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Thorson JF, Prezotto LD. Malnutrition alters protein expression of KNDy neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus of mature ewes. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372944. [PMID: 38911326 PMCID: PMC11190783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A are imperative for the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone to ultimately regulate reproductive cyclicity. A population of neurons co-expressing these neuropeptides, KNDy neurons, within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) are positioned to integrate energy status from afferent neuronal and glial cells. We hypothesized that KNDy-expressing neurons in the ARC of mature ewes are influenced by energy balance. To test this hypothesis, ovary-intact, mature ewes were fed to lose, maintain, or gain body weight and hypothalamic tissue harvested during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Fluorescent, multiplex immunohistochemistry with direct antibody conjugation was employed to identify and quantify neurons expressing a single neuropeptide, as well as for the first time report co-expression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A protein in the ARC. Previous reports using this population of ewes demonstrated that concentrations of insulin and leptin differed between ewes fed to achieve different body weights and that ewes fed to gain body weight had increased concentrations of progesterone. Moreover, within this population of ewes tanycyte density and cellular penetration into the ARC was increased in ewes fed to gain body weight. Within the current report we have revealed that the number of neurons in the ARC expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A protein was increased in ewes fed to gain body weight. Moreover, the number of KNDy neurons in the ARC expressing all three neuropeptides within a single neuron was decreased in ewes fed to lose body weight and increased in ewes fed to gain body weight when compared to ewes fed to maintain body weight. The cumulative findings of this experimental model suggest that expression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A protein in the ARC during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle are influenced by energy balance-induced alterations in circulating concentrations of progesterone that drive changes in morphology and density of tanycytes to ultimately regulate central perception of global energy status. Moreover, these results demonstrate that changes in KNDy neurons within the ARC occur as an adaptation to energy balance, potentially regulated divergently by metabolic milieu via proopiomelanocortin afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Thorson
- Nutrition, Growth and Physiology Research Unit, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, United States
| | - Ligia D. Prezotto
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, United States
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2
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Leader J, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Williams PL, Ford JB, Dadd R, Chagnon O, Oken E, Calafat AM, Hauser R, Braun JM. Associations of parental preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol-a concentrations with child eating behaviors. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 257:114334. [PMID: 38350281 PMCID: PMC10939723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating behaviors are controlled by the neuroendocrine system. Whether endocrine disrupting chemicals have the potential to affect eating behaviors has not been widely studied in humans. We investigated whether maternal and paternal preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol-A (BPA) concentrations were associated with children's eating behaviors. METHODS We used data from mother-father-child triads in the Preconception Environmental exposure And Childhood health Effects (PEACE) Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of children aged 6-13 years whose parent(s) previously enrolled in a fertility clinic-based prospective preconception study. We quantified urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites and BPA in parents' urine samples collected preconceptionally and during pregnancy. Parents rated children's eating behavior using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Using multivariable linear regression, accounting for correlation among twins, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations of urinary phthalate biomarkers and BPA concentrations with CEBQ subscale scores. RESULTS This analysis included 195 children (30 sets of twins), 160 mothers and 97 fathers; children were predominantly non-Hispanic white (84%) and 53% were male. Paternal and maternal preconception monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations and maternal preconception mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were positively associated with emotional overeating, food responsiveness, and desire to drink scores in children (β's= 0.11 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.20]-0.21 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.31] per loge unit increase in phthalate biomarker concentration). Paternal preconception BPA concentrations were inversely associated with scores on food approaching scales. Maternal pregnancy MnBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and MBzP concentrations were associated with increased emotional undereating scores. Maternal pregnancy monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate concentrations were related to decreased food avoiding subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, higher maternal and paternal preconception urinary concentrations of some phthalate biomarkers were associated with increased food approaching behavior scores and decreased food avoiding behavior scores, which could lead to increased adiposity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Leader
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Ramace Dadd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Olivia Chagnon
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Rosa-Velazquez M, Ahn J, Lee K, Relling AE. Transcriptomic analysis of sheep hypothalamus discloses regulatory genes potentially involved in sex-dependent differences in body weight of progeny born to dams supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids or methionine during late-gestation. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae160. [PMID: 38864402 PMCID: PMC11245701 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming research conducted in sheep has reported sexually dimorphic responses on growth of the progeny born to in-utero methionine or omega-3 fatty acids supplementation. However, the biological mechanism behind the nutrient by sex interaction as a source of variation in offspring body weight is still unknown. A high-throughput RNA sequencing data of hypothalamus samples from 17 lambs were used in the current study to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between males and females born to dams supplemented with different nutrients during late-gestation. Ewes received a basal diet without omega-3 fatty acids or methionine supplementation as the control (CONT); omega-3 fatty acids supplementation (FAS), or methionine supplementation (METS). A list of regulated genes was generated. Data were compared as CONT vs. FAS and CONT vs. METS. For CONT vs. METS, a treatment by sex interaction was found (adjusted P-value < 0.05) on 121 DEGs (112 upregulated and 9 downregulated) on female lambs born to METS compared with METS males. Importantly, with the sex interaction term, more than 100 genes were upregulated in female lamb's hypothalamuses born to METS. Gene Ontology (GO) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were performed using the DEGs from female lambs. Terms under biological process (related to morphogenesis, organism, and tissue development), cellular component (related to chromatin, extracellular components), and molecular function (involved in chromatin structure and transcription and factors linked to binding DNA) were presented (adjusted P-value < 0.05) for GO. For the IPA, the top-scoring network was developmental disorder, endocrine system development and function, and organ morphology. Only a few differences were observed in the comparison between the interaction of sex and treatment for the CONT vs. FAS comparison. The markedly increased number of DEGs substantially involved in developmental and growth processes indicates the extent to which maternal methionine supplementation causes the sexually dimorphic effects observed in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Park S, Belfoul AM, Rastelli M, Jang A, Monnoye M, Bae H, Kamitakahara A, Giavalisco P, Sun S, Barelle PY, Plows J, Jang C, Fodor A, Goran MI, Bouret SG. Maternal low-calorie sweetener consumption rewires hypothalamic melanocortin circuits via a gut microbial co-metabolite pathway. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e156397. [PMID: 37014702 PMCID: PMC10322686 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate, including among pregnant women. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) have increasingly been used as an alternative to sugar to deliver a sweet taste without the excessive caloric load. However, there is little evidence regarding their biological effects, particularly during development. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal LCS consumption to explore the impact of perinatal LCS exposure on the development of neural systems involved in metabolic regulation. We report that adult male, but not female, offspring from both aspartame- and rebaudioside A-exposed dams displayed increased adiposity and developed glucose intolerance. Moreover, maternal LCS consumption reorganized hypothalamic melanocortin circuits and disrupted parasympathetic innervation of pancreatic islets in male offspring. We then identified phenylacetylglycine (PAG) as a unique metabolite that was upregulated in the milk of LCS-fed dams and the serum of their pups. Furthermore, maternal PAG treatment recapitulated some of the key metabolic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal LCS consumption. Together, our data indicate that maternal LCS consumption has enduring consequences on the offspring's metabolism and neural development and that these effects are likely to be mediated through the gut microbial co-metabolite PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amine M. Belfoul
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Alice Jang
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anna Kamitakahara
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Barelle
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Jasmine Plows
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sebastien G. Bouret
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
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Gomes JS, Sene LB, Lamana GL, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Impact of maternal protein restriction on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) expression in male fetal kidney development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0266293. [PMID: 37141241 PMCID: PMC10159110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney developmental studies have demonstrated molecular pathway changes that may be related to decreased nephron numbers in the male 17 gestational days (17GD) low protein (LP) intake offspring compared to normal protein intake (NP) progeny. Here, we evaluated the HIF-1 and components of its pathway in the kidneys of 17-GD LP offspring to elucidate the molecular modulations during nephrogenesis. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: NP (regular protein diet-17%) or LP (Low protein diet-6%). Taking into account miRNA transcriptome sequencing previous study (miRNA-Seq) in 17GD male offspring kidneys investigated predicted target genes and proteins related to the HIF-1 pathway by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the present study, in male 17-GD LP offspring, an increased elF4, HSP90, p53, p300, NFκβ, and AT2 gene encoding compared to the NP progeny. Higher labeling of HIF-1α CAP cells in 17-DG LP offspring was associated with reduced elF4 and phosphorylated elF4 immunoreactivity in LP progeny CAP cells. In 17DG LP, the NFκβ and HSP90 immunoreactivity was enhanced, particularly in the CAP area. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The current study supported that the programmed reduced nephron number in the 17-DG LP offspring may be related to changes in the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Factors that facilitate the transposition of HIF-1α to progenitor renal cell nuclei, such as increased NOS, Ep300, and HSP90 expression, may have a crucial role in this regulatory system. Also, HIF-1α changes could be associated with reduced transcription of elF-4 and its respective signaling path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Seva Gomes
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Barros Sene
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leme Lamana
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Shrivastava K, Swaminathan T, Barlotta A, Athreya V, Choudhry H, Rossi MA. Maternal overnutrition is associated with altered synaptic input to lateral hypothalamic area. Mol Metab 2023; 71:101702. [PMID: 36898526 PMCID: PMC10025284 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal overnutrition is associated with adverse outcomes in offspring, including increased risk for obesity and diabetes. Here, we aim to test the effects of maternal obesity on lateral hypothalamic feeding circuit function and determine the relationship with body weight regulation. METHODS Using a mouse model of maternal obesity, we assessed how perinatal overnutrition affected food intake and body weight regulation in adult offspring. We then used channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping and electrophysiological recordings to assess the synaptic connectivity within an extended amygdala-lateral hypothalamic pathway. RESULTS We show that maternal overnutrition during gestation and throughout lactation produces offspring that are heavier than controls prior to weaning. When weaned onto chow, the body weights of over-nourished offspring normalize to control levels. However, when presented with highly palatable food as adults, both male and female maternally over-nourished offspring are highly susceptible to diet-induced obesity. This is associated with altered synaptic strength in an extended amygdala-lateral hypothalamic pathway, which is predicted by developmental growth rate. Additionally, lateral hypothalamic neurons receiving synaptic input from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis have enhanced excitatory input following maternal overnutrition which is predicted by early life growth rate. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results demonstrate one way in which maternal obesity rewires hypothalamic feeding circuits to predispose offspring to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark A Rossi
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Sharma Y, Galvão AM. Maternal obesity and ovarian failure: is leptin the culprit? Anim Reprod 2023; 19:e20230007. [PMID: 36855701 PMCID: PMC9968511 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At the time of its discovery and characterization in 1994, leptin was mostly considered a metabolic hormone able to regulate body weight and energy homeostasis. However, in recent years, a great deal of literature has revealed leptin's pleiotropic nature, through its involvement in numerous physiological contexts including the regulation of the female reproductive tract and ovarian function. Obesity has been largely associated with infertility, and leptin signalling is known to be dysregulated in the ovaries of obese females. Hence, the disruption of ovarian leptin signalling was shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of ovarian failure in obese females, affecting transcriptional programmes in the gamete and somatic cells. This review attempts to uncover the underlying mechanisms contributing to female infertility associated with obesity, as well as to shed light on the role of leptin in the metabolic dysregulation within the follicle, the effects on the oocyte epigenome, and the potential long-term consequence to embryo programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswi Sharma
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - António Miguel Galvão
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Olsztyn, Poland,Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom UK,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom UK,Corresponding author: ;
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Tanigawa K, Kawanishi Y, Ikehara S, Kimura T, Ueda K, Kimura T, Ozono K, Iso H. Association between gestational weight gain and risk of overweight at 3 years old: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e12978. [PMID: 36102849 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear if gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of children with overweight. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between GWG and the risk of overweight in 3-year-old children in the Japanese nationwide birth cohort study. METHODS Among 64 336 singleton births, we calculated the risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between GWG categories and children with overweight, following an adjustment of the confounding variables. RESULTS GWG was positively associated with the risk of overweight among 3-year-old children. The multivariable RR (95% CI) was 1.21 (1.17-1.25) per 5 kg increase of the GWG. The multivariable RR (95% CI) for excessive GWG was 1.20 (1.12-1.28) and 1.27 (1.16-1.39) based on the modified Japanese and IOM criteria, respectively, compared to adequate GWG. The multivariable RR (95% CI) of overweight with children for inadequate versus adequate GWG was 0.83 (0.78-0.88) and 0.84 (0.79-0.89) based on the modified Japanese and IOM criteria, respectively. CONCLUSIONS GWG was positively associated with a high risk of overweight at 3 years of age. The risk of offspring overweight was 20%-27% higher and 16%-17% lower with excessive GWG and inadequate GWG, respectively, compared to adequate GWG, based on the aforementioned criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Tanigawa
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka Maternal and Child Health Information Center, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Kawanishi
- Osaka Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoyo Ikehara
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ueda
- Osaka Maternal and Child Health Information Center, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Osaka Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Global Health Policy Research, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Folguieri MS, Franco ATB, Vieira AS, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Transcriptome and morphological analysis on the heart in gestational protein-restricted aging male rat offspring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892322. [PMID: 36353510 PMCID: PMC9638007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Adverse factors that influence embryo/fetal development are correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type-2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, impaired kidney development, psychiatric disorders, and enhanced susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in adulthood. Human and experimental studies have demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between birthweight and cardiovascular diseases, implying intrauterine adverse events in the onset of these abnormalities. In this way, it is plausible that confirmed functional and morphological heart changes caused by gestational protein restriction could be related to epigenetic effects anticipating cardiovascular disorders and reducing the survival time of these animals. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the protein diet content offered during the pregnancy: a normal protein diet (NP, 17%) or a Low-protein diet (LP, 6%). The arterial pressure was measured, and the cardiac mass, cardiomyocytes area, gene expression, collagen content, and immunostaining of proteins were performed in the cardiac tissue of male 62-weeks old NP compared to LP offspring. Results: In the current study, we showed a low birthweight followed by catch-up growth phenomena associated with high blood pressure development, increased heart collagen content, and cardiomyocyte area in 62-week-old LP offspring. mRNA sequencing analysis identified changes in the expression level of 137 genes, considering genes with a p-value < 0.05. No gene was. Significantly changed according to the adj-p-value. After gene-to-gene biological evaluation and relevance, the study demonstrated significant differences in genes linked to inflammatory activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, autophagy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis pathways resulting in heart function disorders. Conclusion: The present study suggests that gestational protein restriction leads to early cardiac diseases in the LP progeny. It is hypothesized that heart dysfunction is associated with fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, and multiple abnormal gene expression. Considering the above findings, it may suppose a close link between maternal protein restriction, specific gene expression, and progressive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Folguieri
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Barufi Franco
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Schwambach Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
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Cechinel LR, Batabyal RA, Freishtat RJ, Zohn IE. Parental obesity-induced changes in developmental programming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:918080. [PMID: 36274855 PMCID: PMC9585252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.918080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the link between parental obesity and the predisposition to develop adult-onset metabolic syndromes that include obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes in the offspring. As the prevalence of obesity increases in persons of childbearing age, so does metabolic syndrome in their descendants. Understanding how parental obesity alters metabolic programs in the progeny, predisposing them to adult-onset metabolic syndrome, is key to breaking this cycle. This review explores the basis for altered metabolism of offspring exposed to overnutrition by focusing on critical developmental processes influenced by parental obesity. We draw from human and animal model studies, highlighting the adaptations in metabolism that occur during normal pregnancy that become maladaptive with obesity. We describe essential phases of development impacted by parental obesity that contribute to long-term alterations in metabolism in the offspring. These encompass gamete formation, placentation, adipogenesis, pancreas development, and development of brain appetite control circuits. Parental obesity alters the developmental programming of these organs in part by inducing epigenetic changes with long-term consequences on metabolism. While exposure to parental obesity during any of these phases is sufficient to alter long-term metabolism, offspring often experience multiple exposures throughout their development. These insults accumulate to increase further the susceptibility of the offspring to the obesogenic environments of modern society.
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Mardali F, Hosseini-Baharanchi FS, Dehnad A, Shidfar F, Mohammadi S, Găman MA. Comparison of the key modifiable factors in the first 1000 days predicting subsequent overweight and obesity in pre-school children in Tehran: a case-control study. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:955-963. [PMID: 34588008 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification of paediatric obesity predictors in the early stages of life is warranted, as it can influence the development of effective strategies to prevent metabolic disorders. In this case-control study, we assessed nine risk factors for paediatric obesity, namely a birth weight > 4000 g, an exclusive breast-feeding period < 4 months, the introduction of solid food at < 4 months, maternal overweight or obesity before pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, the presence of gestational diabetes, paternal overweight and obesity and paternal smoking. In order to identify the most relevant predictors of paediatric obesity, we employed a multiple logistic regression model with R2 Cox Snell by adjusting confounders. In the randomly selected 509 preschool children from Tehran, children exposed to gestational diabetes had the maximum predicted probability of obesity (4·36 (1·94, 9·80) %) among the analysed risk factors %. The introduction of solid food at < 4 months of age increased the risk of obesity by 2·98 (1·77, 4·97 %). The OR of childhood obesity was associated with maternal overweight and obesity (2·72(1·60-4·60) %), maternal smoking (2·21 (1·18, 4·11) %) and excessive gestational weight gain (1·89 (1·23, 2·91) %). Paternal smoking and high birth weight increased the risk of paediatrics obesity > 1·8 times (1·15-2·94) and > 1·5 times (1·015-2·43), respectively. There was no association between the paternal BMI, the exclusive breast-feeding time and the risk of paediatric obesity. Among early risk factors, probably gestational diabetes can be considered as the most important predictor for the risk of paediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mardali
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh-Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Dehnad
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- MS of Biostatistics, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Koshko L, Scofield S, Mor G, Sadagurski M. Prenatal Pollutant Exposures and Hypothalamic Development: Early Life Disruption of Metabolic Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938094. [PMID: 35909533 PMCID: PMC9327615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contaminants in ambient air pollution pose a serious risk to long-term metabolic health. Strong evidence shows that prenatal exposure to pollutants can significantly increase the risk of Type II Diabetes (T2DM) in children and all ethnicities, even without the prevalence of obesity. The central nervous system (CNS) is critical in regulating whole-body metabolism. Within the CNS, the hypothalamus lies at the intersection of the neuroendocrine and autonomic systems and is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis and satiety signals. The hypothalamus is particularly sensitive to insults during early neurodevelopmental periods and may be susceptible to alterations in the formation of neural metabolic circuitry. Although the precise molecular mechanism is not yet defined, alterations in hypothalamic developmental circuits may represent a leading cause of impaired metabolic programming. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the links between prenatal pollutant exposure and the hypothalamic programming of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Koshko
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sydney Scofield
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Colldén G, Caron E, Bouret SG. Neonatal leptin antagonism improves metabolic programming of postnatally overnourished mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1138-1144. [PMID: 35173277 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alteration of the perinatal nutritional environment is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases in later life. The hormone leptin plays a critical role in growth and development. Previous studies reported that postnatal overnutrition increases leptin secretion during the pre-weaning period. However, a direct link between leptin, neonatal overnutrition, and lifelong metabolic regulation has not been investigated. METHODS We used the small litter mouse model combined with neonatal leptin antagonist injections to examine whether attenuating leptin during early life improves lifelong metabolic regulation in postnatally overnourished mice. RESULTS Postnatally overnourished mice displayed rapid weight gain during lactation and remained overweight as adults. These mice also showed increased adiposity and perturbations in glucose homeostasis in adulthood. Neonatal administration of a leptin antagonist normalized fat mass and insulin sensitivity in postnatally overnourished mice. These metabolic improvements were associated with enhanced sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to leptin. CONCLUSIONS Early postnatal overnutrition causes metabolic alterations that can be permanently attenuated with the administration of a leptin antagonist during a restricted developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France.
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14
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Abstract
Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin is also produced by other tissues, such as the stomach, placenta, and mammary gland. Altogether, leptin exerts a broad spectrum of short, medium, and long-term regulatory actions at the central and peripheral levels, including metabolic programming effects that condition the proper development and function of the adipose organ, which are relevant for its main role in energy homeostasis. Comprehending how leptin regulates adipose tissue may provide important clues to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as well as its prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the physiological and long-lasting regulatory effects of leptin on adipose tissue, the mechanisms and pathways involved, its main outcomes on whole-body physiological homeostasis, and its consequences on chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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15
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Ueno M, Liu S, Kiyoi T, Mogi M, Sugiyama T. Long-term impact of maternal dietary intervention on metabolic homeostasis in male offspring in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vickers MH. Early life nutrition and neuroendocrine programming. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108921. [PMID: 34902348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the nutritional environment in early life can significantly increase the risk for obesity and a range of development of metabolic disorders in offspring in later life, effects that can be passed onto future generations. This process, termed development programming, provides the framework of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) paradigm. Early life nutritional compromise including undernutrition, overnutrition or specific macro/micronutrient deficiencies, results in a range of adverse health outcomes in offspring that can be further exacerbated by a poor postnatal nutritional environment. Although the mechanisms underlying programming remain poorly defined, a common feature across the phenotypes displayed in preclinical models is that of altered wiring of neuroendocrine circuits that regulate satiety and energy balance. As such, altered maternal nutritional exposures during critical early periods of developmental plasticity can result in aberrant hardwiring of these circuits with lasting adverse consequences for the offspring. There is also increasing evidence around the role of an altered epigenome and the gut-brain axis in mediating some of the central programming effects observed. Further, although such programming was once considered to result in a permanent change in developmental trajectory, there is evidence, at least from preclinical models, that programming can be reversed via targeted nutritional manipulations during early development. Further work is required at a mechanistic level to allow for identification for early markers of later disease risk, delineation of sex-specific effects and pathways to implementation of strategies aimed at breaking the transgenerational transmission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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17
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Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and the risk of small-for-gestational-age in Asian-American ethnic groups. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2021; 64:496-505. [PMID: 34666428 PMCID: PMC8595048 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth among Asian Americans compared with non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Methods Using 2014–2018 birth data, we categorized maternal underweight and SGA according to severity. Bivariate analyses were performed to examine the demographics and maternal body mass index (BMI). Adjusted logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between maternal BMI and SGA among Asian Americans compared with NH-Whites. Results In Asian Americans, the likelihood of SGA birth was higher among underweight mothers than among mothers with a normal BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-1.46). We observed that as the severity of maternal underweight increased, the adjusted odds of SGA increased. Underweight Asian American mothers were more likely to give birth to SGA infants than underweight NH-White mothers (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28-1.44). Conclusion This study shows the association between maternal underweight and SGA birth among Asian Americans, supporting the development of culture-sensitive interventions addressing the impact of weight on pregnancy.
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18
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Oyama S, Arslanian KJ, Fidow UT, Naseri T, Soti-Ulberg C, Hawley NL. Factorial validation analysis of the Baby and Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaires in Samoa. Eat Behav 2021; 42:101530. [PMID: 34051664 PMCID: PMC8380697 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Survey instruments for assessing eating behaviors in infancy and early childhood have yet to be validated among Pacific Islanders, among whom the prevalence of pediatric obesity is steadily increasing. This study aimed to evaluate Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) and Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) factor structures against data collected from mother-infant dyads in Samoa. The BEBQ was administered across two time points: approximately 2 months (mean = 2.37 [SD = 0.34]; N = 105) and 4 months postpartum (mean = 4.22 [SD = 0.44]; N = 117). The CEBQ was administered at approximately 21 months postpartum (mean = 21.45 [SD = 1.72]; N = 113). Both the original four-factor BEBQ and seven-factor CEBQ models failed to replicate in confirmatory factor analyses. BEBQ data from 2 and 4 months demonstrated acceptable fit to a nine-item, two factor model, generated by elimination of factors with low internal reliability. A series of exploratory factor analyses on CEBQ data from 21 months postpartum ultimately revealed 16-item, three-factor structure. There was little correlation between BEBQ and CEBQ scores, suggesting either that infant feeding behaviors before and after weaning are not strongly associated, or that the BEBQ and CEBQ function better in cross-sectional, rather than longitudinal analyses. Newly derived CEBQ factors raise concerns regarding whether original CEBQ items and factors were sufficiently theoretically distinct. Study results suggest that demographic and cultural differences may impact both BEBQ and CEBQ factor structure. Further qualitative research is necessary to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oyama
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - KJ Arslanian
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - UT Fidow
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, Samoa National Health Services, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | - NL Hawley
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
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Evidence of a Muscle-Brain Axis by Quantification of the Neurotrophic Myokine METRNL (Meteorin-Like Protein) in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153271. [PMID: 34362056 PMCID: PMC8347672 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the quantification of the potentially neurotrophic adipo-myokine METRNL (Meteorin-like protein) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are lacking and migration of this secreted protein across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is uncertain. In the present pilot study, METRNL concentrations were quantified by ELISA in paired serum and CSF samples of 260 patients (107 males, 153 females) undergoing neurological evaluation. METRNL was abundant in serum (801.2 ± 378.3 pg/mL) and CSF (1007.2 ± 624.2 pg/mL) with a CSF/serum ratio of 1.4 ± 0.8. Serum METRNL levels were significantly correlated (rho = +0.521) to those in CSF. CSF METRNL concentrations were significantly correlated (rho = +0.480) with albumin CSF/serum ratios. The CSF/serum ratios of METRNL and albumin were positively correlated in Reibergram analysis (rho = 0.498), indicating that raising CSF concentrations of METRNL are mediated by increasing BBB dysfunction. The CSF concentrations of METRNL strongly increased in a stepwise manner along with increasing BBB dysfunction from grade 0 to grade 3 and with rising CSF cell count. CSF/serum ratio of METRNL also increased from grade 0 (1.2 ± 0.7) to grade 3 (3.0 ± 0.2). Furthermore, CSF levels were positively correlated with age. In conclusion, METRNL is a secreted and neurotrophic myokine that crosses over the BBB. CSF concentrations of METRNL increase with BBB dysfunction.
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20
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Zhao Q, Hu Z, Kocak M, Liu J, Fowke JH, Han JC, Kakhniashvili D, Lewinn KZ, Bush NR, Mason WA, Tylavsky FA. Associations of prenatal metabolomics profiles with early childhood growth trajectories and obesity risk in African Americans: the CANDLE study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1439-1447. [PMID: 33824402 PMCID: PMC8496965 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal metabolomics profiles, providing measures of in utero nutritional and environmental exposures, may improve the prediction of childhood outcomes. We aimed to identify prenatal plasma metabolites associated with early childhood body mass index (BMI) trajectories and overweight/obesity risk in offspring. METHODS This study included 450 African American mother-child pairs from the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood Study. An untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the mothers' plasma samples collected during the second trimester. The children's BMI-z-score trajectories from birth to age 4 [rising-high- (9.8%), moderate- (68.2%), and low-BMI (22.0%)] and overweight/obesity status at age 4 were the main outcomes. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to select the prenatal metabolites associated with childhood outcomes. RESULTS The mothers were 24.5 years old on average at recruitment, 76.4% having education less than 12 years and 80.0% with Medicaid or Medicare. In LASSO, seven and five prenatal metabolites were associated with the BMI-z-score trajectories and overweight/obese at age 4, respectively. These metabolites are mainly from/relevant to the pathways of steroid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, vitamin B complex, and xenobiotics metabolism (e.g., caffeine and nicotine). The odds ratios (95% CI) associated with a one SD increase in the prenatal metabolite risk scores (MRSs) constructed from the LASSO-selected metabolites were 2.97 (1.95-4.54) and 2.03 (1.54-2.67) for children being in the rising-high-BMI trajectory group and overweight/obesity at age 4, respectively. The MRSs significantly improved the risk prediction for childhood outcomes beyond traditional prenatal risk factors. The increase (95% CI) in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.10 (0.03-0.18) and 0.07 (0.02-0.12) for the rising-high-BMI trajectory (P = 0.005) and overweight/obesity at age 4 (P = 0.007), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal metabolomics profiles advanced prediction of early childhood growth trajectories and obesity risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Zunsong Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mehmet Kocak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Kakhniashvili
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kaja Z Lewinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frances A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Hypothalamic regulation of energy homoeostasis when consuming diets of different energy concentrations: comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1132-1142. [PMID: 34085612 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal energy intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) fluctuates greatly and is often well below maintenance requirements. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the hypothalamus regulates energy homoeostasis in Tibetan sheep. We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n 24 of each breed), which were each allocated randomly into four groups and offered one of four diets that differed in digestible energy densities: 8·21, 9·33, 10·45 and 11·57 MJ/kg DM. Sheep were weighed every 2 weeks, and it was assumed that the change in body weight (BW) reflected the change in energy balance. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Tibetan sheep had greater protein expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) when in negative energy balance, but lesser protein expressions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep. As a result, Tibetan sheep had a lesser BW loss when in negative energy balance and stored more energy and gained more BW when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep with the same dietary intake. Moreover, in the hypothalamic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulation pathway, Tibetan sheep had greater adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α 2 protein expression than Small-tailed Han sheep, which supported the premise of a better ability to regulate energy homoeostasis and better growth performance. These differences in the hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC/CART and AMPK pathways between breeds conferred an advantage to the Tibetan over Small-tailed Han sheep to cope with low energy intake on the harsh QTP.
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Höpfinger A, Berghoff M, Karrasch T, Schmid A, Schäffler A. Systematic Quantification of Neurotrophic Adipokines RBP4, PEDF, and Clusterin in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2239-e2250. [PMID: 33484131 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Data on the presence/quantification of the neurotrophic adipokines retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), clusterin, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are scarce and migration of these adipokines across of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is uncertain. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to quantify RBP4, PEDF, and clusterin in paired serum and CSF samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation. METHODS A total of 268 patients (109 male, 159 female) were included. Adipokine serum and CSF concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in duplicate. RESULTS RBP4 was abundant in serum (mean, 31.9 ± 24.2 μg/mL). The serum concentrations were approximately 145 times higher than in CSF (CSF to serum RBP4 ratio, 8.2 ± 4.3 × 10-3). PEDF was detectable in serum (mean, 30.2 ± 11.7 μg/mL) and concentrations were approximately 25 times higher than in CSF (CSF to serum PEDF ratio, 42.3 ± 15.6 × 10-3). Clusterin serum concentrations were abundant with mean levels of 346.0 ± 114.6 μg/mL, which were approximately 40 times higher than CSF levels (CSF to serum clusterin ratio, 29.6 ± 23.4 × 10-3). RBP4 and PEDF serum levels correlated positively with CSF levels, which were increased in overweight/obese patients and in type 2 diabetic patients. The CSF concentrations of all 3 adipokines increased with BBB dysfunction. RBP4 in CSF correlated positively with inflammatory parameters. In detail, only RBP4 showed the kinetics and associations that are mandatory for a putative mediator of the fat-brain axis. CONCLUSION RBP4, PEDF, and clusterin are permeable to the BBB and increase with the measure of BBB dysfunction. RBP4 represents an inflammatory neurotrophic adipokine and is a promising mediator of the fat-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Höpfinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Department of Neurology, Giessen University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
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Peleg-Raibstein D. Understanding the Link Between Maternal Overnutrition, Cardio-Metabolic Dysfunction and Cognitive Aging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645569. [PMID: 33716660 PMCID: PMC7953988 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has long been identified as a global epidemic with major health implications such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Maternal overnutrition leads to significant health issues in industrial countries and is one of the risk factors for the development of obesity and related disorders in the progeny. The wide accessibility of junk food in recent years is one of the major causes of obesity, as it is low in nutrient content and usually high in salt, sugar, fat, and calories. An excess of nutrients during fetal life not only has immediate effects on the fetus, including increased growth and fat deposition in utero, but also has long-term health consequences. Based on human studies, it is difficult to discern between genetic and environmental contributions to the risk of disease in future generations. Consequently, animal models are essential for studying the impact of maternal overnutrition on the developing offspring. Recently, animal models provided some insight into the physiological mechanisms that underlie developmental programming. Most of the studies employed thus far have focused only on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in the offspring. These studies have advanced our understanding of how maternal overnutrition in the form of high-fat diet exposure can lead to an increased risk of obesity in the offspring, but many questions remain open. How maternal overnutrition may increase the risk of developing brain pathology such as cognitive disabilities in the offspring and increase the risk to develop metabolic disorders later in life? Further, does maternal overnutrition exacerbate cognitive- and cardio-metabolic aging in the offspring?
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioural Dynamics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Maternal intake of alpha-lipoic acid prevents development of symptoms associated with a fructose-rich diet in the male offspring in Wistar rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:758-767. [PMID: 33303040 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis was that maternal intake of the antioxidant alpha-lipoid acid (ALA), during the developmental period of the hypothalamic orexigenic neurons, causes a permanent beneficial effect in offspring metabolism. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed with standard diet (food) + ALA (0.4% wt/wt) from day 14 of gestation to day 20 of lactation (n = 4) or food (n = 4). At 3 months of age, male offspring born from ALA-fed rats or controls (CT) were randomly assigned to be fed with food + 10% fructose solution in drinking water (F) or food + tap water (C), resulting in four groups: ALAF, ALAC, CTF, and CTC (n = 5/group). Food intake and body weight (BW) were measured twice a week for 31 days. Metabolites' levels in blood, mRNA expressions of Npy, Agrp (hypothalamus), Fasn, Srebf1, Ppard, and Pparg (liver), and the antioxidant capacity of the liver were determined. Results significance was set at p < 0.05. Average BW gain, daily BW gain, and intraabdominal fat tissue at necropsy were higher in CTF group followed by CTC, ALAF, and ALAC groups. There were no differences between groups in Kcal intake per day. mRNA expressions of hypothalamic and hepatic genes and plasmatic levels of glucose and triglycerides were higher in CTF group followed by ALAF, CTC, and ALAC groups. Fructose intake affected the oxidative capacity of the liver, but this effect was not observed in the ALAF group. In conclusion, maternal ALA intake protected the adult offspring to develop metabolic symptoms associated with high fructose in the drinking water.
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Overweight during lactation and its implications for biometric, nutritional and cardiovascular parameters of young and adult male and female rats. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e27. [PMID: 32742644 PMCID: PMC7372176 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Litter size reduction can induce early overnourishment, being an attractive experimental model to study short- and long-term consequences of childhood obesity. Epidemiological data indicate sex differences regarding cardiometabolic disorders and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The present study aimed to describe biometric, nutritional and cardiovascular changes related to neonatal overweight promoted by litter size reduction in young and adult Wistar rats of both sexes. Litter adjustment to eight or four pups/mother (1:1 male-to-female ratio) gave, respectively, control and overweight groups. Body mass, food intake, haemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters and cardiorespiratory capacity were evaluated at postnatal days 30 and 150. Diminished litters were correlated with higher body mass and weight gain (12 %) during lactation, validating the experimental model of neonatal overweight. Soon after weaning male (16 %) and female (25 %) offspring of these litters presented a lower food intake than their respective control, without differences in body mass. Adult males from reduced litters presented higher abdominal circumference (7 %), systolic blood pressure (10 %), interventricular septum thickness (15 %) and relative wall thickness (15 %) compared with their respective control. Rats' performance on the maximal effort ergometer test was not affected by neonatal overweight. Data suggest the occurrence of catch-down growth and hypophagia in male and female rats submitted to neonatal overweight. However, only male rats presented haemodynamic and cardiac structural changes. These findings are crucial to personalised/gender medicine.
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Key Words
- AC, abdominal circumference
- Cardiovascular system
- Child development
- IVS, interventricular septum thickness
- IVSd, interventricular septum thickness diastole
- IVSs, interventricular septum thickness systole
- LVID, left ventricle internal diameter
- LVIDd, left ventricle internal diameter diastole
- LVPW, left ventricle posterior wall thickness
- LVPWd, left ventricle posterior wall thickness diastole
- LVPWs, left ventricle posterior wall thickness systole
- Lactation
- NAL, nose-to-anus length
- Overweight
- Sex characteristics
- TC, thoracic circumference
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Park S, Jang A, Bouret SG. Maternal obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress causes metabolic alterations and abnormal hypothalamic development in the offspring. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000296. [PMID: 32163401 PMCID: PMC7067374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The steady increase in the prevalence of obesity and associated type II diabetes mellitus is a major health concern, particularly among children. Maternal obesity represents a risk factor that contributes to metabolic perturbations in the offspring. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as a critical mechanism involved in leptin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adult individuals. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal obesity to investigate the importance of early life ER stress in the nutritional programming of this metabolic disease. Offspring of obese dams developed glucose intolerance and displayed increased body weight, adiposity, and food intake. Moreover, maternal obesity disrupted the development of melanocortin circuits associated with neonatal hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance. ER stress-related genes were up-regulated in the hypothalamus of neonates born to obese mothers. Neonatal treatment with the ER stress-relieving drug tauroursodeoxycholic acid improved metabolic and neurodevelopmental deficits and reversed leptin resistance in the offspring of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Jang
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastien G. Bouret
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, France
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de Gortari P, Alcántara-Alonso V, Matamoros-Trejo G, Amaya MI, Alvarez-Salas E. Differential effects of leptin administration on feeding and HPT axis function in early-life overfed adult rats. Peptides 2020; 127:170285. [PMID: 32105809 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early-life overfeeding (OF) disrupts neuroendocrine systems, energy homeostasis and food intake regulation inducing overeating and overweight in adults. Adult rats raised in small litters during lactation, display hyperphagia and overweight since weaning and exhibit a decrease in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). This is counterintuitive because TRH expression should increase to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and promote energy expenditure, thus, HPT axis seems inhibited in OF rats. Leptin, an adipocyte-synthesized hormone that stimulates hypothalamic TRH expression, enhances both TRH anorectic effects and HPT axis-induced metabolic rate. To evaluate hypothalamic resistance to the anorectic and HPT axis stimulatory actions of leptin, we injected leptin i.p. to ad libitum fed and to 48-h fasted adult control (reared in normal litters) and to small-litter reared (OF) male Wistar rats. Findings showed that HPT axis was still responsive to leptin, since PVN TRH mRNA levels, median eminence TRH release and T4 serum concentration increased in both, ad libitum and fasted OF rats after leptin administrations. Leptin was ineffective to reduce feeding of OF animals. By comparing leptin receptor (ObRb) expression changes between arcuate and PVN nuclei, we observed that arcuate ObRb was not modified in response to leptin administrations in OF rats, likely accounting for the differential effects in feeding and HPT axis function. Nevertheless, ObRb expression was modified by leptin in the PVN of OF rats to the same extent as controls; this supports the hormone's role as a therapeutic agent for early onset obesity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Gortari
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX, 14370, Mexico.
| | - V Alcántara-Alonso
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX, 14370, Mexico
| | - G Matamoros-Trejo
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX, 14370, Mexico
| | - M I Amaya
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX, 14370, Mexico
| | - E Alvarez-Salas
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calz. México-Xochimilco No. 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, CDMX, 14370, Mexico
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Hu Z, Tylavsky FA, Kocak M, Fowke JH, Han JC, Davis RL, LeWinn KZ, Bush NR, Sathyanarayana S, Karr CJ, Zhao Q. Effects of Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy on Early Childhood Growth Trajectories and Obesity Risk: The CANDLE Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E465. [PMID: 32069778 PMCID: PMC7071328 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and early childhood growth trajectories and overweight/obesity risk in offspring. Maternal diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire during the second trimester, and dietary patterns were derived by reduced rank regression. The associations between maternal dietary pattern scores and body mass index (BMI) trajectories from birth to age four (rising-high, moderate, and low BMI trajectories) as well as overweight/obesity risk at age four were analyzed (n = 1257). Two maternal dietary patterns were identified. The fast food pattern included a higher intake of fried chicken and fish, fruit juices, mayonnaise, and sugar-sweetened beverages, while the processed food pattern included a higher intake of dairy, salad dressing, processed meat, and cold breakfast cereal. Women with greater adherence to the fast food pattern were more likely to have children in the rising-high BMI trajectory group [OR (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.07-1.62); p = 0.008] or having overweight/obesity at age four [OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.11-1.54); p = 0.001]. The processed food pattern was not associated with these outcomes. The maternal dietary pattern during pregnancy represented by fried foods and sugar-sweetened beverages may contribute to rapid early childhood growth and increased risk for obesity in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunsong Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Z.H.); (F.A.T.); (M.K.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Z.H.); (F.A.T.); (M.K.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Mehmet Kocak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Z.H.); (F.A.T.); (M.K.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Z.H.); (F.A.T.); (M.K.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Joan C. Han
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
| | - Robert L. Davis
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA;
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA;
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle, WA 98121, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA;
| | - Catherine J. Karr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Z.H.); (F.A.T.); (M.K.); (J.H.F.)
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Abstract
In order to better understand the events that precede and precipitate the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), several nutritional animal models have been developed. These models are generated by manipulating the diet of either the animal itself, or its mother during her pregnancy, and in comparison to traditional genetic and knock out models, have the advantage that they more accurately reflect the etiology of human T2DM. This chapter will discuss some of the most widely used nutritional models of T2DM: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) in adult rodents, and studies of offspring of mothers fed a low-protein, high-fat and/or high-sugar diet during pregnancy and/or lactation. Several common mechanisms have been identified through which these nutritional manipulations can lead to metabolic disease, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and the excess accumulation of visceral adipose tissue and consequent deposition of nonesterified fatty acids in peripheral tissues. In addition, there is an emerging concept that obesity/poor quality diets result in increased production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue leading to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, and that this is likely to represent an important link between obesity/diet and metabolic dysfunction. The following chapter will discuss the most common nutritional models of T2DM in experimental animals, their application, and relationship to human etiology, and will highlight the important insights these models have provided into the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Sara Mühlhäusler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Carla Toop
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sheridan Gentili
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Moullé VS, Parnet P. Effects of Nutrient Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Endocrine Pancreas of the Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112708. [PMID: 31717308 PMCID: PMC6893668 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas has an essential role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone with a blood glucose lowering effect in mammals. Several circulating molecules are able to positively or negatively influence insulin secretion. Among them, nutrients such as fatty acids or amino acids can directly act on specific receptors present on pancreatic beta cells. Dietary intake, especially excessive nutrient intake, is known to modify energy balance in adults, resulting in pancreatic dysfunction. However, gestation and lactation are critical periods for fetal development and pup growth and specific dietary nutrients are required for optimal growth. Feeding alterations during these periods will impact offspring development and increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders in adulthood, leading to metabolic programming. This review will focus on the influence of nutrient intake during gestation and lactation periods on pancreas development and function in offspring, highlighting the molecular mechanism of imprinting on this organ.
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31
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Hails KA, Shaw DS. Associations Between Boys' Early Childhood Exposure to Family and Neighborhood Poverty and Body Mass Index in Early Adolescence. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 44:1009-1018. [PMID: 31233133 PMCID: PMC6761930 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test relations between exposure to poverty, in the forms of family income and neighborhood deprivation, during three developmental stages, and children's body mass index (BMI) in early adolescence. METHODS Data came from a longitudinal sample of racially diverse, urban, low-income boys. Interactions between family income to needs and census-derived neighborhood deprivation at three developmental stages-early childhood (18 and 24 months), preschool-to-school entry (3.5 and 6 years), and school-age (8 and 10 years)-were tested in relation to BMI at age 11. RESULTS There was a significant interaction whereby higher income predicted lower BMI only in the context of low levels of neighborhood deprivation in early childhood. In high-deprivation neighborhoods, higher income was associated with risk for overweight/obesity in early adolescence. This pattern was found to be specific to income and neighborhood deprivation measured in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS Findings have implications for policy relevant to obesity prevention. More research on associations between early exposure to poverty and later risk for obesity on low-income samples is warranted, as the relationship is likely complex and influenced by many different factors, including the family and neighborhood food environments and child health behaviors.
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Zulfiqar T, Burns RA, D’Este C, Strazdins L. BMI trajectories and risk factors among 2-11-year-old children by their immigrant status: evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026845. [PMID: 31289070 PMCID: PMC6615842 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify body mass index (BMI) trajectories and their predictors in Australian children by their maternal immigrant status. METHODS Data on 4142 children aged 2-3 years were drawn from the birth cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. BMI was calculated according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points. Immigrant status was determined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Index criteria. Latent class growth analysis estimated distinct BMI trajectories, and multinomial logistic regression analysis examined factors associated with these BMI trajectories. RESULTS Two BMI groups and six BMI trajectories were identified. The stable trajectories group included high-risk (10%, n=375), moderate-risk (5%, n=215) and low-risk (68%, n=2861) BMI trajectories. The changing trajectories group included delayed-risk (6%, n=234), gradual-risk (8%, n=314) and declining-risk (3%, n=143) BMI trajectories. We found some evidence that children of immigrants from low-and middle-income countries were more likely to have moderate-risk and high-risk BMI trajectories compared with low-risk BMI trajectory. However, these associations were insignificant in fully adjusted models. The explanatory risk factors for moderate-risk and high-risk BMI trajectory were birth weight, family socioeconomic position, and organised sports participation. Our results also suggest that 4-7 years of age may be important for the prevention of overweight/obesity in children. DISCUSSION A better understanding of the risk factors associated with distinct BMI trajectories in immigrant children will inform effective preventive strategies. Some of these risk factors such as non-participation in organised sports, and high screen time, may also impede the integration of immigrant children into the host culture. Obesity prevention strategies aimed at increasing physical activities in immigrant children could help deliver a social and health benefit by increasing social integration among children of immigrants and Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehzeeb Zulfiqar
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health - ANU, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Richard A Burns
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Catherine D’Este
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lyndall Strazdins
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Chen LW, Navarro P, Murrin CM, Mehegan J, Kelleher CC, Phillips CM. Maternal Dietary Glycemic and Insulinemic Indexes Are Not Associated with Birth Outcomes or Childhood Adiposity at 5 Years of Age in an Irish Cohort Study. J Nutr 2019; 149:1037-1046. [PMID: 31049568 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High maternal dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may be associated with adverse offspring birth and postnatal adiposity outcomes through metabolic programming, but the evidence thus far, mainly from studies conducted in high-risk pregnant populations, has been inconclusive. No study has examined the influence of maternal insulin demand [measured by food insulinemic index (II) and insulinemic load (IL)] on offspring outcomes. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between maternal GI, GL, II, and IL and offspring birth outcomes and postnatal adiposity in a general pregnant population. METHODS The study was based on data from 842 mother-child pairs from the Lifeways prospective cohort study in Ireland. Through the use of standard methodology, maternal GI, GL, II, and IL were derived from dietary information obtained via a validated food-frequency questionnaire in early pregnancy (12-16 wk). Birth outcomes were abstracted from hospital records. At 5-y follow-up, children's body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured. Associations were assessed through the use of multivariable-adjusted regression analysis. RESULTS Mothers had a mean ± SD age of 30.3 ± 5.7 y and a mean BMI (kg/m2) of 23.9 ± 4.2. The mean ± SD for dietary glycemic and insulinemic indexes were: GI = 58.9 ± 4.4; GL = 152 ± 49; II = 57.4 ± 14.5; IL = 673 ± 267. After adjustment for confounders, no consistent associations were observed between maternal GI, GL, II, and IL and birth outcomes including birth weight, macrosomia, gestational age, and postterm births. Similarly, no association was observed with BMI and waist circumference z scores and childhood obesity (general and central) at 5-y follow-up. There was no evidence of a nonlinear relation between the studied indexes and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We observed no clear relation between maternal GI, GL, II, and IL and offspring birth outcomes and childhood obesity in a general pregnant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Chen
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Pilar Navarro
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Celine M Murrin
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - John Mehegan
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Cecily C Kelleher
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Catherine M Phillips
- HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Developmental programming: Changes in mediators of insulin sensitivity in prenatal bisphenol A-treated female sheep. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:110-122. [PMID: 30853570 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with metabolic defects during adulthood. In sheep, prenatal BPA treatment causes insulin resistance (IR) and adipocyte hypertrophy in the female offspring. To determine if changes in insulin sensitivity mediators (increase in inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity and/or decrease in adiponectin) and the intracrine steroidal milieu contributes to these metabolic perturbations, metabolic tissues collected from 21-month-old female offspring born to mothers treated with 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg/day of BPA were studied. Findings showed prenatal BPA in non-monotonic manner (1) increased oxidative stress; (2) induced lipotoxicity in liver and muscle; and (3) increased aromatase and estrogen receptor expression in visceral adipose tissues. These changes are generally associated with the development of peripheral and tissue level IR and may explain the IR status and adipocyte hypertrophy observed in prenatal BPA-treated female sheep.
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Carlin G, Chaumontet C, Blachier F, Barbillon P, Darcel N, Blais A, Delteil C, Guillin FM, Blat S, van der Beek EM, Kodde A, Tomé D, Davila AM. Maternal High-Protein Diet during Pregnancy Modifies Rat Offspring Body Weight and Insulin Signalling but Not Macronutrient Preference in Adulthood. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010096. [PMID: 30621263 PMCID: PMC6356951 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet of mothers during gestation may impact offspring phenotype. This study evaluated the consequences of a maternal High-Protein (HP) diet during gestation on food preferences and phenotypic characteristics in adult rat offspring. Dams were fed a HP or a Normal-Protein (NP) isocaloric diet during gestation only. Weaned female pups were divided into 3 diet groups: NP control or one of two dietary self-selection (DSS) conditions. In DSS1, offspring had a free choice between proteins (100%) or a mix of carbohydrates (88%) and lipids (12%). In DSS2, the choice was between proteins (100%), carbohydrate (100%) or lipids (100%). DSS2 groups consumed more of their energy from protein and lipids, with a decreased carbohydrate intake (p < 0.0001) compared to NP groups, regardless of the maternal diet. Offspring from HP gestation dams fed the DSS2 diet (HPDSS2) had a 41.2% increase of total adiposity compared to NPDSS2 (p < 0.03). Liver Insulin receptor and Insulin substrate receptor 1 expression was decreased in offspring from HP compared to NP gestation dams. These results showed the specific effects of DSS and maternal diet and data suggested that adult, female offspring exposed to a maternal HP diet during foetal life were more prone to adiposity development, in response to postweaning food conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Carlin
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | - François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Barbillon
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Darcel
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Anne Blais
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Corine Delteil
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Florence M Guillin
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Blat
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Eline M van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Dept Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Kodde
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France.
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Maternal Overnutrition Induces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits across Several Generations. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010007. [PMID: 30577472 PMCID: PMC6356622 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.
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Wood K, Mantzioris E, Lingwood B, Couper J, Makrides M, Gibson RA, Muhlhausler BS. The effect of maternal DHA supplementation on body fat mass in children at 7 years: follow-up of the DOMInO randomized controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 139:49-54. [PMID: 29032859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have suggested that an increased supply of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during the perinatal period can prevent later excess body fat mass. However, previous human studies have produced inconsistent findings, and few have assessed potential effects beyond 6 years of age. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of supplementing women in the second half of pregnancy with omega-3 LCPUFA, chiefly as DHA, on the percentage body fat of children at 7 years of age, as assessed by two methods: air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). DESIGN A time-restricted follow up at 7 years of age of children born to mothers enrolled in DOMInO (DHA to Optimise Maternal Infant Outcome) randomized controlled trial, in which women took either high-DHA tuna oil (800mg/day DHA) or placebo capsules from 20 weeks' gestation to delivery, at Adelaide-based centers. Primary outcomes were the percentage body fat at 7 years of age as assessed by both BOD POD and BIS. Weight, height, waist/hip circumferences and BMI were also recorded. RESULTS A total of 252 DOMInO children (n=135 males, n=117 females) completed the follow up study. There were no differences between the DHA and placebo groups in percentage body fat as assessed by either BOD POD [adjusted mean difference: -0.35, 95% CI: -1.46, 2.16; P=0.71] or BIS [adjusted mean difference: 0.64, 95% CI: -0.99, 2.27; P=0.44]. BMI z-scores were also similar between groups [adjusted mean difference: 0.18, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.45; P=0.21]. There were also no differences in height, weight or waist and hip circumference between the DHA and placebo groups at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION DHA supplementation in the second half of pregnancy has no effect on childhood growth or fat mass at 7 years of age, supporting findings from follow ups of the DOMInO children at 3 and 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wood
- FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - E Mantzioris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - B Lingwood
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - J Couper
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Makrides
- FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - R A Gibson
- FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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Tian FY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Cardenas A, Baccarelli AA, DeMeo DL, Litonjua AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW, Oken E, Hivert MF. Maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with LEP DNA methylation at birth and in childhood: an epigenome-wide study in Project Viva. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1244-1255. [PMID: 30464231 PMCID: PMC6529291 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a central role in regulating the secretion of cortisol which controls a wide range of biological processes. Fetuses overexposed to cortisol have increased risks of disease in later life. DNA methylation may be the underlying association between prenatal cortisol exposure and health effects. We investigated associations between maternal CRH levels and epigenome-wide DNA methylation of cord blood in offsprings and evaluated whether these associations persisted into mid-childhood. Methods: We investigated mother-child pairs enrolled in the prospective Project Viva pre-birth cohort. We measured DNA methylation in 257 umbilical cord blood samples using the HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip. We tested associations of maternal CRH concentration with cord blood cells DNA methylation, adjusting the model for maternal age at enrollment, education, maternal race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, gestational age at delivery, child sex, and cell-type composition in cord blood. We further examined the persistence of associations between maternal CRH levels and DNA methylation in children’s blood cells collected at mid-childhood (N = 239, age: 6.7–10.3 years) additionally adjusting for the children’s age at blood drawn. Results: Maternal CRH levels are associated with DNA methylation variability in cord blood cells at 96 individual CpG sites (False Discovery Rate < 0.05). Among the 96 CpG sites, we identified 3 CpGs located near the LEP gene. Regional analyses confirmed the association between maternal CRH and DNA methylation near LEP. Moreover, higher maternal CRH levels were associated with higher blood-cell DNA methylation of the promoter region of LEP in mid-childhood (P < 0.05, β = 0.64, SE = 0.30). Conclusion: In our cohort, maternal CRH was associated with DNA methylation levels in newborns at multiple loci, notably in the LEP gene promoter. The association between maternal CRH and LEP DNA methylation levels persisted into mid-childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ying Tian
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet W Rich-Edwards
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Brozek JM, Schneider JE, Rhinehart E. Maternal Programming of Body Weight in Syrian Hamsters. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1245-1257. [PMID: 28992103 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal programming of offspring energy balance has been viewed as an adaptation in which the gestational environment prepares the offspring to thrive and reproduce in that same postnatal environment. Programming might have the opposite effect, however, when gestational and postnatal environments are mismatched. Gestational programming would represent a trade-off if the mother can maximize fitness in one possible energetic future but cannot maximize fitness in another. The vast majority of research concerns rats, mice, or sheep, and dams are typically food restricted by 30-70% of ad libitum intake resulting in low birth weight and adult obesity in offspring. Few previous studies have used a lower level of food restriction, and no experiments, to the best of our knowledge, were designed to determine whether the effects of gestational restriction have postgestational effects independent of the effects that occurred during gestation. In the present experiment, Syrian hamsters were either restricted to 90% of their ad libitum food intake or fed ad libitum during pregnancy. All litters were cross-fostered at birth and all were fed ad libitum during lactation. Half of the litters from ad libitum-fed pregnant dams were fostered to dams that had been food restricted during pregnancy and half of the litters from food-restricted pregnant dams were fostered to ad libitum-fed dams. The latter group allowed us to test the hypothesis that the effects of having a gestationally food-restricted mother affects offspring characteristics independent of the prenatal programming. First, we found significant increases in the postnatal body weight of the offspring of ad libitum-fed mothers fostered to food-restricted dams, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of gestational restriction carry over to postnatal maternal ability (e.g., milk yield, milk content, or parental behavior). Second, the carry-over effects of gestational food restriction on offspring postnatal body weight were significant in male but not female offspring. This occurred even though this group had significantly lower food intake than offspring of ad libitum-fed mothers with ad libitum-fed foster mothers. In addition, and contrary to expectation, gestational food restriction had no significant effect on adult baseline food hoarding or food hoarding in response to food restriction. These results suggest that even mild energetic challenges during gestation can have postgestational effects on maternal ability, and the effects on offspring are sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Brozek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Erin Rhinehart
- Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
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40
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Stanford KI, Takahashi H, So K, Alves-Wagner AB, Prince NB, Lehnig AC, Getchell KM, Lee MY, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Maternal Exercise Improves Glucose Tolerance in Female Offspring. Diabetes 2017; 66:2124-2136. [PMID: 28572303 PMCID: PMC5521858 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poor maternal diet can lead to metabolic disease in offspring, whereas maternal exercise may have beneficial effects on offspring health. In this study, we determined ifmaternal exercise could reverse the detrimental effects of maternal high-fat feeding on offspring metabolism of female mice. C57BL/6 female mice were fed a chow (21%) or high-fat (60%) diet and further divided by housing in static cages or cages with running wheels for 2 weeks prior to breeding and throughout gestation. Females were bred with chow-fed sedentary C57BL/6 males. High fat-fed sedentary dams produced female offspring with impaired glucose tolerance compared with offspring of chow-fed dams throughout their first year of life, an effect not present in the offspring from high fat-fed dams that had trained. Offspring from high fat-fed trained dams had normalized glucose tolerance, decreased fasting insulin, and decreased adiposity. Liver metabolic function, measured by hepatic glucose production in isolated hepatocytes, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, liver triglyceride content, and liver enzyme expression, was enhanced in offspring from trained dams. In conclusion, maternal exercise negates the detrimental effects of a maternal high-fat diet on glucose tolerance and hepatocyte glucose metabolism in female offspring. The ability of maternal exercise to improve the metabolic health of female offspring is important, as this intervention could combat the transmission of obesity and diabetes to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ana Barbara Alves-Wagner
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Noah B Prince
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Adam C Lehnig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristen M Getchell
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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41
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Symon B, Crichton GE, Muhlhausler B. Does the early introduction of solids promote obesity? Singapore Med J 2017; 58:626-631. [PMID: 28367583 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2017024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge across the developed world, and it is vital to understand the modifiable factors that contribute to it. The influence of early-life nutrition on predisposition to later obesity and metabolic disease is now well established. Much research has concentrated on the preventative effects of breastfeeding in relation to childhood obesity risk, but the optimal timing of introducing solid foods has received far less attention. This remains a much-debated and contentious issue, and differing guidelines from international bodies have caused confusion among parents. There is no conclusive evidence from current research that introducing solids before six months of age is associated with an increased risk of obesity in infancy or childhood. Current studies suggest that the most clearly established risk factor for childhood obesity is maternal body mass index. There is a need for continued research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Symon
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Kensington Park Medical Practice, Kensington Park, Australia
| | | | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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42
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Cesar HC, Pisani LP. Fatty-acid-mediated hypothalamic inflammation and epigenetic programming. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Pan S, Jia Y, Yang X, Cai D, Liu Z, Song H, Zhao R. Amino acid starvation-induced autophagy is involved in reduced subcutaneous fat deposition in weaning piglets derived from sows fed low-protein diet during gestation and lactation : Autophagy is involved in reduced fat deposition in maternal low-protein piglets. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:991-1001. [PMID: 28233111 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to determine the effects of maternal low-protein (LP) diet on subcutaneous fat deposition of weaning piglets and the potential mechanism. METHODS Sows were fed either a standard protein (SP, 15 and 18% crude protein) or a LP diet (50% protein levels of SP) throughout pregnancy and lactation. Subcutaneous fat and blood were sampled from male piglets at 28 days of age. Serum biochemical metabolites and hormone concentrations were detected with the enzymatic colorimetric methods. Serum-free amino acid (FAA) levels were measured by amino acid auto-analyzer. The mRNA and protein were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Body weight, back fat thickness, triglycerides concentrations in subcutaneous fat tissue, and serum, as well as FFA concentrations were significantly reduced in LP piglets when compared with SP piglets. Further studies showed that mRNA and protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, two key enzymes of de novo lipogenesis, were significantly reduced in LP piglets, while mRNA expression and the lipolytic enzymes activities of lipolysis genes, adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase, were significantly increased. Furthermore, expression of autophagy-related gene 7 and autophagy maker gene microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC 3) as well as the conversion of LC3I to LC3II were significantly elevated, along with the expression of activating transcription factor-4 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2a. CONCLUSION These results indicate that amino acid starvation-induced autophagy is involved in reduced subcutaneous fat deposition in maternal LP weaning piglets, demonstrating links between maternal protein restriction and offspring fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Demin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haogang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Reynolds CM, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Experimental Models of Maternal Obesity and Neuroendocrine Programming of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28993758 PMCID: PMC5622157 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have clearly shown that disease risk in later life is increased following a poor early life environment, a process preferentially termed developmental programming. In particular, this work clearly highlights the importance of the nutritional environment during early development with alterations in maternal nutrition, including both under- and overnutrition, increasing the risk for a range of cardiometabolic and neurobehavioral disorders in adult offspring characterized by both adipokine resistance and obesity. Although the mechanistic basis for such developmental programming is not yet fully defined, a common feature derived from experimental animal models is that of alterations in the wiring of the neuroendocrine pathways that control energy balance and appetite regulation during early stages of developmental plasticity. The adipokine leptin has also received significant attention with clear experimental evidence that normal regulation of leptin levels during the early life period is critical for the normal development of tissues and related signaling pathways that are involved in metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. There is also increasing evidence that alterations in the epigenome and other underlying mechanisms including an altered gut-brain axis may contribute to lasting cardiometabolic dysfunction in offspring. Ongoing studies that further define the mechanisms between these associations will allow for identification of early risk markers and implementation of strategies around interventions that will have obvious beneficial implications in breaking a programmed transgenerational cycle of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mark H. Vickers,
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Qasem RJ, Li J, Tang HM, Pontiggia L, D'mello AP. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation alters central leptin signalling, increases food intake, and decreases bone mass in 1 year old rat offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:494-502. [PMID: 26763577 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of perinatal nutrition on offspring physiology have mostly been examined in young adult animals. Aging constitutes a risk factor for the progressive loss of metabolic flexibility and development of disease. Few studies have examined whether the phenotype programmed by perinatal nutrition persists in aging offspring. Persistence of detrimental phenotypes and their accumulative metabolic effects are important for disease causality. This study determined the effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on food consumption, central leptin sensitivity, bone health, and susceptibility to high fat diet-induced adiposity in 1-year-old male offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats received either a control or a protein restricted diet throughout pregnancy and lactation and pups were weaned onto laboratory chow. One-year-old low protein (LP) offspring exhibited hyperphagia. The inability of an intraperitoneal (i.p.) leptin injection to reduce food intake indicated that the hyperphagia was mediated by decreased central leptin sensitivity. Hyperphagia was accompanied by lower body weight suggesting increased energy expenditure in LP offspring. Bone density and bone mineral content that are negatively regulated by leptin acting via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), were decreased in LP offspring. LP offspring did not exhibit increased susceptibility to high fat diet induced metabolic effects or adiposity. The results presented here indicate that the programming effects of perinatal protein restriction are mediated by specific decreases in central leptin signalling to pathways involved in the regulation of food intake along with possible enhancement of different CNS leptin signalling pathways acting via the SNS to regulate bone mass and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani J Qasem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hee Man Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Pontiggia
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil P D'mello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rabaglino MB, Moreira-Espinoza MJ, Lopez JP, Garcia NH, Beltramo D. Maternal Triclosan consumption alters the appetite regulatory network on Wistar rat offspring and predispose to metabolic syndrome in the adulthood. Endocr J 2016; 63:1007-1016. [PMID: 27569689 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of maternal oral exposure to the antibacterial Triclosan (TCS) during gestation and lactation on the metabolic status of the adult offspring and on the expression of main genes controlling the appetite regulatory network. Pregnant rats were fed ad-libitum with ground food + TCS (1 mg/kg) from day 14 of gestation to day 20 of lactation (n=3) or ground food (n=3). After litter reduction, 12 males and 12 females born from the TCS exposed rats (TCS, n=24) or not (Control, n=24) were used to evaluate monthly body weight, food intake, plasma levels of cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides, and the hypothalamic mRNA expression of agouti-related protein (Agrp), neuropeptide Y (Npy) and propiomelanocortin (Pomc). Body weight for rats in the TCS group was 12.5% heavier for males at 4 months (p<0.001) and 19% heavier for females at 8 months (p=0.01). Food intake was significantly higher for rats in the TCS group at 5 months of age (p<0.01). Cholesterol and glucose levels were significantly higher for rats in the TCS group at 8 months (p<0.05). mRNA expression of Npy and Agrp were significantly increased in hypothalami of rats in the TCS group at 2 months for males or 8 months for females (p<0.05). In conclusion, low doses of oral TCS consumption by the pregnant and lactating dam increase the hypothalamic expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides Npy and Agrp in the offspring and alter their metabolic status during adulthood, resembling development of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Rabaglino
- Centro de Excelencia en Procesos y Productos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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DNA methylation regulates hypothalamic gene expression linking parental diet during pregnancy to the offspring's risk of obesity in Psammomys obesus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1079-88. [PMID: 27108813 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The rising incidence of obesity is a major public health issue worldwide. Recent human and animal studies suggest that parental diet can influence fetal development and is implicated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring. The hypothalamus is central to body energy homoeostasis and appetite by controlling endocrine signals. We hypothesise that offspring susceptibility to obesity is programmed in the hypothalamus in utero and mediated by changes to DNA methylation, which persist to adulthood. We investigated hypothalamic genome-wide DNA methylation in Psammomys obesus diet during pregnancy to the offspring's risk of obesity. METHODS Using methyl-CpG binding domain capture and deep sequencing (MBD-seq), we examined the hypothalamus of offspring exposed to a low-fat diet and standard chow diet during the gestation and lactation period. RESULTS Offspring exposed to a low-fat parental diet were more obese and had increased circulating insulin and glucose levels. Methylome profiling identified 1447 genomic regions of differential methylation between offspring of parents fed a low-fat diet compared with parents on standard chow diet. Pathway analysis shows novel DNA methylation changes of hypothalamic genes associated with neurological function, nutrient sensing, appetite and energy balance. Differential DNA methylation corresponded to changes in hypothalamic gene expression of Tas1r1 and Abcc8 in the offspring exposed to low-fat parental diet. CONCLUSION Subject to parental low-fat diet, we observe DNA methylation changes of genes associated with obesity in offspring.
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Arnoldussen IA, Zerbi V, Wiesmann M, Noordman RH, Bolijn S, Mutsaers MP, Dederen PJ, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, van Tol EA, Gross G, Schoemaker MH, Heerschap A, Wielinga PY, Kiliaan AJ. Early intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids preserves brain structure and function in diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lents CA, Brown-Brandl TM, Rohrer GA, Oliver WT, Freking BA. Plasma concentrations of acyl-ghrelin are associated with average daily gain and feeding behavior in grow-finish pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 55:107-13. [PMID: 26808977 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of sex, sire line, and litter size on concentrations of acyl-ghrelin and total ghrelin in plasma of grow-finish pigs and to understand the relationship of plasma concentrations of ghrelin with feeding behavior, average daily gain (ADG), and back fat in grow-finish swine. Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred dams were inseminated with semen from Yorkshire, Landrace, or Duroc sires. Within 24 h of birth, pigs were cross-fostered into litter sizes of normal (N; >12 pigs/litter) or small (S; ≤ 9 pigs/litter). At 8 wk of age, pigs (n = 240) were blocked by sire breed, sex, and litter size and assigned to pens (n = 6) containing commercial feeders modified with a system to monitor feeding behavior. Total time eating, number of daily meals, and duration of meals were recorded for each individual pig. Body weight was recorded every 4 wk. Back fat and loin eye area were recorded at the conclusion of the 12-wk feeding study. A blood sample was collected at week 7 of the study to quantify concentrations of acyl- and total ghrelin in plasma. Pigs from small litters weighed more (P < 0.05) and tended (P = 0.07) to be fatter than pigs from normal litters. Postnatal litter size did not affect ADG, feeding behavior, or concentrations of ghrelin in plasma during the grow-finish phase. Barrows spent more time eating (P < 0.001) than gilts, but the number of meals and concentrations of ghrelin did not differ with sex of the pig. Pigs from Duroc and Yorkshire sires had lesser (P < 0.0001) concentrations of acyl-ghrelin than pigs from Landrace sires, but plasma concentrations of total ghrelin were not affected by sire breed. Concentrations of acyl-ghrelin were positively correlated with the number of meals and negatively correlated with meal length and ADG (P < 0.05). A larger number of short-duration meals may indicate that pigs with greater concentrations of acyl-ghrelin consumed less total feed, which likely explains why they were leaner and grew more slowly. Acyl-ghrelin is involved in regulating feeding behavior in pigs, and measuring acyl-ghrelin is important when trying to understand the role of this hormone in swine physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA.
| | - T M Brown-Brandl
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
| | - G A Rohrer
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
| | - W T Oliver
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
| | - B A Freking
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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Biesiada LA, Głowacka E, Krekora M, Sobantka S, Krokocka A, Krasomski G. The impact of excessive maternal weight on the nutritional status of the fetus - the role of leptin. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:394-401. [PMID: 27186186 PMCID: PMC4848370 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of leptin concentration in the blood of pregnant women (leptin concentration - Lc) and in their newborns, according to their nutritional status. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pregnant women (n = 42) were divided into normal body mass (NBM) and excessive body mass (EBM) groups. Neonates were divided into AGA (eutrophic) and LGA (macrosomic) groups. Leptin concentraction was studied in 4 subgroups: NBM/AGA, NBM/LGA, EBM/AGA, EBM/LGA. RESULTS Mothers: A significant correlation was found between maternal Lc and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). Maternal Lc was 3 times higher than neonatal Lc (p < 0.00001). The NBM mothers showed lower Lc compared to EBM mothers (p = 0.000018). Leptin concentration values in NBM/LGA and NBM/AGA mothers were similar (p = 0.6775). Newborns: Correlations were found between Lc and ponderal index (PI) (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.43, p = 0.004) and placental weight (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). Girls presented higher Lc than boys (p = 0.0338). In LGA groups, newborns born to EBM mothers presented higher Lc than those born to NBM mothers (p = 0.0013). In both AGA groups, Lc was similar (AGA/EBM vs. AGA/NBM p = 0.1619). The highest Lc and the largest placentas were found in the group of LGA newborns born to EBM mothers. CONCLUSIONS Leptin concentration positively correlates with BMI in pregnant women, with PI and female sex in newborns as well as with placental weight. The nutritional status of fetuses does not affect the Lc of their non-obese mothers. The LGA neonates born to EBM women demonstrate higher Lc than LGA neonates born to NBM mothers, whereas Lc of AGA neonates is similar regardless of the nutritional status of their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A. Biesiada
- Center for Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Głowacka
- Center for Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Krekora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanisław Sobantka
- Second Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Krokocka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Krasomski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Institute, Lodz, Poland
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