1
|
Kim MY, Mason HS, Ma JKC, Reljic R. Recombinant immune complexes as vaccines against infectious diseases. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00123-9. [PMID: 38825437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
New vaccine technologies are needed to combat many existing infections and prepare better for those that may emerge in the future. The conventional technologies that rely on protein-based vaccines are still severely restricted by the sparsity and poor accessibility of available adjuvants. One possible solution to this problem is to enhance antigen immunogenicity by a more natural means by complexing it with antibodies in the form of immune complexes (ICs). However, natural ICs are impractical as vaccines, and significant research efforts have been made to generate them in recombinant form, with plant bioengineering being at the forefront of these efforts. Here, we describe the challenges and progress made to date to make recombinant IC vaccines applicable to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Kim
- St. George's University of London, London, UK; Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hugh S Mason
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hsu J, Kim S, Anandasabapathy N. Vaccinia Virus: Mechanisms Supporting Immune Evasion and Successful Long-Term Protective Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:870. [PMID: 38932162 PMCID: PMC11209207 DOI: 10.3390/v16060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus is the most successful vaccine in human history and functions as a protective vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox, highlighting the importance of ongoing research into vaccinia due to its genetic similarity to other emergent poxviruses. Moreover, vaccinia's ability to accommodate large genetic insertions makes it promising for vaccine development and potential therapeutic applications, such as oncolytic agents. Thus, understanding how superior immunity is generated by vaccinia is crucial for designing other effective and safe vaccine strategies. During vaccinia inoculation by scarification, the skin serves as a primary site for the virus-host interaction, with various cell types playing distinct roles. During this process, hematopoietic cells undergo abortive infections, while non-hematopoietic cells support the full viral life cycle. This differential permissiveness to viral replication influences subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs), key immune sentinels in peripheral tissues such as skin, are pivotal in generating T cell memory during vaccinia immunization. DCs residing in the skin capture viral antigens and migrate to the draining lymph nodes (dLN), where they undergo maturation and present processed antigens to T cells. Notably, CD8+ T cells are particularly significant in viral clearance and the establishment of long-term protective immunity. Here, we will discuss vaccinia virus, its continued relevance to public health, and viral strategies permissive to immune escape. We will also discuss key events and populations leading to long-term protective immunity and remaining key gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hsu
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Suyon Kim
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sengupta D, Galicia-Pereyra R, Han P, Graham M, Liu X, Arshad N, Cresswell P. Cutting Edge: Phagosome-associated Autophagosomes Containing Antigens and Proteasomes Drive TAP-Independent Cross-Presentation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1063-1068. [PMID: 38353614 PMCID: PMC10948299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Activation of naive CD8-positive T lymphocytes is mediated by dendritic cells that cross-present MHC class I (MHC-I)-associated peptides derived from exogenous Ags. The most accepted mechanism involves the translocation of Ags from phagosomes or endolysosomes into the cytosol, where antigenic peptides generated by cytosolic proteasomes are delivered by the transporter associated with Ag processing (TAP) to the endoplasmic reticulum, or an endocytic Ag-loading compartment, where binding to MHC-I occurs. We have described an alternative pathway where cross-presentation is independent of TAP but remains dependent on proteasomes. We provided evidence that active proteasomes found within the lumen of phagosomes and endolysosomal vesicles locally generate antigenic peptides that can be directly loaded onto trafficking MHC-I molecules. However, the mechanism of active proteasome delivery to the endocytic compartments remained unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that phagosome-associated LC3A/B structures deliver proteasomes into subcellular compartments containing exogenous Ags and that autophagy drives TAP-independent, proteasome-dependent cross-presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debrup Sengupta
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Patrick Han
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Najla Arshad
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yip T, Qi X, Yan H, Chang Y. RNA Origami Functions as a Self-Adjuvanted Nanovaccine Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4056-4067. [PMID: 38270089 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines have been widely investigated in cancer immunotherapy. Despite their high specificity, safety, and low production cost, these vaccines have shown limited success in clinical studies, owing to their poor immunogenicity. Extensive efforts have been devoted to increasing the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines by mixing peptides with adjuvants and/or promoting their delivery to tumor-draining lymph nodes (TdLNs) for better antigen presentation by and maturation of dendritic cells. Among these efforts, the exploration of various nanoparticles has been at the forefront of the rational design and construction of peptide-based vaccines. Here, we present a nanovaccine platform that is built on a self-assembled RNA origami (RNA-OG) nanostructure. As previously reported, this RNA-OG nanostructure is a potent toll-like receptor (TLR)3 agonist. In addition, due to its robust synthesis and versatility in modification, RNA-OG could be readily linked to peptides of interest. Thus, these RNA-OG nanostructures function as adjuvanted nanocarriers to construct RNA-OG-peptide nanovaccines that are uniform in size, consistent in peptide loading, and highly stable. Here, we demonstrate that the assembled RNA-OG-peptide nanovaccines induced dendritic cell maturation, reduced tumor-mediated immunosuppression, and mobilized tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses at the tumor site. Together, these actions led to the elicitation of an effective antitumor immunity that increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The combination of RNA-OG-based nanovaccines with the α-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade further enhanced the immunity. Hence, our RNA-OG nanostructures represent a robust, simple, and highly effective platform to empower peptide-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Yip
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaodong Qi
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Yung Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moussion C, Delamarre L. Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells: A critical axis in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101848. [PMID: 38035643 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in shaping adaptive immunity. DCs have a unique ability to sample their environment, capture and process exogenous antigens into peptides that are then loaded onto major histocompatibility complex class I molecules for presentation to CD8+ T cells. This process, called cross-presentation, is essential for initiating and regulating CD8+ T cell responses against tumors and intracellular pathogens. In this review, we will discuss the role of DCs in cancer immunity, the molecular mechanisms underlying antigen cross-presentation by DCs, the immunosuppressive factors that limit the efficiency of this process in cancer, and approaches to overcome DC dysfunction and therapeutically promote antitumoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lélia Delamarre
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ossendorp F, Ho NI, Van Montfoort N. How B cells drive T-cell responses: A key role for cross-presentation of antibody-targeted antigens. Adv Immunol 2023; 160:37-57. [PMID: 38042585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss an underexposed mechanism in the adaptive immune system where B cell and T cell immunity collaborate. The main function of B cell immunity is the generation of antibodies which are well known for their high affinity and antigen-specificity. Antibodies can bind antigens in soluble form making so-called immune complexes (ICs) or can opsonize antigen-exposing cells or particles for degradation. This leads to well-known effector mechanisms complement activation, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. What is less realized is that antibodies can play an important role in the targeting of antigen to dendritic cells (DCs) and thereby can drive T cell immunity. Here we summarize the studies that described this highly efficient process of antibody-mediated antigen uptake in DCs in vitro and in vivo. Only very low doses of antigen can be captured by circulating antibodies and subsequently trapped by DCs in vivo. We studied the handling of these ICs by DCs in subcellular detail. Upon immune complex engulfment DCs can sustain MHC class I and II antigen presentation for many days. Cell biological analysis showed that this function is causally related to intracellular antigen-storage compartments which are functional endolysosomal organelles present in DCs. We speculate that this function is immunologically very important as DCs require time to migrate from the site of infection to the draining lymph nodes to activate T cells. The implications of these findings and the consequences for the immune system, immunotherapy with tumor-specific antibodies and novel vaccination strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Ossendorp
- Leiden University Medical Center, department of Immunology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Nataschja I Ho
- Leiden University Medical Center, department of Immunology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Van Montfoort
- Leiden University Medical Center, department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Q. Bacterial infection and microbiota in carcinogenesis and tumor development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1294082. [PMID: 38035341 PMCID: PMC10684967 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1294082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota colonize exposed body tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, skin, lungs, female genital tract, and urogenital tracts) and unexposed sites (e.g., breast). Persistent bacterial infection in the host lead to the development of multiple disease. They are implicated in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and malignant diseases. Amounting studies have demonstrated the role of bacterial infection in carcinogenesis. The study of microbiota in tumorigenesis is primarily focused on lung cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, gastric cancer, and gynecologic tumors, and so on. Infection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer carcinogenesis is recognized as class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) decades ago. The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the development of colorectal cancer is extensively investigated. Variable bacteria have been cultured from the tumor tissues. The identification of microbiota in multiple tumor tissues reveal that bacterial infection and microbiota are associated with tumor development. The microbiota affects multiple aspects of carcinogenesis and tumor development, including favoring epithelial cells proliferation, establishing inflammatory microenvironment, promoting metastasis, and causing resistance to therapy. On the other hand, microbiota can shape a tumor surveillance environment by enhancing cell activity, and sensitize the tumor cells to immune therapy. In the present review, the roles of microbiota in multiple malignancies are summarized, and unraveling the mechanisms of host-microbiota interactions can contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between microbiota and host cells, also the development of potential anti-tumor therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blander JM, Yee Mon KJ, Jha A, Roycroft D. The show and tell of cross-presentation. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:33-114. [PMID: 37996207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the culmination of complex subcellular processes that allow the processing of exogenous proteins and the presentation of resultant peptides on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8 T cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a cell type that uniquely specializes in cross-presentation, mainly in the context of viral or non-viral infection and cancer. DCs have an extensive network of endovesicular pathways that orchestrate the biogenesis of an ideal cross-presentation compartment where processed antigen, MHC-I molecules, and the MHC-I peptide loading machinery all meet. As a central conveyor of information to CD8 T cells, cross-presentation allows cross-priming of T cells which carry out robust adaptive immune responses for tumor and viral clearance. Cross-presentation can be canonical or noncanonical depending on the functional status of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which in turn influences the vesicular route of MHC-I delivery to internalized antigen and the cross-presented repertoire of peptides. Because TAP is a central node in MHC-I presentation, it is targeted by immune evasive viruses and cancers. Thus, understanding the differences between canonical and noncanonical cross-presentation may inform new therapeutic avenues against cancer and infectious disease. Defects in cross-presentation on a cellular and genetic level lead to immune-related disease progression, recurrent infection, and cancer progression. In this chapter, we review the process of cross-presentation beginning with the DC subsets that conduct cross-presentation, the signals that regulate cross-presentation, the vesicular trafficking pathways that orchestrate cross-presentation, the modes of cross-presentation, and ending with disease contexts where cross-presentation plays a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Programs, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Kristel Joy Yee Mon
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Atimukta Jha
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dylan Roycroft
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wijfjes Z, van Dalen FJ, Le Gall CM, Verdoes M. Controlling Antigen Fate in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines by Targeting Dendritic Cell Receptors. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4826-4847. [PMID: 37721387 PMCID: PMC10548474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) orchestrate immune responses and are therefore of interest for the targeted delivery of therapeutic vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that excel in presentation of exogenous antigens toward CD4+ T helper cells, as well as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. DCs are highly heterogeneous and can be divided into subpopulations that differ in abundance, function, and phenotype, such as differential expression of endocytic receptor molecules. It is firmly established that targeting antigens to DC receptors enhances the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. While most studies emphasize the importance of targeting a specific DC subset, we argue that the differential intracellular routing downstream of the targeted receptors within the DC subset should also be considered. Here, we review the mouse and human receptors studied as target for therapeutic vaccines, focusing on antibody and ligand conjugates and how their targeting affects antigen presentation. We aim to delineate how targeting distinct receptors affects antigen presentation and vaccine efficacy, which will guide target selection for future therapeutic vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Wijfjes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. van Dalen
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Olson E, Raghavan M. Major histocompatibility complex class I assembly within endolysosomal pathways. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102356. [PMID: 37379719 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) molecules facilitate subcellular immune surveillance by presenting peptides on the cell surface. MHC class I assembly with peptides generally happens in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Peptides are processed in the cytosol, transported into the ER, and assembled with MHC class I heavy and light chains. However, as many pathogens reside within multiple subcellular organelles, peptide sampling across non-cytosolic compartments is also important. MHC class I molecules internalize from the cell surface into endosomes and constitutively traffic between endosomes and the cell surface. Within endosomes, MHC class I molecules assemble with both exogenous and endogenous antigens processed within these compartments. Human MHC classI polymorphisms, well known to affect ER assembly modes, also influence endosomal assembly outcomes, an area of current interest to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Graduate Program In Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eyford BA, Lazarczyk MJ, Choi KB, Varghese M, Arora H, Kari S, Munro L, Pfeifer CG, Sowa A, Dickstein DR, Dickstein DL, Jefferies WA. Outside-in signaling through the major histocompatibility complex class-I cytoplasmic tail modulates glutamate receptor expression in neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13079. [PMID: 37567897 PMCID: PMC10421907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins in regulating synaptic signaling is a crucial aspect of central nervous system (CNS) function. In this study, we investigate the significance of the cytoplasmic tail of MHC-I in synaptic signaling within the CNS and its impact on the modulation of synaptic glutamate receptor expression. Specifically, we focus on the Y321 to F substitution (Y321F) within the conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine YXXΦ motif, known for its dual role in endocytosis and cellular signaling of MHC-I. Our findings reveal that the Y321F substitution influences the expression of AMPAR subunits GluA2/3 and leads to alterations in the phosphorylation of key kinases, including Fyn, Lyn, p38, ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3, and p70 S6 kinase. These data illuminate the crucial role of MHC-I in AMPAR function and present a novel mechanism by which MHC-I integrates extracellular cues to modulate synaptic plasticity in neurons, which ultimately underpins learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Maciej J Lazarczyk
- Division of Institutional Measures, Department of Medical Direction and Quality, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kyung Bok Choi
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hitesh Arora
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Suresh Kari
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Allison Sowa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ohara RA, Murphy KM. Recent progress in type 1 classical dendritic cell cross-presentation - cytosolic, vacuolar, or both? Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102350. [PMID: 37276818 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 classical dendritic cells (cDC1s) have emerged as the major antigen-presenting cell performing cross-presentation (XP) in vivo, but the antigen-processing pathway in this cell remains obscure. Two competing models for in vivo XP of cell-associated antigens by cDC1 include a vacuolar pathway and cytosolic pathway. A vacuolar pathway relies on directing antigens captured in vesicles toward a class I major histocompatibility complex loading compartment independently of cytosolic entry. Alternate proposals invoke phagosomal rupture, either constitutive or triggered by spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling in response to C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A) engagement, that releases antigens into the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. The Beige and Chediak-Higashi (BEACH) protein WD repeat- and FYVE domain-containing protein 4 (WDFY4) is strictly required for XP of cell-associated antigens in vivo. However, the cellular mechanism for WDFY4 activity remains unknown and its requirement in XP in vivo is currently indifferent regarding the vacuolar versus cytosolic pathways. Here, we review the current status of these models and discuss the need for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Li S, Jiang Z, Tan K, Meng Y, Zhang D, Ma X. Targeting lymph node delivery with nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and future directions. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:212. [PMID: 37415161 PMCID: PMC10327386 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy is a compelling approach against cancer, its effectiveness is hindered by the challenge of generating a robust and durable immune response against metastatic cancer cells. Nanovaccines, specifically engineered to transport cancer antigens and immune-stimulating agents to the lymph nodes, hold promise in overcoming these limitations and eliciting a potent and sustained immune response against metastatic cancer cells. This manuscript provides an in-depth exploration of the lymphatic system's background, emphasizing its role in immune surveillance and tumor metastasis. Furthermore, it delves into the design principles of nanovaccines and their unique capability to target lymph node metastasis. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in nanovaccine design for targeting lymph node metastasis, while also discussing their potential to enhance cancer immunotherapy. By summarizing the state-of-the-art in nanovaccine development, this review aims to shed light on the promising prospects of harnessing nanotechnology to potentiate cancer immunotherapy and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keqin Tan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanling Meng
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingyi Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rawat K, Jakubzick CV. Channeling antigens to CD8 + T cells. Science 2023; 380:1218-1219. [PMID: 37347866 PMCID: PMC10589910 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Perforin-2 facilitates antigen translocation to the cytosol in cross-presenting dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Rawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia V Jakubzick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez-Silvestre P, Laub M, Krawczyk PA, Davies AK, Schessner JP, Parveen R, Tuck BJ, McEwan WA, Borner GH, Kozik P. Perforin-2 is a pore-forming effector of endocytic escape in cross-presenting dendritic cells. Science 2023; 380:1258-1265. [PMID: 37347855 PMCID: PMC7614779 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
During initiation of antiviral and antitumor T cell-mediated immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) cross-present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Cross-presentation relies on the unusual "leakiness" of endocytic compartments in DCs, whereby internalized proteins escape into the cytosol for proteasome-mediated generation of MHC I-binding peptides. Given that type 1 conventional DCs excel at cross-presentation, we searched for cell type-specific effectors of endocytic escape. We devised an assay suitable for genetic screening and identified a pore-forming protein, perforin-2 (Mpeg1), as a dedicated effector exclusive to cross-presenting cells. Perforin-2 was recruited to antigen-containing compartments, where it underwent maturation, releasing its pore-forming domain. Mpeg1-/- mice failed to efficiently prime CD8+ T cells to cell-associated antigens, revealing an important role for perforin-2 in cytosolic entry of antigens during cross-presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Laub
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alexandra K. Davies
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
- Current: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julia P. Schessner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin J. Tuck
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Cambridge, UK
| | - William A. McEwan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Cambridge, UK
| | - Georg H.H. Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ligthart NAM, de Geus MAR, van de Plassche MAT, Torres García D, Isendoorn MME, Reinalda L, Ofman D, van Leeuwen T, van Kasteren SI. A Lysosome-Targeted Tetrazine for Organelle-Specific Click-to-Release Chemistry in Antigen Presenting Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37269296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal deprotections are readily used to control biological function in a cell-specific manner. To further improve the spatial resolution of these reactions, we here present a lysosome-targeted tetrazine for an organelle-specific deprotection reaction. We show that trans-cyclooctene deprotection with this reagent can be used to control the biological activity of ligands for invariant natural killer T cells in the lysosome to shed light on the processing pathway in antigen presenting cells. We then use the lysosome-targeted tetrazine to show that long peptide antigens used for CD8+ T cell activation do not pass through this organelle, suggesting a role for the earlier endosomal compartments for their processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina A M Ligthart
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A R de Geus
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A T van de Plassche
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Torres García
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M E Isendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Reinalda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Ofman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tyrza van Leeuwen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and The Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Admon A. The biogenesis of the immunopeptidome. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101766. [PMID: 37141766 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunopeptidome is the repertoire of peptides bound and presented by the MHC class I, class II, and non-classical molecules. The peptides are produced by the degradation of most cellular proteins, and in some cases, peptides are produced from extracellular proteins taken up by the cells. This review attempts to first describe some of its known and well-accepted concepts, and next, raise some questions about a few of the established dogmas in this field: The production of novel peptides by splicing is questioned, suggesting here that spliced peptides are extremely rare, if existent at all. The degree of the contribution to the immunopeptidome by degradation of cellular protein by the proteasome is doubted, therefore this review attempts to explain why it is likely that this contribution to the immunopeptidome is possibly overstated. The contribution of defective ribosome products (DRiPs) and non-canonical peptides to the immunopeptidome is noted and methods are suggested to quantify them. In addition, the common misconception that the MHC class II peptidome is mostly derived from extracellular proteins is noted, and corrected. It is stressed that the confirmation of sequence assignments of non-canonical and spliced peptides should rely on targeted mass spectrometry using spiking-in of heavy isotope-labeled peptides. Finally, the new methodologies and modern instrumentation currently available for high throughput kinetics and quantitative immunopeptidomics are described. These advanced methods open up new possibilities for utilizing the big data generated and taking a fresh look at the established dogmas and reevaluating them critically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lazarczyk MJ, Eyford BA, Varghese M, Arora H, Munro L, Warda T, Pfeifer CG, Sowa A, Dickstein DR, Rumbell T, Jefferies WA, Dickstein DL. The intracellular domain of major histocompatibility class-I proteins is essential for maintaining excitatory spine density and synaptic ultrastructure in the brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6448. [PMID: 37081001 PMCID: PMC10119172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins are expressed in neurons, where they regulate synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms by which MHC-I functions in the CNS remains unknown. Here we describe the first structural analysis of a MHC-I protein, to resolve underlying mechanisms that explains its function in the brain. We demonstrate that Y321F mutation of the conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine-based endocytosis motif YXXΦ in MHC-I affects spine density and synaptic structure without affecting neuronal complexity in the hippocampus, a region of the brain intimately involved in learning and memory. Furthermore, the impact of the Y321F substitution phenocopies MHC-I knock-out (null) animals, demonstrating that reverse, outside-in signalling events sensing the external environment is the major mechanism that conveys this information to the neuron and this has a previously undescribed yet essential role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J Lazarczyk
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medical Direction and Quality, Division of Institutional Measures, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hitesh Arora
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tahia Warda
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allison Sowa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Timothy Rumbell
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oliveira MMS, D'Aulerio R, Yong T, He M, Baptista MAP, Nylén S, Westerberg LS. Increased cross-presentation by dendritic cells and enhanced anti-tumour therapy using the Arp2/3 inhibitor CK666. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:982-991. [PMID: 36631633 PMCID: PMC10006228 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for cancer therapy offer the possibility to let the patient's own immune system kill cancer cells. However, DC vaccines have shown less efficacy than expected due to failure to induce cancer cell killing and by activating T regulatory cells. METHODS We tested if inhibition of signalling via WASp and Arp2/3 using the small molecule CK666 would enhance DC-mediated killing of tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Using CK666 during the ex vivo phase of antigen processing of ovalbumin (OVA), murine and human DCs showed decreased phagosomal acidification, indicating activation of the cross-presentation pathway. When compared to untreated DCs, DCs treated with CK666 during uptake and processing of OVA-induced increased proliferation of OVA-specific CD8+ OT-I T cells in vitro and in vivo. Using the aggressive B16-mOVA melanoma tumour model, we show that mice injected with CK666-treated DCs and OVA-specific CD8+ OT-I T cells showed higher rejection of B16 melanoma cells when compared to mice receiving non-treated DCs. This resulted in the prolonged survival of tumour-bearing mice receiving CK666-treated DCs. Moreover, combining CK666-treated DCs with the checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD1 further prolonged survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the small molecule inhibitor CK666 is a good candidate to enhance DC cross-presentation for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberta D'Aulerio
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tracer Yong
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marisa A P Baptista
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cruz FM, Chan A, Rock KL. Pathways of MHC I cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101729. [PMID: 36804685 PMCID: PMC10023513 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), generate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I complexes from antigens they have collected from cells in tissues and report this information to CD8 T cells in a process called cross-presentation. This process allows CD8 T cells to detect, respond and eliminate abnormal cells, such as cancers or cells infected with viruses or intracellular microbes. In some settings, cross-presentation can help tolerize CD8 T cells to self-antigens. One of the principal ways that DCs acquire tissue antigens is by ingesting this material through phagocytosis. The resulting phagosomes are key hubs in the cross-presentation (XPT) process and in fact experimentally conferring the ability to phagocytize antigens can be sufficient to allow non-professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to cross-present. Once in phagosomes, exogenous antigens can be cross-presented (XPTed) through three distinct pathways. There is a vacuolar pathway in which peptides are generated and then bind to MHC I molecules within the confines of the vacuole. Ingested exogenous antigens can also be exported from phagosomes to the cytosol upon vesicular rupture and/or possibly transport. Once in the cytosol, the antigen is degraded by the proteasome and the resulting oligopeptides can be transported to MHC I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (a phagosome-to-cytosol (P2C) pathway) or in phagosomes (a phagosome-to-cytosol-to-phagosome (P2C2P) pathway). Here we review how phagosomes acquire the necessary molecular components that support these three mechanisms and the contribution of these pathways. We describe what is known as well as the gaps in our understanding of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amanda Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
MHC-dressing on dendritic cells: Boosting anti-tumor immunity via unconventional tumor antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101710. [PMID: 36640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for anti-tumor immune responses due to their ability to activate cytotoxic effector CD8+ T cells. Canonically, in anti-tumor immunity, dendritic cells activate CD8+ T cells in a process termed cross-presentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that another type of antigen presentation, MHC-dressing, also serves to activate CD8+ T cells against tumor cell-derived antigens. Understanding MHC-dressing's specific contributions to anti-tumor immunity can open up novel therapeutic avenues. In this review, we summarize the early studies that identified MHC-dressing as a relevant antigen presentation pathway before diving into a deeper discussion of the biology of MHC-dressing, focusing in particular on which dendritic cell subsets are most capable of performing MHC-dressing and how MHC-dressing compares to other forms of antigen presentation. We conclude by discussing the implications MHC-dressing has for anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ohara RA, Murphy KM. The evolving biology of cross-presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101711. [PMID: 36645993 PMCID: PMC10931539 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-priming was first recognized in the context of in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses generated against minor histocompatibility antigens induced by immunization with lymphoid cells. Even though the basis for T cell antigen recognition was still largely unclear at that time, these early studies recognized the implication that such minor histocompatibility antigens were derived from the immunizing cells and were obtained exogenously by the host's antigen presenting cells (APCs) that directly prime the CTL response. As antigen recognition by the T cell receptor became understood to involve peptides derived from antigens processed by the APCs and presented by major histocompatibility molecules, the "cross-priming" phenomenon was subsequently recast as "cross-presentation" and the scope considered for examining this process gradually broadened to include many different forms of antigens, including soluble proteins, and different types of APCs that may not be involved in in vivo CTL priming. Many studies of cross-presentation have relied on in vitro cell models that were recently found to differ from in vivo APCs in particular mechanistic details. A recent trend has focused on the APCs and pathways of cross-presentation used in vivo, especially the type 1 dendritic cells. Current efforts are also being directed towards validating the in vivo role of various putative pathways and gene candidates in cross-presentation garnered from various in vitro studies and to determine the relative contributions they make to CTL responses across various forms of antigens and immunologic settings. Thus, cross-presentation appears to be carried by different pathways in various types of cells for different forms under different physiologic settings, which remain to be evaluated in an in vivo physiologic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Henry CM, Castellanos CA, Reis E Sousa C. DNGR-1-mediated cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101726. [PMID: 36758378 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1) are critical for inducing protective CD8+ T cell responses to tumour and viral antigens. In many instances, cDC1 access those antigens in the form of material internalised from dying tumour or virally-infected cells. How cDC1 extract dead cell-associated antigens and cross-present them in the form of peptides bound to MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells remains unclear. Here we review the biology of dendritic cell natural killer group receptor-1 (DNGR-1; also known as CLEC9A), a C-type lectin receptor highly expressed on cDC1 that plays a key role in this process. We highlight recent advances that support a function for DNGR-1 signalling in promoting inducible rupture of phagocytic or endocytic compartments containing dead cell debris, thereby making dead cell-associated antigens accessible to the endogenous MHC class I processing and presentation machinery of cDC1. We further review how DNGR-1 detects dead cells, as well as the functions of the receptor in anti-viral and anti-tumour immunity. Finally, we highlight how the study of DNGR-1 has opened new perspectives into cross-presentation, some of which may have applications in immunotherapy of cancer and vaccination against viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Henry
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Carlos A Castellanos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Caetano Reis E Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blander JM. Different routes of MHC-I delivery to phagosomes and their consequences to CD8 T cell immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101713. [PMID: 36706521 PMCID: PMC10023361 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present internalized antigens to CD8 T cells through cross-presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. While conventional cDC1 excel at cross-presentation, cDC2 can be licensed to cross-present during infection by signals from inflammatory receptors, most prominently Toll-like receptors (TLRs). At the core of the regulation of cross-presentation by TLRs is the control of subcellular MHC-I traffic. Within DCs, MHC-I are enriched within endosomal recycling compartments (ERC) and traffic to microbe-carrying phagosomes under the control of phagosome-compartmentalized TLR signals to favor CD8 T cell cross-priming to microbial antigens. Viral blockade of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), known to inhibit the classic MHC-I presentation of cytoplasmic protein-derived peptides, depletes the ERC stores of MHC-I to simultaneously also block TLR-regulated cross-presentation. DCs counter this impairment in the two major pathways of MHC-I presentation to CD8 T cells by mobilizing noncanonical cross-presentation, which delivers MHC-I to phagosomes from a new location in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) where MHC-I abnormally accumulate upon TAP blockade. Noncanonical cross-presentation thus rescues MHC-I presentation and cross-primes TAP-independent CD8 T cells best-matched against target cells infected with immune evasive viruses. Because noncanonical cross-presentation relies on a phagosome delivery route of MHC-I that is not under TLR control, it risks potential cross-presentation of self-antigens during infection. Here I review these findings to illustrate how the subcellular route of MHC-I to phagosomes critically impacts the regulation of cross-presentation and the nature of the CD8 T cell response to infection and cancer. I highlight important and novel implications to CD8 T cell vaccines and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raymond BBA, Inns J, Frey AM, Trost M. Isolation of Polystyrene Bead-Induced Phagosomes for Western Blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:237-246. [PMID: 37365472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The engulfment of "self" and "non-self" particles by immune and non-immune cells is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and combatting infection. Engulfed particles are contained within vesicles termed phagosomes that undergo dynamic fusion and fission events, which ultimately results in the formation of phagolysosomes that degrade the internalized cargo. This process is highly conserved and plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis, and disruptions in this are implicated in numerous inflammatory disorders. Given its broad role in innate immunity, it is important to understand how different stimuli or changes within the cell can shape the phagosome architecture. In this chapter, we describe a robust protocol for the isolation of polystyrene bead-induced phagosomes using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This process results in a highly pure sample that can be used in downstream applications, namely, Western blotting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B A Raymond
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joseph Inns
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew M Frey
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu T, Wang M, Liu N, Zhang S, Shi L, Bao L, Luo F, Shi L, Liu S, Yao Y. Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing 1 Gene Polymorphisms Increase the Susceptibility to Tuberculosis. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023; 16:325-336. [PMID: 37077653 PMCID: PMC10108862 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s404339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tuberculosis (TB) is known to result from a complex interaction between the host immune response and Mycobacterium infection. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an important role in the processing and presentation pathways for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) antigen. To investigate the possible association of the TAP1 and TAP2 genes with TB. Patients and Methods A total of 449 TB patients and 435 control subjects were included in this study, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TAP gene, as well as TAP1 and TAP2 alleles, were genotyped. Results TAP gene association analysis of TB diseases showed that rs41551515-T in the TAP1 gene was significantly associated with susceptibility to TB (P=7.96E-04, OR=4.124, 95% CI: 1.683-10.102), especially pulmonary TB (PTB, P=6.84E-04, OR=4.350, 95% CI: 1.727-10.945), and the combination of rs1057141-T-rs1135216-C in the TAP1 gene significantly increased the risk of TB susceptibility (P=5.51E-05, OR=10.899, 95% CI: 2.555-46.493). Five novel TAP1 alleles were detected in Yunnan Han people, and the allele frequency of TAP1*unknown_3 (rs41555220-rs41549617-rs1057141-rs1135216-rs1057149-rs41551515: C-A-T-C-C-T) was notably increased in all TB patients, including in the PTB and EPTB subgroups, and was significantly associated with the risk of susceptibility to TB. However, no association between the TAP2 gene and TB was found in this study. Conclusion Host genetic variants of rs41551515-T and the combination rs1057141-T-rs1135216-C, as well as TAP1*unknown_3 may play a critical role in susceptibility to TB disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchang Lu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minyi Wang
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuyuan Liu, Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 871 68334483, Email
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China
- Yufeng Yao, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 871 68335632, Email
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bilkei‐Gorzo O, Heunis T, Marín‐Rubio JL, Cianfanelli FR, Raymond BBA, Inns J, Fabrikova D, Peltier J, Oakley F, Schmid R, Härtlova A, Trost M. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115 regulates phagosome maturation and host response to bacterial infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108970. [PMID: 36281581 PMCID: PMC9713710 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key process in innate immunity and homeostasis. After particle uptake, newly formed phagosomes mature by acquisition of endolysosomal enzymes. Macrophage activation by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) increases microbicidal activity, but delays phagosomal maturation by an unknown mechanism. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that phagosomal proteins harbour high levels of typical and atypical ubiquitin chain types. Moreover, phagosomal ubiquitylation of vesicle trafficking proteins is substantially enhanced upon IFN-γ activation of macrophages, suggesting a role in regulating phagosomal functions. We identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115, which is enriched on phagosomes of IFN-γ activated macrophages, as an important regulator of phagosomal maturation. Loss of RNF115 protein or ligase activity enhanced phagosomal maturation and increased cytokine responses to bacterial infection, suggesting that both innate immune signalling from the phagosome and phagolysosomal trafficking are controlled through ubiquitylation. RNF115 knock-out mice show less tissue damage in response to S. aureus infection, indicating a role of RNF115 in inflammatory responses in vivo. In conclusion, RNF115 and phagosomal ubiquitylation are important regulators of innate immune functions during bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Bilkei‐Gorzo
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Inns
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Daniela Fabrikova
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Julien Peltier
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK,Newcastle Fibrosis Research GroupNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK,Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang X, Ding C, Zhao Z. Exploring a 7-gene prognostic model based on ferroptosis for efficiently guiding immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Adv Med Sci 2022; 67:364-378. [PMID: 36155341 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a relatively immunotherapy-sensitive tumor type, there is still a certain fraction that benefits less from treatment. Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to modulate tumor progression in many cancer types. This study focused on ferroptosis-related genes to construct a prognostic model for SKCM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression profiles of SKCM samples were obtained from public databases. Unsupervised consensus clustering was used to determine molecular subtypes related to ferroptosis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise Akaike information criterion (stepAIC) were applied to construct a prognostic model based on differentially expressed genes between two molecular subtypes. RESULTS C1 and C2 subtypes were identified with differential prognosis and immune infiltration. A 7-gene prognostic model was constructed to classify samples into high-FPRS and low-FPRS groups. Low-FPRS group with favorable prognosis had higher immune infiltration and more enriched immune-related pathways than the high-FPRS group. The two groups showed distinct sensitivity to immunotherapy, with the low-FPRS group predicted to have more positive response to immunotherapy than the high-FPRS group. A nomogram based on the FPRS score and clinical features was built for more convenient use. CONCLUSIONS The critical role of ferroptosis involved in SKCM development was further validated in this study. The prognostic model was efficient and stable to be applied in clinical conditions to support clinicians in determining personalized therapy for SKCM patients especially those with metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changrui Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zigang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya City, Hainan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gros M, Segura E, Rookhuizen DC, Baudon B, Heurtebise-Chrétien S, Burgdorf N, Maurin M, Kapp EA, Simpson RJ, Kozik P, Villadangos JA, Bertrand MJM, Burbage M, Amigorena S. Endocytic membrane repair by ESCRT-III controls antigen export to the cytosol during antigen cross-presentation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111205. [PMID: 35977488 PMCID: PMC9396532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its crucial role in initiation of cytotoxic immune responses, the molecular pathways underlying antigen cross-presentation remain incompletely understood. The mechanism of antigen exit from endocytic compartments into the cytosol is a long-standing matter of controversy, confronting two main models: transfer through specific channels/transporters or rupture of endocytic membranes and leakage of luminal content. By monitoring the occurrence of intracellular damage in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), we show that cross-presenting cDC1s display more frequent endomembrane injuries and increased recruitment of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III, the main repair system for intracellular membranes, relative to cDC2s. Silencing of CHMP2a or CHMP4b, two effector subunits of ESCRT-III, enhances cytosolic antigen export and cross-presentation. This phenotype is partially reversed by chemical inhibition of RIPK3, suggesting that endocytic damage is related to basal activation of the necroptosis pathway. Membrane repair therefore proves crucial in containing antigen export to the cytosol and cross-presentation in cDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Gros
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Derek C Rookhuizen
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blandine Baudon
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Nina Burgdorf
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eugene A Kapp
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Patrycja Kozik
- Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwinjaarde 71, 9052 Zwinaarde-Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwinjaarde 71, 9052 Zwinaarde-Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianne Burbage
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonzales GA, Canton J. The Delivery of Extracellular “Danger” Signals to Cytosolic Sensors in Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944142. [PMID: 35911757 PMCID: PMC9329928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, possess the ability to ingest large quantities of exogenous material into membrane-bound endocytic organelles such as macropinosomes and phagosomes. Typically, the ingested material, which consists of diverse macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, is delivered to lysosomes where it is digested into smaller molecules like amino acids and nucleosides. These smaller molecules can then be exported out of the lysosomes by transmembrane transporters for incorporation into the cell’s metabolic pathways or for export from the cell. There are, however, exceptional instances when undigested macromolecules escape degradation and are instead delivered across the membrane of endocytic organelles into the cytosol of the phagocyte. For example, double stranded DNA, a damage associated molecular pattern shed by necrotic tumor cells, is endocytosed by phagocytes in the tumor microenvironment and delivered to the cytosol for detection by the cytosolic “danger” sensor cGAS. Other macromolecular “danger” signals including lipopolysaccharide, intact proteins, and peptidoglycans can also be actively transferred from within endocytic organelles to the cytosol. Despite the obvious biological importance of these processes, we know relatively little of how macromolecular “danger” signals are transferred across endocytic organelle membranes for detection by cytosolic sensors. Here we review the emerging evidence for the active cytosolic transfer of diverse macromolecular “danger” signals across endocytic organelle membranes. We will highlight developing trends and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms driving this emerging phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerone A. Gonzales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Johnathan Canton,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kawasaki T, Ikegawa M, Kawai T. Antigen Presentation in the Lung. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860915. [PMID: 35615351 PMCID: PMC9124800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to environmental and infectious agents such as dust, viruses, fungi, and bacteria that invade the lungs upon breathing. The lungs are equipped with an immune defense mechanism that involves a wide variety of immunological cells to eliminate these agents. Various types of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MACs) function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that engulf pathogens through endocytosis or phagocytosis and degrade proteins derived from them into peptide fragments. During this process, DCs and MACs present the peptides on their major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) or MHC-II protein complex to naïve CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively. In addition to these cells, recent evidence supports that antigen-specific effector and memory T cells are activated by other lung cells such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and monocytes through antigen presentation. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of antigen presentation by APCs in the lungs and their contribution to immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taro Kawai
- *Correspondence: Takumi Kawasaki, ; Taro Kawai,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Watts C. Lysosomes and lysosome‐related organelles in immune responses. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:678-693. [PMID: 35220694 PMCID: PMC8972042 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic, degradative capacity of the endo‐lysosome system is put to good use in mammalian immune responses as is their recently established status as signaling platforms. From the ‘creative destruction’ of antigenic and ‘self’ material for antigen presentation to T cells to the re‐purposing of lysosomes as toxic exocytosable lysosome‐related organelles (granules) in leukocytes such as CD8 T cells and eosinophils, endo‐lysosomes are key players in host defense. Signaled responses to some pathogen products initiate in endo‐lysosomes and these organelles are emerging as important in distinct ways in the unique immunobiology of dendritic cells. Potential self‐inflicted toxicity from lysosomal and granule proteases is countered by expression of serpin and cystatin family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stricker S, Rudloff S, De Laffolie J, Zimmer KP. Tissue Transglutaminase but Not Microbial Transglutaminase Is Inhibited by Exogenous Oxidative Substances in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042248. [PMID: 35216364 PMCID: PMC8879474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modification of gliadin peptides by human transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a central step in celiac disease (CD) pathogenesis. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) mimics the enzymatic function of TG2 and might play a role in CD. TG2 is inhibited by endogenous oxidative endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein 57 (ERp57), but data about mTG are lacking. We investigated the localization of ERp57 in duodenal biopsies and examined inhibition of TG2, and mTG by competitive, and oxidative molecules. Localization of ERp57 was investigated in duodenal biopsies from CD, and control patients by electron microcopy. Inhibition of TG2 and mTG was analyzed on an in vitro level using a photometric assay. ERp57 was observed within the lamina propria and its abundance within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was reduced in CD patients. TG2 was oxidatively inhibited by up to 95% by PX12 (p < 0.001) and L-cystine (p < 0.001), whereas mTG remained unaffected. The reduced presence of ERp57 within the ER of CD biopsies suggests a regulatory function of this protein within CD pathogenesis. PX12 and L-cystine oxidatively inhibit TG2 and might serve as treatment options in CD. mTG is poorly regulated and could contribute to the accumulation of immunogenic peptides within the gut with potential pathogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (J.D.L.); (K.-P.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-985-56617
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (J.D.L.); (K.-P.Z.)
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan De Laffolie
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (J.D.L.); (K.-P.Z.)
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (J.D.L.); (K.-P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mantel I, Sadiq BA, Blander JM. Spotlight on TAP and its vital role in antigen presentation and cross-presentation. Mol Immunol 2022; 142:105-119. [PMID: 34973498 PMCID: PMC9241385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the hunt for a transporter molecule ostensibly responsible for the translocation of peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane yielded the successful discovery of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. TAP is a heterodimer complex comprised of TAP1 and TAP2, which utilizes ATP to transport cytosolic peptides into the ER across its membrane. In the ER, together with other components it forms the peptide loading complex (PLC), which directs loading of high affinity peptides onto nascent major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules that are then transported to the cell surface for presentation to CD8+ T cells. TAP also plays a crucial role in transporting peptides into phagosomes and endosomes during cross-presentation in dendritic cells (DCs). Because of the critical role that TAP plays in both classical MHC-I presentation and cross-presentation, its expression and function are often compromised by numerous types of cancers and viruses to evade recognition by cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Here we review the discovery and function of TAP with a major focus on its role in cross-presentation in DCs. We discuss a recently described emergency route of noncanonical cross-presentation that is mobilized in DCs upon TAP blockade to restore CD8 T cell cross-priming. We also discuss the various strategies employed by cancer cells and viruses to target TAP expression or function to evade immunosurveillance - along with some strategies by which the repertoire of peptides presented by cells which downregulate TAP can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy to mobilize a TAP-independent CD8 T cell response. Lastly, we discuss TAP polymorphisms and the role of TAP in inherited disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mantel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Barzan A Sadiq
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:3-13. [PMID: 34480145 PMCID: PMC8752832 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has produced explosive growth in tumor immunology research because ICT was discovered through basic studies of immune regulation. Much of the current translational efforts are aimed at enhancing ICT by identifying therapeutic targets that synergize with CTLA4 or PD1/PD-L1 blockade and are solidly developed on the basis of currently accepted principles. Expanding these principles through continuous basic research may help broaden translational efforts. With this mindset, we focused this review on three threads of basic research directly relating to mechanisms underlying ICT. Specifically, this review covers three aspects of dendritic cell (DC) biology connected with antitumor immune responses but are not specifically oriented toward therapeutic use. First, we review recent advances in the development of the cDC1 subset of DCs, identifying important features distinguishing these cells from other types of DCs. Second, we review the antigen-processing pathway called cross-presentation, which was discovered in the mid-1970s and remains an enigma. This pathway serves an essential in vivo function unique to cDC1s and may be both a physiologic bottleneck and therapeutic target. Finally, we review the longstanding field of helper cells and the related area of DC licensing, in which CD4 T cells influence the strength or quality of CD8 T cell responses. Each topic is connected with ICT in some manner but is also a fundamental aspect of cell-mediated immunity directed toward intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Campeau A, Uchiyama S, Sanchez C, Sauceda C, Nizet V, Gonzalez DJ. The S Protein of Group B Streptococcus Is a Critical Virulence Determinant That Impacts the Cell Surface Virulome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729308. [PMID: 34721327 PMCID: PMC8551713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS, S. agalactiae) is a human commensal and occasional pathogen that remains a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis with increasing disease burden in adult populations. Although programs for universal screening in pregnancy to guide intrapartum prophylaxis have reduced GBS invasive disease burden resulting from mother-to-newborn transfer during birth, better knowledge of disease mechanisms may elucidate new strategies to reduce antibiotic exposure. In our efforts to expand the knowledge base required for targeted anti-virulence therapies, we identified a GBS homolog for a recently identified virulence determinant of group A Streptococcus, S protein, and evaluated its role in GBS pathogenesis. A GBS S protein deletion mutant, Δess, showed altered cell-surface properties compared to the WT parent strain, including defective retention of its surface polysaccharide. Quantitative proteome analysis of enzymatically shaved surface epitopes of the GBS Δess mutant revealed a dysregulated cell surface virulome, with reduced abundance of several protein and glycoprotein components. The Δess mutant showed markedly attenuated virulence in a murine model of GBS systemic infection, with increased proteasome activity detected in the spleens of animals infected with the Δess mutant. These results expand the key roles S protein plays in streptococcal pathogenesis and introduces a new GBS virulence determinant and potential target for therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaamika Campeau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Concepcion Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Consuelo Sauceda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lecoultre M, Dutoit V, Walker PR. Phagocytic function of tumor-associated macrophages as a key determinant of tumor progression control: a review. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001408. [PMID: 33335026 PMCID: PMC7747550 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phagocytic activity is emerging as a new mechanism to harness for cancer treatment. Currently, many approaches are investigated at the preclinical level and some modalities have now reached clinical trials, including the targeting of the phagocytosis inhibitor CD47. The rationale for increasing TAM phagocytic activity is to improve innate anticancer immunity, and to promote T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses. In this context, a clear understanding of the impact of TAM phagocytosis on both innate and adaptive immunity is critical. Indeed, uncertainties persist regarding the capacity of TAM to present tumor antigens to CD8 T cells by cross-presentation. This process is critical for an optimal cytotoxic T-cell immune response and can be mediated by dendritic cells but also potentially by macrophages. In addition, the engulfment of cancer cells affects TAM functionality, as apoptotic cell uptake (a process termed efferocytosis) promotes macrophage anti-inflammatory functions. Because of the abundance of TAM in most solid tumors and the common use of apoptosis inducers such as radiotherapy to treat patients with cancer, efferocytosis potentially affects the overall immune balance within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will discuss how cancer cell phagocytosis by TAM impacts antitumor immunity. First, we will focus on the potential of the phagocytic activity of TAM per se to control tumor progression. Second, we will examine the potential of TAM to act as antigen presenting cells for tumor specific CD8 T cells, considering the different characteristics of this process in the tumor tissue and at the molecular level. Finally, we will see how phagocytosis and efferocytosis affect TAM functionality and how these mechanisms impact on antitumor immunity. A better understanding of these aspects will enable us to better predict and interpret the consequences of cancer therapies on the immune status of the TME. Future cancer treatment regimens can thereby be designed to not only impact directly on cancer cells, but also to favorably modulate TAM phagocytic activity to benefit from the potential of this central immune player to achieve more potent therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecoultre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland .,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee MY, Jeon JW, Sievers C, Allen CT. Antigen processing and presentation in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001111. [PMID: 32859742 PMCID: PMC7454179 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge about and identification of T cell tumor antigens may inform the development of T cell receptor-engineered adoptive cell transfer or personalized cancer vaccine immunotherapy. Here, we review antigen processing and presentation and discuss limitations in tumor antigen prediction approaches. Methods Original articles covering antigen processing and presentation, epitope discovery, and in silico T cell epitope prediction were reviewed. Results Natural processing and presentation of antigens is a complex process that involves proteasomal proteolysis of parental proteins, transportation of digested peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, loading of peptides onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and shuttling of peptide:MHC complexes to the cell surface. A number of T cell tumor antigens have been experimentally validated in patients with cancer. Assessment of predicted MHC class I binding and total score for these validated T cell antigens demonstrated a wide range of values, with nearly one-third of validated antigens carrying an IC50 of greater than 500 nM. Conclusions Antigen processing and presentation is a complex, multistep process. In silico epitope prediction techniques can be a useful tool, but comprehensive experimental testing and validation on a patient-by-patient basis may be required to reliably identify T cell tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Y Lee
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun W Jeon
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cem Sievers
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Issabekova A, Zhumabekova M, Zhunussova M, Ogay V. The Crosstalk Between Dendritic Cells, Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells And Cancer Cells From The Perspective Of Combination Therapy. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that elicit adaptive antitumour immunity. DCs integrate multiple environmental signals by efficiently processing tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and migrating to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), where they present foreign antigens to T cells for priming. DCs thus serve as a major link between innate and adaptive immunity. Although DCs (mostly monocyte-derived DCs [mo-DCs]) have already been used in cancer therapies, such approaches have shown limited efficacy. Mo-DCs have the unique ability to present antigens to T cells in peripheral tissues. CD3+CD56+ cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are characterized by both MHC-restricted and MHC-unrestricted antitumour cytotoxicity against a broad range of cancer cells. This review presents an overview of the mechanisms by which mo-DCs and CIK cells’ interact with each other and with tumours. The maturation of DCs was identified as a crucial step in the development of effective DC-based vaccines against cancer. A further improved adoptive immunotherapy strategy involves a combination of mature mo-DCs and CIK cells. Combination therapy presents many opportunities for cancer treatment, as reported by a number of clinical trials. However, there is a lack of fundamental studies on the interaction of in vitro-generated mo-DCs with CIK cells. We discuss several methods of boosting DC-based vaccines and review the current knowledge of contact-dependent and cytokine-induced interactions of mo-DCs with CIK cells. We highlight that the combination of mo-DCs with CIK cells activates MHC-restricted and MHC-unrestricted immune responses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ho NI, Camps MG, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Bos E, Koster AJ, Verdoes M, van Kooyk Y, Ossendorp F. Distinct antigen uptake receptors route to the same storage compartments for cross-presentation in dendritic cells. Immunology 2021; 164:494-506. [PMID: 34110622 PMCID: PMC8517591 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An exclusive feature of dendritic cells (DCs) is their capacity to present exogenous antigens by MHC class I molecules, called cross‐presentation. Here, we show that protein antigen can be conserved in mature murine DCs for several days in a lysosome‐like storage compartment, distinct from MHC class II and early endosomal compartments, as an internal source for the supply of MHC class I ligands. Using two different uptake routes via Fcγ receptors and C‐type lectin receptors, we could show that antigens were routed towards the same endolysosomal compartments after 48 h. The antigen‐containing compartments lacked co‐expression of molecules involved in MHC class I processing and presentation including TAP and proteasome subunits as shown by single‐cell imaging flow cytometry. Moreover, we observed the absence of cathepsin S but selective co‐localization of active cathepsin X with protein antigen in the storage compartments. This indicates cathepsin S‐independent antigen degradation and a novel but yet undefined role for cathepsin X in antigen processing and cross‐presentation by DCs. In summary, our data suggest that these antigen‐containing compartments in DCs can conserve protein antigens from different uptake routes and contribute to long‐lasting antigen cross‐presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ertl HCJ. T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to AAV and AAV Vectors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666666. [PMID: 33927727 PMCID: PMC8076552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer has benefited patients with inherited diseases, such as hemophilia B, by achieving long-term expression of the therapeutic transgene. Nevertheless, challenges remain due to rejection of AAV-transduced cells, which in some, but not all, patients can be prevented by immunosuppression. It is assumed that CD8+ T cells induced by natural infections with AAVs are recalled by the AAV vector's capsid and upon activation eliminate cells expressing the degraded capsid antigens. Alternatively, it is feasible that AAV vectors, especially if given at high doses, induce de novo capsid- or transgene product-specific T cell responses. This chapter discusses CD8+ T cell responses to AAV infections and AAV gene transfer and avenues to prevent their activation or block their effector functions.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ho NI, Camps MGM, Verdoes M, Münz C, Ossendorp F. Autophagy regulates long-term cross-presentation by murine dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:835-847. [PMID: 33349928 PMCID: PMC8248248 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been reported to be involved in supporting antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs). We have shown that DCs have the ability to store antigen for a prolonged time in endolysosomal compartments and thereby sustain MHCI antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. In the current study, we investigated the role of autophagy in long-term antigen presentation. We show that the autophagy machinery has a negative impact on storage of antigen in DCs. Atg5-/- DCs which are deficient in autophagy or DCs treated with common autophagy inhibitors showed enhanced antigen storage and antigen cross-presentation. This augmented antigen cross-presentation effect is independent of altered proteasome enzyme activity or MHCI surface expression on DCs. We visualized that the storage compartments are in close proximity to LC3 positive autophagosomes. Our results indicate that autophagosomes disrupt antigen storage in DCs and thereby regulate long-term MHCI cross-presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G M Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kalaora S, Nagler A, Nejman D, Alon M, Barbolin C, Barnea E, Ketelaars SLC, Cheng K, Vervier K, Shental N, Bussi Y, Rotkopf R, Levy R, Benedek G, Trabish S, Dadosh T, Levin-Zaidman S, Geller LT, Wang K, Greenberg P, Yagel G, Peri A, Fuks G, Bhardwaj N, Reuben A, Hermida L, Johnson SB, Galloway-Peña JR, Shropshire WC, Bernatchez C, Haymaker C, Arora R, Roitman L, Eilam R, Weinberger A, Lotan-Pompan M, Lotem M, Admon A, Levin Y, Lawley TD, Adams DJ, Levesque MP, Besser MJ, Schachter J, Golani O, Segal E, Geva-Zatorsky N, Ruppin E, Kvistborg P, Peterson SN, Wargo JA, Straussman R, Samuels Y. Identification of bacteria-derived HLA-bound peptides in melanoma. Nature 2021; 592:138-143. [PMID: 33731925 PMCID: PMC9717498 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A variety of species of bacteria are known to colonize human tumours1-11, proliferate within them and modulate immune function, which ultimately affects the survival of patients with cancer and their responses to treatment12-14. However, it is not known whether antigens derived from intracellular bacteria are presented by the human leukocyte antigen class I and II (HLA-I and HLA-II, respectively) molecules of tumour cells, or whether such antigens elicit a tumour-infiltrating T cell immune response. Here we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and HLA peptidomics to identify a peptide repertoire derived from intracellular bacteria that was presented on HLA-I and HLA-II molecules in melanoma tumours. Our analysis of 17 melanoma metastases (derived from 9 patients) revealed 248 and 35 unique HLA-I and HLA-II peptides, respectively, that were derived from 41 species of bacteria. We identified recurrent bacterial peptides in tumours from different patients, as well as in different tumours from the same patient. Our study reveals that peptides derived from intracellular bacteria can be presented by tumour cells and elicit immune reactivity, and thus provides insight into a mechanism by which bacteria influence activation of the immune system and responses to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kalaora
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Nagler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah Nejman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chaya Barbolin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eilon Barnea
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steven L C Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kuoyuan Cheng
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Noam Shental
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
| | - Yuval Bussi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Levy
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Benedek
- Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Trabish
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leore T Geller
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kun Wang
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Yagel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviyah Peri
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Garold Fuks
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neerupma Bhardwaj
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leandro Hermida
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah B Johnson
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lior Roitman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adina Weinberger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Lotan-Pompan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal J Besser
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology and Melanoma, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology and Melanoma, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- MaRS Centre, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott N Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee W, Kingstad-Bakke B, Paulson B, Larsen A, Overmyer K, Marinaik CB, Dulli K, Toy R, Vogel G, Mueller KP, Tweed K, Walsh AJ, Russell J, Saha K, Reyes L, Skala MC, Sauer JD, Shayakhmetov DM, Coon J, Roy K, Suresh M. Carbomer-based adjuvant elicits CD8 T-cell immunity by inducing a distinct metabolic state in cross-presenting dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009168. [PMID: 33444400 PMCID: PMC7840022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for adjuvants that can safely elicit potent and durable T cell-based immunity to intracellular pathogens. Here, we report that parenteral vaccination with a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), stimulated robust CD8 T-cell responses to subunit antigens and afforded effective immunity against respiratory challenge with a virus and a systemic intracellular bacterial infection. Studies to understand the metabolic and molecular basis for ADJ's effect on antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) revealed several unique and distinctive mechanisms. ADJ-stimulated DCs produced IL-1β and IL-18, suggestive of inflammasome activation, but in vivo activation of CD8 T cells was unaffected in caspase 1-deficient mice. Cross-presentation induced by TLR agonists requires a critical switch to anabolic metabolism, but ADJ enhanced cross presentation without this metabolic switch in DCs. Instead, ADJ induced in DCs, an unique metabolic state, typified by dampened oxidative phosphorylation and basal levels of glycolysis. In the absence of increased glycolytic flux, ADJ modulated multiple steps in the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation by enabling accumulation of degraded antigen, reducing endosomal acidity and promoting antigen localization to early endosomes. Further, by increasing ROS production and lipid peroxidation, ADJ promoted antigen escape from endosomes to the cytosol for degradation by proteasomes into peptides for MHC I loading by TAP-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we found that induction of lipid bodies (LBs) and alterations in LB composition mediated by ADJ were also critical for DC cross-presentation. Collectively, our model challenges the prevailing metabolic paradigm by suggesting that DCs can perform effective DC cross-presentation, independent of glycolysis to induce robust T cell-dependent protective immunity to intracellular pathogens. These findings have strong implications in the rational development of safe and effective immune adjuvants to potentiate robust T-cell based immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brett Paulson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katherine Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chandranaik B. Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelly Dulli
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Randall Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Vogel
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Tweed
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Çetin G, Klafack S, Studencka-Turski M, Krüger E, Ebstein F. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010060. [PMID: 33466553 PMCID: PMC7824874 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular and non-lysosomal protein degradation system. Thanks to its unique capacity of eliminating old, damaged, misfolded, and/or regulatory proteins in a highly specific manner, the UPS is virtually involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic life. The critical importance of the UPS is particularly visible in immune cells which undergo a rapid and profound functional remodelling upon pathogen recognition. Innate and/or adaptive immune activation is indeed characterized by a number of substantial changes impacting various cellular processes including protein homeostasis, signal transduction, cell proliferation, and antigen processing which are all tightly regulated by the UPS. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the UPS contributes to the generation of an adequate immune response. In this regard, we also discuss the consequences of UPS dysfunction and its role in the pathogenesis of recently described immune disorders including cancer and auto-inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sadiq BA, Mantel I, Blander JM. A Comprehensive Experimental Guide to Studying Cross-Presentation in Dendritic Cells In Vitro. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 131:e115. [PMID: 33316130 PMCID: PMC9060150 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation was first observed serendipitously in the 1970s. The importance of it was quickly realized and subsequently attracted great attention from immunologists. Since then, our knowledge of the ability of certain antigen presenting cells to internalize, process, and load exogenous antigens onto MHC-I molecules to cross-prime CD8+ T cells has increased significantly. Dendritic cells (DCs) are exceptional cross-presenters, thus making them a great tool to study cross-presentation but the relative rarity of DCs in circulation and in tissues makes it challenging to isolate sufficient numbers of cells to study this process in vitro. In this paper, we describe in detail two methods to culture DCs from bone-marrow progenitors and a method to expand the numbers of DCs present in vivo as a source of endogenous bona-fide cross-presenting DCs. We also describe methods to assess cross-presentation by DCs using the activation of primary CD8+ T cells as a readout. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of bone marrow progenitor cells Basic Protocol 2: In vitro differentiation of dendritic cells with GM-CSF Support Protocol 1: Preparation of conditioned medium from GM-CSF producing J558L cells Basic Protocol 3: In vitro differentiation of dendritic cells with Flt3L Support Protocol 2: Preparation of Flt3L containing medium from B16-Flt3L cells Basic Protocol 4: Expansion of cDC1s in vivo for use in ex vivo experiments Basic Protocol 5: Characterizing resting and activated dendritic cells Basic Protocol 6: Dendritic cell stimulation, antigenic cargo, and fixation Support Protocol 3: Preparation of model antigen coated microbeads Support Protocol 4: Preparation of apoptotic cells Support Protocol 5: Preparation of recombinant bacteria Basic Protocol 7: Immunocytochemistry immunofluorescence (ICC/IF) Support Protocol 6: Preparation of Alcian blue-coated coverslips Basic Protocol 8: CD8+ T cell activation to assess cross-presentation Support Protocol 7: Isolation and labeling of CD8+ T cells with CFSE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barzan A. Sadiq
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Ian Mantel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - J. Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang B, Gao J, Pei Q, Xu H, Yu H. Engineering Prodrug Nanomedicine for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002365. [PMID: 33304763 PMCID: PMC7709995 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shifted the clinical paradigm of cancer management. However, despite promising initial progress, immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer still suffer from relatively low response rates and the possibility of severe side effects, likely due to the low inherent immunogenicity of tumor cells, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and significant inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. Recently, nanoformulations of prodrugs have been explored as a means to enhance cancer immunotherapy by simultaneously eliciting antitumor immune responses and reversing local immunosuppression. Prodrug nanomedicines, which integrate engineering advances in chemistry, oncoimmunology, and material science, are rationally designed through chemically modifying small molecule drugs, peptides, or antibodies to yield increased bioavailability and spatiotemporal control of drug release and activation at the target sites. Such strategies can help reduce adverse effects and enable codelivery of multiple immune modulators to yield synergistic cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, recent advances and translational challenges facing prodrug nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are overviewed. Last, key considerations are outlined for future efforts to advance prodrug nanomedicines aimed to improve antitumor immune responses and combat immune tolerogenic microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
- Department of Medical UltrasoundShanghai Tenth People's HospitalUltrasound Research and Education InstituteTongji University School of MedicineTongji University Cancer CenterShanghai200072China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
- Department of Medical UltrasoundShanghai Tenth People's HospitalUltrasound Research and Education InstituteTongji University School of MedicineTongji University Cancer CenterShanghai200072China
| | - Qing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Huixiong Xu
- Department of Medical UltrasoundShanghai Tenth People's HospitalUltrasound Research and Education InstituteTongji University School of MedicineTongji University Cancer CenterShanghai200072China
| | - Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Escudero-Hernández C. Epithelial cell dysfunction in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:133-164. [PMID: 33707053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
Collapse
|
50
|
Øynebråten I. Involvement of autophagy in MHC class I antigen presentation. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12978. [PMID: 32969499 PMCID: PMC7685157 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules on the cellular surface display peptides that either derive from endogenous proteins (self or viral), or from endocytosis of molecules, dying cells or pathogens. The conventional antigen‐processing pathway for MHC class I presentation depends on proteasome‐mediated degradation of the protein followed by transporter associated with antigen‐processing (TAP)‐mediated transport of the generated peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, peptides are loaded onto MHC I molecules before transportation to the cell surface. However, several alternative mechanisms have emerged. These include TAP‐independent mechanisms, the vacuolar pathway and involvement of autophagy. Autophagy is a cell intrinsic recycling system. It also functions as a defence mechanism that removes pathogens and damaged endocytic compartments from the cytosol. Therefore, it appears likely that autophagy would intersect with the MHC class I presentation pathway to alarm CD8+ T cells of an ongoing intracellular infection. However, the importance of autophagy as a source of antigen for presentation on MHC I molecules remains to be defined. Here, original research papers which suggest involvement of autophagy in MHC I antigen presentation are reviewed. The antigens are from herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus and chlamydia. The studies point towards autophagy as important in MHC class I presentation of endogenous proteins during conditions of immune evasion. Because autophagy is a regulated process which is induced upon activation of, for example, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), it will be crucial to use relevant stimulatory conditions together with primary cells when aiming to confirm the importance of autophagy in MHC class I antigen presentation in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|