skin types. Hemp seed oil and its minor bioactive compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are also discussed for their added value in cosmetic formulation.
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30
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Naim-Feil E, Pembleton LW, Spooner LE, Malthouse AL, Miner A, Quinn M, Polotnianka RM, Baillie RC, Spangenberg GC, Cogan NOI. The characterization of key physiological traits of medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) as a tool for precision breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:294. [PMID: 34174826 PMCID: PMC8235858 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For millennia, drug-type cannabis strains were extensively used for various medicinal, ritual, and inebriant applications. However, cannabis prohibition during the last century led to cultivation and breeding activities being conducted under clandestine conditions, while scientific development of the crop ceased. Recently, the potential of medicinal cannabis has been reacknowledged and the now expanding industry requires optimal and scientifically characterized varieties. However, scientific knowledge that can propel this advancement is sorely lacking. To address this issue, the current study aims to provide a better understanding of key physiological and phenological traits that can facilitate the breeding of advanced cultivars. RESULTS A diverse population of 121 genotypes of high-THC or balanced THC-CBD ratio was cultivated under a controlled environment facility and 13 plant parameters were measured. No physiological association across genotypes attributed to the same vernacular classification was observed. Floral bud dry weight was found to be positively associated with plant height and stem diameter but not with days to maturation. Furthermore, the heritability of both plant height and days to maturation was relatively high, but for plant height it decreased during the vegetative growth phase. To advance breeding efficacy, a prediction equation for forecasting floral bud dry weight was generated, driven by parameters that can be detected during the vegetative growth phase solely. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that selection for taller and fast-growing genotypes is likely to lead to an increase in floral bud productivity. It was also found that the final plant height and stem diameter are determined by 5 independent factors that can be used to maximize productivity through cultivation adjustments. The proposed prediction equation can facilitate the selection of prolific genotypes without the completion of a full cultivation cycle. Future studies that will associate genome-wide variation with plants morphological traits and cannabinoid profile will enable precise and accelerated breeding through genomic selection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Naim-Feil
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Luke W Pembleton
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Laura E Spooner
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Alix L Malthouse
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Amy Miner
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Melinda Quinn
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Renata M Polotnianka
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Baillie
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - German C Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Noel O I Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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31
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Desaulniers Brousseau V, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Morello V, Lefsrud M. Cannabinoids and Terpenes: How Production of Photo-Protectants Can Be Manipulated to Enhance Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620021. [PMID: 34135916 PMCID: PMC8200639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated for its secondary metabolites, of which the cannabinoids have documented health benefits and growing pharmaceutical potential. Recent legal cannabis production in North America and Europe has been accompanied by an increase in reported findings for optimization of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoid production. Of the many environmental cues that can be manipulated during plant growth in controlled environments, cannabis cultivation with different lighting spectra indicates differential production and accumulation of medically important cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG), as well as terpenes and flavonoids. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation shows potential in stimulating cannabinoid biosynthesis in cannabis trichomes and pre-harvest or post-harvest UV treatment merits further exploration to determine if plant secondary metabolite accumulation could be enhanced in this manner. Visible LED light can augment THC and terpene accumulation, but not CBD. Well-designed experiments with light wavelengths other than blue and red light will provide more insight into light-dependent regulatory and molecular pathways in cannabis. Lighting strategies such as subcanopy lighting and varied light spectra at different developmental stages can lower energy consumption and optimize cannabis PSM production. Although evidence demonstrates that secondary metabolites in cannabis may be modulated by the light spectrum like other plant species, several questions remain for cannabinoid production pathways in this fast-paced and growing industry. In summarizing recent research progress on light spectra and secondary metabolites in cannabis, along with pertinent light responses in model plant species, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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32
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Wei L, Dong Y, Sun Y, Mei X, Ma X, Shi J, Yang Q, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Sun H, Sun X, Song S. Anticancer property of Hemp Bioactive Peptides in Hep3B liver cancer cells through Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1833-1841. [PMID: 33841802 PMCID: PMC8020916 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne protein hydrolysates exhibit biological activity that may be therapeutic in a number of human disease settings. Hemp peptides (HP) generated by controlled hydrolysis of hemp proteins have a number of health benefits and are of pharmaceutical value. In the present study, we produce small molecular weight HP from hemp seed and investigate its anticancer properties in Hep3B human liver cancer cells. We demonstrate that HP treatment increased apoptosis, reduced cell viability, and reduced cell migration in Hep3B human liver cancer cells without affecting the normal liver cell line L02. We correlate these phenotypes with increased cellular ROS levels, upregulation of cleaved caspase 3 and Bad, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. HP treatment led to increased Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, with subsequent downregulation of β-catenin, suggesting β-catenin signaling modulation as a critical mechanism by which HP exhibits anticancer properties. Our findings suggest HP are of potential therapeutic interest for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian‐Hui Wei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan Dong
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Mei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Ma
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Jie Shi
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Qing‐li Yang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan‐Ru Ji
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Zheng‐Hai Zhang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Hu‐Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Xing‐Rong Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Shu‐Min Song
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
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Stasiłowicz A, Tomala A, Podolak I, Cielecka-Piontek J. Cannabis sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E778. [PMID: 33466734 PMCID: PMC7830475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. turned out to be a valuable source of chemical compounds of various structures, showing pharmacological activity. The most important groups of compounds include phytocannabinoids and terpenes. The pharmacological activity of Cannabis (in epilepsy, sclerosis multiplex (SM), vomiting and nausea, pain, appetite loss, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, glaucoma, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), which has been proven so far, results from the affinity of these compounds predominantly for the receptors of the endocannabinoid system (the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), type two (CB2), and the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)) but, also, for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), glycine receptors, serotonin receptors (5-HT), transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and GPR, opioid receptors. The synergism of action of phytochemicals present in Cannabis sp. raw material is also expressed in their increased bioavailability and penetration through the blood-brain barrier. This review provides an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacology of compounds present in Cannabis extracts in the context of the current knowledge about their synergistic actions and the implications of clinical use in the treatment of selected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anna Tomala
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (A.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (A.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland;
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Abstract
The science of cannabis and cannabinoids encompasses a wide variety of scientific disciplines and can appear daunting to newcomers to the field. The encroachment of folklore and ‘cannabis culture’ into scientific discussions can cloud the situation further. This Primer Review is designed to give a succinct overview of the chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids. It is hoped that it will provide a useful resource for chemistry undergraduates, postgraduates and their instructors, and experienced chemists who require a comprehensive and up to date summary of the field. The Review begins with a brief overview of the history and botany of cannabis, then goes on to detail important aspects of the chemistry of phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinomimetics. Other natural constituents of the cannabis plant are then described including terpenes and terpenoids, polyphenolics, alkaloids, waxes and triglycerides, and important toxic contaminants. A discussion of key aspects of the pharmacology associated with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system then follows, with a focus on the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The medicinal chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids is covered, highlighting the range of diseases targeted with cannabis and phytocannabinoids, as well as key aspects of phytocannabinoid metabolism, distribution, and delivery. The modulation of endocannabinoid levels through the inhibition of key endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is then discussed. The Review concludes with an assessment of the much touted ‘entourage effect’. References to primary literature and more specialised reviews are provided throughout.
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Howard J, Osborne J. Cannabis and work: Need for more research. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:963-972. [PMID: 32797692 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest and most widely used plants in the world with a variety of industrial, medical, and nonmedical applications. Despite its long history, cannabis-derived products remain a source of controversy across the fields of medicine, law, and occupational safety and health. More favorable public attitudes about cannabis in the US have resulted in greater access to cannabis through legalization by states, leading to more consumption by workers. As more states adopt cannabis access laws, and as more workers choose to consume cannabis products, the implications for existing workplace policies, programs, and practices become more salient. Past workplace practices were grounded in a time when cannabis consumption was always viewed as problematic, considered a moral failing, and was universally illegal. Shifting cultural views and the changing legal status of cannabis indicate a need for research into the implications and challenges relating to cannabis and work. This commentary suggests research needs in the following areas: (a) data about industries and occupations where cannabis consumption among workers is most prevalent; (b) adverse health consequences of cannabis consumption among workers; (c) workplace supported recovery programs; (d) hazards to workers in the emerging cannabis industry; (e) relationship between cannabis consumption and occupational injuries; (f) ways to assess performance deficits and impairment from cannabis consumption; (g) consumption of synthetic cannabinoids to evade detection by drug testing; (h) cannabis consumption and its effect on occupational driving; and (i) ways to craft workplace policies and practices that take into consideration conflicting state and federal laws pertaining to cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Howard
- Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Department of Health and Human Services Washington DC
| | - Jamie Osborne
- Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Department of Health and Human Services Atlanta Georgia
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Cannabinoids in Urology. Which Benign Conditions Might They Be Appropriate to Treat: A Systematic Review. Urology 2020; 148:8-25. [PMID: 33129871 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting cannabinoids may provide suitable alternatives to conventional treatments in an increasing number of clinical settings. This review evaluates how cannabinoids are used to treat certain benign urological pathologies and to clarify the clinical value of this data. This review includes 62 papers and was undertaken per PRISMA's guidelines, it evidences the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the management of specific benign urological diseases, most notably neurogenic bladder dysfunction (clinical studies), renal disease (animal studies), and interstitial cystitis (animal studies). However, whilst cannabinoids are increasingly used, they cannot be considered reliable alternatives to more recognised treatments.
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Rupasinghe HPV, Davis A, Kumar SK, Murray B, Zheljazkov VD. Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4078. [PMID: 32906622 PMCID: PMC7571072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) is an ancient cultivated plant originating from Central Asia and historically has been a multi-use crop valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Various oriental and Asian cultures kept records of its production and numerous uses. Due to the similarities between industrial hemp (fiber and grain) and the narcotic/medical type of Cannabis, the production of industrial hemp was prohibited in most countries, wiping out centuries of learning and genetic resources. In the past two decades, most countries have legalized industrial hemp production, prompting a significant amount of research on the health benefits of hemp and hemp products. Current research is yet to verify the various health claims of the numerous commercially available hemp products. Hence, this review aims to compile recent advances in the science of industrial hemp, with respect to its use as value-added functional food ingredients/nutraceuticals and health benefits, while also highlighting gaps in our current knowledge and avenues of future research on this high-value multi-use plant for the global food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Amy Davis
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Shanthanu K. Kumar
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Beth Murray
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 431A Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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An D, Peigneur S, Hendrickx LA, Tytgat J. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors: Current Status and Prospects of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5064. [PMID: 32709050 PMCID: PMC7404216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), as part of the endocannabinoid system, play a critical role in numerous human physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to develop ligands for CB1 and CB2, resulting in hundreds of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids which have shown varying affinities relevant for the treatment of various diseases. However, only a few of these ligands are clinically used. Recently, more detailed structural information for cannabinoid receptors was revealed thanks to the powerfulness of cryo-electron microscopy, which now can accelerate structure-based drug discovery. At the same time, novel peptide-type cannabinoids from animal sources have arrived at the scene, with their potential in vivo therapeutic effects in relation to cannabinoid receptors. From a natural products perspective, it is expected that more novel cannabinoids will be discovered and forecasted as promising drug leads from diverse natural sources and species, such as animal venoms which constitute a true pharmacopeia of toxins modulating diverse targets, including voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors such as CB1 and CB2, with astonishing affinity and selectivity. Therefore, it is believed that discovering novel cannabinoids starting from studying the biodiversity of the species living on planet earth is an uncharted territory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.A.); (S.P.); (L.A.H.)
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Maeda A. Recruitment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Damaged Sites by Plant-Derived Components. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:437. [PMID: 32582713 PMCID: PMC7295908 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into a limited number of diverse cells and secrete regenerative factors that contribute to the repair of damaged tissue. In response to signals emitted by tissue damage, MSCs migrate from the bone marrow and area surrounding blood vessels within tissues into the circulating blood, and accumulate at the site of damage. Hence, MSC transplantation therapy is beginning to be applied to the treatment of various intractable human diseases. Recent medicinal plants studies have shown that plant-derived components can activate cell functions. For example, several plant-derived components activate cell signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), enhance expression of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, stimulate extracellular matrix remodeling, and consequently, promote cell migration of MSCs. Moreover, plant-derived components have been shown to promote recruitment of MSCs to damaged tissues and enhance healing in disease models, potentially advancing their therapeutic use. This article provides a comprehensive review of several plant-derived components that activate MSC migration and homing to damaged sites to promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Maeda
- Skin Regeneration, PIAS Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Aliferis KA, Bernard-Perron D. Cannabinomics: Application of Metabolomics in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L.) Research and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32457786 PMCID: PMC7225349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a complex, polymorphic plant species, which produces a vast array of bioactive metabolites, the two major chemical groups being cannabinoids and terpenoids. Nonetheless, the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD), are the two major cannabinoids that have monopolized the research interest. Currently, more than 600 Cannabis varieties are commercially available, providing access to a multitude of potent extracts with complex compositions, whose genetics are largely inconclusive. Recently introduced legislation on Cannabis cultivation in many countries represents a great opportunity, but at the same time, a great challenge for Cannabis research and development (R&D) toward applications in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and agrochemical industries. Based on its versatility and unique capabilities in the deconvolution of the metabolite composition of complex matrices, metabolomics represents an ideal bioanalytical tool that could greatly assist and accelerate Cannabis R&D. Among others, Cannabis metabolomics or cannabinomics can be applied in the taxonomy of Cannabis varieties in chemovars, the research on the discovery and assessment of new Cannabis-based sources of bioactivity in medicine, the development of new food products, and the optimization of its cultivation, aiming for improvements in yield and potency. Although Cannabis research is still in its infancy, it is highly foreseen that the employment of advanced metabolomics will provide insights that could assist the sector to face the aforementioned challenges. Within this context, here, the current state-of-the-art and conceptual aspects of cannabinomics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082940. [PMID: 32331305 PMCID: PMC7215817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life. The medical use of CS is on the rise. Although the literature shows relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that could improve UC and CD scores, it is still not possible to establish a treatment criterion since the studies have no standardization regarding the variety and part of the plant that is used, route of administration and doses. Therefore, we suggest caution in the use of CS in the therapeutic approach of IBD until clinical trials with standardization and a relevant number of patients are performed.
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Sultan SR, O'Sullivan SE, England TJ. The effects of acute and sustained cannabidiol dosing for seven days on the haemodynamics in healthy men: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1125-1138. [PMID: 32128848 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo studies show that cannabidiol (CBD) acutely reduces blood pressure (BP) in men. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of repeated CBD dosing on haemodynamics. METHODS Twenty-six healthy males were given CBD (600 mg) or placebo orally for seven days in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study (n = 13/group). Cardiovascular parameters were assessed at rest and in response to isometric exercise after acute and repeated dosing using Finometer®, Vicorder® and Duplex ultrasound. RESULTS Compared to placebo, CBD significantly reduced resting mean arterial pressure (P = .04, two-way ANOVA, mean difference (MD) -2 mmHg, 95% CI -3.6 to -0.3) after acute dosing, but not after repeated dosing. In response to stress, volunteers who had taken CBD had lower systolic BP after acute (P = .001, two-way ANOVA, MD -6 mmHg, 95% CI -10 to -1) and repeated (P = .02, two-way ANOVA, MD -5.7 mmHg, 95% CI -10 to -1) dosing. Seven days of CBD increased internal carotid artery diameter (MD +0.55 mm, P = .01). Within the CBD group, repeated dosing reduced arterial stiffness by day 7 (pulse wave velocity; MD -0.44 m/s, P = .05) and improved endothelial function (flow mediation dilatation, MD +3.5%, P = .02, n = 6 per group), compared to day 1. CONCLUSION CBD reduces BP at rest after a single dose but the effect is lost after seven days of treatment (tolerance); however, BP reduction during stress persists. The reduction in arterial stiffness and improvements in endothelial function after repeated CBD dosing are findings that warrant further investigation in populations with vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaden R Sultan
- Vascular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.,Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Vascular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Timothy J England
- Vascular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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Zeyl V, Sawyer K, Wightman RS. What Do You Know About Maryjane? A Systematic Review of the Current Data on the THC:CBD Ratio. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1223-1227. [PMID: 32124675 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1731547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Ratios of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) impact metabolism and therapeutic effects of cannabis. Currently, no states with legalized medical or recreational cannabis consider ratios THC:CBD in regulations. Objective: Determine what THC:CBD ratios are selected for use in clinical cannabis trials and what is the rationale. Methods: This is a systematic literature review of Central, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, and PubMed of the last 10 years of English language medical cannabis publications highlighting THC:CBD ratios. Included were clinical studies of products containing and listing both THC and CBD ratios, percentages, or weighted amounts. Case reports and series, abstracts, reviews, and meta-analysis were excluded. Non-human, non-therapeutic, or studies examining approved cannabis pharmaceuticals were excluded. Results: Four hundred and seventy-nine (479) unique references were found, of which 11 met inclusion criteria. THC:CBD ratios listed and/or calculated: 1:0, 22:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:6, 1:9, 1:20, 1:33, 1:50, and 0:1. Rationale for ratios selected was often not listed, or simply trivialized as the ratios available to patients in the area, or ratios that were pharmaceutically available throughout the study country. One study compared ratios of high and low THC:CBD, but did not specify the ratios. Conclusion: The medical and scientific communities have not drawn substantive conclusions nor thoroughly explored THC:CBD ratios for "best practice" treatment of different disease processes and their sequelae. While there is evidence that cannabis provides medical benefits, research is lacking on standardization of medical cannabis use in modern medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Zeyl
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Rachel S Wightman
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Jansen C, Shimoda L, Kawakami J, Ang L, Bacani A, Baker J, Badowski C, Speck M, Stokes A, Small-Howard A, Turner H. Myrcene and terpene regulation of TRPV1. Channels (Austin) 2019; 13:344-366. [PMID: 31446830 PMCID: PMC6768052 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1654347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive Transient Receptor Potential channels such as TRPV1 are targets for treating pain. Both antagonism and agonism of TRP channels can promote analgesia, through inactivation and chronic desensitization. Since plant-derived mixtures of cannabinoids and the Cannabis component myrcene have been suggested as pain therapeutics, we screened terpenes found in Cannabis for activity at TRPV1. We used inducible expression of TRPV1 to examine TRPV1-dependency of terpene-induced calcium flux responses. Terpenes contribute differentially to calcium fluxes via TRPV1 induced by Cannabis-mimetic cannabinoid/terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene dominates the TRPV1-mediated calcium responses seen with terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene-induced calcium influx is inhibited by the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine and Myrcene elicits TRPV1 currents in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. TRPV1 currents are highly sensitive to internal calcium. When Myrcene currents are evoked, they are distinct from capsaicin responses on the basis of Imax and their lack of shift to a pore-dilated state. Myrcene pre-application and residency at TRPV1 appears to negatively impact subsequent responses to TRPV1 ligands such as Cannabidiol, indicating allosteric modulation and possible competition by Myrcene. Molecular docking studies suggest a non-covalent interaction site for Myrcene in TRPV1 and identifies key residues that form partially overlapping Myrcene and Cannabidiol binding sites. We identify several non-Cannabis plant-derived sources of Myrcene and other compounds targeting nociceptive TRPs using a data mining approach focused on analgesics suggested by non-Western Traditional Medical Systems. These data establish TRPV1 as a target of Myrcene and suggest the therapeutic potential of analgesic formulations containing Myrcene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jansen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - L.M.N Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - J.K. Kawakami
- Department of Chemistry, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - L. Ang
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A.J. Bacani
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - J.D. Baker
- Department of Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - C. Badowski
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - M. Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A.J. Stokes
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - H Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Medical marijuana. What can we learn from the experiences in Canada, Germany and Thailand? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 74:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kis B, Ifrim FC, Buda V, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Antal D, Paunescu V, Dehelean CA, Ardelean F, Diaconeasa Z, Soica C, Danciu C. Cannabidiol-from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5905. [PMID: 31775230 PMCID: PMC6928757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant long used for its textile fibers, seed oil, and oleoresin with medicinal and psychoactive properties. It is the main source of phytocannabinoids, with over 100 compounds detected so far. In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to the main phytochemicals present in Cannabis sativa L., namely, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Compared to THC, CBD has non-psychoactive effects, an advantage for clinical applications of anti-tumor benefits. The review is designed to provide an update regarding the multi-target effects of CBD in different types of cancer. The main focus is on the latest in vitro and in vivo studies that present data regarding the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-invasive, anti-antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of CBD together with their mechanisms of action. The latest clinical evidence of the anticancer effects of CBD is also outlined. Moreover, the main aspects of the pharmacological and toxicological profiles are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Feng Chen Ifrim
- Department of Marketing, medical technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Diana Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, “Victor Babeş“University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
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Moorthy GS, Vedar C, DiLiberto MA, Zuppa AF. A patient-centric liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry microsampling assay for analysis of cannabinoids in human whole blood: Application to pediatric pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121828. [PMID: 31670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis is increasingly used for the treatment of various ailments in children and adults. Three major cannabinoids in cannabis are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). There is a growing need to develop and utilize a patient-centric blood microsampling methodology to enable clinical trials and facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring. We have employed the volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS™) devices that enables accurate and precise collection of a fixed volume (20 µL) of blood, minimizing the impact of hematocriton accurate quantitation. We developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the quantification of three cannabinoids (THC, CBD, and CBN) employing deuterium labelled internal standards (THC-D3, CBD-D3, and CBN-D3). Sample extraction of VAMS™ devices, followed by solid phase extraction, reverse phase chromatographic separation, and selective detection using tandem mass spectrometry with a 6-minute runtime per sample was developed. Standard curves were linear between 1 and 500 ng/mL for THC and 0.5-500 ng/mL for CBD and CBN. Intra-day accuracies were within 91.3-112% while inter-day accuracies were within 94.4-107% with both having precisions (CV (%)) of <13% based on quality control samples in a three day validation study for all three cannabinoids. Analytes were stable in human whole blood under assay conditions (60 h at room temperature and 24 h in autosampler post-extraction). Dried microsamples were stable for one week at 40 °C, two weeks (15 days) under different storage conditions (room temperature, 4, -20 and -78 °C), one month (29 days) at -20 and -78 °C and three months (68 days) at -78 °C. This assay provides an efficient quantitation of THC, CBD, and CBN in VAMS™ devices and is currently being implemented for pediatric clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S Moorthy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Christina Vedar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mary Ann DiLiberto
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Athena F Zuppa
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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VanDolah HJ, Bauer BA, Mauck KF. Clinicians' Guide to Cannabidiol and Hemp Oils. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1840-1851. [PMID: 31447137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) oils are low tetrahydrocannabinol products derived from Cannabis sativa that have become very popular over the past few years. Patients report relief for a variety of conditions, particularly pain, without the intoxicating adverse effects of medical marijuana. In June 2018, the first CBD-based drug, Epidiolex, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of rare, severe epilepsy, further putting the spotlight on CBD and hemp oils. There is a growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence to support use of CBD oils for many conditions, suggesting its potential role as another option for treating challenging chronic pain or opioid addiction. Care must be taken when directing patients toward CBD products because there is little regulation, and studies have found inaccurate labeling of CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol quantities. This article provides an overview of the scientific work on cannabinoids, CBD, and hemp oil and the distinction between marijuana, hemp, and the different components of CBD and hemp oil products. We summarize the current legal status of CBD and hemp oils in the United States and provide a guide to identifying higher-quality products so that clinicians can advise their patients on the safest and most evidence-based formulations. This review is based on a PubMed search using the terms CBD, cannabidiol, hemp oil, and medical marijuana. Articles were screened for relevance, and those with the most up-to-date information were selected for inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent A Bauer
- Section of Integrative Medicine and Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Karen F Mauck
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Martin JH, Talley NJ. Cannabinoid use in practice in Australasia—Better guidance and new drug information systems will be essential for prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1664-1665. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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