1
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Wang M, Rousseau B, Qiu K, Huang G, Zhang Y, Su H, Le Bihan-Benjamin C, Khati I, Artz O, Foote MB, Cheng YY, Lee KH, Miao MZ, Sun Y, Bousquet PJ, Hilmi M, Dumas E, Hamy AS, Reyal F, Lin L, Armistead PM, Song W, Vargason A, Arthur JC, Liu Y, Guo J, Zhou X, Nguyen J, He Y, Ting JPY, Anselmo AC, Huang L. Killing tumor-associated bacteria with a liposomal antibiotic generates neoantigens that induce anti-tumor immune responses. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:1263-1274. [PMID: 37749267 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates the tumor microbiota as a factor that can influence cancer progression. In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), we found that pre-resection antibiotics targeting anaerobic bacteria substantially improved disease-free survival by 25.5%. For mouse studies, we designed an antibiotic silver-tinidazole complex encapsulated in liposomes (LipoAgTNZ) to eliminate tumor-associated bacteria in the primary tumor and liver metastases without causing gut microbiome dysbiosis. Mouse CRC models colonized by tumor-promoting bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum spp.) or probiotics (Escherichia coli Nissle spp.) responded to LipoAgTNZ therapy, which enabled more than 70% long-term survival in two F. nucleatum-infected CRC models. The antibiotic treatment generated microbial neoantigens that elicited anti-tumor CD8+ T cells. Heterologous and homologous bacterial epitopes contributed to the immunogenicity, priming T cells to recognize both infected and uninfected tumors. Our strategy targets tumor-associated bacteria to elicit anti-tumoral immunity, paving the way for microbiome-immunotherapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kunyu Qiu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guannan Huang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christine Le Bihan-Benjamin
- Health Data and Assessment Department, Data Science and Assessment Division, French National Cancer Institute, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Ines Khati
- Health Data and Assessment Department, Data Science and Assessment Division, French National Cancer Institute, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Oliver Artz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Foote
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Z Miao
- Curriculum in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Philippe-Jean Bousquet
- Health Survey, Data Science and Assessment Division, French National Cancer Institute, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Marc Hilmi
- GERCOR Group, Paris, France
- Medical Oncology Department, Curie Institute, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Elise Dumas
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory, RT2Lab, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hamy
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory, RT2Lab, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre René Hughenin, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory, RT2Lab, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Surgery, Institut Jean Godinot, Reims, France
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Curie, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lin Lin
- BMTCT Program, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Armistead
- BMTCT Program, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, China
| | - Ava Vargason
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janelle C Arthur
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aaron C Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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de Paula Baptista R, Tucker MS, Valente MJ, Srivastava SK, Chehab N, Li A, Shaik JS, Ramirez JD, Rosenthal BM, Khan A. Comparative genomics of Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage AI beaver (Be-2) and human (WB-C6) strains show remarkable homozygosity, sequence similarity, and conservation of VSP genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13582. [PMID: 38866814 PMCID: PMC11169602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, a major cause of waterborne infection, infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and is subdivided into eight genetically well-defined assemblages named A through H. However, fragmented genomes and a lack of comparative analysis within and between the assemblages render unclear the molecular mechanisms controlling host specificity and differential disease outcomes. To address this, we generated a near-complete de novo genome of AI assemblage using the Oxford Nanopore platform by sequencing the Be-2 genome. We generated 148,144 long-reads with quality scores of > 7. The final genome assembly consists of only nine contigs with an N50 of 3,045,186 bp. This assembly agrees closely with the assembly of another strain in the AI assemblage (WB-C6). However, a critical difference is that a region previously placed in the five-prime region of Chr5 belongs to Chr4 of Be-2. We find a high degree of conservation in the ploidy, homozygosity, and the presence of cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) within the AI assemblage. Our assembly provides a nearly complete genome of a member of the AI assemblage of G. duodenalis, aiding population genomic studies capable of elucidating Giardia transmission, host range, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Paula Baptista
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew S Tucker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Matthew J Valente
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Subodh K Srivastava
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Nadya Chehab
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Alison Li
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jahangheer S Shaik
- Insights and Analytics, Applied Data Science and Learning, Data Science Institute, Takeda, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Juan David Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Asis Khan
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Ihara S, Nguyen BV, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Mucosal vaccination in a murine gnotobiotic model of Giardia lamblia infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0006524. [PMID: 38722167 PMCID: PMC11237505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an important protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, delayed development and cognitive impairment in children in low- and middle-income countries, and protracted post-infectious syndromes in developed regions. G. lamblia resides in the lumen and at the epithelial surface of the proximal small intestine but is not mucosa invasive. The protozoan parasite is genetically diverse with significant genome differences across strains and assemblages. Animal models, particularly murine models, have been instrumental in defining mechanisms of host defense against G. lamblia, but mice cannot be readily infected with most human pathogenic strains. Antibiotic pretreatment can increase susceptibility, suggesting that the normal microbiota plays a role in controlling G. lamblia infection in mice, but the broader implications on susceptibility to diverse strains are not known. Here, we have used gnotobiotic mice to demonstrate that robust intestinal infection can be achieved for a broad set of human-pathogenic strains of the genetic assemblages A and B. Furthermore, gnotobiotic mice were able to eradicate infection with a similar kinetics to conventional mice after trophozoite challenge. Germ-free mice could also be effectively immunized by the mucosal route with a protective antigen, α1-giardin, in a manner dependent on CD4 T cells. These results indicate that the gnotobiotic mouse model is powerful for investigating acquired host defenses in giardiasis, as the mice are broadly susceptible to diverse G. lamblia strains yet display no apparent defects in mucosal immunity needed for controlling and eradicating this lumen-dwelling pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian V Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Hagen KD, Hart CJS, McInally SG, Dawson SC. Harnessing the power of new genetic tools to illuminate Giardia biology and pathogenesis. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae038. [PMID: 38626297 PMCID: PMC11151923 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia is a prevalent single-celled microaerophilic intestinal parasite causing diarrheal disease and significantly impacting global health. Double diploid (essentially tetraploid) Giardia trophozoites have presented a formidable challenge to the development of molecular genetic tools to interrogate gene function. High sequence divergence and the high percentage of hypothetical proteins lacking homology to proteins in other eukaryotes have limited our understanding of Giardia protein function, slowing drug target validation and development. For more than 25 years, Giardia A and B assemblages have been readily amenable to transfection with plasmids or linear DNA templates. Here, we highlight the utility and power of genetic approaches developed to assess protein function in Giardia, with particular emphasis on the more recent clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/Cas9-based methods for knockdowns and knockouts. Robust and reliable molecular genetic approaches are fundamental toward the interrogation of Giardia protein function and evaluation of druggable targets. New genetic approaches tailored for the double diploid Giardia are imperative for understanding Giardia's unique biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari D Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shane G McInally
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Scott C Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Qubais Saeed B, Hamdy R, Akbar N, Sajeevan SE, Khan NA, Soliman SSM. Azole-based compounds as potential anti- Acanthamoeba agents. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1578-1588. [PMID: 38784450 PMCID: PMC11110792 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is an opportunistic pathogen with public health implications, largely due to its invasive nature and non-specific symptoms. Our study focuses on the potential of azole compounds, particularly those with triazole scaffolds, as anti-amoebic agents. Out of 10 compounds, compounds T1 and T8 exhibited effective anti-Acanthamoeba activity with MIC50 values of 125.37 and 143.92 μg mL-1, respectively. Interestingly, compounds T1, T4, T5 and T8 revealed profound anti-excystation activity with MIC50 at 32.01, 85.53, 19.54 and 80.57 μg mL-1, respectively, alongside limited cytotoxicity to human cells. The study underscores the potential of T1, T4, T5, and T8, thiazole-based compounds, as anti-Acanthamoeba agents by both eliminating amoeba viability and preventing excystation, via preserving the amoeba in its latent cyst form, exposing them to elimination by the immune system. Notably, compounds T1, T4, T5, and T8 showed optimal molecular properties, moderate oral bioavailability, and stable complex formation with Acanthamoeba CYP51. They also display superior binding interactions. Further research is needed to understand their mechanisms and optimize their efficacy against Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balsam Qubais Saeed
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Centre, Istinye University Istanbul 34010 Turkey
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah P.O. Box 27272 United Arab Emirates +97165057472
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Rahimi B, Malekifard F, Esmaeilnejad B. In vitro anti-Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1432. [PMID: 38527006 PMCID: PMC10962798 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas gallinae is a parasite that causes canker and severe loss and death, especially in young pigeons. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended drug for treating avian trichomoniasis. Due to drug resistance, non-chemical alternatives, such as medicinal plant extracts, are also considered possible therapies for this disease. OBJECTIVES This study compares the antitrichomonal effects of MTZ with extracts of Camellia sinensis and Ziziphus vulgaris on T. gallinae in vitro. METHODS Samples of T. gallinae were taken from infected pigeons. Multi-well plates with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) of plant extracts were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. sinensis extract was 25 µg/mL over 24 h, compared to 50 µg/mL for MTZ. The MIC value of the Z. vulgaris extracts was 50 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the extracts of Z. vulgaris and C. sinensis, as potential natural agents, could have anti-avian trichomoniasis properties. This study also shows that MTZ, C. sinensis and Z. vulgaris are equally effective in preventing the growth of T. gallinae trophozoites in the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rahimi
- DVM graduateFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Farnaz Malekifard
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
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Duwor S, Brites D, Mäser P. Phylogenetic Analysis of Pyruvate-Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase, a Redox Enzyme Involved in the Pharmacological Activation of Nitro-Based Prodrugs in Bacteria and Protozoa. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38534448 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The present frontrunners in the chemotherapy of infections caused by protozoa are nitro-based prodrugs that are selectively activated by PFOR-mediated redox reactions. This study seeks to analyze the distribution of PFOR in selected protozoa and bacteria by applying comparative genomics to test the hypothesis that PFOR in eukaryotes was acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria. Furthermore, to identify other putatively acquired genes, proteome-wide and gene enrichment analyses were used. A plausible explanation for the patchy occurrence of PFOR in protozoa is based on the hypothesis that bacteria are potential sources of genes that enhance the adaptation of protozoa in hostile environments. Comparative genomics of Entamoeba histolytica and the putative gene donor, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, identified eleven candidate genes for HGT involved in intermediary metabolism. If these results can be reproduced in other PFOR-possessing protozoa, it would provide more validated evidence to support the horizontal transfer of pfor from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Duwor
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brites
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Morales-Luna L, Vázquez-Bautista M, Martínez-Rosas V, Rojas-Alarcón MA, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Pérez de la Cruz V, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Rodríguez-Bustamante E, Rodríguez-Flores E, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S. Fused Enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase::6-Phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD::6PGL) as a Potential Drug Target in Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium falciparum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:112. [PMID: 38257939 PMCID: PMC10819308 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several microaerophilic parasites such as Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium falciparum are major disease-causing organisms and are responsible for spreading infections worldwide. Despite significant progress made in understanding the metabolism and molecular biology of microaerophilic parasites, chemotherapeutic treatment to control it has seen limited progress. A current proposed strategy for drug discovery against parasitic diseases is the identification of essential key enzymes of metabolic pathways associated with the parasite's survival. In these organisms, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase::6-phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD:: 6PGL), the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), is essential for its metabolism. Since G6PD:: 6PGL provides substrates for nucleotides synthesis and NADPH as a source of reducing equivalents, it could be considered an anti-parasite drug target. This review analyzes the anaerobic energy metabolism of G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, and P. falciparum, with a focus on glucose metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway and the significance of the fused G6PD:: 6PGL enzyme as a therapeutic target in the search for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Vázquez-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Abigail Rojas-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Bustamante
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Eden Rodríguez-Flores
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
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9
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Nosala C, Hagen KD, Guest SL, Hilton NA, Müller A, Laue M, Klotz C, Aebischer A, Dawson SC. Dynamic ventral disc contraction is necessary for Giardia attachment and host pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.04.547600. [PMID: 37461436 PMCID: PMC10349954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.04.547600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a common parasitic protist that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis, resulting in diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and malabsorption. Giardiasis leads to cellular damage, including loss of microvilli, disruption of tight junctions, impaired barrier function, enzyme inhibition, malabsorption, and apoptosis. In the host, motile Giardia trophozoites attach to the duodenal microvilli using a unique microtubule organelle called the ventral disc. Despite early observations of disc-shaped depressions in microvilli after parasite detachment, little is known about disc-mediated attachment mechanisms and there little direct evidence showing that parasite attachment causes cellular damage. However, advancements in in vitro organoid models of infection and genetic tools have opened new possibilities for studying molecular mechanisms of attachment and the impact of attachment on the host. Through high-resolution live imaging and a novel disc mutant, we provide direct evidence for disc contraction during attachment, resolving the long-standing controversy of its existence. Specifically, we identify three types of disc movements that characterize contraction, which in combination result in a decrease in disc diameter and volume. Additionally, we investigate the consequences of attachment and disc contractility using an attachment mutant that has abnormal disc architecture. In a human organoid model, we demonstrate that this mutant has a limited ability to break down the epithelial barrier as compared to wild type. Based on this direct evidence, we propose a model of attachment that incorporates disc contraction to generates the forces required for the observed "grasping" of trophozoites on the host epithelium. Overall, this work highlights the importance of disc contractility in establishing and maintaining parasite attachment, leading to intestinal barrier breakdown.
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10
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Ranasinghe S, Armson A, Lymbery AJ, Zahedi A, Ash A. Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:535-553. [PMID: 36805662 PMCID: PMC10392325 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in modern human and veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections remain a significant health issue worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Increasing evidence of the multi-drug resistance of these parasites and the side effects of currently available synthetic drugs have led to increased research on alternative medicines to treat parasitic infections. The exploration of potential botanical antiparasitics, which are inexpensive and abundant, may be a promising alternative in this context. This study summarizes the in vitro/in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components against GI parasites. Published literature from 1990-2020 was retrieved from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 32 families have been evaluated as antiparasitic agents against GI parasites worldwide. The majority of studies (70%) were conducted in vitro. Most plants were from the Fabaceae family (53%, n = 18). Methanol (37%, n = 35) was the most used solvent. Leaf (22%, n = 16) was the most used plant part, followed by seed and rhizome (each 12%, n = 9). These studies suggest that herbal medicines hold a great scope for new drug discoveries against parasitic diseases and that the derivatives of these plants are useful structures for drug synthesis and bioactivity optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamalie Ranasinghe
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Armson
- Exercise Science and Chiropractic, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Guarin DO, Joshi SM, Samoilenko A, Kabir MSH, Hardy EE, Takahashi AM, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Chekmenev EY, Yen YF. Development of Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of [ 15 N 3 ]Metronidazole: A Clinically Approved Antibiotic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219181. [PMID: 37247411 PMCID: PMC10524734 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (d-DNP) of [15 N3 ]metronidazole ([15 N3 ]MNZ) for the first time. Metronidazole is a clinically approved antibiotic, which can be potentially employed as a hypoxia-sensing molecular probe using 15 N hyperpolarized (HP) nucleus. The DNP process is very efficient for [15 N3 ]MNZ with an exponential build-up constant of 13.8 min using trityl radical. After dissolution and sample transfer to a nearby 4.7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner, HP [15 N3 ]MNZ lasted remarkably long with T1 values up to 343 s and 15 N polarizations up to 6.4 %. A time series of HP [15 N3 ]MNZ images was acquired in vitro using a steady state free precession sequence on the 15 NO2 peak. The signal lasted over 13 min with notably long T2 of 20.5 s. HP [15 N3 ]MNZ was injected in the tail vein of a healthy rat, and dynamic spectroscopy was performed over the rat brain. The in vivo HP 15 N signals persisted over 70 s, demonstrating an unprecedented opportunity for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Guarin
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
- Polarize ApS., Asmussens Alle 1, 1808, Frederiksberg, Denmak
| | - Sameer M Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Anna Samoilenko
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Mohammad S H Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Erin E Hardy
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
| | - Atsush M Takahashi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 02139, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jan H Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Polarize ApS., Asmussens Alle 1, 1808, Frederiksberg, Denmak
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 348, Ørsteds Pl., 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
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12
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Muñoz-Muñoz PLA, Mares-Alejandre RE, Meléndez-López SG, Ramos-Ibarra MA. Structural Insights into the Giardia lamblia Target of Rapamycin Homolog: A Bioinformatics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11992. [PMID: 37569368 PMCID: PMC10418948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TOR proteins, also known as targets of rapamycin, are serine/threonine kinases involved in various signaling pathways that regulate cell growth. The protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of giardiasis, a neglected infectious disease in humans. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach to examine the structural features of GTOR, a G. lamblia TOR-like protein, and predict functional associations. Our findings confirmed that it shares significant similarities with functional TOR kinases, including a binding domain for the FKBP-rapamycin complex and a kinase domain resembling that of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases. In addition, it can form multiprotein complexes such as TORC1 and TORC2. These results provide valuable insights into the structure-function relationship of GTOR, highlighting its potential as a molecular target for controlling G. lamblia cell proliferation. Furthermore, our study represents a step toward rational drug design for specific anti-giardiasis therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa E. Mares-Alejandre
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico; (P.L.A.M.-M.); (S.G.M.-L.); (M.A.R.-I.)
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13
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Khattak I, Yen WL, Usman T, Nasreen N, Khan A, Ahmad S, Rehman G, Khan K, Said MB, Chen CC. Individual and Community-Level Risk Factors for Giardiasis in Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan: A Prospective Multi-Regional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1087. [PMID: 37371318 DOI: 10.3390/children10061087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and identify associated risk factors at both individual and community levels in a pediatric population in different agroecological zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2022. Using stratified sampling, 1026 households were recruited from nine agroecological zones. Stool samples were collected from 1026 children up to the age of five years and processed for detection of Giardia using a commercial ELISA kit. Data on potential risk factors were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with giardiasis. RESULTS The study found that the prevalence of giardiasis in the study area was 3.31%. Children aged 13-24 months were found to be at higher risk for giardiasis. Illiterate mothers and fathers attending daycare institutions/kindergartens, mothers not practicing hand washing during critical times, households with companion animals, and homes where stray dogs/cats enter were identified as predictors of giardiasis at the individual level. Children living in sub-mountain valleys use un-piped water, inadequate domestic water storage vessels, drink un-boiled or unfiltered water, live near rubbish heaps or un-paved streets/pathways, and have unimproved latrine facilities were identified as risk factors of giardiasis at the community level. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the need for integrated intervention approaches at both individual and community levels to reduce the incidence of giardiasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Interventions aimed at promoting behavioral change and providing safe and adequate water sources, combined with individual-level interventions such as hand washing and awareness of giardiasis prevention methods, would be critical to addressing this health concern. Inter-sectoral collaboration between the health sector and other sectors would also be necessary to achieve meaningful progress in reducing the incidence of giardiasis in resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Khattak
- College of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Lan Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Tahir Usman
- College of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24540, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L1E4, Canada
| | - Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Khurshaid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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14
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Popruk S, Abu A, Ampawong S, Thiangtrongjit T, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Sreesai S, Reamtong O. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Revealed Effects of Metronidazole on Giardia duodenalis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030408. [PMID: 36986506 PMCID: PMC10052756 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant protozoan that affects humans and animals. An estimated 280 million G. duodenalis diarrheal cases are recorded annually. Pharmacological therapy is crucial for controlling giardiasis. Metronidazole is the first-line therapy for treating giardiasis. Several metronidazole targets have been proposed. However, the downstream signaling pathways of these targets with respect to their antigiardial action are unclear. In addition, several giardiasis cases have demonstrated treatment failures and drug resistance. Therefore, the development of novel drugs is an urgent need. In this study, we performed a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics study to understand the systemic effects of metronidazole in G. duodenalis. A thorough analysis of metronidazole processes helps identify potential molecular pathways essential for parasite survival. The results demonstrated 350 altered metabolites after exposure to metronidazole. Squamosinin A and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexacosanamide were the most up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites, respectively. Proteasome and glycerophospholipid metabolisms demonstrated significant differential pathways. Comparing glycerophospholipid metabolisms of G. duodenalis and humans, the parasite glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase was distinct from humans. This protein is considered a potential drug target for treating giardiasis. This study improved our understanding of the effects of metronidazole and identified new potential therapeutic targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Amanee Abu
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Suthasinee Sreesai
- Central Equipment Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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15
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Beteck RM, Isaacs M, Legoabe LJ, Hoppe HC, Tam CC, Kim JH, Petzer JP, Cheng LW, Quiambao Q, Land KM, Khanye SD. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of novel metronidazole-Schiff base hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200409. [PMID: 36446720 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 21 novel small molecules inspired by metronidazole and Schiff base compounds. The compounds were evaluated against Trichomonas vaginalis and cross-screened against other pathogenic protozoans of clinical relevance. Most of these compounds were potent against T. vaginalis, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. Compound 20, the most active compound against T. vaginalis, exhibited an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. A few compounds also exhibited activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosomal brucei brucei, with compound 6 exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.7 µM against P. falciparum and compound 22 exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.4 µM against T.b. brucei. Compound 22 is a broad-spectrum antiprotozoal agent, showing activities against all three pathogenic protozoans under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Quincel Quiambao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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16
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Batiha GES, Teibo JO, Wasef L, Shaheen HM, Akomolafe AP, Teibo TKA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Garbeeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. A review of the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Lavandula species. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:877-900. [PMID: 36773055 PMCID: PMC10079719 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Lavandula species is a flowering plant that is common in Europe and across the Mediterranean. Lavender has many health benefits for humans. In addition to its use in herbal medicine, it is widely used in the fields of cosmetics, perfumes, foods, and aromatherapy. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search for relevant material on the phytochemical ingredients, the pharmacologic effects of the ingredients, and the mechanism of action of the Lavandula species identified. These materials were reviewed in order to have access to important updates about the Lavandula species. Lavender as referred to in English contains essential oils, anthocyanins, phytosterols, sugars, minerals, coumaric acid, glycolic acid, valeric acid, ursolic acid, herniarins, coumarins, and tannins. It has been used to treat colic and chest ailments, worrisome headaches, and biliousness, and in cleaning wounds. It has antifungal, antibacterial, neurologic, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, and analgesic effects among others. Lavandula species has prospects for various biological applications, especially with its dermatological application. Advances in drug development would enable characterization of various bioactive constituents; thus, its development and application can have a more positive impact on humanity. Here, we highlighted updated information on the history, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacology, and various biological activities of Lavandula species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - John Oluwafemi Teibo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lamiaa Wasef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Hazem M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | | | - Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi Teibo
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Garbeeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.,AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
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17
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Pyridyl Methylsulfinyl Benzimidazole Derivatives as Promising Agents against Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248902. [PMID: 36558035 PMCID: PMC9781444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, cause the most prevalent infections in humans in developing countries and provoke significant morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. Despite its side-effects, metronidazole is still the drug of choice as a giardiacidal and trichomonacidal tissue-active agent. However, the emergence of metronidazole resistance and its evolved strategies of parasites to evade innate host defenses have hindered the identification and development of new therapeutic strategies against these parasites. Here, we tested five synthesized benzimidazole derivatives as possible drugs for treating giardiasis and trichomoniasis, probing the bifunctional enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase::6-phosphogluconolactone from G. lamblia (GlG6PD::6PGL) and T. vaginalis (TvG6PD::6PGL) as a drug target. The investigated benzimidazole derivatives were H-B2M1, H-B2M2, H2N-BZM6, O2N-BZM7, and O2N-BZM9. The recombinant enzymes were used in inhibition assays, and in silico computational predictions and spectroscopic studies were applied to follow the structural alteration of the enzymes and identify the possible mechanism of inhibition. We identified two potent benzimidazole compounds (O2N-BZM7 and O2N-BZM9), which are capable of inhibiting both protozoan G6PD::6PGL enzymes and in vitro assays with these parasites, showing that these compounds also affect their viability. These results demonstrate that other therapeutic targets of the compounds are the enzymes GlG6PD::6PGL and TvG6PD::6PGL, which contribute to their antiparasitic effect and their possible use in antigiardial and trichomonacidal therapies.
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18
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Sabatke B, Chaves PFP, Cordeiro LMC, Ramirez MI. Synergistic Effect of Polysaccharides from Chamomile Tea with Nitazoxanide Increases Treatment Efficacy against Giardia intestinalis. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122091. [PMID: 36556456 PMCID: PMC9785495 DOI: 10.3390/life12122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. duodenalis) is a protozoa parasite that produces one of the most frequent waterborne causes of diarrhea worldwide. This protozoan infects most mammals, including humans, and colonizes the small intestine, adhering to intestinal cells. The mechanism by which G. intestinalis causes diarrhea is multifactorial, causing intestinal malabsorption. The treatment of giardiasis uses chemotherapeutic drugs such as nitroimidazoles, furazolidone, paromomycin, and benzimidazole compounds. However, they are toxic, refractory, and may generate resistance. To increase efficacy, a current treatment strategy is to combine these drugs with other compounds, such as polysaccharides. Several studies have shown that polysaccharides have gastroprotective effects. Polysaccharides are high-molecular weight polymers, and they differ in structure and functions, being widely extracted from vegetables and fruits. In the present study, we show that polysaccharides found in chamomile tea (called MRW), in contact with antiparasitic agents, potentially inhibit the adhesion of parasites to intestinal cells. Moreover, at 500 µg/mL, they act synergistically with nitazoxanide (NTZ), increasing its effectiveness and decreasing the drug dose needed for giardiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Sabatke
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
- EVAHPI-Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Tripanossomatideos, Carlos Chagas Institute-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Pedro Felipe P Chaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- EVAHPI-Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Tripanossomatideos, Carlos Chagas Institute-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
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19
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Stevens AJ, Abraham R, Young KA, Russell CC, McCluskey SN, Baker JR, Rusdi B, Page SW, O'Handley R, O'Dea M, Abraham S, McCluskey A. Antigiardial Activity of Novel Guanidine Compounds. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200341. [PMID: 36085254 PMCID: PMC9828538 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
From four focused compound libraries based on the known anticoccidial agent robenidine, 44 compounds total were synthesised and screened for antigiardial activity. All active compounds were counter-screened for antibiotic and cytotoxic action. Of the analogues examined, 21 displayed IC50 <5 μM, seven with IC50 <1.0 μM. Most active were 2,2'-bis{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylene}carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (30), 2,2'-bis{[4-(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)phenyl]methylene}carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (32), and 2,2'-bis[(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methylene]carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (41) with IC50 =0.2 μM. The maximal observed activity was a 5 h IC50 value of 0.2 μM for 41. The clinically used metronidazole was inactive at this timepoint at a concentration of 25 μM. Robenidine off-target effects at bacteria and cell line toxicity were removed. Analogue 41 was well tolerated in mice treated orally (100 mg/kg). Following 5 h treatment with 41, no Giardia regrowth was noted after 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Stevens
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia,School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthySA 5371Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Cecilia C. Russell
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Siobhann N. McCluskey
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Baker
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Bertha Rusdi
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | | | - Ryan O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthySA 5371Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
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Pech-Santiago EO, Argüello-García R, Vázquez C, Saavedra E, González-Hernández I, Jung-Cook H, Rafferty SP, Ortega-Pierres MG. Giardia duodenalis: Flavohemoglobin is involved in drug biotransformation and resistance to albendazole. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010840. [PMID: 36166467 PMCID: PMC9514659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis, a major diarrheal disease in humans worldwide whose treatment relies mainly on metronidazole (MTZ) and albendazole (ABZ). The emergence of ABZ resistance in this parasite has prompted studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. G. duodenalis trophozoites convert ABZ into its sulfoxide (ABZSO) and sulfone (ABZSOO) forms, despite lacking canonical enzymes involved in these processes, such as cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). This study aims to identify the enzyme responsible for ABZ metabolism and its role in ABZ resistance in G. duodenalis. We first determined that the iron-containing cofactor heme induces higher mRNA expression levels of flavohemoglobin (gFlHb) in Giardia trophozoites. Molecular docking analyses predict favorable interactions of gFlHb with ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO. Spectral analyses of recombinant gFlHb in the presence of ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO showed high affinities for each of these compounds with Kd values of 22.7, 19.1 and 23.8 nM respectively. ABZ and ABZSO enhanced gFlHb NADH oxidase activity (turnover number 14.5 min-1), whereas LC-MS/MS analyses of the reaction products showed that gFlHb slowly oxygenates ABZ into ABZSO at a much lower rate (turnover number 0.01 min-1). Further spectroscopic analyses showed that ABZ is indirectly oxidized to ABZSO by superoxide generated from the NADH oxidase activity of gFlHb. In a similar manner, the superoxide-generating enzyme xanthine oxidase was able to produce ABZSO in the presence of xanthine and ABZ. Interestingly, we find that gFlHb mRNA expression is lower in albendazole-resistant clones compared to those that are sensitive to this drug. Furthermore, all albendazole-resistant clones transfected to overexpress gFlHb displayed higher susceptibility to the drug than the parent clones. Collectively these findings indicate a role for gFlHb in ABZ conversion to its sulfoxide and that gFlHb down-regulation acts as a passive pharmacokinetic mechanism of resistance in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edar O. Pech-Santiago
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iliana González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Lagunas-Rangel FA. Ribosomal RNA Transcription Machineries in Intestinal Protozoan Parasites: A Bioinformatic Analysis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1788-1799. [PMID: 36028726 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ribosome biogenesis is a key process in all living organisms, energetically expensive and tightly regulated. Currently, little is known about the components of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription machinery that are present in intestinal parasites, such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Thus, in the present work, an analysis was carried out looking for the components of the rRNA transcription machinery that are conserved in intestinal parasites and if these could be used to design new treatment strategies. METHODS The different components of the rRNA transcription machinery were searched in the studied parasites with the NCBI BLAST tool in the EuPathDB Bioinformatics Resource Center database. The sequences of the RRN3 and POLR1F orthologs were aligned and important regions identified. Subsequently, three-dimensional models were built with different bioinformatic tools and a structural analysis was performed. RESULTS Among the protozoa examined, C. parvum is the parasite with the fewest identifiable components of the rRNA transcription machinery. TBP, RRN3, POLR1A, POLR1B, POLR1C, POLR1D, POLR1F, POLR1H, POLR2E, POLR2F and POLR2H subunits were identified in all species studied. Furthermore, the interaction regions between RRN3 and POLR1F were found to be conserved and could be used to design drugs that inhibit rRNA transcription in the parasites studied. CONCLUSION The inhibition of the rRNA transcription machinery in parasites might be a new therapeutic strategy against these microorganisms.
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Reyes-López M, Ramírez-Rico G, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081702. [PMID: 36015327 PMCID: PMC9414845 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and other eventually pathogenic organisms require the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions inside the host to assure survival. Some host proteins have evolved as defense constituents, such as lactoferrin (Lf), which is part of the innate immune system. Lf in its iron-free form (apo-Lf) and its peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin are microbicides. Parasites confront Lf in mucosae and blood. In this work, the activity of Lf against pathogenic and opportunistic parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas spp., and the free-living but opportunistic pathogens Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba castellani were reviewed. The major effects of Lf could be the inhibition produced by sequestering the iron needed for their survival and the production of oxygen-free radicals to more complicated mechanisms, such as the activation of macrophages to phagocytes with the posterior death of those parasites. Due to the great interest in Lf in the fight against pathogens, it is necessary to understand the exact mechanisms used by this protein to affect their virulence factors and to kill them.
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Avila-Bonilla RG, López-Sandoval Á, Soto-Sánchez J, Marchat LA, Rivera G, Medina-Contreras O, Ramírez-Moreno E. Proteomic and Functional Analysis of the Effects of Quinoxaline Derivatives on Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887647. [PMID: 35832378 PMCID: PMC9271875 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines are heterocyclic compounds that contain a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. The oxidation of both nitrogen of the pyrazine ring results in quinoxaline derivatives (QdNO), which exhibit a variety of biological properties, including antiparasitic activity. However, its activity against Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan that causes human amebiasis, is poorly understood. Recently, our group reported that various QdNOs produce morphological changes in E. histolytica trophozoites, increase reactive oxygen species, and inhibit thioredoxin reductase activity. Notably, T-001 and T-017 derivatives were among the QdNOs with the best activity. In order to contribute to the characterization of the antiamebic effect of QdNOs, in this work we analyzed the proteomic profile of E. histolytica trophozoites treated with the QdNOs T-001 and T-017, and the results were correlated with functional assays. A total number of 163 deregulated proteins were found in trophozoites treated with T-001, and 131 in those treated with T-017. A set of 21 overexpressed and 24 under-expressed proteins was identified, which were mainly related to cytoskeleton and intracellular traffic, nucleic acid transcription, translation and binding, and redox homeostasis. Furthermore, T-001 and T-017 modified the virulence of trophozoites, since they altered their erythrophagocytosis, migration, adhesion and cytolytic capacity. Our results show that in addition to alter reactive oxygen species, and thioredoxin reductase activity, T-001 and T-017 affect essential functions related to the actin cytoskeleton, which eventually affects E. histolytica virulence and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular 2, México City, Mexico
| | - Ángel López-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular 2, México City, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular 2, México City, Mexico
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular 2, México City, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Oscar Medina-Contreras
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica en Endocrinología y Nutrición (UIEEN), México City, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular 2, México City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Esther Ramírez-Moreno, ;
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Exploring the potential mechanism of emetine against coronavirus disease 2019 combined with lung adenocarcinoma: bioinformatics and molecular simulation analyses. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:687. [PMID: 35733175 PMCID: PMC9214478 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) may be more predisposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and have a poorer prognosis. Currently, there is still a lack of effective anti-LUAD/COVID-19 drugs. Thus, this study aimed to screen for an effective anti-LUAD/COVID-19 drug and explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS Firstly, we performed differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis on LUAD transcriptome profiling data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), where intersections with COVID-19-related genes were screened out. Then, we conducted Cox proportional hazards analyses on these LUAD/COVID-19 DEGs to construct a risk score. Next, LUAD/COVID-19 DEGs were uploaded on Connectivity Map to obtain drugs for anti-LUAD/COVID-19. Finally, we used network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explore the drug's therapeutic targets and potential mechanisms for anti-LUAD/COVID-19. RESULTS We identified 230 LUAD/COVID-19 DEGs and constructed a risk score containing 7 genes (BTK, CCL20, FURIN, LDHA, TRPA1, ZIC5, and SDK1) that could classify LUAD patients into two risk groups. Then, we screened emetine as an effective drug for anti-LUAD/COVID-19. Network pharmacology analyses identified 6 potential targets (IL6, DPP4, MIF, PRF1, SERPING1, and SLC6A4) for emetine in anti-LUAD/COVID-19. Molecular docking and MD simulation analyses showed that emetine exhibited excellent binding capacities to DDP4 and the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). CONCLUSIONS This study found that emetine may inhibit the entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and enhance tumor immunity by bounding to DDP4 and Mpro.
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25
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Santos HLC, Rebello KM. An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860442. [PMID: 35548465 PMCID: PMC9084232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections caused by protozoans that infect the mucosal surfaces are widely neglected worldwide. Collectively, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis infect more than a billion people in the world, being a public health problem mainly in developing countries. However, the exact incidence and prevalence data depend on the population examined. These parasites ultimately cause pathologies that culminate in liver abscesses, malabsorption syndrome, vaginitis, and urethritis, respectively. Despite this, the antimicrobial agents currently used to treat these diseases are limited and often associated with adverse side effects and refractory cases due to the development of resistant parasites. The paucity of drug treatments, absence of vaccines and increasing problems of drug resistance are major concerns for their control and eradication. Herein, potential candidates are reviewed with the overall aim of determining the knowledge gaps and suggest future perspectives for research. This review focuses on this public health problem and focuses on the progress of drug repositioning as a potential strategy for the treatment of mucosal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lucia Carneiro Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ihara S, Miyamoto Y, Le CHY, Tran VN, Hanson EM, Fischer M, Hanevik K, Eckmann L. Conserved metabolic enzymes as vaccine antigens for giardiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010323. [PMID: 35468132 PMCID: PMC9037923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a leading protozoal cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection is associated with abdominal pain, malabsorption and weight loss, and protracted post-infectious syndromes. A human vaccine is not available against G. lamblia. Prior studies with human and murine immune sera have identified several parasite antigens, including surface proteins and metabolic enzymes with intracellular functions. While surface proteins have demonstrated vaccine potential, they can exhibit significant variation between G. lamblia strains. By comparison, metabolic enzymes show greater conservation but their vaccine potential has not been established. To determine whether such proteins can serve as vaccine candidates, we focused on two enzymes, α-enolase (ENO) and ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT), which are involved in glycolysis and arginine metabolism, respectively. We show in a cohort of patients with confirmed giardiasis that both enzymes are immunogenic. Intranasal immunization with either enzyme antigen in mice induced strong systemic IgG1 and IgG2b responses and modest mucosal IgA responses, and a marked 100- to 1,000-fold reduction in peak trophozoite load upon oral G. lamblia challenge. ENO immunization also reduced the extent and duration of cyst excretion. Examination of 44 cytokines showed only minimal intestinal changes in immunized mice, although a modest increase of CCL22 was observed in ENO-immunized mice. Spectral flow cytometry revealed increased numbers and activation state of CD4 T cells in the small intestine and an increase in α4β7-expressing CD4 T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of ENO-immunized mice. Consistent with a key role of CD4 T cells, immunization of CD4-deficient and Rag-2 deficient mice failed to induce protection, whereas mice lacking IgA were fully protected by immunization, indicating that immunity was CD4 T cell-dependent but IgA-independent. These results demonstrate that conserved metabolic enzymes can be effective vaccine antigens for protection against G. lamblia infection, thereby expanding the repertoire of candidate antigens beyond primary surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christine H. Y. Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivien N. Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Elaine M. Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marvin Fischer
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by albendazole in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Biochimie 2022; 198:155-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kinetic and Molecular Docking Studies to Determine the Effect of Inhibitors on the Activity and Structure of Fused G6PD::6PGL Protein from Trichomonas vaginalis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041174. [PMID: 35208965 PMCID: PMC8880039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with a high incidence worldwide, affecting 270 million people. Despite the existence of a catalog of available drugs to combat this infection, their extensive use promotes the appearance of resistant Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), and some side effects in treated people, which are reasons why it is necessary to find new alternatives to combat this infection. In this study, we investigated the impact of an in-house library comprising 55 compounds on the activity of the fused T. vaginalis G6PD::6PGL (TvG6PD::6PGL) protein, a protein mediating the first reaction step of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a crucial pathway involved in the parasite's energy production. We found four compounds: JMM-3, CNZ-3, CNZ-17, and MCC-7, which inhibited the TvG6PD::6PGL protein by more than 50%. Furthermore, we determined the IC50, the inactivation constants, and the type of inhibition. Our results showed that these inhibitors induced catalytic function loss of the TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme by altering its secondary and tertiary structures. Finally, molecular docking was performed for the best inhibitors, JMM-3 and MCC-7. All our findings demonstrate the potential role of these selected hit compounds as TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme selective inhibitors.
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Gangaram S, Naidoo Y, Dewir YH, El-Hendawy S. Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Barleria (Acanthaceae). PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010082. [PMID: 35009086 PMCID: PMC8747396 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant species belonging to the family Acanthaceae are globally known to possess various medicinal properties and have cultural and economic importance in both traditional medicine and horticulture. They are important to both animals and humans and are used as food or for ornamental purposes worldwide. Barleria is the third largest genus in the family Acanthaceae. A few of the highly important and reported species of Barleria include B. prionitis, B. cristata, B. grandiflora, and B. lupulina. The flowers, leaves, stems, roots, and seed extracts of plants belonging to this genus are rich in bioactive compounds and have exhibited significant medicinal potential for the treatment of various ailments and infections. Evidence derived from several studies has demonstrated the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antiamoebic, antihelminthic, antiarthritic, antihypertensive, antiviral properties and toxicity of extracts, in addition inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and biosynthesis of nanoparticles, of the plant and seed extracts of species belonging to Barleria. Studies have reported that bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, quinones, iridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, the immunostimulant protein “Sankaranin”, and antibiotics isolated from Barleria species are resposnsible for the above biological activities. Traditionally, the genus Barleria has significant medicinal potential; however, there is a scarcity of information on various species that are yet to be evaluated. This review provides a comprehensive report on existing literature, concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of the genus Barleria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serisha Gangaram
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.G.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.G.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Salah El-Hendawy
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate-1,4-di- N-oxide as Trichomonas vaginalis triosephosphate isomerase inhibitors. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:485-495. [PMID: 36654088 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a public health problem worldwide. Trichomoniasis treatment consists of the use of nitroimidazole derivatives; however, therapeutic ineffectiveness occurs in 5 to 20 % of the cases. Therefore, it is essential to propose new pharmacological agents against this disease. In this work, esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate-1,4-di-N-oxide (EQX-NO) were evaluated in in vitro assays as novel trichomonicidal agents. Additionally, an in vitro enzyme assay and molecular docking analysis against triosephosphate isomerase of Trichomonas vaginalis to confirm their mechanism of action were performed. Ethyl (compound 12) and n-propyl (compound 37) esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxy-late-1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives showed trichomonicidal activity comparable to nitazoxanide, whereas five methyl (compounds 5, 15, 19, 20 and 22), four isopropyl (compounds 28, 29, 30 and 34), three ethyl (compounds 4, 13 and 23) and one npropyl (compound 35) ester derivatives displayed activity comparable to albendazole. Compounds 6 and 20 decreased 100 % of the enzyme activity of recombinant protein triosephosphate isomerase.
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Dashti N, Zarebavani M. Probiotics in the management of Giardia duodenalis: an update on potential mechanisms and outcomes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1869-1878. [PMID: 34324017 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of infection in children and travelers. The most frequent symptom is diarrhea in these patients. G. duodenalis trophozoites use a highly specialized adhesive disc to attach the host intestinal epithelium to induce intestinal damages. Pathological features of the small intestine following giardiasis include villous atrophy; infiltration of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells into the lamina propria; and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The disturbed intestinal microbiota has been observed in patients with giardiasis. Therefore, a growing body of evidence has emphasized restoring the gut microbiome by probiotics in giardiasis. This study aimed to review the literature to find the pathologic features of giardiasis and its relationship with imbalanced microbiota. Then, benefits of probiotics in giardiasis and their potential molecular mechanisms were discussed. It has been illustrated that using probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces) can reduce the time of gastrointestinal symptoms and repair the damages, particularly in giardiasis. Probiotics' capability in restoring the composition of commensal microbiota may lead to therapeutic outcomes. According to preclinical and clinical studies, probiotics can protect against parasite-induced mucosal damages via increasing the antioxidant capacity, suppressing oxidative products, and regulating the systemic and mucosal immune responses. In addition, they can reduce the proportion of G. duodenalis load by directly targeting the parasite. They can destroy the cellular architecture of parasites and suppress the proliferation and growth of trophozoites via the production of some factors with anti-giardial features. Further researches are required to find suitable probiotics for the prevention and treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Dashti
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Zarebavani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Loderstädt U, Frickmann H. Antimicrobial resistance of the enteric protozoon Giardia duodenalis - A narrative review. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2021; 11:29-43. [PMID: 34237023 PMCID: PMC8287975 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2021.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As therapy-refractory giardiasis is an emerging health issue, this review aimed at summarizing mechanisms of reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in Giardia duodenalis and strategies to overcome this problem. Methods A narrative review on antimicrobial resistance in G. duodenalis was based upon a selective literature research. Results Failed therapeutic success has been observed for all standard therapies of giardiasis comprising nitroimidazoles like metronidazole or tinidazole as first line substances but also benznidazoles like albendazole and mebendazole, the nitrofuran furazolidone, the thiazolide nitazoxanide, and the aminoglycoside paromomycin. Multicausality of the resistance phenotypes has been described, with differentiated gene expression due to epigenetic and post-translational modifications playing a considerable bigger role than mutational base exchanges in the parasite DNA. Standardized resistance testing algorithms are not available and clinical evidence for salvage therapies is scarce in spite of research efforts targeting new giardicidal drugs. Conclusion In case of therapeutic failure of first line nitroimidazoles, salvage strategies including various options for combination therapy exist in spite of limited evidence and lacking routine diagnostic-compatible assays for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in G. duodenalis. Sufficiently powered clinical and diagnostic studies are needed to overcome both the lacking evidence regarding salvage therapy and the diagnostic neglect of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Loderstädt
- 1Institute for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- 2Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.,3Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Fahmy A, Abuelenain GL, Rasheed N, Abdou A. 'de Novo' repurposing of Daflon as anti-intestinal parasitic drug in experimental giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 226-227:108124. [PMID: 34139241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a necessity to develop or discover an alternative drug to combat the drug resistance by Giardia duodenalis and minimize the multiple doses and frequency of the conventional drug administration. Progressive repositioning or 'repurposing' of drugs has become widespread due to economic circumstances and medical emergency needs. Daflon 500 mg (DFL) is a natural product used safely as a nutrient supplement and an antidiabetic drug in many European countries and the US. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the efficiency of DFL, in vivo, in a murine model as a safe alternative or co-drug for giardiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss Albino mice (n = 32) were inoculated with 1X104Giardia cysts and assigned to four groups: One group was the infected non-treated control mice and three experimental groups that were treated differently, either with Metronidazole (MTZ), DFL, or combined therapy of DFL/MTZ. Also, eight normal mice served as a control group. All mice were sacrificed 13 days post-infection for the parasitic, histopathological, and oxidative stress analysis. RESULTS MTZ, DFL, and the combined therapy significantly reduced the number of trophozoites and cysts compared to their counterparts of the infected mice. The histopathological analysis of the small intestines of the mice treated with the combined therapy retained typical intestinal architecture and normal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione. CONCLUSION This study indicated promising actions of Daflon 500 as an anti-giardial drug, and the results demonstrated its potential effect in improving the intestinal epithelial tissue and disturbing the Giardia stages when it was taken collectively with Metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Fahmy
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt
| | - Gehan Labib Abuelenain
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt.
| | | | - Amr Abdou
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, NRC, Giza, Egypt
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Modified electrodes for electrochemical determination of metronidazole in drug formulations and biological samples: An overview. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Szentmihályi K, Süle K, Egresi A, Blázovics A, May Z. Metronidazole does not show direct antioxidant activity in in vitro global systems. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06902. [PMID: 33997416 PMCID: PMC8100078 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole has been widely used topically and systemically for more than 50 years but data on its antioxidant properties are still incomplete, unclear and contradictory. Its antioxidant properties are primarily hypothesized based on in vivo results, therefore, studies have been performed to determine whether metronidazole has antioxidant activity in vitro. We used so-called global spectrophotometric and luminometric methods. Fe3+/Fe2+-reducing ability, hydrogen donor activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging property and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity were investigated. Under the condition used, metronidazole has negligible iron-reducing ability and hydrogen donor activity. The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity cannot be demonstrated. It acts as a pro-oxidant in the H2O2/.OH-microperoxidase-luminol system, but it can inhibit the induced lipid peroxidation. According to our results, metronidazole has not shown antioxidant activity in vitro but can affect redox homeostasis by a ROS-independent mechanism due to its non-direct antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Szentmihályi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
| | - Krisztina Süle
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Institute of Pharmacognosy, H-1026 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Anna Egresi
- Semmelweis University Institute of Pharmacognosy, H-1026 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
- 2nd. Department of Internal Medicine Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 46, Hungary
| | - Anna Blázovics
- Semmelweis University Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, The Heart and Vascular Center, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Zoltán May
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
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Synthesis, Antiprotozoal Activity, and Cheminformatic Analysis of 2-Phenyl-2 H-Indazole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082145. [PMID: 33917871 PMCID: PMC8068258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indazole is an important scaffold in medicinal chemistry. At present, the progress on synthetic methodologies has allowed the preparation of several new indazole derivatives with interesting pharmacological properties. Particularly, the antiprotozoal activity of indazole derivatives have been recently reported. Herein, a series of 22 indazole derivatives was synthesized and studied as antiprotozoals. The 2-phenyl-2H-indazole scaffold was accessed by a one-pot procedure, which includes a combination of ultrasound synthesis under neat conditions as well as Cadogan's cyclization. Moreover, some compounds were derivatized to have an appropriate set to provide structure-activity relationships (SAR) information. Whereas the antiprotozoal activity of six of these compounds against E. histolytica, G. intestinalis, and T. vaginalis had been previously reported, the activity of the additional 16 compounds was evaluated against these same protozoa. The biological assays revealed structural features that favor the antiprotozoal activity against the three protozoans tested, e.g., electron withdrawing groups at the 2-phenyl ring. It is important to mention that the indazole derivatives possess strong antiprotozoal activity and are also characterized by a continuous SAR.
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Yang MH, Ha IJ, Um JY, Ahn KS. Albendazole Exhibits Anti-Neoplastic Actions against Gastric Cancer Cells by Affecting STAT3 and STAT5 Activation by Pleiotropic Mechanism(s). Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040362. [PMID: 33807326 PMCID: PMC8065911 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) has been reported to display anti-tumoral actions against various maliganncies, but possible impact of ABZ on gastric cancer has not been deciphered. As aberrant phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 proteins can regulate the growth and progression of gastric cancer, we postulated that ABZ may interrupt the activation of these oncogenic transcription factors. We found that ABZ exposure abrogated STAT3/5 activation, inhibited phosphorylation of Janus-activated kinases 1/2 and Src and enhanced the levels of SHP-1 protein. Silencing of SHP-1 gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reversed the ABZ-promoted attenuation of STAT3 as well as STAT5 activation and cellular apoptosis. In addition, these effects were noted to be driven by an augmented levels of reactive oxygen species caused by drug-induced GSH/GSSG imbalance. Thus, the data indicates that ABZ can modulate the activation of STAT3 and STAT5 by pleiotropic mechanisms in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Yang
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - In Jin Ha
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center (K-CTC), Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-2316
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Malekifard F, Tavassoli M, Alimoradi M. In vitro assessment of anti- Trichomonas effects of Zingiber officinale and Lavandula angustifolia alcoholic extracts on Trichomonas gallinae. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:95-100. [PMID: 33953879 PMCID: PMC8094141 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.102620.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae is a parasite that acts as a canker-causing agent and leads to significant loss and mortality, especially in young birds. Metronidazole is the approved drug used for the treatment of trichomoniasis. A non-chemical alternativess such as medical plant extracts are also used to treat this disease due to drug resistance. This study aimed to assess in vitro antitrichomonal effects of Lavandula angustifolia and Zingiber officinale extracts on T. gallinae compared with metronidazole. The T. gallinae samples were obtained from infected pigeons. Multi-well plates filled with different concentrations (5.00, 10.00, 25.00, 50.00, and 100 μg mL-1) were used to perform in vitro analysis. The Z. officinale extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the 24-hr period was 25.00 μg mL-1, while it was 50.00 μg mL-1 for metronidazole. The MIC value obtained for L. angustifolia extract in 24-hr was 50.00 μg mL-1. The results indicated that the extracts of Z. officinale and L. angustifolia could act as potential natural agents against trichomoniasis. Furthermore, this study delineated the equal efficiency of L. angustifolia and Z. officinale with that of metronidazole in inhibiting the growth of Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites in culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Malekifard
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alimoradi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Unveiling the role of EVs in anaerobic parasitic protozoa. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:34-43. [PMID: 33621941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic or microaerophilic protozoan parasites such as the enteric human pathogens Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis hominis and urogenital tract parasites Trichomonas vaginalis are able to survival in an environment with oxygen deprivation. Despite living in hostile environments these pathogens adopted different strategies to survive within the hosts. Among them, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has become an active endeavor in the study of pathogenesis for these parasites. EVs are heterogenous, membrane-limited structures that have played important roles in cellular communication, transferring information through cargo and modulating the immune system of the host. In this review, we described several aspects of the recently characterized EVs of the anaerobic protozoa, including their role in adhesion, modulation of the immune response and omics analysis to understand the potential of these EVs in the pathogenesis of these diseases caused by anaerobic parasites.
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Baccega B, Wahast Islabão Y, Brauner de Mello A, Obelar Martins F, Caetano dos Santos C, Ferreira Ourique A, da Silva Gündel S, Raquel Pegoraro de Macedo M, Elena Silveira Vianna É, Amélia da Rosa Farias N, Belmonte Oliveira C. In vitro and in vivo activity of the essential oil and nanoemulsion of Cymbopogon flexuosus against Trichomonas gallinae. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 11:32-34. [PMID: 33628718 PMCID: PMC7885001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was done to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the essential oil (OE-CL) and nanoemulsion (N-CL) of Cymbopogon flexuosus against Trichomonas gallinae. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays were done with 106 parasites and OE-CL and N-CL in the concentrations: 110, 220, 330, 440, 550, 660, 770 and 880 µg/ml and four controls: CN (culture medium and trophozoites), MTZ (trophozoites plus 800 µg/ml of metronidazole), TW (trophozoites plus vehicles used for solubilization of derivatives (0.01% Tween) and NB (blank nanoemulsion 880 µg/ml). The in vivo assay was done in 35 quails (Coturnix coturnix) infected experimentally 4x104 mg/kg, were divided in seven groups (n=5): A (control-healthy), B (control infected), C (control TW 0.01%), D (NB 0.88 mg/kg), E (drug MTZ 25 mg/kg, F (OE-CL at 0.55 mg/kg) and G (N-CL at 0.44 mg/kg), during 7 consecutive days. RESULTS The in vitro test showed that the OE-CL (550 μg/ml) and N-CL (440 μg/ml) concentrations reduced the trophozoites viability in 100%. In the in vivo test, the treatment with OE-CL was efficient on the 4th treatment day and the N-CL after the 3rd day, and the MTZ in the therapeutic concentration was efficient on the 7th day. CONCLUSION It can be observed in this study that the lemon grass has natural potential antitrichomonal activity against T. gallinae in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Baccega
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil,Corresponding Author: Tel: (+55) 053 3275-7618,
| | - Yan Wahast Islabão
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexia Brauner de Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe Obelar Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Panda C, Mohanty G, Singha P, Datta C, Dutta S. Association of human papillomavirus with other coinfections prevailing in abnormal cervical lesions. JOURNAL OF RADIATION AND CANCER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_32_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ribeiro MRS, Oliveira DR, Caliari MV, Cara Machado DC, Andrade MER, Cardoso VN, Dos Santos Martins F, Nicoli JR, Gomes MA. Saccharomyces boulardii as therapeutic alternative in experimental giardiasis. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:460-469. [PMID: 33289232 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii with or without metronidazole in experimental giardiasis. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of treatment with S. boulardii with or without metronidazole on the intestinal mucosa, the antioxidant defence system and the parasitic load was determined in experimental giardiasis. Eight groups of animals with infection and/or treatment with the probiotic and/or drugs for 1 week after infection with Giardia lamblia were used. A reduction of approximately 90% in the parasitic load was observed in all the treated groups. Saccharomyces boulardii attenuated the damage caused by infection in the intestinal mucosa preserving its architecture and inhibiting the oxidative stress induced by parasite and metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS Saccharomyces boulardii was effective alone or in combination with metronidazole in resolving already established G. lamblia infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results suggest the use of S. boulardii as an alternative treatment for giardiasis mainly in cases of resistance or intolerance to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R S Ribeiro
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D R Oliveira
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Governador Valadares, Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - M V Caliari
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D C Cara Machado
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M E R Andrade
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - V N Cardoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F Dos Santos Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J R Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M A Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Goswami AK, Sharma HK, Gogoi N, Gogoi BJ. Network-Pharmacology and DFT Based Approach Towards Identification of Leads from Homalomena aromatica for Multi-Target In-Silico Screening on Entamoeba histolytica Proteins. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190801102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Entamoeba histolytica is the primary protozoan that causes amoebic dysentery
and is prioritized as the third most prevalent protozoan causing parasitosis. Drug of choice in
amoebic dysentery is metronidazole but it has unpleasant side effects with reports of development
of resistance in certain cases. Homalomena aromatica Schott. is a plant which is used in different
ethnomedicinal practices of South-east Asia to treat stomach ailments against intestinal parasites.
Objective:
the present study, a docking weighted network pharmacology-based approach was
employed to understand the effects of a library of 71 natural molecules reported from Homalomena
aromatica with reference to four proteins of Entamoeba histolytica namely thioredoxin reductase,
cysteine synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ornithine decarboxylase.
Method:
Molecular docking of the phytoconstituents of H. aromatica was performed in Biovia
Discovery Studio 2017 R2 software suite on the selected proteins of E. histolytica. A connection
was established between the proteins and molecules through network pharmacology weighted docking
studies with the help of Cytoscape V3.4.0 software to select three molecules namely HM 7, HM
23 and HM 24 on the basis of the generated network between the molecules and targets. Quantum
mechanics based Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis was performed on the filtered molecules
to ascertain their viability with respect to LUMO-HOMO orbital energies of the filtered molecules.
Results:
On the basis of the docking studies of the natural molecules on the selected protein targets,
a network of molecules was built. DFT based minimum energy gap was analysed to further ascertain
the most potential inhbitors. Three molecules from H. aromatica; 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-
yl acetate, α -methyl-α-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-oriranemethanol, and 7-octadiene-2,6-diol-2,6-
dimethyl were predicted to be potential lead molecules against amoebiasis.
Conclusion:
The present study provides important evidence for the development of new drug molecules
to treat amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kumar Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Neelutpal Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskar Jyoti Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
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Nath J, Paul R, Ghosh SK, Paul J, Singha B, Debnath N. Drug repurposing and relabeling for cancer therapy: Emerging benzimidazole antihelminthics with potent anticancer effects. Life Sci 2020; 258:118189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jubie S, Durai U, Latha S, Ayyamperumal S, Wadhwani A, Prabha T. Repurposing of Benzimidazole Scaffolds for HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Therapy: An In-Silico Approach. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 13:73-83. [PMID: 32955008 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512999200821170221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A newer trend has been seen recently to reuse the conventional drugs with distinct indications for the newer applications to speed up the drug discovery and development based on earlier records and safety data. Most of the non-cancerous agents could afford a little or tolerable side effects in individuals. However, the repositioning of these non-cancerous agents for successful anticancer therapy is an outstanding strategy for future anti-cancer drug development. Since more diverse and selective cancer drug targets are being discovered and developed, the approved drug collections are particularly useful to quickly identify clinically advanced anticancer drugs against those targets. OBJECTIVE Antihelminthic drugs such as Mebendazole and Albendazole (Benzimidazole class) have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity (or anticancer activities) against several types of cancer. Therefore, this study aims to repurpose the benzimidazole scaffold for breast cancer treatment. METHODS In the present study, three hydrazone analogs having a benzimidazole motif in their structural frame were synthesized. Their in-silico binding studies against HER2 receptor (PDB ID: 4LQM) and ADMET studies were carried out using Accelrys drug discovery studio 4.1. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds against HER2 overexpressed MCF-7 cell lines was determined by MTT assay. RESULTS One of the compounds 2-[2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazole (U1) has shown good cytotoxicity when compared to the standard Lapatinib, which is a well known HER2 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the designed benzimidazole scaffold might serve as the best leads for treating breast cancer, which is additionally confirmed by performing their docking study via Accelrys discovery studio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jubie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Researchooty, Nilgiris, Ooty-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Uma Durai
- Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Arts & Science, Avinasi Road, Coimbatore- 641 014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subbiah Latha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research, Anna University, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Ayyamperumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Researchooty, Nilgiris, Ooty-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ashish Wadhwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Researchooty, Nilgiris, Ooty-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Affiliated to The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR. Medical University-Chennai, Erode-638052, Tamilnadu, India
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Discovery and Preclinical Development of Antigiardiasis Fumagillol Derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00582-20. [PMID: 32778548 PMCID: PMC7508583 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, is a severe diarrheal disease, endemic in poverty-stricken regions of the world, and also a common infection in developed countries. The available therapeutic options are associated with adverse effects, and G. lamblia resistance to the standard-of-care drugs is spreading. Fumagillin, an antimicrosporidiosis drug, is a therapeutic agent with potential for the treatment of giardiasis. However, it exhibits considerable, albeit reversible, toxicity when used to treat immunocompromised microsporidiosis patients. Giardiasis, caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, is a severe diarrheal disease, endemic in poverty-stricken regions of the world, and also a common infection in developed countries. The available therapeutic options are associated with adverse effects, and G. lamblia resistance to the standard-of-care drugs is spreading. Fumagillin, an antimicrosporidiosis drug, is a therapeutic agent with potential for the treatment of giardiasis. However, it exhibits considerable, albeit reversible, toxicity when used to treat immunocompromised microsporidiosis patients. Fumagillin is also a highly unstable compound. To address these liabilities, we designed and synthesized stable fumagillol derivatives with lower levels of permeation across polarized epithelial Caco-2 cells and better potency against G. lamblia trophozoites than fumagillin. Metronidazole-resistant G. lamblia strains were also susceptible to the new fumagillol derivatives. In addition, these compounds were more potent against the amebiasis-causing parasite Entamoeba histolytica than fumagillin. Two compounds exhibited better thermal and acid stability than fumagillin, which should prolong the drug shelf life and reduce compound degradation in the stomach. Studies with a mouse model of giardiasis with the most stable compound, 4-(((((3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy-4-((2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl)oxy)carbonyl)amino)benzoic acid (compound 9), revealed that it had better efficacy (effective dose [ED]) than fumagillin at both the fully curative dose (the 100% ED) of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight and a 50% ED of 0.064 mg/kg. Plasma pharmacokinetics revealed the slow absorption of compound 9 through the gut, consistent with the in vitro characterization in Caco-2 cells. An acute-dose study yielded a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 1,500 mg/kg, 227-fold higher than the fully curative dose. Thus, along with improved stability, compound 9 also exhibited an excellent therapeutic window.
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Riches A, Hart CJS, Trenholme KR, Skinner-Adams TS. Anti- Giardia Drug Discovery: Current Status and Gut Feelings. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13330-13354. [PMID: 32869995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia parasites are ubiquitous protozoans of global importance that impact a wide range of animals including humans. They are the most common enteric pathogen of cats and dogs in developed countries and infect ∼1 billion people worldwide. While Giardia infections can be asymptomatic, they often result in severe and chronic diseases. There is also mounting evidence that they are linked to postinfection disorders. Despite growing evidence of the widespread morbidity associated with Giardia infections, current treatment options are limited to compound classes with broad antimicrobial activity. Frontline anti-Giardia drugs are also associated with increasing drug resistance and treatment failures. To improve the health and well-being of millions, new selective anti-Giardia drugs are needed alongside improved health education initiatives. Here we discuss current treatment options together with recent advances and gaps in drug discovery. We also propose criteria to guide the discovery of new anti-Giardia compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S, Sánchez-Carrillo A, Marcial-Quino J, Rocha-Ramírez LM, Santos-Segura A, Ramírez-Nava EJ, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Cuevas-Cruz M, Méndez-Tenorio A, Calderón-Jaimes E. Enhanced Antigiardial Effect of Omeprazole Analog Benzimidazole Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173979. [PMID: 32882836 PMCID: PMC7504735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease that is highly prevalent in developing countries. Several drugs are available for the treatment of this parasitosis; however, failures in drug therapy are common, and have adverse effects and increased resistance of the parasite to the drug, generating the need to find new alternative treatments. In this study, we synthesized a series of 2-mercaptobenzimidazoles that are derivatives of omeprazole, and the chemical structures were confirmed through mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. The in vitro efficacy compounds against Giardia, as well as its effect on the inhibition of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) recombinant, were investigated, the inactivation assays were performed with 0.2 mg/mL of the enzyme incubating for 2 h at 37 °C in TE buffer, pH 7.4 with increasing concentrations of the compounds. Among the target compounds, H-BZM2, O2N-BZM7, and O2N-BZM9 had greater antigiardial activity (IC50: 36, 14, and 17 µM on trophozoites), and inhibited the TPI enzyme (K2: 2.3, 3.2, and 2.8 M−1 s−1) respectively, loading alterations on the secondary structure, global stability, and tertiary structure of the TPI protein. Finally, we demonstrated that it had low toxicity on Caco-2 and HT29 cells. This finding makes it an attractive potential starting point for new antigiardial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (A.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.-O.); (E.C.-J.); Tel.: +52-5228917 (ext. 2000) (B.H.-O.)
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (S.G.-M.); (E.J.R.-N.)
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico;
| | - Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Santos-Segura
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Edson Jiovany Ramírez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (S.G.-M.); (E.J.R.-N.)
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Miguel Cuevas-Cruz
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto Calderón-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (A.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.-O.); (E.C.-J.); Tel.: +52-5228917 (ext. 2000) (B.H.-O.)
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N-Terminal Segment of TvCyP2 Cyclophilin from Trichomonas vaginalis Is Involved in Self-Association, Membrane Interaction, and Subcellular Localization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091239. [PMID: 32859063 PMCID: PMC7563477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), cyclophilins play a vital role in dislodging Myb proteins from the membrane compartment and leading them to nuclear translocation. We previously reported that TvCyP1 cyclophilin from T. vaginalis forms a dimer and plays an essential role in moving the Myb1 transcription factor toward the nucleus. In comparison, TvCyP2 containing an extended segment at the N-terminus (N-terminal segment) formed a monomer and showed a different role in regulating protein trafficking. Four X-ray structures of TvCyP2 were determined under various conditions, all showing the N-terminal segment interacting with the active site of a neighboring TvCyP2, an unusual interaction. NMR study revealed that this particular interaction exists in solution as well and also the N-terminal segment seems to interact with the membrane. In vivo study of TvCyP2 and TvCyP2-∆N (TvCyP2 without the N-terminal segment) indicated that both proteins have different subcellular localization. Together, the structural and functional characteristics at the N-terminal segment offer valuable information for insights into the mechanism of how TvCyP2 regulates protein trafficking, which may be applied in drug development to prevent pathogenesis and disease progression in T. vaginalis infection.
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50
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Selvaraj J, Prabha T, Yadav N. Identification of Drug Candidates for Breast Cancer Therapy Through Scaffold Repurposing: A Brief Review. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 13:3-15. [PMID: 32838729 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200824103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional drug discovery is a time consuming and expensive expedition with less clinical preference achievement proportion intended for breast cancer therapy. Even if numerous novel approaches to the conformation of drugs have been introduced for breast cancer therapy, they are yet to be implemented in clinical practice. This tempting strategy facilitates a remarkable chance to take the entire benefit of existing drugs. Despite drug repurposing significantly decrease the investigational period and cost, it has got many objections and issues. Scaffold repurposing is an approach that procures a novel significance on the decrepit motto of "to commencement with a pristine drug" . Hence, we move into a probable and nearer approach, the exploitation of scaffolds, which was originally developed for other purposes, including anti-tumor activity. In this review, we summarize different drugs and scaffolds used in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Koorapalayam Pirivu, Pitchandam Palayam Post, Erode-638052, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Neetu Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
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