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Fan S, Goldfarb EV, Lacadie C, Fogelman N, Seo D, Sinha R. Binge drinking is associated with higher cortisol and lower hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume: Prospective association with future alcohol intake. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 25:100540. [PMID: 37323647 PMCID: PMC10265520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cortisol is a significant driver of the biological stress response that is potently activated by acute alcohol intake and increased with binge drinking. Binge drinking is associated with negative social and health consequences and risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Both cortisol levels and AUD are also associated with changes in hippocampal and prefrontal regions. However, no previous research has assessed structural gray matter volume (GMV) and cortisol concurrently to examine BD effects on hippocampal and prefrontal GMV and cortisol, and their prospective relationship to future alcohol intake. Methods Individuals who reported binge drinking (BD: N = 55) and demographically matched non-binge moderate drinkers (MD: N = 58) were enrolled and scanned using high-resolution structural MRI. Whole brain voxel-based morphometry was used to quantify regional GMV. In a second phase, 65% of the sample volunteered to participate in prospective daily assessment of alcohol intake for 30 days post-scanning. Results Relative to MD, BD showed significantly higher cortisol and smaller GMV in regions including hippocampus, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), prefrontal and supplementary motor, primary sensory and posterior parietal cortex (FWE, p < 0.05). GMV in bilateral dlPFC and motor cortices were negatively associated with cortisol levels, and smaller GMV in multiple PFC regions was associated with more subsequent drinking days in BD. Conclusion These findings indicate neuroendocrine and structural dysregulation associated with BD relative to MD. Notably, BD-associated lower GMV regions were those involved in stress, memory and cognitive control, with lower GMV in cognitive control and motor regions also predicting higher levels of future alcohol intake in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Magee KE, McClaine R, Laurianti V, Connell AM. Effects of binge drinking and depression on cognitive-control processes during an emotional Go/No-Go task in emerging adults. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 162:161-169. [PMID: 37163808 PMCID: PMC10291491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of the current study was to examine differences in neurocognitive processes across groups marked by binge drinking and depression to identify patterns of cognitive and affective processing impairments. METHODS Undergraduate students (N = 104; 64% female) were recruited based on self-reported symptoms of depression and alcohol use. They completed an emotional Go/No-Go task while undergoing EEG. Mean amplitudes for N2 and P3 components were examined with 2 (Depressed/Non-depressed) X 2 (Binge/Non-binge drinkers) X 4 (Happy/Sad/Angry/Calm) X 3 (Left/Middle/Right) X 2 (Go/No-Go) repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS There were significant Trial Type X Valence X Depression X Binge Drinking interactions for N2 (F(3, 80) = 6.62, p < .01) and P3 (F(3, 80) = 4.65, p < .01) components. There was a significant Valence X Depression X Binge Drinking interaction for response bias (F(3, 65) = 3.11, p < .05). LIMITATIONS The source of our sample may be a limitation, as all participants were university students, potentially making the results less generalizable. Further, we cannot be certain that social desirability did not interfere with honest reporting of alcohol use in this population. CONCLUSIONS Differences in early inhibitory control were observed across emotions based on trial type among depressed non-binge drinkers, and these differences were attenuated in the presence of binge drinking. Further, the effects of depression on later inhibitory control were specific to non-binge drinkers. Results help to clarify the nature of underlying patterns of neurocognitive and affective risk processes that could be targeted by prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Magee
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States.
| | - Rachel McClaine
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, United States
| | - Valerie Laurianti
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, United States
| | - Arin M Connell
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, United States
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Bollen Z, Pabst A, Masson N, Suárez-Suárez S, Carbia C, Maurage P. Tell me how you feel, I will tell you what you look at: Impact of mood and craving on alcohol attentional bias in binge drinking. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:498-509. [PMID: 37122201 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231166467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related attentional bias (AB) is thought to play a key role in the emergence and maintenance of excessive alcohol use. Recent models suggest that AB, classically considered as a permanent feature in alcohol use disorders, is rather modulated by temporary motivational states. AIMS We explored the influence of current mood and craving on AB in binge drinking, through a mood induction procedure combined with eye-tracking measures of AB. METHODS In Experiment 1, we measured AB (visual probe task with eye-tracking measures) among binge drinkers (n = 48) and light drinkers (n = 32) following positive, negative and neutral mood inductions. Participants reported subjective craving and mood before/after induction. In Experiment 2, we measured AB among the same binge drinkers compared with 29 moderate drinkers following alcohol-related negative, non-alcohol-related negative and neutral mood inductions. RESULTS In Experiment 1, induced negative mood and group positively predicted subjective craving, which was positively associated with AB. We found no effect of induced positive mood nor a direct mood-AB association. In Experiment 2, the relationships AB presented with both induced negative mood and group were again mediated by craving. Inducing alcohol-related negative mood did not modify the mood-craving association. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-related AB is not a stable binge drinking characteristic but rather varies according to transient motivational (i.e., craving) and emotional (i.e., negative mood) states. This study provides important insights to better understand AB in subclinical populations and emphasizes the importance of considering motivational and affective states as intercorrelated, to offer multiple ways to reduce excessive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Bollen
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arthur Pabst
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Science Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Cognitive Science and Assessment Institute, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Samuel Suárez-Suárez
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Carina Carbia
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Does alcohol automatically capture drinkers' attention? Exploration through an eye-tracking saccadic choice task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:271-282. [PMID: 36688964 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dominant theoretical models postulate the presence of an automatic attentional bias (AB) towards alcohol-related stimuli in alcohol use disorder, such AB constituting a core feature of this disorder. An early alcohol AB has been documented in subclinical populations such as binge drinking (i.e., a drinking pattern prevalent in youth and characterized by repeated alternation between alcohol intoxications and withdrawals, generating cerebral consequences). However, the automatic nature of AB remains to be established. OBJECTIVES We investigated the automatic nature of AB in binge drinkers through the saccadic choice task. This eye-tracking paradigm consistently highlights the extremely fast and involuntary saccadic responses elicited by faces in humans, relative to other object categories. Through an alcohol-related adaptation of the saccadic choice task, we tested whether the early and automatic capture of attentional resources elicited by faces can also be found for alcohol-related stimuli in binge drinkers, as predicted by theoretical models. METHODS Forty-three binge drinkers and 44 control participants performed two versions of the saccadic choice task. In the original version, two images (a face, a vehicle) were displayed on the left and right side of the screen respectively. Participants had to perform a saccade as fast as possible towards the target stimulus (either face or vehicle). In the alcohol-related version, the task was identical, but the images were an alcoholic beverage and a non-alcoholic stimulus. RESULTS We replicated the automatic attraction towards faces in both groups, as faces generated higher saccadic accuracy, speed, and amplitude than vehicles, as well as higher corrective saccade proportion. Concerning the alcohol-related adaptation of the task, groups did not differ for the accuracy, speed, and amplitude of the first saccade towards alcohol. However, binge drinkers differed from controls regarding the proportion of corrective saccade towards non-alcoholic stimuli after an error saccade towards alcohol, suggesting the presence of an alcohol disengagement bias specific to binge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-related AB in binge drinkers is not characterized by an early and automatic hijacking of attention towards alcohol. This AB rather relies on later and more controlled processing stages, namely a difficulty to disengage attentional resources from alcohol-related stimuli.
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Tetteh-Quarshie S, Risher ML. Adolescent brain maturation and the neuropathological effects of binge drinking: A critical review. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1040049. [PMID: 36733924 PMCID: PMC9887052 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional stage marked by continued brain development. This period is accompanied by physical and neurochemical modifications in the shape and function of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and other limbic system structures. Brain maturation during adolescence, which is typically governed by intrinsic factors, can be dramatically altered by environmental influences such as drugs and alcohol. Unlike many other addictive substances, binge drinking is very common and normative among teenagers and young adults. This repeated pattern of excessive alcohol consumption in adolescents has been shown to cause behavioral changes and neurocognitive impairments that include increased anxiety, risky decision-making, and learning deficits, which could lead to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). This manuscript highlights factors that lead to adolescent binge drinking, discusses maturational changes that occur in an adolescent's brain, and then evaluates the effect of adolescent alcohol consumption on brain structure, function, and neurocognitive abilities in both human studies and animal models. The impact of gender/sex and COVID-19 are briefly discussed. Understanding the factors that promote the onset of adolescent binge drinking and its undesirable consequences could serve as a catalyst for developing therapeutic agents that would decrease or eradicate the damaging effects of alcohol on an adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mary-Louise Risher
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States,Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV, United States,*Correspondence: Mary-Louise Risher,
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Xing W, Zhang S, Wang Z, Jiang D, Han S, Luo Y. Self-awareness protects working memory in people under chronic stress: An ERP study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1003719. [PMID: 36248489 PMCID: PMC9561943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress impairs working memory (WM), but few studies have explored the protective factors of the impairment. We aimed to investigate the effect of self-awareness on WM processing in people under chronic stress. Participants under chronic stress completed an n-back task after a self-awareness priming paradigm during which electroencephalograms were recorded. The behavioral results showed that participants whose self-awareness was primed reacted faster and more accurately than the controls. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed the following (1) P2 was more positive in the self-awareness group than in the controls, indicating that self-awareness enhanced allocation of attention resources at the encoding stage. (2) N2 was attenuated in the self-awareness group compared with the controls, indicating that smaller attention control efforts were required to complete WM tasks adequately after self-awareness priming; and (3) enhanced late positive potential (LPP) was evoked in the self-awareness group compared with the controls, suggesting self-awareness enabled participants to focus attention resources on the information at the maintenance stage. Critically, mediational analyses showed that LPP mediated the relationship between self-awareness and WM response times. This result suggests that the fact that participants whose self-awareness was primed were able to achieve better behavioral performances may be attributed to their mobilization of sustained attention resources at the maintenance stage. In summary, self-awareness exerted a protective effect on WM in those under chronic stress, which may be due to the enhancements in the allocation and mobilization of attention. These results could be used to develop more specific coping strategies for people under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Xing
- College of Economics and Management, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Zhuhai Sanzao Central Primary School, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shangfeng Han
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Province, China
- *Correspondence: Shangfeng Han, ; Yuejia Luo,
| | - Yuejia Luo
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shangfeng Han, ; Yuejia Luo,
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Alderson Myers AB, Arienzo D, Molnar SM, Marinkovic K. Local and network-level dysregulation of error processing is associated with binge drinking. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102879. [PMID: 34768146 PMCID: PMC8591397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Go/NoGo performance does not differ between binge (BDs) and light drinkers. BDs show greater BOLD activity to inhibition errors primarily in prefrontal areas. Greater functional connectivity in the frontal cortex correlates with drinking. Observed increase in error-related activity may serve a compensatory role. This is consistent with allostatic hyperexcitability reflecting neuroadaptation.
Binge drinking refers to the pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol levels to or above legal intoxication levels. Commonly practiced by young adults, it is associated with neurofunctional alterations, raising health-related concerns. Executive deficits may contribute to the inability to refrain from excessive alcohol intake. As a facet of cognitive control, error processing allows for flexible modification of behavior to optimize future outcomes. It is highly relevant to addiction research, as a failure to inhibit excessive drinking results in relapses, which is a hallmark of alcohol use disorder. However, research on local and system-level neural underpinnings of inhibition failures as a function of binge drinking is limited. To address these gaps, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine local changes and interregional functional connectivity during response inhibition errors on a Go/NoGo task. Young adult binge drinkers (BDs) performed equally well as light drinkers (LDs), a group of demographically matched individuals who drink regularly but in low-risk patterns. In contrast, BDs exhibited greater fMRI activity to inhibition errors contrasted with correct NoGo trials in the rostral anterior (rACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC), as well as right middle frontal gyrus (R-MFG). Furthermore, BDs showed increased connectivity between the rACC and right lateral prefrontal cortex, in addition to greater connectivity between the R-MFG and the left ventrolateral and superior frontal cortices. Imaging indices were positively correlated only with alcohol-related measures, but not with those related to moods, disposition, or cognitive capacity. Taken together, greater error-related activity and expanded functional connectivity among prefrontal regions may serve a compensatory role to maintain efficiency of inhibitory control. Aligned with prominent models of addiction, these findings accentuate the importance of top-down control in maintaining low-risk drinking levels. They provide insight into potentially early signs of deteriorating cognitive control functions in BDs and may help guide intervention strategies aimed at preventing excessive drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Alderson Myers
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Sean M Molnar
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Effects of the COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking in College Students: A Longitudinal Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189822. [PMID: 34574745 PMCID: PMC8464960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To "flatten the curve" of COVID-19 contagion, several countries ordered lockdowns amid the pandemic along with indications on social distancing. These social isolation measures could potentially bring alterations to healthy behavior, including to alcohol consumption. However, there is hardly any scientific evidence of the impact of such measures on alcohol consumption and binge drinking (BD) among young adults, and how they relate to alcohol craving, stress, anxiety, and depression levels. We addressed these questions by conducting a longitudinal study with 146 Portuguese college students-regular binge drinkers (regular BDs), infrequent binge drinkers (infrequent BDs) and non-binge drinkers (non-BDs)-in three moments: before the pandemic (Pre-Lockdown), during lockdown (Lockdown) and 6 months after (Post-Lockdown). Results revealed that regular BDs decreased alcohol use during Lockdown, a change in behavior that was even greater during Post-Lockdown, when regular BDs displayed similar levels of consumption to infrequent/non-BDs. Additionally, alcohol craving and living with friends were predictive of alcohol use during Lockdown, whereas stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms did not contribute to explain changes in drinking behavior. Collectively, the results suggest that BD in young Portuguese college students can be stopped when the contexts in which alcohol intake usually takes place are suppressed, which may have important implications for future prevention and intervention strategies.
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Why should we ask binge drinkers if they smoke cannabis? Additive effect of alcohol and cannabis use on college students' neuropsychological performance. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100362. [PMID: 34159250 PMCID: PMC8202342 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on combined binge drinking and cannabis use in college students. Cannabis use and binge drinking had an additive effect on cognition. This consumption pattern contributed to memory and executive impairments. Binge drinkers had a heterogeneous cognitive profile regardless of cannabis use. Cannabis use should be assessed in binge drinkers to adapt prevention strategies.
Introduction Binge drinking (BD) and cannabis use are prevalent in European adolescents and students. BD has been shown to have a negative impact on neuropsychological functioning, but little is known about the additive effect when it is combined with cannabis consumption. We therefore investigated the neuropsychological profiles of students who engage in combined BD and cannabis use, in order to explore the potentially harmful additive effects of cannabis use and BD on cognition. Material and methods A sample of college students (N = 298) completed questionnaires on alcohol and cannabis use, and were screened for neuropsychological impairments using the Brief Evaluation of Alcohol-Related Neuropsychological Impairments (BEARNI). First, after dividing students into three groups according to their alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., light drinkers, binge drinkers, and binge drinkers consuming cannabis), we ran a linear mixed model based on the BEARNI z scores to test the performances of the three groups. Information yielded by the mixed model was supplemented by individual analyses. Second, to explore the heterogeneity of binge drinkers’ profiles, we ran a cluster analysis to characterize the alcohol users at higher risk of more severe neuropsychological impairment. Results Overall, poorer neuropsychological performances were observed among binge drinkers compared with light drinkers, whether they used cannabis or not. However, flexibility, episodic memory and working memory were particularly affected among binge drinkers who used cannabis. Conclusions Results emphasize the importance of asking binge drinkers if they smoke cannabis, in order to adapt care and prevention strategies to their consumption and neuropsychological profile.
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Maurage P, Lannoy S, Mange J, Grynberg D, Beaunieux H, Banovic I, Gierski F, Naassila M. What We Talk About When We Talk About Binge Drinking: Towards an Integrated Conceptualization and Evaluation. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:468-479. [PMID: 32556202 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Binge drinking (BD), characterized by recurring alternations between intense intoxication episodes and abstinence periods, is the most frequent alcohol consumption pattern in youth and is growing in prevalence among older adults. Many studies have underlined the specific harmful impact of this habit by showing impaired abilities in a wide range of cognitive functions among binge drinkers, as well as modifications of brain structure and function. AIMS Several controversies and inconsistencies currently hamper the harmonious development of the field and the recognition of BD as a specific alcohol consumption pattern. The main concern is the absence of consensual BD conceptualization, leading to variability in experimental group selection and alcohol consumption evaluation. The present paper aims at overcoming this key issue through a two-step approach. METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS First, a literature review allows proposing an integrated BD conceptualization, distinguishing it from other subclinical alcohol consumption patterns. Six specific characteristics of BD are identified, namely, (1) the presence of physiological symptoms related to BD episodes, (2) the presence of psychological symptoms related to BD episodes, (3) the ratio of BD episodes compared to all alcohol drinking occasions, (4) the frequency of BD episodes, (5) the consumption speed and (6) the alternation between BD episodes and soberness periods. Second, capitalizing on this conceptual clarification, we propose an evaluation protocol jointly measuring these six BD characteristics. Finally, several research perspectives are presented to refine the proposed conceptualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Séverine Lannoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Mange
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Caen Normandie (LPCN; EA 7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen 14032, France
| | - Delphine Grynberg
- SCALab UMR 9193, Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, Lille 59000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - Hélène Beaunieux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Caen Normandie (LPCN; EA 7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen 14032, France
| | - Ingrid Banovic
- CRFDP EA 7475, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Fabien Gierski
- Cognition, Health, Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims 51571, France.,INSERM UMR 1247, Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, GRAP, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- INSERM UMR 1247, Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, GRAP, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
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Nichols ES, Wild CJ, Owen AM, Soddu A. Cognition across the Lifespan: Investigating Age, Sex, and Other Sociodemographic Influences. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11040051. [PMID: 33924660 PMCID: PMC8070049 DOI: 10.3390/bs11040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cognitive health across the lifespan has been the focus of a multi-billion-dollar industry. In order to guide treatment and interventions, a clear understanding of the way that proficiency in different cognitive domains develops and declines in both sexes across the lifespan is necessary. Additionally, there are sex differences in a range of other factors, including psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and substance use, that are also known to affect cognition, although the scale of this interaction is unknown. Our objective was to assess differences in cognitive function across the lifespan in men and women in a large, representative sample. Leveraging online cognitive testing, a sample of 9451 men and 9451 women ranging in age from 12 to 69 (M = 28.21) matched on socio-demographic factors were studied. Segmented regression was used to model three cognitive domains—working memory, verbal abilities, and reasoning. Sex differences in all three domains were minimal; however, after broadening the sample in terms of socio-demographic factors, sex differences appeared. These results suggest that cognition across the lifespan differs for men and women, but is greatly influenced by environmental factors. We discuss these findings within a framework that describes sex differences in cognition as likely guided by a complex interplay between biology and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Nichols
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (C.J.W.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111 (ext. 89151)
| | - Conor J. Wild
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (C.J.W.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian M. Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (C.J.W.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Andrea Soddu
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (C.J.W.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Cortez I, Rodgers SP, Kosten TA, Leasure JL. Sex and Age Effects on Neurobehavioral Toxicity Induced by Binge Alcohol. Brain Plast 2020; 6:5-25. [PMID: 33680843 PMCID: PMC7902983 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, most alcohol neurotoxicity studies were conducted in young adult males and focused on chronic intake. There has been a shift towards studying the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain, due to alcohol consumption during this formative period disrupting the brain's developmental trajectory. Because the most typical pattern of adolescent alcohol intake is heavy episodic (binge) drinking, there has also been a shift towards the study of binge alcohol-induced neurobehavioral toxicity. It has thus become apparent that binge alcohol damages the adolescent brain and there is increasing attention to sex-dependent effects. Significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the effects of binge alcohol on the female brain, however. Moreover, it is unsettling that population-level studies indicate that the prevalence of binge drinking is increasing among American women, particularly those in older age groups. Although study of adolescents has made it apparent that binge alcohol disrupts ongoing brain maturational processes, we know almost nothing about how it impacts the aging brain, as studies of its effects on the aged brain are relatively scarce, and the study of sex-dependent effects is just beginning. Given the rapidly increasing population of older Americans, it is crucial that studies address age-dependent effects of binge alcohol, and given the increase in binge drinking in older women who are at higher risk for cognitive decline relative to men, studies must encompass both sexes. Because adolescence and older age are both characterized by age-typical brain changes, and because binge drinking is the most common pattern of alcohol intake in both age groups, the knowledge that we have amassed on binge alcohol effects on the adolescent brain can inform our study of its effects on the aging brain. In this review, we therefore cover the current state of knowledge of sex and age-dependent effects of binge alcohol, as well as statistical and methodological considerations for studies aimed at addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibdanelo Cortez
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - J. Leigh Leasure
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Almeida-Antunes N, Crego A, Carbia C, Sousa SS, Rodrigues R, Sampaio A, López-Caneda E. Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 29:102537. [PMID: 33418172 PMCID: PMC7803655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controls and binge drinkers (BDs) do not differ in their behavioral performance. BDs show increased neural activity during attention, working memory and inhibition. Augmented P3 amplitude in BDs was the most solid electrophysiological finding. Evidence does not support specific gender vulnerabilities to the effects of BD. Memory, emotional processing and decision-making processes need further exploration.
Research on neurophysiological impairments associated with binge drinking (BD), an excessive but episodic alcohol use pattern, has significantly increased over the last decade. This work is the first to systematically review –following PRISMA guidelines- the empirical evidence regarding the effects of BD on neural activity –assessed by electroencephalography- of adolescents and young adults. A systematic review was conducted in 34 studies (N = 1723). Results indicated that binge drinkers (BDs) showed similar behavioral performance as non/low drinkers. The most solid electrophysiological finding was an augmented P3 amplitude during attention, working memory and inhibition tasks. This increased neural activity suggests the recruitment of additional resources to perform the task at adequate/successful levels, which supports the neurocompensation hypothesis. Similar to alcoholics, BDs also displayed increased reactivity to alcohol-related cues, augmented resting-state electrophysiological signal and reduced activity during error detection –which gives support to the continuum hypothesis. Evidence does not seem to support greater vulnerability to BD in females. Replication and longitudinal studies are required to account for mixed results and to elucidate the extent/direction of the neural impairments associated with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida-Antunes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Alberto Crego
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sónia S Sousa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Rui Rodrigues
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Eduardo López-Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal.
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14
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Chen WL, Chen JH. "College fields of study and substance use". BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1631. [PMID: 33126865 PMCID: PMC7602320 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented factors that are associated with substance use behaviors among college-aged individuals. However, relatively few studies have considered the heterogeneity of the college experience by field of study (i.e., college major) and how that educational context might affect students' health behaviors differently. Drawing from theories and prior research, this study investigates whether college majors are associated with different substance use behaviors, both during college and upon graduation. METHODS The study analyzed longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 (N = 1031), specifically data on individuals who obtained a bachelor's degree, to examine the associations between college fields of study and trajectories of three substance use behaviors: smoking, heavy alcohol use, and marijuana use. RESULTS The results indicate that social science and business majors were associated with more substance use behaviors than arts and humanities and STEM majors. However, social science majors were associated with a faster decrease in substance use behaviors over time. Importantly, the differences we found in mean levels of substance use behaviors and trajectories were not explained by demographic characteristics, family SES background, childhood health conditions, and employment experience. Further analysis that examined college major and each substance use behavior individually suggests that the associations were stronger for heavy alcohol use and marijuana use. Moreover, we found the associations were more pronounced in men than women. CONCLUSIONS The study finds that not all college majors show the same level of engagement in substance use behaviors over time, and that the associations also vary by (1) the specific substance use behavior examined and (2) by gender. These findings suggest it is important to consider that the different learning and educational contexts that college majors provide may also be more or less supportive of certain health behaviors, such as substance use. Practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Chen
- Center for Teacher Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- Department of Sociology and Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, 64, Section 2, Zhinan Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan.
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15
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Salling MC, Harrison NL. Constitutive Genetic Deletion of Hcn1 Increases Alcohol Preference during Adolescence. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110763. [PMID: 33105624 PMCID: PMC7690419 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN), which underlies the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), has diverse roles in regulating neuronal excitability across cell types and brain regions. Recently, HCN channels have been implicated in preclinical models of substance abuse including alcohol. In the prefrontal cortex of rodents, HCN expression and Ih magnitude are developmentally regulated during adolescence and may be vulnerable to alcohol’s effects. In mice, binge alcohol consumption during the adolescent period results in a sustained reduction in Ih that coincides with increased alcohol consumption in adulthood, yet the direct role HCN channels have on alcohol consumption are unknown. Here, we show that the genetic deletion of Hcn1 causes an increase in alcohol preference on intermittent 2-bottle choice task in homozygous null (HCN1−/−) male mice compared to wild-type littermates without affecting saccharine or quinine preference. The targeted viral deletion of HCN1 in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex resulted in a gradual loss of Hcn1 expression and a reduction in Ih magnitude during adolescence, however, this did not significantly affect alcohol consumption or preference. We conclude that while HCN1 regulates alcohol preference, the genetic deletion of Hcn1 in the medial prefrontal cortex does not appear to be the locus for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Salling
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Neil L. Harrison
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Bollen Z, Masson N, Salvaggio S, D'Hondt F, Maurage P. Craving is everything: An eye-tracking exploration of attentional bias in binge drinking. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:636-647. [PMID: 32202459 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120913131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional bias towards alcohol-related stimuli is a core characteristic of severe alcohol use disorders (AUD), directly linked to clinical variables (e.g. alcohol consumption, relapse). Nevertheless, the extent of this bias in subclinical populations remains poorly documented. This is particularly true for binge drinking, an alcohol consumption pattern highly prevalent in youth, characterised by an alternation between excessive intakes and withdrawal periods. AIMS We used eye-tracking to: (a) measure attentional bias in binge drinking, (b) determine its time course by dissociating early/late processing stages, (c) clarify its specificity for alcohol-related stimuli compared to other appetitive stimulations and (d) explore its modulation by current craving intensity. METHODS Binge drinkers (n=42) and matched controls (n=43) performed a visual probe task, requiring visual targets preceded by pairs of pictures to be processed, with three conditions (i.e. alcohol vs. soft drink, alcohol vs. high-calorie food, high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food). RESULTS No group difference was observed for early processing (i.e. first area of interest visited). Dwell times highlighted a bias towards soft drinks and healthy food among controls, without any global bias towards alcohol in binge drinkers. Centrally, a comparison of binge drinkers with low versus high current craving intensity indicated that binge drinking was associated with a bias towards alcohol and high-calorie food only in the presence of a high craving towards these stimuli. CONCLUSION Attentional bias towards alcohol reported in severe AUD is only found in binge drinkers in the presence of high craving and is generalised to other appetitive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Bollen
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Science Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Samuel Salvaggio
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Science Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, Lille, France.,Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), Lille, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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17
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Dormal V, Lannoy S, Bollen Z, D'Hondt F, Maurage P. Can we boost attention and inhibition in binge drinking? Electrophysiological impact of neurocognitive stimulation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1493-1505. [PMID: 32036388 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Binge drinking (i.e. excessive episodic alcohol consumption) among young adults has been associated with deleterious consequences, notably at the cognitive and brain levels. These behavioural impairments and brain alterations have a direct impact on psychological and interpersonal functioning, but they might also be involved in the transition towards severe alcohol use disorders. Development of effective rehabilitation programs to reduce these negative effects as they emerge thus constitutes a priority in subclinical populations. OBJECTIVES The present study tested the behavioural and electrophysiological impact of neurocognitive stimulation (i.e. transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied during a cognitive task) to improve attention and inhibition abilities in young binge drinkers. METHODS Two groups (20 binge drinkers and 20 non-binge drinkers) performed two sessions in a counterbalanced order. Each session consisted of an inhibition task (i.e. Neutral Go/No-Go) while participants received left frontal tDCS or sham stimulation, immediately followed by an Alcohol-related Go/No-Go task, while both behavioural and electrophysiological measures were recorded. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between groups or sessions (tDCS versus sham stimulation) at the behavioural level. However, electrophysiological measurements during the alcohol-related inhibition task revealed a specific effect of tDCS on attentional resource mobilization (indexed by the N2 component) in binge drinkers, whereas later inhibition processes (indexed by the P3 component) remained unchanged in this population. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that tDCS can modify the electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processes in binge drinking. While the impact of such brain modifications on actual neuropsychological functioning and alcohol consumption behaviours remains to be determined, these results underline the potential interest of developing neurocognitive stimulation approaches in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dormal
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Séverine Lannoy
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zoé Bollen
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, University Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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18
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Benson S, Ayre E, Garrisson H, Wetherell MA, Verster JC, Scholey A. Alcohol Hangover and Multitasking: Effects on Mood, Cognitive Performance, Stress Reactivity, and Perceived Effort. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041154. [PMID: 32316689 PMCID: PMC7230521 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hangover on mood, multitasking ability, and psychological stress reactivity to cognitive demand. Using a crossover design and semi-naturalistic methodology, 25 participants attended the laboratory in the morning following a night of (i) alcohol abstinence and (ii) alcohol self-administration during a typical night out (with order counterbalanced across participants). They completed a four-module multitasking framework (MTF, a widely used laboratory stressor) and a battery of questionnaires assessing mood, hangover symptom severity, and previous night’s sleep. The effects of the MTF on mood and perceived workload were also assessed. Participants in the hangover condition reported significantly lower alertness and contentment coupled with a higher mental fatigue and anxiety. Multitasking ability was also significantly impaired in the hangover condition. Completion of the cognitive stressor increased reported levels of mental demand, effort, and frustration, and decreased perceived level of performance. MTF completion did not differentially affect mood. Lastly, participants rated their sleep as significantly worse during the night prior to the hangover compared with the control condition. These findings confirm the negative cognitive and mood effects of hangover on mood. They also demonstrate that hangover is associated with greater perceived effort during task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Elizabeth Ayre
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Harriet Garrisson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Mark A Wetherell
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
- Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Joris C Verster
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.); (E.A.); (M.A.W.); (J.C.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(3)921-489-32
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19
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Lannoy S, Dormal V, Billieux J, Brion M, D'Hondt F, Maurage P. A dual-process exploration of binge drinking: Evidence through behavioral and electrophysiological findings. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12685. [PMID: 30370964 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dual-process model, describing addictive disorders as resulting from an imbalance between increased automatic approach behaviors towards the substance and reduced abilities to control these behaviors, constitutes a sound theoretical framework to understand alcohol-use disorders. The present study aimed at exploring this imbalance at behavioral and cerebral levels in binge drinking, a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption frequently observed in youth, by assessing both reflective control abilities and automatic processing of alcohol-related stimuli. For this purpose, 25 binge drinkers and 25 comparison participants performed a Go/No-Go task during electrophysiological recording. Inhibition abilities were investigated during explicit (ie, distinguishing alcoholic versus nonalcoholic drinks) and implicit (ie, distinguishing sparkling versus nonsparkling drinks, independently of their alcohol content) processing of beverage cues. Binge drinkers presented poorer inhibition for the explicit processing of beverage cues, as well as reduced N200 amplitude for the specific processing of alcohol-related stimuli. As a whole, these findings indicated inhibition impairments in binge drinkers, particularly for alcohol cues processing and at the attentional stage of the cognitive stream. In line with the dual-process model, these results support that binge drinking is already characterized by an underactivation of the reflective system combined with an overactivation of the automatic system. Results also underlined the influence of explicit processing compared with implicit ones. At the clinical level, our findings reinforce the need to develop intervention methods focusing on the inhibition of approach behaviors towards alcohol-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lannoy
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Valérie Dormal
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB‐Lab), Institute for Health and BehaviourUniversity of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Mélanie Brion
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- CNRS, UMR 9193‐SCALab‐Sciences Cognitives et Sciences AutomaticsUniversity of Lille Lille France
- CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE Lille France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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20
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O'Halloran L, Rueda‐Delgado LM, Jollans L, Cao Z, Boyle R, Vaughan C, Coey P, Whelan R. Inhibitory-control event-related potentials correlate with individual differences in alcohol use. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12729. [PMID: 30919532 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that is related to different aspects of alcohol use, abuse, and dependence. Inhibitory control, one facet of impulsivity, can be assayed using the stop-signal task (SST) and quantified behaviorally via the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and electrophysiologically using event-related potentials (ERPs). Research on the relationship between alcohol use and SSRTs, and between alcohol use and inhibitory-control ERPs, is mixed. Here, adult alcohol users (n = 79), with a wide range of scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), completed the SST under electroencephalography (EEG) (70% of participants had AUDIT total scores greater than or equal to 8). Other measures, including demographic, self-report, and task-based measures of impulsivity, personality, and psychological factors, were also recorded. A machine-learning method with penalized linear regression was used to correlate individual differences in alcohol use with impulsivity measures. Four separate models were tested, with out-of-sample validation used to quantify performance. ERPs alone statistically predicted alcohol use (cross-validated r = 0.28), with both early and late ERP components contributing to the model (larger N2, but smaller P3, amplitude). Behavioral data from a wide range of impulsivity measures were also associated with alcohol use (r = 0.37). SSRT was a relatively weak statistical predictor, whereas the Stroop interference effect was relatively strong. The addition of nonimpulsivity behavioral measures did not improve the correlation (r = 0.34) and was similar when ERPs were combined with non-ERP data (r = 0.29). These findings show that inhibitory control ERPs are robustly correlated individual differences in alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lee Jollans
- School of PsychologyTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- School of PsychologyTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Rory Boyle
- School of PsychologyTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Phillip Coey
- School of PsychologyTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of PsychologyTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Global Brain Health InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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21
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El Ansari W, Salam A, Suominen S. Is Alcohol Consumption Associated with Poor Perceived Academic Performance? Survey of Undergraduates in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041369. [PMID: 32093287 PMCID: PMC7068310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between academic performance and alcohol consumption among students remains inconsistent. We assessed this relationship, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics across seven faculties at the University of Turku (1177 undergraduates). An online questionnaire assessed: seven sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, year/discipline of study, accommodation type, being in intimate relationship, parental education, and income sufficiency); two perceived academic performance (students’ subjective importance of achieving good grades and students’ appraisal of their academic performance compared to peers); and six alcohol consumption behaviors (length of time, amount consumed, frequency, heavy episodic drinking, problem drinking, and possible alcohol dependence). Simple logistic regression assessed relationships between sociodemographic and academic variables with alcohol consumption behaviors; multiple logistic regression assessed the same relationships after controlling for all other variables. Students reported long duration and large amount of drinking (46% and 50%), high frequency of drinking (41%), heavy episodic drinking (66%), problem drinking (29%), and possible alcohol dependence (9%). After controlling, gender was associated with all alcohol consumption behaviors, followed by religiosity (associated with four alcohol behaviors), living situation, marital status, age (each associated with two alcohol behaviors), and parental education and year of study (each associated with one alcohol behavior). Study discipline, income sufficiency, importance of achieving good grades, and academic performance compared to peers were not associated with any alcohol behaviors. Universities need to assess problem drinking and alcohol use disorders among students. Prevention strategies are required to reduce risk. Health promotion efforts could focus on beliefs and expectations about alcohol and target student groups at risk for more efficient and successful efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid El Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 3050, Qatar
- School of Health and Education, University of Skovde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdul Salam
- Neuroscience Institute, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Sakari Suominen
- School of Health and Education, University of Skovde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden;
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22
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Hendriks H, van de Rest O, Snippe A, Kieboom J, Hogenelst K. Alcohol Consumption, Drinking Patterns, and Cognitive Performance in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010200. [PMID: 31940990 PMCID: PMC7019481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term alcohol abuse is associated with poorer cognitive performance. However, the associations between light and moderate drinking and cognitive performance are less clear. We assessed this association via cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in a sample of 702 Dutch students. At baseline, alcohol consumption was assessed using questionnaires and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) across four weeks (‘Wave 1’). Subsequently, cognitive performance, including memory, planning, and reasoning, was assessed at home using six standard cognition tests presented through an online platform. A year later, 436 students completed the four weeks of EMA and online cognitive testing (‘Wave 2’). In both waves, there was no association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance. Further, alcohol consumption during Wave 1 was not related to cognitive performance at Wave 2. In addition, EMA-data-based drinking patterns, which varied widely between persons but were relatively consistent over time within persons, were also not associated with cognitive performance. Post-hoc analyses of cognitive performance revealed higher within-person variance scores (from Wave 1 to Wave 2) than between-person variance scores (both Wave 1 and Wave 2). In conclusion, no association was observed between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in a large Dutch student sample. However, the online cognitive tests performed at home may not have been sensitive enough to pick up differences in cognitive performance associated with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hendriks
- Hendriks Nutrition Support for Business, 3703BP Zeist, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3-16-5101-0454
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Almar Snippe
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Jasper Kieboom
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Koen Hogenelst
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
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Binge Drinking in Spanish University Students: Associated Factors and Repercussions: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234822. [PMID: 31801230 PMCID: PMC6926867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is common among young people. We performed a preliminary cross-sectional study among students (aged 18-30 years) enrolled for the academic year 2018-2019 at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria (Spain). We collected information on psychological and sociographic factors, tobacco and cannabis uses, and levels of physical activity by AUDIT questionnaires and in person interviews. The aim of our study was to assess the potential of binge drinking (BD) to adversely affect memory and executive function. We recruited 103 students, of whom 85% were female. The alcohol use pattern of slightly more than one-half of the total population was classified as BD. Among BD students, one-fourth were smokers, and nearly one-third had tried cannabis. The mean onset for alcohol use was 15.11 years. Despite our relatively small sample size, our results show that there are strong relationships between BD and both smoking and cannabis use.
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Abstract
There are vast literatures on the neural effects of alcohol and the neural effects of exercise. Simply put, exercise is associated with brain health, alcohol is not, and the mechanisms by which exercise benefits the brain directly counteract the mechanisms by which alcohol damages it. Although a degree of brain recovery naturally occurs upon cessation of alcohol consumption, effective treatments for alcohol-induced brain damage are badly needed, and exercise is an excellent candidate from a mechanistic standpoint. In this chapter, we cover the small but growing literature on the interactive neural effects of alcohol and exercise, and the capacity of exercise to repair alcohol-induced brain damage. Increasingly, exercise is being used as a component of treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD), not because it reverses alcohol-induced brain damage, but because it represents a rewarding, alcohol-free activity that could reduce alcohol cravings and improve comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression. It is important to bear in mind, however, that multiple studies attest to a counterintuitive positive relationship between alcohol intake and exercise. We therefore conclude with cautionary notes regarding the use of exercise to repair the brain after alcohol damage.
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Electrophysiological correlates of emotional crossmodal processing in binge drinking. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:1076-1088. [PMID: 30094563 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotional crossmodal integration (i.e., multisensorial decoding of emotions) is a crucial process that ensures adaptive social behaviors and responses to the environment. Recent evidence suggests that in binge drinking-an excessive alcohol consumption pattern associated with psychological and cerebral deficits-crossmodal integration is preserved at the behavioral level. Although some studies have suggested brain modifications during affective processing in binge drinking, nothing is known about the cerebral correlates of crossmodal integration. In the current study, we asked 53 university students (17 binge drinkers, 17 moderate drinkers, 19 nondrinkers) to perform an emotional crossmodal task while their behavioral and neurophysiological responses were recorded. Participants had to identify happiness and anger in three conditions (unimodal, crossmodal congruent, crossmodal incongruent) and two modalities (face and/or voice). Binge drinkers did not significantly differ from moderate drinkers and nondrinkers at the behavioral level. However, widespread cerebral modifications were found at perceptual (N100) and mainly at decisional (P3b) stages in binge drinkers, indexed by slower brain processing and stronger activity. These cerebral modifications were mostly related to anger processing and crossmodal integration. This study highlights higher electrophysiological activity in the absence of behavioral deficits, which could index a potential compensation process in binge drinkers. In line with results found in severe alcohol-use disorders, these electrophysiological findings show modified anger processing, which might have a deleterious impact on social functioning. Moreover, this study suggests impaired crossmodal integration at early stages of alcohol-related disorders.
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Lees B, Mewton L, Stapinski LA, Squeglia LM, Rae CD, Teesson M. Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:357-385. [PMID: 31512192 PMCID: PMC7231524 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the first systematic and quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between binge drinking, cognition, brain structure and function in youth aged 10 to 24 years. PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO and ProQuest were searched for neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological studies. A total of 58 studies (21 neuroimaging, 16 neurophysiological, 21 neuropsychological) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Overall, abnormal or delayed development of key frontal executive-control regions may predispose youth to binge drink. These abnormalities appear to be further exacerbated by the uptake of binge drinking, in addition to alcohol-related neural aberrations in reward-seeking and incentive salience regions, indexed by cognitive deficits and maladaptive alcohol associations. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological correlates identified that binge drinking in youth was associated with a small overall neurocognitive deficit (g = -0.26) and specific deficits in decision-making (g = -1.70), and inhibition (g = -0.39). Using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence Profile, the certainty in outcomes ranged from very low to low. Future prospective longitudinal studies should address concomitant factors, exposure thresholds, and age-related vulnerabilities of binge drinking, as well as the degree of recovery following discontinuation of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lees
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Louise Mewton
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Holcomb LA, Huang S, Cruz SM, Marinkovic K. Neural oscillatory dynamics of inhibitory control in young adult binge drinkers. Biol Psychol 2019; 146:107732. [PMID: 31344371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is often characterized by heavy episodic, or binge drinking, which has been on the rise. The aim of this study was to examine the neural dynamics of inhibitory control in demographically matched groups of young, healthy adults (N = 61) who reported engaging in binge (BD) or light drinking patterns (LD). Electroencephalography signal was recorded during a fast-paced visual Go/NoGo paradigm probing the ability to inhibit prepotent responses. No group differences were found in task performance. BDs showed attenuated event-related theta (4-7 Hz) on inhibition trials compared to LDs, which correlated with binge episodes and alcohol consumption but not with measures of mood or disposition including impulsivity. A greater overall decrease of early beta power (15-25 Hz) in BDs may indicate deficient preparatory "inhibitory brake" before deliberate responding. The results are consistent with deficits in the inhibitory control circuitry and are suggestive of allostatic neuroadaptive changes associated with binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Stephen M Cruz
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Lannoy S, Billieux J, Dormal V, Maurage P. Behavioral and Cerebral Impairments Associated with Binge Drinking in Youth: A Critical Review. Psychol Belg 2019; 59:116-155. [PMID: 31328014 PMCID: PMC6625552 DOI: 10.5334/pb.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking is a widespread alcohol consumption pattern in youth that is linked to important behavioral and cerebral impairments, in both the short and the long term. From a critical review of the current literature on this topic, we conclude that binge drinkers display executive impairments, cerebral modifications, and problems with emotion-related processes. Five key empirical and theoretical topics are discussed to pave the way for future research in the field: (1) the specificity of the brain modifications observed in binge drinkers that may index a compensatory mechanism or result from multiple withdrawals; (2) the nature of the relationship between binge drinking and impairments, suggesting reciprocal influences between excessive alcohol consumption and executive deficits; (3) the possible recovery of brain and cognitive functioning after the cessation of binge drinking; (4) the validity of the continuum hypothesis, suggesting links between binge drinking and severe alcohol use disorders; and (5) the existing strategies to reduce binge drinking habits or rehabilitate the associated cognitive deficits. Future perspectives are described in relation to the questions raised to identify the crucial variables to be addressed in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lannoy
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S – EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, FR
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-Lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, LU
| | - Valérie Dormal
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE
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Kim EH, Kim MS. An Event-related Potential Study of Error-monitoring Deficits in Female College Students Who Participate in Binge Drinking. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:80-92. [PMID: 30690943 PMCID: PMC6361042 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated error-monitoring deficits in female college students with binge drinking (BD) using event-related potentials (ERPs) and the modified Flanker task. Methods Participants were categorized into BD (n=25) and non-BD (n=25) groups based on the scores of the Korean-version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and the Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ). The modified Flanker task, consisting of congruent (target and flanker stimuli are the same) and incongruent (target and flanker stimuli are different) conditions, was used to evaluate error-monitoring abilities. Results The BD group exhibited significantly shorter response times and more error rates on the Flanker task, as well as reduced error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes compared with the non-BD group. Additionally, ERN amplitudes measured at FCz and Cz were significantly correlated with scores on the AUDIT-K and AUQ in the whole participants. The BD and non-BD groups did not show any significant differences in error positivity amplitudes. Conclusion The present results indicate that college students with BD have deficits in error-monitoring, and that reduced ERN amplitudes may serve as a biological marker or risk factor of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hui Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Patrick ME, Terry-McElrath YM, Lanza ST, Jager J, Schulenberg JE, O'Malley PM. Shifting Age of Peak Binge Drinking Prevalence: Historical Changes in Normative Trajectories Among Young Adults Aged 18 to 30. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:287-298. [PMID: 30645773 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the extent to which the developmental pattern of prevalence of binge drinking in the past 2 weeks from ages 18 through 30 has changed across 29 cohorts of U.S. young adults, and whether the changes differed by gender. METHODS Analyses used national longitudinal data from 58,019 12th-grade students (from graduating high school classes 1976 to 2004) participating in the Monitoring the Future study followed through modal age 30 (with age 29/30 data collected from 1987 to 2016). Weighted time-varying effect modeling was used to model cohort group differences in age-related patterns of binge drinking. RESULTS The age of peak binge drinking prevalence increased across cohorts (from age 20 in 1976 to 1985 to 22 in 1996 to 2004 for women, and from 21 in 1976 to 1985 to 23 in 1996 to 2004 for men). Historical change in the developmental pattern of binge drinking across all ages of young adulthood differed for men and women. Even after controlling for key covariates, women in the more recent cohort group reported significantly higher binge drinking prevalence than women in earlier cohorts from ages 21 through 30. Men in the more recent cohort group reported higher binge drinking prevalence at ages 25 to 26, but prevalence levels then converged to those seen in earlier cohort groups by age 30. CONCLUSIONS An older age of peak binge drinking and a decreased rate of decline in the prevalence of binge drinking in later young adulthood among more recent cohorts have resulted in an extension of individual and societal risks associated with binge drinking, particularly for women, across young adulthood. High-risk alcohol use prevention efforts are needed throughout at least the third decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Stephanie T Lanza
- Health and Human Development , The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin Jager
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Patrick M O'Malley
- Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schroder E, Dousset C, Noel X, Kornreich C, Campanella S. Increased Neural Activity in Hazardous Drinkers During High Workload in a Visual Working Memory Task: A Preliminary Assessment Through Event-Related Potentials. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:248. [PMID: 31057442 PMCID: PMC6482249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite equated behavioral performance levels, hazardous drinkers generally exhibited increased neural activity while performing simple cognitive tasks compared to light drinkers. Here, 49 participants (25 hazardous and 24 light drinkers) participated in an event-related potentials (ERPs) study while performing an n-back working memory task. In the control zero-back (N0) condition, the subjects were required to press a button when the number "2" or "6" was displayed. In the two-back and three-back (N2; N3) conditions, the subjects had to press a button when the displayed number was identical to the number shown two/three trials earlier. To assess for the impact of alcohol consumption on the updating of working memory processes under various cognitive loads, difference waveforms of "N2 minus N0" and "N3 minus N0" were computed by subtracting waveforms in the N0 condition from waveforms in the N2 and N3 conditions, for the light and the hazardous drinkers. Three main ERP components were noted for both groups: a P200/N200 complex, a P300 component, and an N400/P600 activity. The results show that, to perform the task at the same level as the light drinkers, the hazardous drinkers exhibited larger amplitude differences, mainly around the P300 and P600 components. These data may be considered, at the preventive level, as vulnerability factors for developing adult substance use disorders, and they stress the importance, at a clinical level, to consider such working memory processes in the management of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Schroder
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clémence Dousset
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Park S, Kim MS. An event-related potential study of spatial working memory in binge drinking college students. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203696. [PMID: 30199547 PMCID: PMC6130867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) and a modified spatial 2-back task to investigate spatial working memory in binge drinking (BD) college students. Based on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ) scores, participants were assigned into BD (n = 25) and non-BD (n = 25) groups. The modified spatial 2-back task includes congruent, incongruent, and lure conditions and participants are required to respond as rapidly and accurately as possible to the congruent stimuli but not to the incongruent and lure stimuli. The BD and non-BD groups exhibited comparable performances on the spatial 2-back task but the BD group showed significantly larger P3 amplitudes than the non-BD group. Additionally, the non-BD group showed larger P3 amplitudes in response to the congruent stimuli compared to the incongruent and lure stimuli whereas the P3 amplitudes in the BD group did not differ significantly among the three conditions. These results indicate that the BD individuals exerted greater effort to maintain performance levels comparable to non-BD individuals and that they were less efficient in differentiating or allocating attentional resources between relevant and irrelevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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33
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Cheng HG, Anthony JC. Male-female differences in the onset of heavy drinking episode soon after first full drink in contemporary United States: From early adolescence to young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:159-165. [PMID: 30032053 PMCID: PMC6078793 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, there is a male excess in the occurrence of heavy drinking once alcoholic beverages are consumed and some new evidence that this 'gender gap' might be null among underage drinkers. Here, we estimate age-specific male-female differences in heavy drinking episode (HDE) incidence across the first eight calendar-quarters after first full drink. METHODS Study population is non-institutionalized civilians in the United States (2006-2014). Standardized audio computer-assisted self-interviews were used to assess the date of first full drink and the date of first HDE (i.e., 5+ drinks on one occasion) among ∼33,000 12-to-21-year-old newly incident drinkers (all with 1st full drink and HDE evaluated within 24 months of drinking onset). Time-to-HDE survival analyses are used to estimate age-specific male-female ratios in the hazard of HDE onset. RESULTS We found that among early adolescent new drinkers (drinking onset at age 11-14), the newly incident drinking females progress to HDE more quickly than males (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.6). In contrast, male excess risk is observed when drinking starts at or after age 15 years. For underage drinkers, age-specific hazard ratios (HR) depend upon age at first full drink. CONCLUSIONS Based on recent survey data from the US, this study's survival analyses support early adolescent female excess in the onset of HDE. When drinking starts at or after age 15 years, a male excess becomes apparent within two years since first full drink. Future studies may probe any sex-specific mechanisms toward the rapid onset of HDE at different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui G Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, 909 Fee Road, East Lansing, 48824, USA
| | - James C Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, 909 Fee Road, East Lansing, 48824, USA.
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Neural correlates of correct and failed response inhibition in heavy versus light social drinkers: an fMRI study during a go/no-go task by healthy participants. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1796-1811. [PMID: 27832450 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to suppress responses that are inappropriate, as well as the mechanisms monitoring the accuracy of actions in order to compensate for errors, is central to human behavior. Neural alterations that prevent stopping an inaccurate response, combined with a decreased ability of error monitoring, are considered to be prominent features of alcohol abuse. Moreover, (i) alterations of these processes have been reported in heavy social drinkers (i.e. young healthy individuals who do not yet exhibit a state of alcohol dependence); and (ii) through longitudinal studies, these alterations have been shown to underlie subsequent disinhibition that may lead to future alcohol use disorders. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, using a contextual Go/No-Go task, we investigated whether different neural networks subtended correct inhibitions and monitoring mechanisms of failed inhibitory trials in light versus heavy social drinkers. We show that, although successful inhibition did not lead to significant changes, neural networks involved in error monitoring are different in light versus heavy drinkers. Thus, while light drinkers exhibited activations in their right inferior frontal, right middle cingulate and left superior temporal areas; heavy drinkers exhibited activations in their right cerebellum, left caudate nucleus, left superior occipital region, and left amygdala. These data are functionally interpreted as reflecting a "visually-driven emotional strategy" vs. an "executive-based" neural response to errors in heavy and light drinkers, respectively. Such a difference is interpreted as a key-factor that may subtend the transition from a controlled social heavy consumption to a state of clinical alcohol dependence.
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35
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Molnar SM, Beaton LE, Happer JP, Holcomb LA, Huang S, Arienzo D, Marinkovic K. Behavioral and Brain Activity Indices of Cognitive Control Deficits in Binge Drinkers. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010009. [PMID: 29300304 PMCID: PMC5789340 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy episodic drinking is prevalent among young adults and is a public issue of increasing importance. Its initiation and maintenance are associated with deficits in the capacity to inhibit automatic processing in favor of non-habitual responses. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine behavioral and brain activity indices of cognitive control during the Stroop task as a function of binge drinking. Heavy episodic drinkers (HED) reported consuming 5+/6+ drinks in two hours at least five times in the past six months and were compared to light drinkers (LED) who reported two or fewer binge episodes but were matched on demographics, intelligence and family history of alcoholism. Greater conflict-induced activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and thalamus was observed in HED participants and it was positively correlated with alcohol intake and alcohol-related harmful consequences. HEDs maintained intact accuracy but at a cost of prolonged reaction times to high-conflict trials and increased ratings of task difficulty. Greater activation of the areas implicated in cognitive control is consistent with compensatory network expansion to meet higher cognitive demands. These results provide further insight into degradation of cognitive control in HEDs which may benefit development of detection and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Molnar
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lauren E Beaton
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Joseph P Happer
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lee A Holcomb
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92039, USA.
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36
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Pascual M, Montesinos J, Guerri C. Role of the innate immune system in the neuropathological consequences induced by adolescent binge drinking. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:765-780. [PMID: 29214654 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical stage of brain maturation in which important plastic and dynamic processes take place in different brain regions, leading to development of the adult brain. Ethanol drinking in adolescence disrupts brain plasticity and causes structural and functional changes in immature brain areas (prefrontal cortex, limbic system) that result in cognitive and behavioral deficits. These changes, along with secretion of sexual and stress-related hormones in adolescence, may impact self-control, decision making, and risk-taking behaviors that contribute to anxiety and initiation of alcohol consumption. New data support the participation of the neuroimmune system in the effects of ethanol on the developing and adult brain. This article reviews the potential pathological bases that underlie the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain, such as the contribution of genetic background, the perturbation of epigenetic programming, and the influence of the neuroimmune response. Special emphasis is given to the actions of ethanol in the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), since recent studies have demonstrated that by activating the inflammatory TLR4/NFκB signaling response in glial cells, binge drinking of ethanol triggers the release of cytokines/chemokines and free radicals, which exacerbate the immune response that causes neuroinflammation/neural damage as well as short- and long-term neurophysiological, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction. Finally, potential treatments that target the neuroimmune response to treat the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of adolescent alcohol abuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
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Mumtaz W, Vuong PL, Malik AS, Rashid RBA. A review on EEG-based methods for screening and diagnosing alcohol use disorder. Cogn Neurodyn 2017; 12:141-156. [PMID: 29564024 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-017-9465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The screening test for alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients has been of subjective nature and could be misleading in particular cases such as a misreporting the actual quantity of alcohol intake. Although the neuroimaging modality such as electroencephalography (EEG) has shown promising research results in achieving objectivity during the screening and diagnosis of AUD patients. However, the translation of these findings for clinical applications has been largely understudied and hence less clear. This study advocates the use of EEG as a diagnostic and screening tool for AUD patients that may help the clinicians during clinical decision making. In this context, a comprehensive review on EEG-based methods is provided including related electrophysiological techniques reported in the literature. More specifically, the EEG abnormalities associated with the conditions of AUD patients are summarized. The aim is to explore the potentials of objective techniques involving quantities/features derived from resting EEG, event-related potentials or event-related oscillations data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Mumtaz
- 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Pham Lam Vuong
- 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Aamir Saeed Malik
- 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Rusdi Bin Abd Rashid
- 2Universiti Malaya, Aras 21, Wisma R&D Universiti Malaya, Jalan Pantai Bharu, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lannoy S, D'Hondt F, Dormal V, Billieux J, Maurage P. Electrophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in binge drinking: Impaired error-related but preserved feedback processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2110-2121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Poncin M, Vermeulen N, de Timary P. Distress Response to the Failure to an Insoluble Anagrams Task: Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Binge Drinking Students. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1795. [PMID: 29093690 PMCID: PMC5651451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emotion regulation refers to the attempt to influence the latency, magnitude, and duration of an emotion, and to modify the experiential, behavioral, or physiological components of the emotional response. In situations of personal failure, individuals, and in particular those who present a tendency to self-focus, may experience intense emotional distress. Individuals who lack proper adaptive emotion regulation strategies may engage in activities leading to immediate pleasure, such as alcohol drinking, in order to escape the self-relevance of emotional experiences. This self-awareness theory of drinking has been shown explain relapses in self-focused alcohol-dependent individuals in situations of personal failure, after detoxification. Such relapses support the existence of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in alcohol dependence. As binge drinking may be considered as an early stage of alcohol-use-disorder, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between emotional distress, self-regulation and self-consciousness in binge drinkers (BD). Methods: Fifty-five students (32 BD and 23 controls) completed different questionnaires related to the self (self-consciousness and self-regulation questionnaires) and were exposed to a situation of self-failure (insoluble anagrams). Results: The distress induced by the anagrams task was more related to self-blame, ruminations and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in BD than in controls. Emotional distress was related to less positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, and adaptive emotion regulation strategies among the control group with less public self-consciousness. Emotional distress was related to more positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, refocusing on planning, and adaptive emotion regulation strategies among control participants with higher public self-consciousness. Low self-conscious BD who experienced anagram distress used less acceptance and less refocusing on planning strategies. Conversely, high self-conscious BD used more refocusing on planning strategies when experiencing anagram distress. Conclusion: This study suggests a relationship between emotional distress and self-regulation, in BD only. Moreover, public self-consciousness appears to be a disposition that motivates non-BD to improve actions and attitudes to meet self-standards. Finally, this study suggests a minor role of self-consciousness in the relationship between self-regulation and emotional distress in BD. Finally, low private/public self-consciousness in the binge drinking group may also be related to more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Poncin
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-F.N.R.S.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Vermeulen
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-F.N.R.S.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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López-Caneda E, Cadaveira F, Correas A, Crego A, Maestú F, Rodríguez Holguín S. The Brain of Binge Drinkers at Rest: Alterations in Theta and Beta Oscillations in First-Year College Students with a Binge Drinking Pattern. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:168. [PMID: 28959193 PMCID: PMC5604281 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have reported anomalous resting brain activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of alcoholics, often reflected as increased power in the beta and theta frequency bands. The effects of binge drinking, the most common pattern of excessive alcohol consumption during adolescence and youth, on brain activity at rest is still poorly known. In this study, we sought to assess the pattern of resting-state EEG oscillations in college-aged binge drinkers (BDs). Methods: Resting-state brain activity during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions was recorded from 60 channels in 80 first-year undergraduate students (40 controls and 40 BDs). Cortical sources activity of EEG rhythms was estimated using exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA) analysis. Results: EEG-source localization analysis revealed that BDs showed, in comparison with controls, significantly higher intracranial current density in the beta frequency band over the right temporal lobe (parahippocampal and fusiform gyri) during eyes-open resting state as well as higher intracranial current density in the theta band over the bilateral occipital cortex (cuneus and lingual gyrus) during eyes-closed resting condition. Conclusions: These findings are in line with previous results observing increased beta and/or theta power following chronic or heavy alcohol drinking in alcohol-dependent subjects and BDs. Increased tonic beta and theta oscillations are suggestive of an augmented cortical excitability and of potential difficulties in the information processing capacity in young BDs. Furthermore, enhanced EEG power in these frequency bands may respond to a neuromaturational delay as a result of excessive alcohol consumption during this critical brain developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Caneda
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angeles Correas
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical TechnologyMadrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Crego
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical TechnologyMadrid, Spain.,Department of Basic Psychology II, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
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Connell AM, Danzo S, Dawson G. Effects of depression and past-year binge drinking on cognitive control processes during a flanker task in college-aged adults. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:263-272. [PMID: 28726513 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1343340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent but largely separate literatures have examined neurocognitive alterations related to both depression and binge drinking, suggesting similar patterns of impairments in attention control and decisional processes. However, depression and problematic alcohol use tend to co-occur, and few studies have examined whether cognitive processing effects of depression and binge drinking are independent or interacting. OBJECTIVE The current study examined joint effects of depressive symptoms and past-year binge drinking on cognitive processing (measured via EEG assessment). METHODS University students aged 18 and over (N = 46; 63.4% female) were recruited based on self-reported depressive symptoms and also provided reports of alcohol use (51% reported significant depression; 46% reported at-least one past-year binge-drinking episode). Participants completed a computerized flanker task, assessing cognitive control processes. Forty-one participants providing useable data were included in analyses. RESULTS Past-year binge drinking was associated with slower and more accurate behavioral responding. The interaction of binge-drinking and depressive symptoms was related to the magnitude of early attentional components (N1 and N2), with individuals reporting high depressive symptoms and a history of binge-drinking exhibiting attenuated early attentional engagement (e.g., less negative N1) coupled with enhanced attention control processing (e.g., more negative N2). Depressive symptoms also predicted a lack of discriminated P3 amplitudes on congruent versus incongruent trials. CONCLUSION The data suggest that depression and binge drinking in the past-year jointly interact to predict early attentional processing, with the pattern of responding consistent with a compensatory response process. Results highlight the importance of future work on binge-drinking accounting for co-occurring depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin M Connell
- a Case Western Reserve University , Department of Psychological Sciences , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Sarah Danzo
- a Case Western Reserve University , Department of Psychological Sciences , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Glen Dawson
- a Case Western Reserve University , Department of Psychological Sciences , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Attenuating the alcohol allure: attentional broadening reduces rapid motivational response to alcohol pictures. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1247-1254. [PMID: 28238070 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Past research has found that exposure to alcohol cues causes a narrowing of attentional scope and enhances the neural responses associated with approach motivation. OBJECTIVE The current research sought to determine if a manipulated broadened (global) attentional scope would reduce approach-motivated neural reactivity to alcohol pictures. METHODS In the current study, participants (n = 82) were exposed to alcohol and neutral pictures following either a global or local attentional scope manipulation. Early motivated attentional processing was assessed using the N1 event-related potential (ERP), a neurophysiological marker of rapid motivated attention. RESULTS A global attentional scope reduced N1 amplitudes to alcohol pictures as compared to a local attentional scope. Self-reported binge drinking related to larger N1 amplitudes to alcohol pictures, but not to neutral pictures. Individuals with greater binge drinking experience demonstrated increased rapid motivated attentional processing to alcohol pictures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enhancing a global (vs. local) attentional scope attenuates rapid motivated attentional processing of alcohol pictures in comparison to neutral pictures. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Lannoy S, Billieux J, Poncin M, Maurage P. Binging at the campus: Motivations and impulsivity influence binge drinking profiles in university students. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:146-154. [PMID: 28161610 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the involvement of two key psychological factors, drinking motives and impulsivity traits, in binge drinking. On the basis of a large screening phase (N=4424), 867 binge drinkers were selected and were first compared with 924 non-binge drinkers. Then, a cluster analysis was performed, focusing on the binge drinker sample, to explore the respective involvement of four drinking motives (DMQ-R model) and four impulsivity facets (UPPS model) in this habit. Centrally, the cluster analysis identified three clusters of binge drinkers presenting distinct psychological characteristics and alcohol consumption patterns: emotional, recreational, and hazardous binge drinkers. Hazardous binge drinkers were characterized by strong drinking motives but moderate impulsivity. Binge drinking should thus no more be considered as a unitary drinking pattern but rather as a habit encompassing a variety of psychological profiles. Moreover, risky drinking habits in young people might be mainly related to disproportionate drinking motives. Future studies should thus consider binge drinking heterogeneity, and prevention programs focusing on drinking motivations should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lannoy
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place C. Mercier, 10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place C. Mercier, 10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute for Health and Behavior, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Marie Poncin
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place C. Mercier, 10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place C. Mercier, 10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Differential impairments across attentional networks in binge drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1059-1068. [PMID: 28144707 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cognitive deficits observed in young binge drinkers have been largely documented during the last decade. Yet, these earlier studies have mainly focused on high-level cognitive abilities (particularly memory and executive functions), and uncertainty thus still abounds regarding the integrity of less complex cognitive processes in binge drinking. This is particularly true for attentional abilities, which play a crucial role in behavior regulation and are impaired in other alcohol-related disorders. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To specify the attentional deficits associated with binge drinking, two groups of university students (40 binge drinkers and 40 matched controls) performed the Attention Network Task, a theoretically grounded test assessing three independent attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. RESULTS Binge drinkers displayed preserved orienting performance but impaired alerting and executive control. Binge drinking is thus not related to a general attentional impairment but rather to specific impairments of the alerting and executive control networks. CONCLUSIONS These results underline that, beyond the already explored high-level deficits, binge drinking is also related to impairments for attentional abilities. In view of the role played by attentional impairments in alcohol dependence, the present data also suggest that rehabilitation programs should be developed to improve attentional abilities at the early stages of alcohol-related disorders.
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Folgueira-Ares R, Cadaveira F, Rodríguez Holguín S, López-Caneda E, Crego A, Pazo-Álvarez P. Electrophysiological Anomalies in Face-Name Memory Encoding in Young Binge Drinkers. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 29163235 PMCID: PMC5671969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the intake of large amounts of alcohol during one session may have structural and functional effects on the still-maturing brains of young people. These effects are particularly pronounced in prefrontal and hippocampal regions, which appear to be especially sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. However, to date, few studies have used the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to analyze the relationship between binge drinking (BD) and associative memory. The objective of this study was to examine brain activity during memory encoding using the Subsequent memory paradigm in subjects who have followed a BD pattern of alcohol consumption for at least 2 years. A total of 50 undergraduate students (mean age = 20.6 years), i.e., 25 controls (12 females) and 25 binge drinkers (BDs; 11 females), with no personal or family history of alcoholism or psychopathological disorders, performed a visual face-name association memory task. The task used enables assessment of the Difference due to memory effect (Dm), a measure of memory encoding based on comparison of the neural activity associated with subsequent successful and unsuccessful retrieval. In ERP studies, study items that are subsequently remembered elicit larger positive amplitudes at midline parieto-frontal sites than those items that are subsequently forgotten. The Dm effect generally appears in the latency range of about 300-800 ms. The results showed a Dm effect in posterior regions in the 350-650 ms latency range in the Control group. However, in the BD group, no significant differences were observed in the electrophysiological brain activity between remembered and forgotten items during the encoding process. No differences between groups were found in behavioral performance. These findings show that young BDs display abnormal pattern of ERP brain activity during the encoding phase of a visual face-name association task, possibly suggesting a different neural signature of successful memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Folgueira-Ares
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Caneda
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto Crego
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Pazo-Álvarez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Salas-Gomez D, Fernandez-Gorgojo M, Pozueta A, Diaz-Ceballos I, Lamarain M, Perez C, Sanchez-Juan P. Binge Drinking in Young University Students Is Associated with Alterations in Executive Functions Related to Their Starting Age. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166834. [PMID: 27861563 PMCID: PMC5115818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether or not alcohol consumption in the form of binge drinking is associated with alterations of memory and executive functions in a population of university students. At the same time, we have studied the role of potential modulating factors, such as the APOE genotype or physical exercise.University students enrolled in academic year 2013–2014 at Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat-Cantabria, affiliated with the University of Cantabria, were invited to participate in the study. We gathered sociodemographic data and details regarding the lifestyle of 206 students (mean age 19.55 ± 2.39; 67.5% women). We evaluated memory and executive functions via a series of validated cognitive tests. Participants were classified as binge drinkers (BD) and non-BD. Using Student's t-distribution we studied the association between cognitive tests and BD patterns. Multivariate analyses were carried out via multiple linear regression. 47.6% of the students were found to be BD. The BD differed significantly from the non-BD in their results in the executive functions test TMT B (43.41 ± 13.30 vs 37.40 ± 9.77; p = 0.0003). Adjusting by age, sex, academic records, age at which they started consuming alcohol, cannabis consumption, level of physical activity and other possible modifying variables, the association was statistically significant (p = 0.009). We noticed a statistically significant inverse correlation (Pearson’s r2 = -0.192; p = 0.007) between TMT B and starting age of alcohol consumption. Differences were observed in another executive functions test, TMT A, but only in the group of women (19.73±6.1 BD vs 17.78±5.4 non-BD p = 0.05). In spite of the young age of our participants, BD was associated with a lower performance in the executive functions test (TMT B). These deficits were related to the age at which they started drinking alcohol, suggesting an accumulative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Salas-Gomez
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Mario Fernandez-Gorgojo
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Ana Pozueta
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria (UC), CIBERNED, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz-Ceballos
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Maider Lamarain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Carmen Perez
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanchez-Juan
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria (UC), CIBERNED, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Blankenship PA, Blackwell AA, Ebrahimi N, Benson JD, Wallace DG. A history of adolescent binge drinking in humans is associated with impaired self-movement cue processing on manipulatory scale navigation tasks. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cheng HG, Anthony JC. Does our legal minimum drinking age modulate risk of first heavy drinking episode soon after drinking onset? Epidemiological evidence for the United States, 2006-2014. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2153. [PMID: 27366651 PMCID: PMC4924122 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. State-level 'age 21' drinking laws conform generally with the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (US), and are thought to protect young people from adverse drinking experiences such as heavy episodic drinking (HED, sometimes called 'binge drinking'). We shed light on this hypothesis while estimating the age-specific risk of transitioning from 1st full drink to 1st HED among 12-to-23-year-old newly incident drinkers, with challenge to a "gender gap" hypothesis and male excess described in HED prevalence reports. Methods. The study population consisted of non-institutionalized civilians in the United States, with nine independently drawn nationally representative samples of more than 40,000 12-to-23-year-olds (2006-2014). Standardized audio computer-assisted self-interviews identified 43,000 newly incident drinkers (all with 1st HED evaluated within 12 months of drinking onset). Estimated age-specific HED risk soon after first full drink is evaluated for males and females. Results. Among 12-to-23-year-old newly incident drinkers, an estimated 20-30% of females and 35-45% of males experienced their 1st HED within 12 months after drinking onset. Before mid-adolescence, there is no male excess in such HED risk. Those who postponed drinking to age 21 are not spared (27% for 'postponer' females; 95% CI [24-30]; 42% for 'postponer' males; 95% CI [38-45]). An estimated 10-18% females and 10-28% males experienced their 1st HED in the same month of their 1st drink; peak HED risk estimates are 18% for 'postponer' females (95% CI [15-21]) and 28% for 'postponer' males (95% CI [24-31]). Conclusions. In the US, one in three young new drinkers transition into HED within 12 months after first drink. Those who postpone the 1st full drink until age 21 are not protected. Furthermore, 'postponers' have substantial risk for very rapid transition to HED. A male excess in this transition to HED is not observed until after age 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui G. Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James C. Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Marshall AM, Heffernan T, Hamilton C. The Synergistic Impact of Excessive Alcohol Drinking and Cigarette Smoking upon Prospective Memory. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:75. [PMID: 27199782 PMCID: PMC4846809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The independent use of excessive amounts of alcohol or persistent cigarette smoking have been found to have a deleterious impact upon Prospective Memory (PM: remembering future intentions and activities), although to date, the effect of their concurrent use upon PM is yet to be explored. The present study investigated the impact of the concurrent use of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and smoking cigarettes (a "Polydrug" group) in comparison to the combined effect of the single use of these substances upon PM. The study adopted a single factorial independent groups design. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) is a test of both time-based and event-based PM and was used here to measure PM. The CAMPROMPT was administered to 125 adults; an excessive alcohol user group (n = 40), a group of smokers who drink very little alcohol (n = 20), a combined user group (the "Polydrug" group) who drink excessively and smoke cigarettes (n = 40) and a non-drinker/low alcohol consumption control group (n = 25). The main findings revealed that the Polydrug users recalled significantly fewer time-based PM tasks than both excessive alcohol users p < 0.001 and smokers p = 0.013. Polydrug users (mean = 11.47) also remembered significantly fewer event-based PM tasks than excessive alcohol users p < 0.001 and smokers p = 0.013. With regards to the main aim of the study, the polydrug users exhibited significantly greater impaired time-based PM than the combined effect of single excessive alcohol users and cigarette smokers p = 0.033. However, no difference was observed between polydrug users and the combined effect of single excessive alcohol users and cigarette smokers in event-based PM p = 0.757. These results provide evidence that concurrent (polydrug) use of these two substances has a synergistic effect in terms of deficits upon time-based PM. The observation that combined excessive drinking and cigarette smoking leads to a greater impairment in time-based PM may be of paramount importance, given the key role PM plays in everyday independent living.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Heffernan
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Colin Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Abstract
Binge drinking leads to brain damage. However, at present few studies have taken into account the continuity in the binge drinking phenomenon, and treated binge drinking as a clearly separable category from other types of drinking patterns. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether severity of binge drinking can predict specific neurocognitive changes in healthy young adults. A total of 121 students aged 18 to 25 were assessed by means of the three last questions of the Alcohol Use Questionnaire combined into binge score. The binge score was entered as a predictor of cognitive performance of the CANTAB Stop Signal Task including reaction time, inhibition processing time, and response adjustment. Anxiety and depression symptoms were also measured. Binge score significantly predicted less adjustment following failures, and faster reaction times. Binge score did not predict inhibition performance. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were not significantly related to binge score. Binge drinking in healthy young adults predicts impairment in response adjustment and fast reaction time, but is unrelated to inhibition. The study supports the view that binge drinking is a continuous phenomenon, rather than discrete category, and the findings are possibly shedding light on why binge drinkers continue their drinking pattern despite negative consequences. (JINS, 2016, 22, 38-46).
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