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Mehta SL, Namous H, Vemuganti R. Stroke triggers dynamic m 6A reprogramming of cerebral circular RNAs. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105802. [PMID: 38971504 PMCID: PMC11296895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
We previously showed that stroke alters circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles. Many circRNAs undergo epitranscriptomic modifications, particularly methylation of adenosine to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A). This modification significantly influences the circRNA metabolism and functionality. Hence, we currently evaluated if transient focal ischemia in adult C57BL/6J mice alters the m6A methylation of circRNAs. Changes in m6A were profiled in the peri-infarct cortex following immunoprecipitation coupled with microarrays. Correlation and gene ontology analyses were performed to understand the association of m6A changes with circRNA regulation and functional implications after stroke. Many circRNAs showed differential regulation (up or down) after stroke, and this change was highest at 24h of reperfusion. Notably, most circRNAs differentially regulated after stroke also exhibited temporal changes in m6A modification patterns. The majority of circRNAs that showed post-stroke differential m6A modifications were derived from protein-coding genes. Hyper-than hypomethylation of circRNAs was most prevalent after stroke. Gene ontology analysis of the host genes suggested that m6A-modified circRNAs might regulate functions such as synapse-related processes, indicating that m6A epitranscriptomic modification in circRNAs could potentially influence post-stroke synaptic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hadjer Namous
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chokkalla AK, Arruri V, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Loss of Epitranscriptomic Modification N 6-Methyladenosine (m 6A) Reader YTHDF1 Exacerbates Ischemic Brain Injury in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01267-4. [PMID: 38869772 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is a neuronal-enriched, reversible post-transcriptional modification that regulates RNA metabolism. The m6A-modified RNAs recruit various m6A-binding proteins that act as readers. Differential m6A methylation patterns are implicated in ischemic brain damage, yet the precise role of m6A readers in propagating post-stroke m6A signaling remains unclear. We presently evaluated the functional significance of the brain-enriched m6A reader YTHDF1, in post-stroke pathophysiology. Focal cerebral ischemia significantly increased YTHDF1 mRNA and protein expression in adult mice of both sexes. YTHDF1-/- male, but not female, mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) showed worsened motor function recovery and increased infarction compared to sex-matched YTHDF1+/+ mice. YTHDF1-/- male, but not female, mice subjected to transient MCAO also showed significantly perturbed expression of genes related to inflammation, and increased infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the peri-infarct cortex, compared with sex-matched YTHDF1+/+ mice. Thus, this study demonstrates a sexual dimorphism of YTHDF1 in regulating post-ischemic inflammation and pathophysiology. Hence, post-stroke epitranscriptomic regulation might be sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Stańczak M, Wyszomirski A, Słonimska P, Kołodziej B, Jabłoński B, Stanisławska-Sachadyn A, Karaszewski B. Circulating miRNA profiles and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1399345. [PMID: 38938784 PMCID: PMC11210454 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1399345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in acute ischemic stroke is likely to occur in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and may lead to neurological deterioration and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Despite the complex inclusion and exclusion criteria for IVT and some useful tools to stratify HT risk, sICH still occurs in approximately 6% of patients because some of the risk factors for this complication remain unknown. Objective This study aimed to explore whether there are any differences in circulating microRNA (miRNA) profiles between patients who develop HT after thrombolysis and those who do not. Methods Using qPCR, we quantified the expression of 84 miRNAs in plasma samples collected prior to thrombolytic treatment from 10 individuals who eventually developed HT and 10 patients who did not. For miRNAs that were downregulated (fold change (FC) <0.67) or upregulated (FC >1.5) with p < 0.10, we investigated the tissue specificity and performed KEGG pathway annotation using bioinformatics tools. Owing to the small patient sample size, instead of multivariate analysis with all major known HT risk factors, we matched the results with the admission NIHSS scores only. Results We observed trends towards downregulation of miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b and miR-376c-3p, and upregulation of miR-7-5p, miR-17-3p, and miR-296-5p. Previously, the upregulated miR-7-5p was found to be highly expressed in the brain, whereas miR-1, miR-133a-3p and miR-133b appeared to be specific to the muscles and myocardium. Conclusion miRNA profiles tend to differ between patients who develop HT and those who do not, suggesting that miRNA profiling, likely in association with other omics approaches, may increase the current power of tools predicting thrombolysis-associated sICH in acute ischemic stroke patients. This study represents a free hypothesis-approach pilot study as a continuation from our previous work. Herein, we showed that applying mathematical analyses to extract information from raw big data may result in the identification of new pathophysiological pathways and may complete standard design works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stańczak
- Department of Adult Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Wyszomirski
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Słonimska
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Jabłoński
- Department of Adult Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Stanisławska-Sachadyn
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Karaszewski
- Department of Adult Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Gdańsk, Poland
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Song YT, Li SS, Chao CY, Shuang-Guo, Chen GZ, Wang SX, Zhang MX, Yin YL, Li P. Floralozone regulates MiR-7a-5p expression through AMPKα2 activation to improve cognitive dysfunction in vascular dementia. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114748. [PMID: 38458310 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD) is complex, and currently, no effective treatments have been recommended. Floralozone is a colorless liquid first discovered in Lagotis Gaertn. Recently, its medicinal value has been increasingly recognized. Our previous study has demonstrated that Floralozone can improve cognitive dysfunction in rats with VD by regulating the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling pathways. However, the mechanism by which Floralozone regulates TRPM2 and NMDAR to improve VD remains unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy regulator in vivo; however, its role of AMPK activation in stroke remains controversial. MiR-7a-5p has been identified to be closely related to neuronal function. PURPOSE To explore whether Floralozone can regulate the miR-7a-5p level in vivo through AMPKα2 activation, affect the TRPM2 and NR2B expression levels, and improve VD symptoms. METHODS The VD model was established by a modified bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2-VO) of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and AMPKα2 KO transgenic (AMPKα2-/-) mice. Primary hippocampal neurons were modeled using oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Morris water maze (MWM) test, hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining), and TUNEL staining were used to investigate the effects of Floralozone on behavior and hippocampal morphology in rats. Minichromosome maintenance complex component 2(MCM2) positive cells were used to investigate the effect of Floralozone on neurogenesis. Immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis were used to investigate the effect of Floralozone on the expression levels of AMPKα2, miR-7a-5p, TRPM2, and NR2B. RESULTS The SD rat experiment revealed that Floralozone improved spatial learning and memory, improved the morphology and structure of hippocampal neurons, reduced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and promoted neurogenesis in VD rats. Floralozone could increase the miR-7a-5p expression level, activate AMPKα2 and NR2B expressions, and inhibit TRPM2 expression in hippocampal neurons of VD rats. The AMPKα2 KO transgenic (AMPKα2-/-) mice experiment demonstrated that Floralozone could regulate miR-7a-5p, TRPM2, and NR2B expression levels through AMPKα2 activation. The cell experiment revealed that the TRPM2 and NR2B expression levels were regulated by miR-7a-5p, whereas the AMPKα2 expression level was not. CONCLUSION Floralozone could regulate miR-7a-5p expression level by activating the protein expression of AMPKα2, control the protein expression of TRPM2 and NR2B, improve the morphology and structure of hippocampus neurons, reduce the apoptosis of hippocampus neurons, promote neurogenesis and improve the cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Song
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; JinShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chun-Yan Chao
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Huang Huai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Shuang-Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Gui-Zi Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ya-Ling Yin
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Mehta SL, Chelluboina B, Morris-Blanco KC, Bathula S, Jeong S, Arruri V, Davis CK, Vemuganti R. Post-stroke brain can be protected by modulating the lncRNA FosDT. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:239-251. [PMID: 37933735 PMCID: PMC10993881 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231212378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that knockdown or deletion of Fos downstream transcript (FosDT; a stroke-induced brain-specific long noncoding RNA) is neuroprotective. We presently tested the therapeutic potential of FosDT siRNA in rodents subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable criteria, including sex, age, species, and comorbidity. FosDT siRNA (IV) given at 30 min of reperfusion significantly improved motor function recovery (rotarod test, beam walk test, and adhesive removal test) and reduced infarct size in adult and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats of both sexes. FosDT siRNA administered in a delayed fashion (3.5 h of reperfusion following 1 h transient MCAO) also significantly improved motor function recovery and decreased infarct volume. Furthermore, FosDT siRNA enhanced post-stroke functional recovery in normal and diabetic mice. Mechanistically, FosDT triggered post-ischemic neuronal damage via the transcription factor REST as REST siRNA mitigated the enhanced functional outcome in FosDT-/- rats. Additionally, NF-κB regulated FosDT expression as NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 significantly decreased post-ischemic FosDT induction. Thus, FosDT is a promising target with a favorable therapeutic window to mitigate secondary brain damage and facilitate recovery after stroke regardless of sex, age, species, and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Mehta SL, Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, epitranscriptomics, and epigenetics in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2024:10.1111/jnc.16055. [PMID: 38279529 PMCID: PMC11272908 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Post-stroke neuroinflammation is pivotal in brain repair, yet persistent inflammation can aggravate ischemic brain damage and hamper recovery. Following stroke, specific molecules released from brain cells attract and activate central and peripheral immune cells. These immune cells subsequently release diverse inflammatory molecules within the ischemic brain, initiating a sequence of events, including activation of transcription factors in different brain cell types that modulate gene expression and influence outcomes; the interactive action of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to regulate multiple biological processes including inflammation, epitranscriptomic RNA modification that controls RNA processing, stability, and translation; and epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications crucial in managing the genic response to stroke. Interactions among these events further affect post-stroke inflammation and shape the depth of ischemic brain damage and functional outcomes. We highlighted these aspects of neuroinflammation in this review and postulate that deciphering these mechanisms is pivotal for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate post-stroke dysfunction and enhance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Mainali S, Nepal G, Webb A, Fadda P, Mirebrahimi D, Nana-Sinkam P, Worrall B, Woo D, Johnson N, Hamed M. MicroRNA Expression Profile in Acute Ischemic Stroke. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3754883. [PMID: 38260305 PMCID: PMC10802726 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3754883/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO) continues to present a considerable challenge to global health, marked by substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Although definitive diagnostic markers exist in the form of neuroimaging, their expense, limited availability, and potential for diagnostic delay can often result in missed opportunities for life-saving interventions. Despite several past attempts, research efforts to date have been fraught with challenges likely due to multiple factors such as inclusion of diverse stroke types, variable onset intervals, differing pathobiologies, and a range of infarct sizes, all contributing to inconsistent circulating biomarker levels. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a promising biomarker, demonstrating potential as biomarkers across various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and neurological disorders. These circulating miRNAs embody a wide spectrum of pathophysiological processes, encompassing cell death, inflammation, angiogenesis, neuroprotection, brain plasticity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. This pilot study explores the utility of circulating exosome-enriched extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNAs as potential biomarkers for anterior circulation LVO (acLVO) stroke. Methods In our longitudinal prospective cohort study, we collected data from acute large vessel occlusion (acLVO) stroke patients at four critical time intervals post-symptom onset: 0-6 hours, 6-12 hours, 12-24 hours, and 5-7 days. For comparative analysis, healthy individuals were included as control subjects. In this study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from the plasma of participants, and the miRNAs within these EVs were profiled utilizing the NanoString nCounter system. Complementing this, a scoping review was conducted to examine the roles of specific miRNAs such as miR-140-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-7-5p in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This review involved a targeted PubMed search to assess their influence on crucial pathophysiological pathways in AIS, and their potential applications in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The review also included an assessment of additional miRNAs linked to stroke. Results Within the first 6 hours of symptom onset, three specific miRNAs (miR-7-5p, miR-140-5p, and miR-210-3p) exhibited significant differential expression compared to other time points and healthy controls. These miRNAs have previously been associated with neuroprotection, cellular stress responses, and tissue damage, suggesting their potential as early markers of acute ischemic stroke. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of circulating miRNAs as blood-based biomarkers for hyperacute acLVO ischemic stroke. However, further validation in a larger, risk-matched cohort is required. Additionally, investigations are needed to assess the prognostic relevance of these miRNAs by linking their expression profiles with radiological and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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MicroRNA miR-188-5p enhances SUMO2/3 conjugation by targeting SENP3 and alleviates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1260-1267. [PMID: 39229582 PMCID: PMC11366937 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.76165.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Expression of miR-188-5p changes upon experiencing cerebral I/R injury. SENP3 is a predicted target of miR-188-5p. The study aimed to examine the potential mechanism underlying the miR-188-5p mediated enhancement of SUMO2/3 conjugation via targeting SENP3 and alleviation against cerebral I/R injury. Materials and Methods Focal cerebral I/R was established in Sprague-Dawley rats using the MCAO model. The expression of miR-188-5p was modulated through intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of its mimics or inhibitors. The expression of miR-188-5p, SENP3, and SUMO2/3 was detected using RT-qPCR or western blot analysis. Dual luciferase reporter assays were conducted to demonstrate the targeting effect of miR-188-5p on SENP3 in N2a cells. HE staining and TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate neurocellular morphological changes and detect neurocellular apoptosis, respectively. The extent of neurological deficits was evaluated using mNSS. TTC staining was used to evaluate the infarct area. Results In the cerebral ischemic penumbra, the expression of miR-188-5p declined and SENP3 levels increased following I/R. Dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-188-5p directly acted on SENP3 in N2a cells. As a self-protective mechanism, SUMO2/3 conjugation increased after reperfusion. After ICV administration of miR-188-5p inhibitor, the expression of miR-188-5p was down-regulated, the expression of SENP3 was up-regulated, the SUMO2/3 conjugation decreased, and cerebral I/R injury was exacerbated. However, ICV administration of small hairpin RNA targeting SENP3 partially reversed the effects of the miR-188-5p inhibitor. Conclusion MiR-188-5p mitigated cerebral I/R injury by down-regulating SENP3 expression and consequently enhancing SUMO2/3 conjugation in rats.
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Yang Y, Li J, Liu W, Guo D, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Zhao M, He X, Chang S. Differential Expression of microRNAs and Target Genes Analysis in Olfactory Ensheathing Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles Versus Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:116-125. [PMID: 37076967 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230418084900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are important transplantable cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury. However, information on the mechanism of OEC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in nerve repair is scarce. METHODS We cultured OECs and extracted the OEC-derived EVs, which were identified using a transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle flow cytometry, and western blotting. High throughput RNA sequencing of OECs and OEC-EVs was performed, and the differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) (DERs) were analyzed by bioinformatics. The target genes of DERs were identified using miRWalk, miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan databases. Gene ontology and KEGG mapper tools were used to analyze the predicted target genes. Subsequently, the STRING database and Cytoscape software platform were used to analyze and construct miRNA target genes' protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. RESULTS Overall, 206 miRNAs (105 upregulated and 101 downregulated) were differentially expressed in OEC-EVs (p < 0.05;|log2 (fold change)|>2). Six DERs (rno-miR-7a-5p, rno-miR-143-3p, rno-miR-182, rno-miR-214-3p, rno-miR-434-5p, rno-miR-543-3p) were significantly up-regulated , and a total of 974 miRNAs target genes were obtained. The target genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as regulation of cell size, positive regulation of cellular catabolic process and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction; positive regulation of genes involved in cellular components such as growth cone, site of polarized growth, and distal axon; and molecular functions such as small GTPase binding and Ras GTPase binding. In pathway analysis, target genes regulated by six DERs were mainly enriched in axon guidance, endocytosis, and Ras and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G signaling pathways. Finally, 19 hub genes were identified via the PPI network. CONCLUSION Our study provides a theoretical basis for treating nerve repair by OEC-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Zhengchao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Minchao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | - Su'e Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
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Chelluboina B, Jeong S, Davis CK, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Therapeutic Potential of Intravenous miR-21 Mimic after Stroke Following STAIR Criteria. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01223-8. [PMID: 38129636 PMCID: PMC11365116 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA-21 (miR-21) levels in the brain are crucial in determining post-stroke brain damage and recovery. The miR-21 exerts neuroprotection by targeting mRNAs that translate proteins that mediate brain damage. We currently determined the efficacy and efficiency of intravenously administered miR-21 mimic after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Adult male mice were intravenously administered with either control mimic or miR-21 mimic at 5 min/2 h after reperfusion following 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to determine the therapeutic window of miR-21 mimic. Adult female, type-2 diabetic male, aged male, and aged female mice were administered with control/miR-21 mimic at 5 min after reperfusion following 35 min/1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Early administration of miR-21 mimic significantly reduced brain damage and promoted long-term recovery after stroke. Further, miR-21 mimic is more effective in males than in females subjected to stroke. However, delayed treatment with miR-21 mimic is not efficacious, and type-2 diabetic subjects show no improvement with miR-21 mimic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Charles Kozhikkadan Davis
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Gao X, Wang L, Lu X, Yan Y, Guo Y, Wang J, Lu L, Dong K. The Expression of Parthanatos Markers and miR-7 Mimic Protects Photoreceptors from Parthanatos by Repressing α-Synuclein in Retinal Detachment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1833-1844. [PMID: 37423550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) refers to the separation between the neuroepithelium and the pigment epithelium layer. It is an important disease leading to irreversible vision damage worldwide, in which photoreceptor cell death plays a major role. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is reportedly involved in numerous mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, but the association with photoreceptor damage in RD has not been studied. In this study, elevated transcription levels of α-syn and parthanatos proteins were observed in the vitreous of patients with RD. The expression of α-syn- and parthanatos-related proteins was increased in experimental rat RD, and was involved in the mechanism of photoreceptor damage, which was related to the decreased expression of miR-7a-5p (miR-7). Interestingly, subretinal injection of miR-7 mimic in rats with RD inhibited the expression of retinal α-syn and down-regulated the parthanatos pathway, thereby protecting retinal structure and function. In addition, interference with α-syn in 661W cells decreased the expression of parthanatos death pathway in oxygen and glucose deprivation model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of parthanatos-related proteins in patients with RD and the role of the miR-7/α-syn/parthanatos pathway in photoreceptor damage in RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lisong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanye Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Fan W, Rong J, Shi W, Liu W, Wang J, Tan J, Yu B, Tong J. GATA6 Inhibits Neuronal Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion Injury Through a miR-193b/ATG7 axis-dependent Mechanism. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03918-8. [PMID: 37059928 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated necrotic cell death, which is engaged in the pathological cell death related to stroke, contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the role of GATA6 in neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in cerebral I/R injury. The cerebral I/R injury-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as the downstream factors of GATA6 were predicted bioinformatically. Moreover, the relations between GATA6 and miR-193b and that between miR-193b and ATG7 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Besides, neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by overexpression of GATA6, miR-193b, and ATG7 alone or in combination to assess neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis. At last, in vivo experiments were performed to explore the impacts of GATA6/miR-193b/ATG7 on neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-stimulated cerebral I/R injury. It was found that GATA6 and miR-193b were poorly expressed in cerebral I/R injury. GATA6 transcriptionally activated miR-193b to downregulate ATG7. Additionally, GATA6-mediated miR-193b activation suppressed neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in OGD-treated neurons by inhibiting ATG7. Furthermore, GATA6/miR-193b relieved cerebral I/R injury by restraining neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis via downregulation of ATG7 in vivo. In summary, GATA6 might prevent neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis to alleviate cerebral I/R injury via the miR-193b/ATG7 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Rong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou215000, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weihao Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou215000, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Tan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China.
| | - Jindong Tong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China.
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13
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Zhu L, Yang X, Yao Z, Wang Z, Lai Y, Xu S, Liu K, Zhao B. Bioinformatic Analysis of lncRNA Mediated CeRNA Network in Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Surg Res 2023; 284:280-289. [PMID: 36621258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, accumulating studies have reported the roles of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several organs, including the liver, kidney, heart, brain, and intestine. However, the functions and mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)-which serve as ceRNA networks in intestinal I/R injury-remain elusive. METHODS RNA expression data were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) (miDEGs) were explored between the sham and intestinal I/R injury samples. Next, targeted lncRNAs and messenger RNAs in the database were matched based on miDEGs. Hub ceRNA networks were constructed and visualized via Cytoscape. Intersection analysis was performed to screen mDEGs between two datasets. Finally, the vital nodes of the ceRNA networks were validated by quantitative PCR. RESULTS A total of 189 miDEGs were identified. Forty miRNAs were found to be associated with 240 predicted target genes from miRWalk 3.0. The ceRNA network was constructed with 10 miRNAs, including the 1700020114Rik/mmu-miR-7a-5p/Klf4 axis. Furthermore, the expression of lncRNA 1700020114Rik (P < 0.05) and messenger RNA Klf4 (P < 0.01) was markedly decreased in mouse models of intestinal I/R injury, whereas the expression level of mmu-miR-7a-5p was significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of ceRNA networks in intestinal I/R injury and highlight the potential of the 170002700020114Rik/mmu-miR-7a-5p/Klf4 axis in the prevention and treatment of intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwen Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yupei Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiting Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kexuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bingcheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Bathula S, Arruri V, Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. CDR1as regulates α-synuclein-mediated ischemic brain damage by controlling miR-7 availability. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:57-67. [PMID: 36618263 PMCID: PMC9800254 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transient focal ischemia decreased microRNA-7 (miR-7) levels, leading to derepression of its major target α-synuclein (α-Syn) that promotes secondary brain damage. Circular RNA CDR1as is known to regulate miR-7 abundance and function. Hence, we currently evaluated its functional significance after focal ischemia. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult mice significantly downregulated both CDR1as and miR-7 levels in the peri-infarct cortex between 3 and 72 h of reperfusion. Interestingly, neither pri-miR-7a nor 7b was altered in the ischemic brain. Intracerebral injection of an AAV9 vector containing a CDR1as gene significantly increased CDR1as levels by 21 days that persisted up to 4 months without inducing any observable toxicity in both sham and MCAO groups. Following transient MCAO, there was a significant increase in miR-7 levels and CDR1as binding to Ago2/miR-7 in the peri-infarct cortex of AAV9-CDR1as cohort compared with AAV9-Control cohort at 1 day of reperfusion. CDR1as overexpression significantly suppressed post-stroke α-Syn protein induction, promoted motor function recovery, decreased infarct size, and curtailed the markers of apoptosis, autophagy mitochondrial fragmentation, and inflammation in the post-stroke brain compared with AAV9-Control-treated cohort. Overall, our findings imply that CDR1as reconstitution is neuroprotective after stroke, probably by protecting miR-7 and preventing α-Syn-mediated neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Anil K. Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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15
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Mehta SL, Kim T, Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Tau and GSK-3β are Critical Contributors to α-Synuclein-Mediated Post-Stroke Brain Damage. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:94-101. [PMID: 36447045 PMCID: PMC10249510 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke secondary brain damage is significantly influenced by the induction and accumulation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). α-Syn-positive inclusions are often present in tauopathies and elevated tau levels and phosphorylation promotes neurodegeneration. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a known promoter of tau phosphorylation. We currently evaluated the interaction of α-Syn with GSK-3β and tau in post-ischemic mouse brain. Transient focal ischemia led to increased cerebral protein-protein interaction of α-Syn with both GSK-3β and tau and elevated tau phosphorylation. Treatment with a GSK-3β inhibitor prevented post-ischemic tau phosphorylation. Furthermore, α-Syn interaction was observed to be crucial for post-ischemic GSK-3β-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation as it was not seen in α-Syn knockout mice. Moreover, tau knockout mice show significantly smaller brain damage after transient focal ischemia. Overall, the present study indicates that GSK-3β catalyzes the α-Syn-dependent tau phosphorylation and preventing this interaction is crucial to limit post-ischemic secondary brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Gene Silencing in the Brain with siRNA to Promote Long-Term Post-Stroke Recovery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:419-425. [PMID: 36715950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a promising strategy to degrade target RNAs of interest after stroke using small interfering RNA (siRNA). An optimized targeting such as combining a siRNA with a nontoxic transfection reagent that facilitates the effective delivery of siRNAs to the brain and subsequent cellular uptake after stroke is needed. Furthermore, an appropriate route of administration such as intravenous (tail vein or retro-orbital sinus) or cerebroventricular injection has to be used. Using siRNAs tagged with fluorescent probes shows the cellular uptake of siRNA. Efficacy and window of opportunity for a siRNA needs to be determined by testing multiple doses and time frame that alters the long-term functional outcomes. Real-time PCR/western blots can be used to determine the siRNA efficiency by evaluating the knockdown of the RNA/protein of interest. In siRNA studies, it is also essential to identify a proper dose (efficacious, but not toxic) by histopathologic testing to identify any toxicity in the peripheral organs and CNS. This chapter describes the strategies to deliver siRNAs to treat stroke and to facilitate post-stroke long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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MicroRNA miR-7 Is Essential for Post-stroke Functional Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:111-115. [PMID: 35088373 PMCID: PMC9329483 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient focal ischemia induces a sustained downregulation of miR-7 leading to derepression of its target α-synuclein (α-Syn), which promotes neuronal death. We previously showed that treatment with miR-7 mimic prevents α-Syn induction and protects brain after stroke in rodents irrespective of age and sex. To further decipher the role of miR-7, we currently studied infarction and motor function in miR-7 double knockout mice (lack both miR-7a and miR-7b) subjected to focal ischemia. Adult miR-7-/- mice showed similar motor and cognitive functions to miR-7+/+ mice. However, when subjected to even a mild focal ischemia, the miR-7-/- mice showed exacerbated brain damage and worsened motor function compared with the miR-7+/+ mice. Replenishing miR-7 in miR-7-/- mice (IV injection of miR-7 mimic) restored miR-7 mediated neuroprotection and motor recovery, potentially by preventing α-Syn protein induction. Thus, we show that miR-7 is an essential miRNA in the brain that prevents α-Syn translation and the ensuing brain damage after stroke.
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18
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Mi Y, Xu J, Shi R, Meng Q, Xu L, Liu Y, Guo T, Zhou D, Liu J, Li W, Li N, Hou Y. Okanin from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. alleviates cognitive impairment in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion mice by regulating the miR-7/NLRP3 axis in microglia. Food Funct 2023; 14:369-387. [PMID: 36511396 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is the main clinical feature following stroke, and microglia-mediated inflammatory response is a major contributor to it. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., an edible chrysanthemum, is commonly used as a functional ingredient in healthcare beverages and food. Okanin, the main active ingredient of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flower, inhibits microglial activation. However, the role of okanin in cognitive impairment following ischemic stroke is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of okanin on ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanism both in vivo and in vitro. Okanin was found to attenuate cognitive impairment in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mice, inhibit neuronal loss and microglial activation, decrease NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and increase miR-7 expression. Okanin suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia by increasing miR-7 expression and inhibited microglia-induced neuronal injury. This study provides new insights into the role of okanin in ischemic stroke and shows that the miR-7/NLRP3 axis plays an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of okanin on cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that okanin has great potential as a functional food for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jikai Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruijia Shi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qingqi Meng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Libin Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yeshu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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Jiao Y, Zhang YH, Wang CY, Yu Y, Li YZ, Cui W, Li Q, Yu YH. MicroRNA-7a-5p ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating VDAC1/JNK/c-JUN pathway. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e14890. [PMID: 35616949 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is complex, and its treatment is extremely challenging. MicroRNA-7a-5p (miR-7a-5p) has been widely reported to alleviate apoptosis and oxidative stress in various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of miR-7a-5p in DPN. METHODS DPN cell model was constructed with high-glucose-induced RSC96 cells. Cell apoptosis and viability were detected by flow cytometry analysis and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay respectively. The apoptosis and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-JUN signalling pathway-related proteins expression were detected by Western blotting. The intracellular calcium content and oxidative stress levels were detected by flow cytometry and reagent kits. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by tetrechloro-tetraethylbenzimidazol carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining. The targeting relationship between miR-7a-5p and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) was determined by RNA pull-down assay and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The streptozotocin (STZ) rat model was constructed to simulate DPN in vivo. The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PTW) was measured by Frey capillary line, and the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was measured by electromyography. RESULTS MiR-7a-5p expression was decreased, while VDAC1 expression was increased in HG-induced RSC96 cells and STZ rats. In HG-induced RSC96 cells, miR-7a-5p overexpression promoted cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, down-regulated calcium release, improved mitochondrial membrane potential and repressed oxidative stress response. MiR-7a-5p negatively regulated VDAC1 expression. VDAC1 knockdown improved cell proliferation activity, suppressed cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting JNK/c-JUN pathway activation. MiR-7a-5p overexpression raised PTW, restored MNCV and reduced oxidative stress levels and nerve cell apoptosis in STZ rats. CONCLUSION MiR-7a-5p overexpression ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited apoptosis in DPN by regulating VDAC1/JNK/c-JUN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue-Hua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Ze Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong-Hao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
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20
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Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Kim T, Bhatula S, Bertogliat MJ, Gaillard AB, Vemuganti R. High-Dose Vitamin C Prevents Secondary Brain Damage After Stroke via Epigenetic Reprogramming of Neuroprotective Genes. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:1017-1036. [PMID: 35306630 PMCID: PMC9485293 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C has recently been identified as an epigenetic regulator by activating ten-eleven translocases (TETs), enzymes involved in generating DNA hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Currently, we investigated whether high-dose vitamin C promotes neuroprotection through epigenetic modulation of 5hmC, if there are sex-specific differences in outcome, and the therapeutic potential of vitamin C in stroke-related comorbidities in adult mice. Post-stroke treatment with ascorbate (reduced form), but not dehydroascorbate (oxidized form), increased TET3 activity and 5hmC levels and reduced infarct following focal ischemia. Hydroxymethylation DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that ascorbate increased 5hmC across the genome and specifically in promoters of several stroke pathophysiology-related genes, particularly anti-inflammatory genes. Ascorbate also decreased markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis in cortical peri-infarct neurons and promoted motor and cognitive functional recovery in both sexes via TET3. Furthermore, post-stroke ascorbate treatment reduced infarct volume and improved motor function recovery in aged, hypertensive and diabetic male and female mice. Delayed ascorbate treatment at 6 h of reperfusion was still effective at reducing infarct volume and motor impairments in adult mice. Collectively, this study shows that post-stroke treatment with high-dose ascorbate protects the brain through epigenetic reprogramming and may function as a robust therapeutic against stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bhatula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexis B Gaillard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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21
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Arruri V, Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Chelluboina B, Mehta SL, Veeravalli KK, Vemuganti R. MMP-12 knockdown prevents secondary brain damage after ischemic stroke in mice. Neurochem Int 2022; 161:105432. [PMID: 36252818 PMCID: PMC9907318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) mediates blood-brain barrier disruption via tight junction protein degradation after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Currently, we evaluated whether MMP-12 knockdown protects the post-stroke mouse brain and promotes better functional recovery. Adult male mice were injected with negative siRNA or MMP-12 siRNA (intravenous) at 5 min of reperfusion following 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. MMP-12 knockdown significantly reduced the post-ischemic infarct volume and improved motor and cognitive functional recovery. Mechanistically, MMP-12 knockdown ameliorated degradation of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-5, and occludin after focal ischemia. MMP-12 knockdown also decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6, and the expression of apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 after ischemia. Overall, the present study indicates that MMP-12 promotes secondary brain damage after stroke and hence is a promising stroke therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Wu Z, Tan J, Lin L, Zhang W, Yuan W. Sevoflurane up-regulates miR-7a to protect against ischemic brain injury in rats by down-regulating ATG7 and reducing neuronal autophagy. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:214-222. [PMID: 35835410 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to elucidate the effects of Sevoflurane on neuronal autophagy and ischemic brain injury by regulating miR-7a/ATG7 axis. The rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established by thread embolization. The expression pattern of microRNA-7a (miR-7a) and autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) was subsequently determined in Sevoflurane-treated MCAO rats with their relation and effects on neuronal autophagy and ischemic brain injury further analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that miR-7a could target to inhibit ATG7 in ischemic brain injury samples. Sevoflurane could alleviate ischemic brain injury in rats by reducing the level of neuronal autophagy-related factors. The expression of miR-7a was up-regulated and ATG7 was down-regulated in the brain tissues of MCAO rats after Sevoflurane treatment. ATG7 was found to induce neuronal autophagy during autophagy in the brain tissues of MCAO rats. In summary, Sevoflurane exerts protective effects on ischemic brain injury via inhibiting autophagy of neurons and microglia through the miR-7a-mediated downregulation of ATG7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People's Hospital of Southern Medical University,Pingxiang 337055, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People's Hospital of Southern Medical University,Pingxiang 337055, P.R. China
| | - Lichang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People's Hospital of Southern Medical University,Pingxiang 337055, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People's Hospital of Southern Medical University,Pingxiang 337055, P.R. China
| | - Wanqiu Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People's Hospital of Southern Medical University,Pingxiang 337055, P.R. China
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23
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Liu X, Lv X, Liu Z, Zhang M, Leng Y. MircoRNA-29a in Astrocyte-derived Extracellular Vesicles Suppresses Brain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via TP53INP1 and the NF-κB/NLRP3 Axis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:1487-1500. [PMID: 33620674 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia reperfusion injury (BIRI) is defined as a series of brain injury accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are importantly participated in BIRI with involvement of microRNAs (miRs). Our study aimed to discuss the functions of miR-29a from astrocyte-derived EVs in BIRI treatment. Thus, astrocyte-derived EVs were extracted. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) cell models and BIR rat models were established. Then, cell and rat activities and pyroptosis-related protein levels in these two kinds of models were detected. Functional assays were performed to verify inflammation and oxidative stress. miR-29a expression in OGD cells and BIR rats was measured, and target relation between miR-29a and tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) was certified. Rat neural function was tested. Astrocyte-derived EVs improved miR-29a expression in N9 microglia and rat brains. Astrocyte-derived EVs inhibited OGD-induced injury and inflammation in vitro, reduced brain infarction, and improved BIR rat neural functions in vivo. miR-29a in EVs protected OGD-treated cells and targeted TP53INP1, whose overexpression suppressed the protective function of EVs on OGD-treated cells. miR-29a alleviated OGD and BIRI via downregulating TP53INP1 and the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Briefly, our study demonstrated that miR-29a in astrocyte-derived EVs inhibits BIRI by downregulating TP53INP1 and the NF-κB/NLRP3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinghua Lv
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 1, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 1, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yufang Leng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 1, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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24
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Bioinformatics-based analysis reveals IDR-1018-mediated ceRNA regulation network for protective effect on hypoxia-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114159. [PMID: 35779615 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of an innate immune response serves as a key, contributing factor in perinatal brain injury. The current study sought to evaluate the clinical significance of innate defense regulatory peptide 1018 (IDR-1018)-derived peptide mediating ceRNA regulation network as a biomarker in neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Firstly, bioinformatics analyses were performed to screen the HIBD-related candidate genes, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. The StarBase, miRDB, and LncBase databases were retrieved to obtain the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, which revealed the ceRNA regulatory network mediated by IDR-1018. Subsequently, RT-qPCR was adopted to determine the expression patterns of MIAT, miR-7a-5p, and Plp2 in neonatal mice with HIBD after treatment with IDR-1018. Moreover, the relationship among mRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA in primary hippocampal neurons was verified by means of dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. Initial findings demonstrated that Plp2, mmu-miR-7a-5p, and three lncRNAs (MIAT, XIST, and 1700020I14RIK) were related to HIBD. Moreover, IDR-1018 could relieve HIBD in neonatal mice. Plp2 and MIAT were down-regulated, while mmu-miR-7a-5p was up-regulated in the striatum, hippocampus, and cortical tissues of the neonatal mice with HIBD, whereas treatment with the IDR-1018 could revere these trends. Additionally, MIAT acted as a ceRNA of miR-7a-5p to elevate Plp2 expression. In conclusion, our findings highlighted that IDR-1018 relieved HIBD in neonatal mice via the MIAT/miR-7a-5p/Plp2 axis.
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25
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Burlacu CC, Inceu AI, Mihu C, Melincovici CS, Bichescu M, Buzoianu AD. miRNA Involvement in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:901360. [PMID: 35757539 PMCID: PMC9226476 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a debilitating medical condition, currently with only a limited amount of therapies aimed at protecting the cerebral parenchyma. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that via the RNA-induced silencing complex either degrade or prevent target messenger RNAs from being translated and thus, can modulate the synthesis of target proteins. In the neurological field, miRNAs have been evaluated as potential regulators in brain development processes and pathological events. Following ischemic hypoxic stress, the cellular and molecular events initiated dysregulate different miRNAs, responsible for long-terming progression and extension of neuronal damage. Because of their ability to regulate the synthesis of target proteins, miRNAs emerge as a possible therapeutic strategy in limiting the neuronal damage following a cerebral ischemic event. This review aims to summarize the recent literature evidence of the miRNAs involved in signaling and modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries, thus pointing their potential in limiting neuronal damage and repair mechanisms. An in-depth overview of the molecular pathways involved in ischemia reperfusion injury and the involvement of specific miRNAs, could provide future perspectives in the development of neuroprotective agents targeting these specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei-Otto Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Andreea-Ioana Inceu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carina Mihu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen-Stanca Melincovici
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Bichescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca-Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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26
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Möller M, Möser CV, Weiß U, Niederberger E. The Role of AlphαSynuclein in Mouse Models of Acute, Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121967. [PMID: 35741096 PMCID: PMC9221919 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) AlphαSynuclein (αSyn) is a synaptic protein which is expressed in the nervous system and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Parkinson’s disease (PD). Symptoms of PD are mainly due to overexpression and aggregation of αSyn and include pain. However, the interconnection of αSyn and pain has not been clarified so far. (2) We investigated the potential effects of a αSyn knock-out on the nociceptive behaviour in mouse models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of αSyn deletion on pain-related cellular and molecular mechanisms in the spinal cord in these models. (3) Our results showed a reduction of acute cold nociception in αSyn knock-out mice while responses to acute heat and mechanical noxious stimulation were similar in wild type and knock-out mice. Inflammatory nociception was not affected by αSyn knock-out which is also mirrored by unaltered inflammatory gene expression. In contrast, in the SNI model of neuropathic pain, αSyn knock-out mice showed decreased mechanical allodynia as compared to wild type mice. This effect was associated with reduced proinflammatory mechanisms and suppressed activation of MAP kinase signalling in the spinal cord while endogenous antinociceptive mechanisms are not inhibited. (4) Our data indicate that αSyn plays a role in neuropathy and its inhibition might be useful to ameliorate pain symptoms after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Möller
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (C.V.M.); (U.W.)
| | - Christine V. Möser
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (C.V.M.); (U.W.)
| | - Ulrike Weiß
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (C.V.M.); (U.W.)
| | - Ellen Niederberger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (C.V.M.); (U.W.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-7616; Fax: +49-69-6301-7636
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27
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Intertwined Relation between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3335887. [PMID: 35528523 PMCID: PMC9072026 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3335887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke (IS), accumulation of the misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-induced oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as the indispensable inducers of secondary brain injury. With the increasing recognition of an association between ER stress and OS with ischemic stroke and with the improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism, novel targets for drug therapy and new strategies for therapeutic interventions are surfacing. This review discusses the molecular mechanism underlying ER stress and OS response as both causes and consequences of ischemic stroke. We also summarize the latest advances in understanding the importance of ER stress and OS in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and discuss potential strategies and clinical trials explicitly aiming to restore mitochondria and ER dynamics after IS.
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28
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Chen Y, He Y, Zhao S, He X, Xue D, Xia Y. Hypoxic/Ischemic Inflammation, MicroRNAs and δ-Opioid Receptors: Hypoxia/Ischemia-Sensitive Versus-Insensitive Organs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:847374. [PMID: 35615595 PMCID: PMC9124822 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.847374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and ischemia cause inflammatory injury and critically participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases in various organs. However, the protective strategies against hypoxic and ischemic insults are very limited in clinical settings up to date. It is of utmost importance to improve our understanding of hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) inflammation and find novel therapies for better prevention/treatment of H/I injury. Recent studies provide strong evidence that the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression and affect H/I inflammation through post-transcriptional mechanisms, are differentially altered in response to H/I stress, while δ-opioid receptors (DOR) play a protective role against H/I insults in different organs, including both H/I-sensitive organs (e.g., brain, kidney, and heart) and H/I-insensitive organs (e.g., liver and muscle). Indeed, many studies have demonstrated the crucial role of the DOR-mediated cyto-protection against H/I injury by several molecular pathways, including NLRP3 inflammasome modulated by miRNAs. In this review, we summarize our recent studies along with those of others worldwide, and compare the effects of DOR on H/I expression of miRNAs in H/I-sensitive and -insensitive organs. The alternation in miRNA expression profiles upon DOR activation and the potential impact on inflammatory injury in different organs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions are discussed at molecular and cellular levels. More in-depth investigations into this field may provide novel clues for new protective strategies against H/I inflammation in different types of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yichen He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuchen Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Xue,
| | - Ying Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ying Xia,
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Zhai W, Zhao M, Zhang G, Wang Z, Wei C, Sun L. MicroRNA-Based Diagnosis and Therapeutics for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Neurol 2022; 13:895316. [PMID: 35592472 PMCID: PMC9110834 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.895316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a neurodegenerative disease that is recognized as the second leading cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying pathological mechanism of VCID include crebromicrovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuroinflammation, capillary rarefaction, and microhemorrhages, etc. Despite the high incidence of VCID, no effective therapies are currently available for preventing or delaying its progression. Recently, pathophysiological microRNAs (miRNAs) in VCID have shown promise as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Studies have revealed that miRNAs can regulate the function of the BBB, affect apoptosis and oxidative stress (OS) in the central nervous system, and modulate neuroinflammation and neurodifferentiation. Thus, this review summarizes recent findings on VCID and miRNAs, focusing on their correlation and contribution to the development of VCID pathology.
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30
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Fu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang YL, Zhao B, Zhang XL, Zhang WT, Lu YJ, Lu A, Zhang J, Zhang J. Loss of neurodevelopmental-associated miR-592 impairs neurogenesis and causes social interaction deficits. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:292. [PMID: 35365601 PMCID: PMC8976077 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
microRNA-592 (miR-592) has been linked to neurogenesis, but the influence of miR-592 knockout in vivo remains unknown. Here, we report that miR-592 knockout represses IPC-to-mature neuron transition, impairs motor coordination and reduces social interaction. Combining the RNA-seq and tandem mass tagging-based quantitative proteomics analysis (TMT protein quantification) and luciferase reporter assays, we identified MeCP2 as the direct targetgene of miR-592 in the mouse cortex. In Tg(MECP2) mice, lipofection of miR-592 efficiently reduced MECP2 expression in the brains of Tg(MECP2) mice at E14.5. Furthermore, treatment with miR-592 partially ameliorated the autism-like phenotypes observed in adult Tg(MECP2) mice. The findings demonstrate that miR-592 might play a novel role in treating the neurodevelopmental-associated disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 200010, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 200010, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Liao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Ting Zhang
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 200010, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 200010, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200010, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Xiong L, Liu SC, Huo SY, Pu LQ, Li JJ, Bai WY, Yang Y, Shao JL. Exploration in the Therapeutic and Multi-Target Mechanism of Ketamine on Cerebral Ischemia Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4195-4208. [PMID: 35480991 PMCID: PMC9035835 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s345884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine is famous for its dissociative anesthetic properties. It is also analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant, and even has a cerebral protective effect. We searched the evidence of the correlation between ketamine target and clinical efficacy and utilized network pharmacology to gather information about the multi-target mechanism of ketamine against cerebral ischemia (CI). We found that ketamine’s clinical significance may be more extensive than previously thought. Methods The drug target of ketamine and CI-related genes were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction, DrugBank, PubChem, GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The intersection of ketamine’s drug-targets and CI-related genes was analyzed by using GO and KEGG. We predicted the molecular docking between the potential target and ketamine. Results The results indicated that the effect of ketamine on CI was primarily associated with the target of α-synuclein (SNCA), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) and nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1). It principally regulates the signal pathways of circadian transmission, calcium signaling pathway, dopaminergic synapse, cholinergic synapse and glutamatergic synapse. Molecular docking analysis exhibited that hydrogen bond and Pi-Pi interaction were the predominant modes of interaction. Conclusion There are protein targets affected by ketamine in the treatment of CI. Three pivotal targets involving 298 proteins, SNCA, CHRM1 and NOS1, have emerged as multi-target mechanisms for ketamine in CI therapy. Similarly, this study also provides a new idea for introducing network pharmacology into the evaluation of multi-targeted drugs for CI and cerebral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Cheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Ying Huo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Qing Pu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ya Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lin Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian-Lin Shao, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Li B, Chen Y, Liang L, Wang Y, Huang W, Zhao K, Liu S, Deng G, Chen J. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles shuttle c-Myc to promote gastric cancer growth and metastasis via the KCNQ1OT1/miR-556-3p/CLIC1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:217. [PMID: 35260554 PMCID: PMC8904444 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) assume a role in intercellular communication by carrying various molecules, including proteins, RNA, and DNAs, which has been identified to exhibit oncogenic effect in GC. Therefore, this research aimed to figure out whether tumor-derived EVs transmit c-Myc to orchestrate the growth and metastasis of GC. KCNQ1OT1, microRNA (miR)-556-3p and CLIC1 expression of GC tissues was detected through RT-qPCR. EVs were isolated from GC cells, followed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis of c-Myc expression in EVs and GC cells. Next, GC cells were incubated with EVs or transfected with a series of mimic, inhibitor, or siRNAs to assess their effects on cell viability, migrative, invasive, and apoptotic potential. Relationship among c-Myc, KCNQ1OT1, miR-556-3p, and CLIC1 was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were assessed through Western blot analysis. KCNQ1OT1 and CLIC1 were highly expressed but miR-556-3p in GC tissues. c-Myc was high-expressed in tumor-derived EVs and GC cells. Mechanistically, c-Myc could induce KCNQ1OT1 expression, and KCNQ1OT1 bound to miR-556-3p that negatively targeted CLIC1 to inactivate PI3K/AKT pathway. Tumor-derived EVs, EVs-c-Myc, KCNQ1OT1 or CLIC1 overexpression, or miR-556-3p inhibition promoted GC cell proliferative, invasive, and migrative capacities but repressed their apoptosis through activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Collectively, tumor-derived EVs carrying c-Myc activated KCNQ1OT1 to downregulate miR-556-3p, thus elevating CLIC1 expression to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, which facilitated the growth and metastasis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bopei Li
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Yeyang Chen
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yulin, 537000, Yulin, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530007, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Huang
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Departments of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Guofei Deng
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Junqiang Chen
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, P.R. China.
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Yang T, Wu J, Ge K, Wang F, Fan J. MicroRNA-193b-3p reduces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the seven in absentia homolog 1/Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6942-6954. [PMID: 35249453 PMCID: PMC8974224 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2036398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability among adults. This study sought to explore the mechanism of microRNA (miR)-193b-3p in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The cerebral I/R injury models of rats were established using the suture-occluded method. The pathological changes were observed, and oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial function indexes in rat brain tissue were examined. The levels of miR-193b-3p and seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1) were detected. miR-193b-3p agomir or antagomir was injected into the lateral ventricle of I/R rats to overexpress or inhibit miR-193b-3p expression. The targeting relationship between miR-193b-3p and SIAH1 was verified. The effect of SIAH1 overexpression on brain injury in I/R rats was investigated by injecting the lentivirus vector into the lateral ventricle. The phosphorylation level of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was identified. miR-193b-3p was lowly expressed in I/R rats. Overexpression of miR-193b-3p alleviated the pathological damage of I/R rats and limited the OS and mitochondrial damage. miR-193b-3p targeted SIAH1. Overexpression of SIAH1 partially reversed the protection of miR-193b-3p overexpression against cerebral I/R injury. p-JNK was up-regulated in I/R rats and overexpression of miR-193b-3p inhibited p-JNK. Overall, overexpression of miR-193b-3p targeted SIAH1 to inhibit the activation of the JNK pathway and protect rats against cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Yang
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Ge
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanlin Wang
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Fan
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Qin Y, Li G, Jin Y, Yao Q, Li R, Li X, Wang H. Long Non-Coding RNA maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) regulates isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by targeting miR-7-5p. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:453-462. [PMID: 35164634 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2042881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in cognitive dysfunction induced by isoflurane (ISO). Morrier water maze analysis was performed to evaluate the cognitive function of rats. Modified modified neurological severity score (mNSS) scores were assessed for neurological damage. The levels of MEG3 in hippocampal tissues of rats and hippocampal neuron cell lines HT22 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assay. Indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and commercial assay kits. Relationship between MEG3 and microRNA (miR)-7-5p was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. MEG3 was increased in hippocampal tissues and HT22 after ISO treatment (P < 0.05). MEG3 downregulation alleviated the increase in neurological severity score and cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO treatment (P < 0.05). In vitro, MEG3 downregulation alleviates the decrease in cell activity and increased apoptosis induced by ISO. What's more, MEG3 reduction eliminated activation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress promoted by ISO treatment in rats and HT22 (P < 0.05). MEG3 was confirmed to specifically bind to miR-7-5p. Inhibition of miR-7-5p eliminated the alleviating effects of MEG3 downregulation on cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO treatment. Decreased MEG3 alleviates cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO by targeting miR-7-5p and play a neuroprotective effect. We present a strategy for MEG3 as a potential target for brain protection during anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Child Health Care of Zaozhuang, No.25 Wenhua Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 706 Taishan Street, Taishan District, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Qun Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Child Health Care of Zaozhuang, No.25 Wenhua Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
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Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Morris-Blanco KC, Bathula S, Sankar S, Park JS, Vemuganti R. Tenascin-C induction exacerbates post-stroke brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:253-263. [PMID: 34689646 PMCID: PMC9122520 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211056392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of tenascin-C (TNC) in ischemic stroke pathology is not known despite its prognostic association with cerebrovascular diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of TNC knockdown on post-stroke brain damage and its putative mechanism of action in adult mice of both sexes. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and injected (i.v.) with either TNC siRNA or a negative (non-targeting) siRNA at 5 min after reperfusion. Motor function (beam walk and rotarod tests) was assessed between days 1 and 14 of reperfusion. Infarct volume (T2-MRI), BBB damage (T1-MRI with contrast), and inflammatory markers were measured at 3 days of reperfusion. The TNC siRNA treated cohort showed significantly curtailed post-stroke TNC protein expression, motor dysfunction, infarction, BBB damage, and inflammation compared to the sex-matched negative siRNA treated cohort. These results demonstrate that the induction of TNC during the acute period after stroke might be a mediator of post-ischemic inflammation and secondary brain damage independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Sneha Sankar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Soo Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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KLF2 up-regulates IRF4/HDAC7 to protect neonatal rats from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35091544 PMCID: PMC8799701 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxic ischemic injury is a devastating event causing permanent brain damage. The current study set out to explore the role of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and its downstream molecular mechanism on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats. First, we adopted a modified Rice method to develop a HIBD model in postnatal day seven Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pups. Next, neuronal damage, morphological changes, and neuronal apoptosis were documented in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 region and evaluated using Nissl staining, H&E staining, and TUNEL assay, respectively. Meanwhile, a hypoxic-ischemic model using the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) method was established in cortical neurons isolated from day one SD rat pups, followed by MTT and flow cytometry detections of the cell survival rate and apoptotic ability. Experimental findings revealed that KLF2 was poorly-expressed in the brain tissues of HIBD rats and in the OGD-induced neurons. We found that KLF2 overexpression inhibited neuron apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, which was also observed to inhibit brain injury in the HIBD rats and alleviate neuronal damage of OGD-treated neurons. Besides, as dual luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation established that KLF2 bound to the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) promoter, which promoted the binding of IRF4 in the promoter of histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) to augment its expression, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and brain damage. In conclusion, our findings indicated that KLF2 could increase the expression of IRF4 to up-regulate the expression of HDAC7, which protects against HIBD in neonatal rats.
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Rong W, Rome C, Yao S. Increased Expression of miR-7a-5p and miR-592 during Expansion of Rat Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Their Implication in Osteogenic Differentiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 211:41-56. [PMID: 34530424 PMCID: PMC8766878 DOI: 10.1159/000519600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) possess strong osteogenic differentiation potential and are promising cell sources in regenerative medicine. However, such differentiation capacity progressively declines during their in vitro expansion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in modulating stem cell differentiation. This study aimed (1) to determine if miR-7a-5p and miR-592 are involved in maintaining and regulating osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs, and (2) to explore their potential regulatory pathways. We found that the expression of miR-7a-5p and miR-592 was significantly upregulated during the expansion of rat DPSCs (rDPSCs). Overexpression of these miRNAs inhibited the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of rDPSCs, as evidenced by calcium deposition and osteogenic/odontogenic gene expression. RT-qPCR determined that miR-592 could downregulate heat shock protein B8, whose expression is reduced during the expansion of rDPSCs. Furthermore, RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis identified significant signaling pathways of miR-7a-5p and miR-592 in regulating osteogenic differentiation, including TNF, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. We conclude that upregulating miR-7a-5p and miR-592 suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of rDPSCs during their in vitro expansion, likely via TNF, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. The results may shed light on application of miR-7a-5p and miR-592 for maintaining osteo-differentiation potential in stem cells for bone regeneration and bone-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaomian Yao
- Corresponding author: Shaomian Yao, Ph.D., Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, Tel: +1-225-578-9889, Fax: +1-225-578-9895,
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Bautista-Becerril B, Pérez-Dimas G, Sommerhalder-Nava PC, Hanono A, Martínez-Cisneros JA, Zarate-Maldonado B, Muñoz-Soria E, Aquino-Gálvez A, Castillejos-López M, Juárez-Cisneros A, Lopez-Gonzalez JS, Camarena A. miRNAs, from Evolutionary Junk to Possible Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 14:41. [PMID: 35062245 PMCID: PMC8781105 DOI: 10.3390/v14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a public health issue around the world in the last few years. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment to fight the disease. Thus, it is essential to highlight possible prognostic predictors that could identify patients with a high risk of developing complications. Within this framework, miRNA biomolecules play a vital role in the genetic regulation of various genes, principally, those related to the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we review the interaction of host and viral microRNAs with molecular and cellular elements that could potentiate the main pulmonary, cardiac, renal, circulatory, and neuronal complications in COVID-19 patients. miR-26a, miR-29b, miR-21, miR-372, and miR-2392, among others, have been associated with exacerbation of the inflammatory process, increasing the risk of a cytokine storm. In addition, increased expression of miR-15b, -199a, and -491 are related to the prognosis of the disease, and miR-192 and miR-323a were identified as clinical predictors of mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Finally, we address miR-29, miR-122, miR-155, and miR-200, among others, as possible therapeutic targets. However, more studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Bautista-Becerril
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (B.B.-B.); (A.J.-C.)
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Departamento de Posgrado, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (G.P.-D.); (E.M.-S.)
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Dimas
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Departamento de Posgrado, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (G.P.-D.); (E.M.-S.)
| | - Paola C. Sommerhalder-Nava
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Mexico City 52786, Mexico; (P.C.S.-N.); (A.H.); (B.Z.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Hanono
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Mexico City 52786, Mexico; (P.C.S.-N.); (A.H.); (B.Z.-M.)
| | | | - Bárbara Zarate-Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Mexico City 52786, Mexico; (P.C.S.-N.); (A.H.); (B.Z.-M.)
| | - Evangelina Muñoz-Soria
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Departamento de Posgrado, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (G.P.-D.); (E.M.-S.)
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Manuel Castillejos-López
- Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Armida Juárez-Cisneros
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (B.B.-B.); (A.J.-C.)
| | - Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Cáncer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Angel Camarena
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (B.B.-B.); (A.J.-C.)
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Nakano M, Fujimiya M. Potential effects of mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles and exosomal miRNAs in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2359-2366. [PMID: 33907007 PMCID: PMC8374551 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties. The effects of existing drugs for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease are limited, thus mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been anticipated as a means of ameliorating neuronal dysfunction. Since mesenchymal stem cells are known to scarcely differentiate into neuronal cells in damaged brain after transplantation, paracrine factors secreted from mesenchymal stem cells have been suggested to exert therapeutic effects. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes are small vesicles released from mesenchymal stem cells that contain various molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. In recent years, administration of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in models of neurological disorders has been shown to improve neuronal dysfunctions, via exosomal transfer into damaged cells. In addition, various microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells that regulate various genes and reduce neuropathological changes in various neurological disorders have been identified. This review summarizes the effects of exosomes/extracellular vesicles and exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells on models of stroke, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive impairments, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Gu Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Xu H. Foxp3 attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through microRNA-150-5p-modified NCS1. Exp Cell Res 2021:112942. [PMID: 34822811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a pathological process involving complicated molecular mechanisms. We investigated forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-related mechanism in CI/RI with particular focus on microRNA (miR)-150-5p/nucleobase cation symporter-1 (NCS1) axis. METHODS A mouse model was constructed by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Levels of Foxp3, miR-150-5p and NCS1 were assessed in brain tissues of MCAO mice. By determining the neurological behavior function, neurological deficits, brain tissue pathological characteristics, neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress-related factors, the functional role of Foxp3, miR-150-5p and NCS1 were evaluated in MCAO mice. The feedback loop was analyzed among Foxp3, miR-150-5p and NCS1. RESULTS The level of Foxp3 and NCS1 were reduced and that of miR-150-5p was augmented in MCAO mice. Foxp3 bound to miR-150-5p to target NCS1. Up-regulating Foxp3 or NCS1 or suppressing miR-150-5p improved neurological behavior function and neurological deficits, and reduced brain tissue pathological damage, neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory and oxidative stress reactions in MCAO mice. Silencing miR-150-5p or elevating NCS1 decreased Foxp3 silencing-mediated ischemic injury in MCAO mice. CONCLUSION Foxp3 is neuroprotective in CI/RI through binding to miR-150-5p to promote NCS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650011, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650011, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650011, Yunnan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650011, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650011, Yunnan, China
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shirvani-Farsani Z, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Arefian N. Emerging Impact of Non-coding RNAs in the Pathology of Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:780489. [PMID: 34867304 PMCID: PMC8640345 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.780489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is an acute cerebral vascular event with high mortality and morbidity. Though the precise pathophysiologic routes leading to this condition are not entirely clarified, growing evidence from animal and human experiments has exhibited the impact of non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of IS. Various lncRNAs namely MALAT1, linc-SLC22A2, linc-OBP2B-1, linc_luo_1172, linc-DHFRL1-4, SNHG15, linc-FAM98A-3, H19, MEG3, ANRIL, MIAT, and GAS5 are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of IS. Meanwhile, lots of miRNAs contribute in this process. Differential expression of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the sera of IS patients versus unaffected individuals has endowed these transcripts the aptitude to distinguish at risk patients. Despite conduction of comprehensive assays for evaluation of the influence of lncRNAs/miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IS, therapeutic impacts of these transcripts in IS have not been clarified. In the present paper, we review the impact of lncRNAs/miRNAs in the pathobiology of IS through assessment of evidence provided by human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shirvani-Farsani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Noormohammad Arefian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University Hospital, Tehra, Iran
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Lopez MS, Morris-Blanco KC, Ly N, Maves C, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. MicroRNA miR-21 Decreases Post-stroke Brain Damage in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:483-493. [PMID: 34796453 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in controlling translation, microRNAs emerged as novel therapeutic targets to modulate post-stroke outcomes. We previously reported that miR-21 is the most abundantly induced microRNA in the brain of rodents subjected to preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. We currently show that intracerebral administration of miR-21 mimic decreased the infarct volume and promoted better motor function recovery in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The miR-21 mimic treatment is also efficacious in aged mice of both sexes subjected to focal ischemia. Mechanistically, miR-21 mimic treatment decreased the post-ischemic levels of several pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory RNAs, which might be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. We further observed post-ischemic neuroprotection in adult mice administered with miR-21 mimic intravenously. Overall, the results of this study implicate miR-21 as a promising candidate for therapeutic translation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ly
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Carly Maves
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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43
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Chen M, Yan C, Zhao X. Research Progress on Circular RNA in Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705059. [PMID: 34745938 PMCID: PMC8568300 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of circular RNA (circRNA) greatly complements the traditional gene expression theory. CircRNA is a class of non-coding RNA with a stable cyclic structure. They are highly expressed, spatiotemporal-specific and conservative across species. Importantly, circRNA participates in the occurrence of many kinds of tumors and regulates the tumor development. Glioma is featured by limited therapy and grim prognosis. Cancer-associated circRNA compromises original function or creates new effects in glioma, thus contributing to oncogenesis. Therefore, this article reviews the biogenesis, metabolism, functions and properties of circRNA as a novel potential biomarker for gliomas. We elaborate the expression characteristics, interaction between circRNA and other molecules, aiming to identify new targets for early diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xihe Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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44
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Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Vemuganti R. Noncoding RNA crosstalk in brain health and diseases. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105139. [PMID: 34280469 PMCID: PMC8387393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain expresses several classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). These ncRNAs play vital roles in regulating cellular processes by RNA/protein scaffolding, sponging and epigenetic modifications during the pathophysiological conditions, thereby controlling transcription and translation. Some of these functions are the result of crosstalk between ncRNAs to form a competitive endogenous RNA network. These intricately organized networks comprise lncRNA/miRNA, circRNA/miRNA, or lncRNA/miRNA/circRNA, leading to crosstalk between coding and ncRNAs through miRNAs. The miRNA response elements predominantly mediate the ncRNA crosstalk to buffer the miRNAs and thereby fine-tune and counterbalance the genomic changes and regulate neuronal plasticity, synaptogenesis and neuronal differentiation. The perturbed levels and interactions of the ncRNAs could lead to pathologic events like apoptosis and inflammation. Although the regulatory landscape of the ncRNA crosstalk is still evolving, some well-known examples such as lncRNA Malat1 sponging miR-145, circRNA CDR1as sponging miR-7, and lncRNA Cyrano and the circRNA CDR1as regulating miR-7, has been shown to affect brain function. The ability to manipulate these networks is crucial in determining the functional outcome of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The focus of this review is to highlights the interactions and crosstalk of these networks in regulating pathophysiologic CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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45
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Zhou X, Chen H, Wang L, Lenahan C, Lian L, Ou Y, He Y. Mitochondrial Dynamics: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:721428. [PMID: 34557086 PMCID: PMC8452989 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.721428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Brain injury after ischemic stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. All of these factors are associated with dysfunctional energy metabolism after stroke. Mitochondria are organelles that provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dynamics means that the mitochondria are constantly changing and that they maintain the normal physiological functions of the cell through continuous division and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics are closely associated with various pathophysiological mechanisms of post-stroke brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in energy metabolism after ischemic stroke, as well as new strategies to restore energy homeostasis and neural function. Through this, we hope to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Operating Room, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Lifei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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46
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Kim W, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Hahn KR, Moon SM, Yoon YS, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Kim DW. Tat-p27 Ameliorates Neuronal Damage Reducing α-Synuclein and Inflammatory Responses in Motor Neurons After Spinal Cord Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3123-3134. [PMID: 34403064 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27) regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting G1 progression in cells. Several studies have shown conflicting results on the effects of p27 against cell death in various insults. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of p27 against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in NSC34 cells and against spinal cord ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rabbits. To promote delivery into NSC34 cells and motor neurons in the spinal cord, Tat-p27 fusion protein and its control protein (Control-p27) were synthesized with or without Tat peptide, respectively. Tat-p27, but not Control-27, was efficiently introduced into NSC34 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the protein was detected in the cytoplasm. Tat-p27 showed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment and reduced the formation of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, and lipid peroxidation in NSC34 cells. Tat-p27, but not Control-p27, ameliorated ischemia-induced neurological deficits and cell damage in the rabbit spinal cord. In addition, Tat-p27 treatment reduced the expression of α-synuclein, activation of microglia, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the spinal cord. Taken together, these results suggest that Tat-p27 inhibits neuronal damage by decreasing oxidative stress, α-synuclein expression, and inflammatory responses after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, 18450, South Korea
- Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
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47
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Wu S, Du L. Protein Aggregation in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1183-1194. [PMID: 32529541 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the distinction between ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disorders, they share numerous pathophysiologies particularly those mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Although protein aggregation is considered to be a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, the formation of protein aggregates can be also induced within a short time after cerebral ischemia, aggravating cerebral ischemic injury. Protein aggregation uncovers a previously unappreciated molecular overlap between neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, compared with neurodegenerative disease, mechanism of protein aggregation after cerebral ischemia and how this can be averted remain unclear. This review highlights current understanding on protein aggregation and its intrinsic role in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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48
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Vijayan M, Reddy PH. Non-Coding RNAs Based Molecular Links in Type 2 Diabetes, Ischemic Stroke, and Vascular Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:353-383. [PMID: 32310177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the study of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ischemic stroke (IS), and vascular dementia (VaD). miRNAs and lncRNAs are gene regulation markers that both regulate translational aspects of a wide range of proteins and biological processes in healthy and disease states. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have revealed that miRNAs and lncRNAs expressed differently are potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases, especially T2DM, IS, VaD, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, the effect of aging in T2DM, IS, and VaD and the cellular and molecular pathways are largely unknown. In this article, we highlight results from the works on the molecular connections between T2DM and IS, and IS and VaD. In each disease, we also summarize the pathophysiology and the differential expressions of miRNAs and lncRNAs. Based on current research findings, we hypothesize that 1) T2DM bi-directionally and age-dependently induces IS and VaD, and 2) these changes are precursors to the onset of dementia in elderly people. Research into these hypotheses is required to examine further whether research efforts on reducing T2DM, IS, and VaD may affect dementia and/or delay the AD disease process in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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49
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Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Kim T, Bathula S, Chelluboina B, Morris-Blanco KC, Holmes A, Banerjee A, Chauhan A, Lee J, Venna VR, McCullough LD, Vemuganti R. Long Noncoding RNA Fos Downstream Transcript Is Developmentally Dispensable but Vital for Shaping the Poststroke Functional Outcome. Stroke 2021; 52:2381-2392. [PMID: 33940958 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program (A.K.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bathula
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Aleah Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program (A.K.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison (R.V.)
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50
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Kim T, Chokkalla AK, Vemuganti R. Deletion of ubiquitin ligase Nedd4l exacerbates ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1058-1066. [PMID: 32703111 PMCID: PMC8054722 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20943804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination by Nedd4 (neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4) family of HECT type E3 ligases plays a key role in degrading misfolded and damaged proteins, and its disruption leads to neurodegeneration. Parkinson's disease-causing protein α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is ubiquitinated by the Nedd4 family and degraded by endosomes. Nedd4l is the only Nedd4 homolog that showed upregulation in post-stroke surviving cortical neurons where it correlated with neuroprotection. We tested the role of Nedd4l after stroke by subjecting the Nedd4l-/- mice to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Focal ischemia significantly increased Nedd4l expression and poly-ubiquitinated α-Syn levels, and knockout of Nedd4l reduced post-ischemic poly-ubiquitinated α-Syn that is majorly located in the peri-infarct neurons. Co-immunoprecipitation further shows that focal ischemia enhances the α-Syn-Nedd4l interaction resulting in increased ubiquitination of α-Syn. Nedd4l knockout mice (n = 7 mice/group) showed exacerbated post-ischemic motor dysfunction manifested by decreased time on the rotarod and increased number of foot faults, and significantly increased ischemic brain damage. This suggests that Nedd4l might be a potential therapeutic target to minimize α-Syn-mediated toxicity after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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