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Kawahara E, Senpuku K, Kawaguchi Y, Yamamoto S, Yasuda K, Kuroda E, Ouji-Sageshima N, Ito T, Hirai T, Shibata T, Yoshioka Y. Recombinant RSV G protein vaccine induces enhanced respiratory disease via IL-13 and mucin overproduction. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:187. [PMID: 39394212 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The G protein expressed on the surface of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is important for adhesion to host cells and as a vaccine target antigen. The corresponding vaccines can effectively eliminate RSV. However, they exacerbate pulmonary immunopathology including eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs after an RSV challenge in animal models, raising concerns about enhanced respiratory disease (ERD); thus, approaches that mitigate these effects are urgently needed. Herein, we aimed to examine the mechanisms of G protein vaccine-induced ERD in mice, using recombinant G protein as a vaccine antigen. After the RSV challenge, G protein-vaccinated mice exhibited lung weight gain, lung tissue damage, and increased infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, and CD4+ T cells into the lungs. We set lung weight gain as the endpoint for ERD and examined the impact of each infiltrating cell on lung weight gain. We observed that CD4+ T cells, but not eosinophils or neutrophils, that infiltrate the lungs are responsible for lung weight gain. In addition, T helper 2 cell-mediated IL-13 induced mucin hypersecretion and lung weight gain. Mucin hypersecretion may contribute to weight gain in the lungs. In conclusion, our results indicate a novel mechanism of G protein vaccine-induced ERD via IL-13 and mucin hypersecretion, which could lead to the development of safe G protein vaccines and the elucidation of the causes of ERD associated with other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Kawahara
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Senpuku
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshino Kawaguchi
- Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shibata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Han R, Wang T, Cheng X, Bing J, Li J, Deng Y, Shan X, Zhang X, Wang D, Sun S, Tan W. Immune Responses and Protection Profiles in Mice Induced by Subunit Vaccine Candidates Based on the Extracellular Domain Antigen of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Combined with Different Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:686. [PMID: 38932414 PMCID: PMC11209252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease of infants and older people. There is an urgent need for safe and effective vaccines against RSV infection. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the immune response and protection with the RSV recombinant G protein extracellular domain (Gecto) combined with various adjuvants as novel subunit vaccines in mice. All groups receiving RSV Gecto combined with adjuvants exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunity compared to those receiving an adjuvant alone or inactivated RSV vaccine. The greatest effect was observed in mice receiving Gecto combined with a CpG ODN + Alum salt adjuvant, resulting in the highest production of neutralizing antibodies against both RSV A and B subtypes, G-specific IgG and IFN-γ production in splenocytes, and interleukin-2 and interferon-γ expression in CD4+ T cells. Significant humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in mice immunized with Gecto combined with AddaS03™ or cyclosporin A adjuvants. The vaccine containing the AddaS03™ adjuvant showed significantly high expression of interleukin-4 in CD4+ T cells. Cross-protection against a challenge with either RSV A or B subtypes was observed in the Gecto plus adjuvant groups, resulting in a significant decrease in viral load and reduced pathological damage in the mouse lungs. These findings offer valuable insights into the development and application of recombinant RSV G-subunit vaccines with adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Tangqi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xueting Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jialuo Bing
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yao Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xuchang Shan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Donghong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shucai Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050004, China;
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050004, China;
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3
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Amjad MN, Wang J, Ashraf MA, Shen B, Din GU, Raza MA, Shoaib M, Yue L, Chen L, Xu H, Dong W, Hu Y. Evolutionary trends of respiratory syncytial viruses: Insights from large-scale surveillance and molecular dynamics of G glycoprotein. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30886. [PMID: 38784562 PMCID: PMC11112325 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an underlying cause of lower respiratory illnesses in children, elderly and immunocompromised adults. RSV contains multiple structural and non-structural proteins with two major glycoproteins that control the initial phase of infection, fusion glycoprotein and the attachment (G) glycoprotein. G protein attaches to the ciliated cells of airways initiating the infection. The hypervariable G protein plays a vital role in evolution of RSV strains. We employed multiple bioinformatics tools on systematically accessed large-scale data to evaluate mutations, evolutionary history, and phylodynamics of RSV. Mutational analysis of central conserved region (CCR) on G protein-coding sequences between 163 and 189 positions revealed frequent mutations at site 178 in human RSV (hRSV) A while arginine to glutamine substitutions at site 180 positions in hRSV B, remained prevalent from 2009 to 2014. Phylogenetic analysis indicates multiple signature mutations within G protein responsible for diversification of clades. The USA and China have highest number of surveillance records, followed by Kenya. Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bayesian skyline plot revealed that RSV A evolved steadily from 1990 to 2000, and rapidly between 2003 and 2005. Evolution of RSV B continued from 2003 to 2022, with a high evolution stage from 2016 to 2020. Throughout evolution, cysteine residues maintained their strict conserved states while CCR has an entropy value of 0.0039(±0.0005). This study concludes the notion that RSV G glycoprotein is continuously evolving while the CCR region of G protein maintains its conserved state providing an opportunity for CCR-specific monoclonal antibodys (mAbs) and inhibitors as potential candidates for immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nabeel Amjad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ghayyas ud Din
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Lihuan Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lingdie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiting Xu
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, 201802, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, 201802, China
| | - Yihong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Terhüja M, Siddappa M, Lamichhane P, Meshram CD, Snider TA, Ritchey JW, Oomens AGP. Intranasal Vaccination with a Respiratory-Syncytial-Virus-Based Virus-like Particle Displaying the G Protein Conserved Region Induces Severe Weight Loss and Pathology upon Challenge with Wildtype Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:843. [PMID: 38932136 PMCID: PMC11209524 DOI: 10.3390/v16060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory tract disease worldwide, and a pediatric vaccine is not available. We generated a filamentous RSV-based virus-like particle (VLP) that presents the central conserved region of the attachment protein G. This was achieved by co-expressing the matrix protein, phosphoprotein, nucleoprotein, and a hybrid fusion protein in which the F ectodomain was replaced with the G central region (GCR). The latter is relatively conserved and contains a receptor binding site and hence is a logical vaccine target. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the resulting VLP, termed VLP-GCR, were examined in mice using intranasal application without adjuvant. VLP-GCR induced substantial anti-N antibody levels but very low anti-G antibody levels, even after three vaccinations. In contrast, a VLP presenting prefusion-stabilized fusion (preF) protein instead of GCR induced both high anti-F and anti-nucleoprotein antibody levels, suggesting that our GCR antigen was poorly immunogenic. Challenge of VLP-GCR-vaccinated mice caused increased weight loss and lung pathology, and both VLPs induced mucus in the lungs. Thus, neither VLP is suitable as a vaccine for RSV-naive individuals. However, VLP-preF enhanced the proportion of preF antibodies and could serve as a multi-antigen mucosal booster vaccine in the RSV-experienced population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megolhubino Terhüja
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA (J.W.R.)
| | - Manjunath Siddappa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Chitradurga 577502, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramila Lamichhane
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chetan D. Meshram
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Timothy A. Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA (J.W.R.)
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA (J.W.R.)
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA (J.W.R.)
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5
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De C, Pickles RJ, Yao W, Liao B, Boone A, Cleary RA, Garcia JV, Wahl A. RSV infection of humanized lung-only mice induces pathological changes resembling severe bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:1380030. [PMID: 39175804 PMCID: PMC11339974 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2024.1380030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. There is a vital need for effective therapeutics to prevent and/or treat severe RSV infection in these high-risk individuals. The development and pre-clinical testing of candidate RSV therapeutics could be accelerated by their evaluation in animals models that recapitulate bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia; both hallmark features of severe RSV infection of humans. Previously, we demonstrated that implanted human lung tissue in humanized lung-only mice (LoM) can be infected with RSV resulting in a sustained virus replication. Here, we analyzed RSV-associated human lung pathology in the human lung implants of RSV-infected LoM. RSV infected epithelial cells lining the airway and alveolar regions of human lung implants resulting in hallmark histological features of RSV bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia including distal airway and alveolar lumens clogged with 1) sloughed and necrotic RSV-infected epithelial cells, 2) neutrophil-containing inflammatory infiltrates, and 3) MUC5B dominated mucus secretions. We also show that treatment of LoM with a small molecule antiviral (ribavirin) or a neutralizing antibody (palivizumab) significantly suppressed and/or prevented RSV infection in vivo. Together, our data show that RSV infection of human lung implants in vivo has appropriate cellular tropism and results in hallmark pathological characteristics of severe bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia in humans. They also offer proof-of-principle of the utility of this model to evaluate novel approaches for the prevention/treatment of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrav De
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raymond J. Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenbo Yao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Baolin Liao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Allison Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rachel A. Cleary
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Qousain Naqvi ST, Muhammad SA, Guo J, Zafar S, Ali A, Anderson LJ, Rostad CA, Bai B. Experimental trials of predicted CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349749. [PMID: 38629077 PMCID: PMC11018974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in young children around the world and an important cause of LRTI in the elderly. The available treatments and FDA-approved vaccines for RSV only lessen the severity of the infection and are recommended for infants and elderly people. Methods We focused on developing a broad-spectrum vaccine that activates the immune system to directly combat RSV. The objective of this study is to identify CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes using an immunoinformatics approach to develop RSV vaccines. The efficacy of these peptides was validated through in-vitro and in-vivo studies involving healthy and diseased animal models. Results For each major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I and II, we found three epitopes of RSV proteins including F, G, and SH with an antigenic score of >0.5 and a projected SVM score of <5. Experimental validation of these peptides on female BALB/c mice was conducted before and after infection with the RSV A2 line 19f. We found that the 3RVMHCI (CD8+) epitope of the F protein showed significant results of white blood cells (19.72 × 103 cells/μl), neutrophils (6.01 × 103 cells/μl), lymphocytes (12.98 × 103 cells/μl), IgG antibodies (36.9 µg/ml), IFN-γ (86.96 ng/L), and granzyme B (691.35 pg/ml) compared to control at the second booster dose of 10 µg. Similarly, 4RVMHCII (CD4+) of the F protein substantially induced white blood cells (27.08 × 103 cells/μl), neutrophils (6.58 × 103 cells/μl), lymphocytes (16.64 × 103 cells/μl), IgG antibodies (46.13 µg/ml), IFN-γ (96.45 ng/L), and granzyme B (675.09 pg/ml). In-vitro studies showed that 4RVMHCII produced a significant level of antibodies in sera on day 45 comparable to mice infected with the virus. 4RVMHCII also induced high IFN-γ and IL-2 secretions on the fourth day of the challenge compared to the preinfectional stage. Conclusion In conclusion, epitopes of the F protein showed considerable immune response and are suitable for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jinlei Guo
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sidra Zafar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Baogang Bai
- School of Information and Technology, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The First School of Medical, School of Information and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Kim MJ, Chu KB, Lee SH, Mao J, Eom GD, Yoon KW, Moon EK, Quan FS. Assessing the protection elicited by virus-like particles expressing the RSV pre-fusion F and tandem repeated G proteins against RSV rA2 line19F infection in mice. Respir Res 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38178222 PMCID: PMC10765939 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection hindering efficacious RSV vaccine development. Yet, the vast majority of the experimental RSV vaccine studies use laboratory-adapted RSV strains that do not reflect the highly pathogenic and inflammatory nature of the virus found in clinical settings. Here, we re-evaluated the protective efficacy of the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine co-expressing the pre-fusion (pre-F) protein and G protein with tandem repeats (Gt) reported in our previous study against the recombinant RSV rA2-line19F strain, which inflicts severe mucus production and inflammation in mice. VLP vaccine immunization elicited virus-specific serum antibody responses that mediated RSV rA2-line19F virus neutralization. VLP vaccine immunization promoted Th1 immune response development in the spleens and CD8 + T cell influx into the lungs of mice, which are essential for efficient viral clearance and dampened inflammatory response. When compared to the VLPs expressing only the pre-F antigen, those co-expressing both pre-F and Gt antigens conferred better protection in mice against rA2-line19F challenge infection. Overall, our data suggest that the pre-clinical VLP vaccine co-expressing RSV pre-F and Gt antigens can effectively protect mice against RSV strains that resemble pathogenic clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Bergeron HC, Murray J, Juarez MG, Nangle SJ, DuBois RM, Tripp RA. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an RSV G S177Q central conserved domain nanoparticle vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215323. [PMID: 37457705 PMCID: PMC10338877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause lower respiratory tract disease in infants and elderly populations. Despite decades of research, there remains no safe and approved RSV vaccine. Previously, we showed that an RSV G glycoprotein subunit vaccine candidate with a single point mutation within the central conserved domain (CCD), i.e. S177Q, considerably improved immunogenicity. Methods Here, we examine the development of nanoparticle (NP) vaccines having either an RSV G protein CCD with wild-type sequence (NPWT) or an S177Q mutation (NP-S177Q). The NP vaccine immunogens were adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4 agonist to improve Th1- type responses. BALB/c mice were primed with 10 μg of NP-WT vaccine, NPS177Q, or vehicle, rested, and then boosted with a high (25 μg) or low (10 μg) dose of the NP-WT or NP-S177Q homologous candidate and subsequently challenged with RSV A2. Results The results showed that mice boosted with NP-S177Q developed superior immunogenicity and neutralizing antibodies compared to NP-WT boosting. IgG from either NP-S177Q or NP-WT vaccinated mice did not interfere with fractalkine (CX3CL1) binding to CX3CR1 and effectively blocked G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding. Both NP-WT and NP-S177Q vaccination induced similar neutralizing antibodies to RSV in challenged mice compared to vehicle control. NP-S177Q boosting improved correlates of protection including reduced BAL cell infiltration following RSV challenge. However, the NP vaccine platform will require improvement due to the poor solubility and the unexpectedly weaker Th1-type IgG2a response. Discussion The results from this study support further NP-S177Q vaccine candidate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria G. Juarez
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J. Nangle
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Bergeron HC, Murray J, Arora A, Nuñez Castrejon AM, DuBois RM, Anderson LJ, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA. Immune Prophylaxis Targeting the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:1067. [PMID: 37243153 PMCID: PMC10221658 DOI: 10.3390/v15051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant respiratory disease in young infants and the elderly. Immune prophylaxis in infants is currently limited to palivizumab, an anti-RSV fusion (F) protein monoclonal antibody (mAb). While anti-F protein mAbs neutralize RSV, they are unable to prevent aberrant pathogenic responses provoked by the RSV attachment (G) protein. Recently, the co-crystal structures of two high-affinity anti-G protein mAbs that bind the central conserved domain (CCD) at distinct non-overlapping epitopes were solved. mAbs 3D3 and 2D10 are broadly neutralizing and block G protein CX3C-mediated chemotaxis by binding antigenic sites γ1 and γ2, respectively, which is known to reduce RSV disease. Previous studies have established 3D3 as a potential immunoprophylactic and therapeutic; however, there has been no similar evaluation of 2D10 available. Here, we sought to determine the differences in neutralization and immunity to RSV Line19F infection which recapitulates human RSV infection in mouse models making it useful for therapeutic antibody studies. Prophylactic (24 h prior to infection) or therapeutic (72 h post-infection) treatment of mice with 3D3, 2D10, or palivizumab were compared to isotype control antibody treatment. The results show that 2D10 can neutralize RSV Line19F both prophylactically and therapeutically, and can reduce disease-causing immune responses in a prophylactic but not therapeutic context. In contrast, 3D3 was able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce lung virus titers and IL-13 in a prophylactic and therapeutic regimen suggesting subtle but important differences in immune responses to RSV infection with mAbs that bind distinct epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aakash Arora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ana M. Nuñez Castrejon
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (A.M.N.C.)
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (A.M.N.C.)
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Bergeron HC, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA. Anti-G protein antibodies targeting the RSV G protein CX3C chemokine region improve the interferon response. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231161157. [PMID: 36938145 PMCID: PMC10017941 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231161157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a poor inducer of antiviral interferon (IFN) responses which result in incomplete immunity and RSV disease. Several RSV proteins alter antiviral responses, including the non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2) and the major viral surface proteins, that is, fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins. The G protein modifies the host immune response to infection linked in part through a CX3 C chemokine motif. Anti-G protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), that is, clones 3D3 and 2D10 that target the G protein CX3C chemokine motif can neutralize RSV and inhibit G protein-CX3CR1 mediated chemotaxis. Objectives Determine how monoclonal antibodies against the RSV F and G proteins modify the type I and III IFN responses to RSV infection. Design As the G protein CX3 C motif is implicated in IFN antagonism, we evaluated two mAbs that block G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction and compared responses to isotype mAb control using a functional cellular assay and mouse model. Methods Mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-15 cells) and BALB/c mice were infected with RSV Line19 F following prophylactic mAb treatment. Cell supernatant or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assayed for types I and III IFNs. Cells were interrogated for changes in IFN-related gene expression. Results Treatment with an anti-G protein mAb (3D3) resulted in improved IFN responses compared with isotype control following infection with RSV, partially independently of neutralization, and this was linked to upregulated SOCS1 expression. Conclusions These findings show that anti-G protein antibodies improve the protective early antiviral response, which has important implications for vaccine and therapeutic design. Plain Language Summary RSV is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved prophylactic treatment is limited to an anti-F protein monoclonal antibody (mAb), that is, palivizumab which has modest efficacy against RSV disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting the RSV attachment (G) protein may provide improved protection from RSV disease. It is known that the G protein is an IFN antagonist, and IFN has been shown to be protective against RSV disease. In this study, we compared IFN responses in mouse lung epithelial (MLE-15) cells and in mice infected with RSV Line19 F treated with anti-G protein or anti-F protein mAbs. The levels of type I and III IFNs were determined. Anti-G protein mAbs improved the levels of IFNs compared with isotype-treated controls. These findings support the concept that anti-G protein mAbs mediate improved IFN responses against RSV disease, which may enable improved treatment of RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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11
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Powell TJ, Jacobs A, Tang J, Cardenas E, Palath N, Daniels J, Boyd JG, Bergeron HC, Jorquera PA, Tripp RA. Microparticle RSV Vaccines Presenting the G Protein CX3C Chemokine Motif in the Context of TLR Signaling Induce Protective Th1 Immune Responses and Prevent Pulmonary Eosinophilia Post-Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122078. [PMID: 36560488 PMCID: PMC9785538 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer-by-layer microparticle (LbL-MP) fabrication was used to produce synthetic vaccines presenting a fusion peptide containing RSV G protein CX3C chemokine motif and a CD8 epitope of the RSV matrix protein 2 (GM2) with or without a covalently linked TLR2 agonist (Pam3.GM2). Immunization of BALB/c mice with either GM2 or Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP in the absence of adjuvant elicited G-specific antibody responses and M2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Following challenge with RSV, mice immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine developed a Th2-biased immune response in the lungs with elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and a pulmonary influx of eosinophils. By comparison, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP vaccine had considerably lower to non-detectable levels of the Th2 cytokines and chemokines and very low numbers of eosinophils in the BAL fluid post-RSV challenge. In addition, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP also had higher levels of RSV G-specific IgG2a and IgG2b in the post-challenge BAL fluid compared to those immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine. While both candidates protected mice from infection following challenge, as evidenced by the reduction or elimination of RSV plaques, the inclusion of the TLR2 agonist yielded a more potent antibody response, greater protection, and a clear shift away from Th2/eosinophil responses. Since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccines tested in the 1960s has been hypothesized to be partly due to the ablation of host TLR engagement by the vaccine and inappropriate Th2 responses upon subsequent viral infection, these findings stress the importance of appropriate engagement of the innate immune response during initial exposure to RSV G CX3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Edwin Cardenas
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer Daniels
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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12
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Lamichhane P, Schmidt ME, Terhüja M, Varga SM, Snider TA, Rostad CA, Oomens AGP. A live single-cycle RSV vaccine expressing prefusion F protein. Virology 2022; 577:51-64. [PMID: 36306605 PMCID: PMC10104964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines given intranasally have potential to provide comprehensive protection, including lung-resident immunity. It has however proven challenging to impart both sufficient safety and efficacy in a vaccine. To achieve the latter, we used a trans-complementing approach to generate live single-cycle RSV vaccines expressing the prefusion form (preF) of the viral fusion protein (F), either membrane-anchored or secreted. Both viruses were tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response in mice after intranasal prime-boost vaccination. The secreted preF vaccine failed to induce a protective response. The anchored preF vaccine induced anti-preF antibodies and antiviral T cells, and protected mice from lung pathology and viral shedding after challenge. Neither vaccine induced anti-G antibodies, for reasons unknown. In spite of the latter and single-cycle replication, the membrane-anchored preF vaccine was protective and demonstrates potential for development of an efficacious live vaccine with a stable safety phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Megolhubino Terhüja
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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13
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Lamichhane P, Terhüja M, Snider TA, Oomens AGP. Enhancing Anti-G Antibody Induction by a Live Single-Cycle Prefusion F-Expressing RSV Vaccine Improves In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:2474. [PMID: 36366572 PMCID: PMC9697216 DOI: 10.3390/v14112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory tract disease, and a vaccine is not available. We previously reported a novel live vaccine expressing prefusion-stabilized fusion protein (preF) in place of the native F protein (RSV-preFΔCT). As preF is non-functional, RSV-preFΔCT was amplified in a production line expressing a functional substitute, and exhibited a single-cycle replication phenotype, which holds several unique potential advantages. RSV-preFΔCT prevented shedding and lung pathology after viral challenge in mice, but induced low levels of anti-attachment protein (G) antibodies (Abs). Given the significant contributions of anti-G Abs toward disease prevention, we generated modifications to RSV-preFΔCT in an effort to induce higher anti-G Ab levels. The Ab levels were monitored after the prime-boost vaccination of mice with modified vaccines. The most successful modification for enhancing induced anti-G Abs was seen with the placement of G in the first genome position. This vaccine also reduced the pathology after challenge with a high dose of wt RSV, and outperformed the sera from wt RSV-vaccinated mice in in vitro neutralization. Thus, raising the anti-G Ab levels induced by RSV-preFΔCT enhanced efficacy in vitro and in vivo, and constitutes an important next step in developing a live, single-cycle, efficacious vaccine for the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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14
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of RSV G central conserved domain vaccine with a prefusion nanoparticle. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:74. [PMID: 35773301 PMCID: PMC9244890 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G glycoprotein has recently reemerged as a vaccine antigen due to its ability to elicit potent neutralizing antibodies and ameliorate disease in animal models. Here we designed three constructs to display the G central conserved domain (Gcc) focused on inducing broad and potent neutralizing antibodies. One construct displaying Gcc from both RSV subgroups trimerized via a C-terminal foldon (Gcc-Foldon) was highly immunogenic in mice and in MIMIC, a pre-immune human in vitro model. To explore an optimal RSV vaccine, we combined the Gcc-Foldon antigen with a stabilized pre-fusion-F nanoparticle (pre-F-NP) as a bivalent vaccine and detected no antigenic interference between the two antigens in the MIMIC model. In RSV-primed macaques, the bivalent vaccine elicited potent humoral responses. Furthermore, both Gcc-Foldon and the bivalent vaccine conferred effective protection against RSV challenge in mice. This two-component vaccine could potentially provide effective protection against RSV infection in humans and warrants further clinical evaluation.
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15
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Nuñez Castrejon AM, O’Rourke SM, Kauvar LM, DuBois RM. Structure-Based Design and Antigenic Validation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Immunogens. J Virol 2022; 96:e0220121. [PMID: 35266806 PMCID: PMC9006937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02201-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there are no FDA-approved RSV vaccines. The RSV G glycoprotein is used for viral attachment to host cells and impairment of host immunity by interacting with the human chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Antibodies that disrupt this interaction are protective against infection and disease. Nevertheless, development of an RSV G vaccine antigen has been hindered by its low immunogenicity and safety concerns. A previous study described three engineered RSV G proteins containing single-point mutations that induce higher levels of IgG antibodies and have improved safety profiles compared to wild-type RSV G (H. C. Bergeron, J. Murray, A. M. Nuñez Castrejon, et al., Viruses 13:352, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020352). However, it is unclear if the mutations affect RSV G protein folding and display of its conformational epitopes. In this study, we show that the RSV G S177Q protein retains high-affinity binding to protective human and mouse monoclonal antibodies and has equal reactivity as wild-type RSV G protein to human reference immunoglobulin to RSV. Additionally, we determined the high-resolution crystal structure of RSV G S177Q protein in complex with the anti-RSV G antibody 3G12, further validating its antigenic structure. These studies show for the first time that an engineered RSV G protein with increased immunogenicity and safety retains conformational epitopes to high-affinity protective antibodies, supporting its further development as an RSV vaccine immunogen. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory diseases of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised populations. There currently are no FDA-approved RSV vaccines. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on the RSV F protein, and the field has generally overlooked the receptor-binding antigen RSV G due to its poor immunogenicity and safety concerns. However, single-point mutant RSV G proteins have been previously identified that have increased immunogenicity and safety. In this study, we investigate the antibody reactivities of three known RSV G mutant proteins. We show that one mutant RSV G protein retains high-affinity binding to protective monoclonal antibodies, is equally recognized by anti-RSV antibodies in human sera, and forms the same three-dimensional structure as the wild-type RSV G protein. Our study validates the structure-guided design of the RSV G protein as an RSV vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Nuñez Castrejon
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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D’Sa S, Braz Gomes K, Allotey-Babington GL, Boyoglu C, Kang SM, D’Souza MJ. Transdermal Immunization with Microparticulate RSV-F Virus-like Particles Elicits Robust Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040584. [PMID: 35455333 PMCID: PMC9030121 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
No approved vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections exist to date, due to challenges arising during vaccine development. There is an unmet need to explore novel approaches and a universal strategy to prevent RSV infections. Previous studies have proven the immune efficacy of virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of RSV fusion (F) protein, yielding a highly immunogenic RSV-F VLP subunit vaccine. In this study, RSV-F VLP (with or without MPL®) was added to a polymer mix and spray-dried, forming microparticles. The formulations were transdermally administered in C57BL/6 mice to evaluate vaccine efficacy. The transdermal delivery of RSV-F VLP + MPL® was more effective in clearing lung viral loads and preventing weight loss after RSV challenge. At the cellular level, MPL® augmented the vaccine response in microparticulate form, which was evidenced by higher serum and lung antibody titers, and lower lung viral titers in the vaccinated groups. These preliminary results validate the effectiveness of the RSV-F VLP microparticulate vaccine via the transdermal route due to its potential to trigger robust immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta D’Sa
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.D.); (K.B.G.); (G.L.A.-B.); (C.B.)
| | - Kimberly Braz Gomes
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.D.); (K.B.G.); (G.L.A.-B.); (C.B.)
| | - Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.D.); (K.B.G.); (G.L.A.-B.); (C.B.)
| | - Cemil Boyoglu
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.D.); (K.B.G.); (G.L.A.-B.); (C.B.)
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Martin J. D’Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.D.); (K.B.G.); (G.L.A.-B.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Protein and Peptide Substances in the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Infection: Current State. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072263. [PMID: 35408661 PMCID: PMC9000545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSVI) is an acute medical and social problem in many countries globally. Infection is most dangerous for infants under one year old and the elderly. Despite its epidemiological relevance, only two drugs are registered for clinical use against RSVI: ribavirin (approved in a limited number of countries due to side effects) and palivizumab (Synagis), which is intended only for the prevention, but not the treatment, of infection. Currently, various research groups are searching for new drugs against RSV, with three main areas of research: small molecules, polymeric drugs (proteins and peptides), and plant extracts. This review is devoted to currently developed protein and peptide anti-RSV drugs.
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Mutation in the CX3C Motif of G Protein Disrupts Its Interaction with Heparan Sulfate: A Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Docking Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041950. [PMID: 35216066 PMCID: PMC8880246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and infants. To date, there is no effective vaccine available against RSV. Heparan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan that aids in the attachment of the RSV to the host cell membrane via the G protein. In the present study, the effect of amino acid substitution on the structure and stability of the ectodomain G protein was studied. Further, it was investigated whether mutation (K117A) in the CX3C motif of G protein alters the binding with heparan sulfate. The point mutation significantly affects the conformational stability of the G protein. The mutant protein showed a low binding affinity with heparan sulfate as compared to the wild-type G protein, as determined by fluorescence quenching, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking studies. The low binding affinity and decreased stability suggested that this mutation may play an important role in prevention of attachment of virion to the host cell receptors. Collectively, this investigation suggests that mutation in the CX3C motif of G protein may likely improve the efficacy and safety of the RSV vaccine.
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Anderson LJ, Jadhao SJ, Paden CR, Tong S. Functional Features of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:1214. [PMID: 34372490 PMCID: PMC8310105 DOI: 10.3390/v13071214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age worldwide and repeated infections throughout life leading to serious disease in the elderly and persons with compromised immune, cardiac, and pulmonary systems. The disease burden has made it a high priority for vaccine and antiviral drug development but without success except for immune prophylaxis for certain young infants. Two RSV proteins are associated with protection, F and G, and F is most often pursued for vaccine and antiviral drug development. Several features of the G protein suggest it could also be an important to vaccine or antiviral drug target design. We review features of G that effect biology of infection, the host immune response, and disease associated with infection. Though it is not clear how to fit these together into an integrated picture, it is clear that G mediates cell surface binding and facilitates cellular infection, modulates host responses that affect both immunity and disease, and its CX3C aa motif contributes to many of these effects. These features of G and the ability to block the effects with antibody, suggest G has substantial potential in vaccine and antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Samadhan J. Jadhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Clinton R. Paden
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.R.P.); (S.T.)
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Vaccines With Central Conserved Domain Mutations Induce CX3C-CX3CR1 Blocking Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020352. [PMID: 33672319 PMCID: PMC7926521 DOI: 10.3390/v13020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, morbidity, and some mortality, primarily in infants and the elderly, for which no vaccine is available. The RSV attachment (G) protein contains a central conserved domain (CCD) with a CX3C motif implicated in the induction of protective antibodies, thus vaccine candidates containing the G protein are of interest. This study determined if mutations in the G protein CCD would mediate immunogenicity while inducing G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 blocking antibodies. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with structurally-guided, rationally designed G proteins with CCD mutations. The results show that these G protein immunogens induce a substantial anti-G protein antibody response, and using serum IgG from the vaccinated mice, these antibodies are capable of blocking the RSV G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding while not interfering with CX3CL1, fractalkine.
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21
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A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Gene Variant Associated with More Severe Disease in Infants Decreases Fusion Protein Expression, Which May Facilitate Immune Evasion. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01201-20. [PMID: 33115881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01201-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified a genotype of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated with increased acute respiratory disease severity in a cohort of previously healthy term infants. The genotype (2stop+A4G) consists of two components. The A4G component is a prevalent point mutation in the 4th position of the gene end transcription termination signal of the G gene of currently circulating RSV strains. The 2stop component is two tandem stop codons at the G gene terminus, preceding the gene end transcription termination signal. To investigate the biological role of these RSV G gene mutations, recombinant RSV strains harboring either a wild-type A2 strain G gene (one stop codon preceding a wild-type gene end signal), an A4G gene end signal preceded by one stop codon, or the 2stop+A4G virulence-associated combination were generated and characterized. Infection with the recombinant A4G (rA4G) RSV mutant resulted in transcriptional readthrough and lower G and fusion (F) protein levels than for the wild type. Addition of a second stop codon preceding the A4G point mutation (2stop+A4G) restored G protein expression but retained lower F protein levels. These data suggest that RSV G and F glycoprotein expression is regulated by transcriptional and translational readthrough. Notably, while rA4G and r2stop+A4G RSV were attenuated in cells and in naive BALB/c mice compared to that for wild-type RSV, the r2stop+A4G RSV was better able to infect BALB/c mice in the presence of preexisting immunity than rA4G RSV. Together, these factors may contribute to the maintenance and virulence of the 2stop+A4G genotype in currently circulating RSV-A strains.IMPORTANCE Strain-specific differences in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates are associated with differential pathogenesis in mice. However, the role of RSV genotypes in human infection is incompletely understood. This work demonstrates that one such genotype, 2stop+A4G, present in the RSV attachment (G) gene terminus is associated with greater infant disease severity. The genotype consists of two tandem stop codons preceding an A-to-G point mutation in the 4th position of the G gene end transcription termination signal. Virologically, the 2stop+A4G RSV genotype results in reduced levels of the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein. A recombinant 2stop+A4G RSV was better able to establish infection in the presence of existing RSV immunity than a virus harboring the common A4G mutation. These data suggest that regulation of G and F expression has implications for virulence and, potentially, immune evasion.
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22
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Evaluation of the respiratory syncytial virus G-directed neutralizing antibody response in the human airway epithelial cell model. Virology 2020; 550:21-26. [PMID: 32866728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. Recently it was shown that the RSV G glycoprotein mediates attachment to cells using CX3CR1 as a receptor, and that G-specific neutralizing antibodies can be detected using human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures. To investigate the contributions of G-specific antibodies to RSV neutralization, we performed HAE neutralization assays on sera from RSV G-immunized mice or RSV-infected infants. We confirmed that G-specific neutralization using serum from mice or humans could only be detected on HAE cultures. We also found that RSV G-specific antibodies in infants were either subgroup specific or cross-neutralizing. Altogether, our results suggest that G is an important target for generating neutralizing antibodies and would be beneficial to include in an RSV vaccine. Further, inclusion of G antigens from both RSV subgroups may enhance the vaccine cross protection potency.
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23
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Ha B, Yang JE, Chen X, Jadhao SJ, Wright ER, Anderson LJ. Two RSV Platforms for G, F, or G+F Proteins VLPs. Viruses 2020; 12:E906. [PMID: 32824936 PMCID: PMC7551478 DOI: 10.3390/v12090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial lower respiratory tract disease in children and at-risk adults. Though there are no effective anti-viral drugs for acute disease or licensed vaccines for RSV, palivizumab prophylaxis is available for some high risk infants. To support anti-viral and vaccine development efforts, we developed an RSV virus-like particle (VLP) platform to explore the role RSV F and G protein interactions in disease pathogenesis. Since VLPs are immunogenic and a proven platform for licensed human vaccines, we also considered these VLPs as potential vaccine candidates. We developed two RSV VLP platforms, M+P and M+M2-1 that had F and G, F and a G peptide, or a truncated F and G on their surface. Immunoblots of sucrose gradient purified particles showed co-expression of M, G, and F with both VLP platforms. Electron microscopy imaging and immunogold labeling confirmed VLP-like structures with surface exposed projections consistent with F and G proteins. In mice, the VLPs induced both anti-F and -G protein antibodies and, on challenge, reduced lung viral titer and inflammation. These data show that these RSV VLP platforms provide a tool to study the structure of F and G and their interactions and flexible platforms to develop VLP vaccines in which all components contribute to RSV-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ha
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Jie E. Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Samadhan J. Jadhao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (X.C.); (S.J.J.)
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24
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Martinez ME, Harder OE, Rosas LE, Joseph L, Davis IC, Niewiesk S. Pulmonary function analysis in cotton rats after respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237404. [PMID: 32776985 PMCID: PMC7416943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is an excellent small animal model for human respiratory viral infections such as human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). These respiratory viral infections, as well as other pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as asthma, are associated with lung mechanic disturbances. So far, the pathophysiological effects of viral infection and allergy on cotton rat lungs have not been measured, although this information might be an important tool to determine the efficacy of vaccine and drug candidates. To characterize pulmonary function in the cotton rat, we established forced oscillation technique in uninfected, RSV infected and HDM sensitized cotton rats, and characterized pulmonary inflammation, mucus production, pulmonary edema, and oxygenation. There was a gender difference after RSV infection, with females demonstrating airway hyper-responsiveness while males did not. Female cotton rats 2dpi had a mild increase in pulmonary edema (wet: dry weight ratios). At day 4 post infection, female cotton rats demonstrated mild pulmonary inflammation, no increase in mucus production or reduction in oxygenation. Pulmonary function was not significantly impaired after RSV infection. In contrast, cotton rats sensitized to HDM demonstrated airway hyper-responsiveness with a significant increase in pulmonary inflammation, increase in baseline tissue damping, and a decrease in baseline pulmonary compliance. In summary, we established baseline data for forced oscillation technique and other respiratory measures in the cotton rat and used it to analyze respiratory diseases in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Olivia E. Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lucia E. Rosas
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lisa Joseph
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ian C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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25
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Tripp RA. Up-to-date role of biologics in the management of respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1073-1082. [PMID: 32264720 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1753696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life. Despite RSV being a high priority for vaccine development, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine available. There are many challenges to developing an RSV vaccine and there are limited antiviral drugs or biologics available for the management of infection. In this article, we review the antiviral treatments, vaccination strategies along with alternative therapies for RSV. AREAS COVERED This review is a summary of the current antiviral and RSV vaccination approaches noting strategies and alternative therapies that may prevent or decrease the disease severity in RSV susceptible populations. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses anti-RSV strategies given that no safe and efficacious vaccines are available, and therapeutic treatments are limited. Various biologicals that target for RSV are considered for disease intervention, as it is likely that it may be necessary to develop separate vaccines or therapeutics for each at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA
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26
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Chirkova T, Ha B, Rimawi BH, Oomens AGP, Hartert TV, Anderson LJ. In vitro model for the assessment of human immune responses to subunit RSV vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229660. [PMID: 32191728 PMCID: PMC7081972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide and a high priority for vaccine development. Despite over 50 years of research, however, no vaccine is yet available. One block to vaccine development is an incomplete understanding of the aberrant memory response to the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) given to children in the 1960s. This vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) with later natural RSV infection. Concern that any non-live virus vaccine may also cause ERD has blocked development of subunit vaccines for young children. A number of animal FI-RSV studies suggest various immune mechanisms behind ERD. However, other than limited data from the original FI-RSV trial, there is no information on the human ERD-associated responses. An in vitro model with human blood specimens may shed light on the immune memory responses likely responsible for ERD. Memory T cell responses to an antigen are guided by the innate responses, particularly dendritic cells that present an antigen in conjunction with co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine signaling. Our in vitro model involves human monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC) and allogenic T cell cultures to assess innate responses that direct T cell responses. Using this model, we evaluated human responses to live RSV, FI-RSV, and subunit RSV G vaccines (G-containing virus-like particles, G-VLP). Similar to findings in animal studies, FI-RSV induced prominent Th2/Th17-biased responses with deficient type-1 responses compared to live virus. Responses to G-VLPs were similar to live virus, i.e. biased towards a Th1 and not a Th2/Th17. Also mutating CX3C motif in G gave a more pronounced moDC responses associated with type-1 T cell responses. This in vitro model identifies human immune responses likely associated with ERD and provides another pre-clinical tool to assess the safety of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bassam H. Rimawi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Conformational Flexibility in Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Neutralizing Epitopes. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01879-19. [PMID: 31852779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01879-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a top cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease and mortality in infants and the elderly. Currently, no vaccine or effective treatment exists for RSV. The RSV G glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to cells and contributes to pathogenesis by modulating host immunity through interactions with the human chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Antibodies targeting the RSV G central conserved domain are protective in both prophylactic and postinfection animal models. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 3G12 bound to the RSV G central conserved domain. Antibody 3G12 binds to a conformational epitope composed of highly conserved residues, explaining its broad neutralization activity. Surprisingly, RSV G complexed with 3G12 adopts a distinct conformation not observed in previously described RSV G-antibody structures. Comparison to other structures reveals that the RSV G central conserved domain is flexible and can adopt multiple conformations in the regions flanking the cysteine noose. We also show that restriction of RSV G flexibility with a proline mutation abolishes binding to antibody 3G12 but not antibody 3D3, which recognizes a different conformation of RSV G. Our studies provide new insights for rational vaccine design, indicating the importance of preserving both the global structural integrity of antigens and local conformational flexibility at antigenic sites, which may elicit a more diverse antibody response and broader protection against infection and disease.IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory infections in infants, young children, and the elderly, and currently, no licensed vaccine exists. In this study, we describe the crystal structure of the RSV surface glycoprotein G in complex with a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. The antibody binds to RSV G at a highly conserved region stabilized by two disulfide bonds, but it captures RSV G in a conformation not previously observed, revealing that this region is both structured and flexible. Importantly, our findings provide insight for the design of vaccines that elicit diverse antibodies, which may provide broad protection from infection and disease.
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28
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Emerging small and large molecule therapeutics for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:285-294. [PMID: 32096420 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1735349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and can lead to morbidity and mortality in the infant, elderly and immunocompromised. There is no vaccine and therapeutic interventions are limited. RSV disease research has yielded the development of several prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Several promising candidates are currently under investigation.Areas covered: Small and large molecule approaches to RSV treatment were examined and categorized by their mechanism of action using data from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and from the sponsoring organizations publicly available pipeline information. These results are prefaced by an overview of RSV to provide the context for rational therapy development.Expert opinion: While small molecule drugs show promise for RSV treatment, we believe that large molecule therapy using anti-RSV G and F protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will most efficaciously and safely ameliorate RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Rajan D, O'Keefe EL, Travers C, McCracken C, Geoghegan S, Caballero MT, Acosta PL, Polack F, Anderson LJ. MUC5AC Levels Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1441-1444. [PMID: 29878077 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess MUC5AC as a biomarker for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease severity, we tested nasal aspirates from RSV+ children with mild, moderate, and severe disease. Levels were significantly higher in those in the severe and moderate groups compared to mild group, indicating MUC5AC may be a useful biomarker for RSV disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Evan L O'Keefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Curtis Travers
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Patricio L Acosta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
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30
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Chirkova T, Anderson LJ. Biology of Infection and Disease Pathogenesis to Guide RSV Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 31402910 PMCID: PMC6677153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life and as such a high priority for vaccine development. However, after nearly 60 years of research no vaccine is yet available. The challenges to developing an RSV vaccine include the young age, 2-4 months of age, for the peak of disease, the enhanced RSV disease associated with the first RSV vaccine, formalin-inactivated RSV with an alum adjuvant (FI-RSV), and difficulty achieving protection as illustrated by repeat infections with disease that occur throughout life. Understanding the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis has and will continue to guide vaccine development. In this paper, we review the roles that RSV proteins play in the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis and the corresponding contribution to live attenuated and subunit RSV vaccines. Each of RSV's 11 proteins are in the design of one or more vaccines. The G protein's contribution to disease pathogenesis through altering host immune responses as well as its role in the biology of infection suggest it can make a unique contribution to an RSV vaccine, both live attenuated and subunit vaccines. One of G's potential unique contributions to a vaccine is the potential for anti-G immunity to have an anti-inflammatory effect independent of virus replication. Though an anti-viral effect is essential to an effective RSV vaccine, it is important to remember that the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease. Thus, other effects of the infection, such as G's alteration of the host immune response may provide opportunities to induce responses that block this effect and improve an RSV vaccine. Keeping in mind the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease and not virus replication may help identify new strategies for other vaccine challenges, such as improving influenza vaccines and developing HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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31
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Ha B, Chirkova T, Boukhvalova MS, Sun HY, Walsh EE, Anderson CS, Mariani TJ, Anderson LJ. Mutation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein's CX3C Motif Attenuates Infection in Cotton Rats and Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E69. [PMID: 31330970 PMCID: PMC6789749 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being a high priority for vaccine development, no vaccine is yet available for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A live virus vaccine is the primary type of vaccine being developed for young children. In this report, we describe our studies of infected cotton rats and primary human airway epithelial cells (pHAECs) using an RSV r19F with a mutation in the CX3C chemokine motif in the RSV G protein (CX4C). Through this CX3C motif, RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, and this binding contributes to RSV infection of pHAECs and virus induced host responses that contribute to disease. In both the cotton rat and pHAECs, the CX4C mutation decreased virus replication and disease and/or host responses to infection. Thus, this mutation, or other mutations that block binding to CX3CR1, has the potential to improve a live attenuated RSV vaccine by attenuating both infection and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ha
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - He Ying Sun
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Christopher S Anderson
- Department of Neonatology, Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Neonatology, Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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32
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Muñoz-Durango N, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Rey-Jurado E, Díaz FE, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Patterns of antibody response during natural hRSV infection: insights for the development of new antibody-based therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:721-731. [PMID: 30111181 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1511699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in susceptible population worldwide, such as young children and the elderly. Although hRSV is a major public health burden, there are no licensed vaccines and the only available therapy is palivizumab. During life, reinfections with hRSV are common, suggesting that the virus can impair the development of an efficient host immune response. This feature has hindered the development of efficient therapies. AREAS COVERED This article focuses on research about the natural development of antibodies in humans after the exposure to hRSV. The difficulties of developing anti-hRSV therapies based on monoclonal antibodies have been recently associated to the relationship between the disease outcome and the pattern of antibody response. EXPERT OPINION Development of monoclonal antibodies is a potentially successful approach to prevent the population from suffering severe respiratory diseases caused by hRSV infection, for which there are no available vaccines. Although the use of palivizumab is safe, its effectiveness is controversial. Recent data have prompted research to develop therapies targeting alternative viral antigens, rather than focusing only on the F protein, as well as the development of antibodies with a cell-mediated function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Fabián E Díaz
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Targeting the G Protein Provides a New Approach for an Old Problem. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01302-17. [PMID: 29118126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01302-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) annually affecting >2 million children in the United States <5 years old. In the elderly (>65 years old), RSV results in ∼175,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States with a worldwide incidence of ∼34 million. There is no approved RSV vaccine, and treatments are limited. Recently, a phase 3 trial in the elderly using a recombinant RSV F protein vaccine failed to meet its efficacy objectives, namely, prevention of moderate-to-severe RSV-associated LRTI and reduced incidence of acute respiratory disease. Moreover, a recent phase 3 trial evaluating suptavumab (REGN2222), an antibody to RSV F protein, did not meet its primary endpoint of preventing medically attended RSV infections in preterm infants. Despite these setbacks, numerous efforts targeting the RSV F protein with vaccines, antibodies, and small molecules continue based on the commercial success of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the RSV F protein (palivizumab). As the understanding of RSV biology has improved, the other major coat protein, the RSV G protein, has reemerged as an alternative target reflecting progress in understanding its roles in infecting bronchial epithelial cells and in altering the host immune response. In mouse models, a high-affinity, strain-independent human MAb to the RSV G protein has shown potent direct antiviral activity combined with the alleviation of virus-induced immune system effects that contribute to disease pathology. This MAb, being prepared for clinical trials, provides a qualitatively new approach to managing RSV for populations not eligible for prophylaxis with palivizumab.
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Valedkarimi Z, Nasiri H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Abdolalizadeh J, Esparvarinha M, Majidi J. Production and characterization of anti-human IgG F(ab')2 antibody fragment. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:171-176. [PMID: 29689714 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In present study an optimized protocol for the separation of antibodies into antigen-binding fragments F(ab')2 using pepsin digestion was investigated. The production of these fragments is a consequential step in the development of medical research, treatment and diagnosis. For production of polyclonal antibody rabbit received antigen in four steps. The rabbit serum at 1/128000 dilution showed high absorbance in reaction with human IgG at the designed ELISA method. Rabbit IgG was purified by Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) method. Purity was assessed by SDS-PAGE method. In non-reduced condition only one band was seen in about 150 kDa MW position and in reduced form, two bands were seen in 50 and 25 kDa MW positions. Rabbit IgG was digested by pepsin enzyme. The antibody fragments solution was applied to Gel filtration column to isolate the F(ab')2. Non-reduced SDS-PAGE for determining the purity of F(ab')2 fragment resulted in one band in 100 kDa corresponds to F(ab')2 fragment and a band in 150 kDa MW position corresponds to undigested IgG antibodies. The activities of FITC conjugated F(ab')2 fragment and commercial ones were compared using flowcytometry method. The activity results implied that the FITC conjugated- anti human F(ab')2 fragment worked as efficiently as the commercial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojghan Esparvarinha
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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35
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Clinical Potential of Prefusion RSV F-specific Antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:209-219. [PMID: 29054341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the very young. The RSV fusion protein (F) is essential for virus entry because it mediates viral and host membrane fusion. During this fusion process F is converted from a metastable prefusion conformation into an energetically favored postfusion state. Antibodies that target F can prevent viral entry and reduce disease caused by RSV. During recent years, many prefusion F-specific antibodies have been described. These antibodies typically have stronger RSV-neutralizing activity compared to those that also bind F in the postfusion conformation. Here, we describe how F-specific antibodies protect against RSV and why specifically targeting prefusion F could have great clinical potential.
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Das S, Raundhal M, Chen J, Oriss TB, Huff R, Williams JV, Ray A, Ray P. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of newborn CX3CR1-deficient mice induces a pathogenic pulmonary innate immune response. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94605. [PMID: 28878128 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects almost all infants by 2 years of age, and severe bronchiolitis resulting from RSV infection is the primary cause of hospitalization in the first year of life. Among infants hospitalized due to RSV-induced bronchiolitis, those with a specific mutation in the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which severely compromises binding of its ligand CX3CL1, were at a higher risk for more severe viral bronchiolitis than those without the mutation. Here, we show that RSV infection of newborn mice deficient in CX3CR1 leads to significantly greater neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs, accompanied by an increase in mucus production compared with that induced in WT mice. Analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses revealed an early increase in the number of IL-17+ γδ T cells in CX3CR1-deficient mice that outnumbered IFN-γ+ γδ T cells as well as IFN-γ+ NK cells, IFN-γ being host protective in the context of RSV infection. This bias toward IL-17+ γδ T cells persisted at a later time. The lungs of CX3CR1-deficient mice expressed higher levels of IL-1β mRNA and protein, and blockade of IL-1β signaling using IL-1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced the number of IL-17+ γδ T cells in the lungs of infected mice. Blockade of IL-17RC abolished RSV-induced lung pathology in infected CX3CR1-deficient mice. We propose that, in infants harboring mutant CX3CR1, targeting the IL-17R may minimize disease severity and hospitalization in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mahesh Raundhal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy B Oriss
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachael Huff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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The Central Conserved Region (CCR) of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Modulates Host miRNA Expression and Alters the Cellular Response to Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5030016. [PMID: 28671606 PMCID: PMC5620547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infects respiratory epithelial cells and deregulates host gene expression by many mechanisms including expression of RSV G protein (RSV G). RSV G protein encodes a central conserved region (CCR) containing a CX3C motif that functions as a fractalkine mimic. Disruption of the CX3C motif (a.a. 182-186) located in the CCR of the G protein has been shown to affect G protein function in vitro and the severity of RSV disease pathogenesis in vivo. We show that infection of polarized Calu3 respiratory cells with recombinant RSV having point mutations in Cys173 and 176 (C173/176S) (rA2-GC12), or Cys186 (C186S) (rA2-GC4) is associated with a decline in the integrity of polarized Calu-3 cultures and decreased virus production. This is accompanied with downregulation of miRNAs let-7f and miR-24 and upregulation of interferon lambda (IFNλ), a primary antiviral cytokine for RSV in rA2-GC12/rA2-GC4 infected cells. These results suggest that residues in the cysteine noose region of RSV G protein can modulate IFN λ expression accompanied by downregulation of miRNAs, and are important for RSV G protein function and targeting.
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38
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Meng J, Barnum TR, Chirkova T, Haynes LM, Jadhao SJ, Tripp RA, Oomens AG, Moore ML, Anderson LJ. Mutating the CX3C Motif in the G Protein Should Make a Live Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Safer and More Effective. J Virol 2017; 91:e02059-16. [PMID: 28275196 PMCID: PMC5411601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. Through a CX3C chemokine motif (182CWAIC186) in the G protein, RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1. Since RSV binding to CX3CR1 contributes to disease pathogenesis, we investigated whether a mutation in the CX3C motif by insertion of an alanine, A186, within the CX3C motif, mutating it to CX4C (182CWAIAC187), which is known to block binding to CX3CR1, might decrease disease. We studied the effect of the CX4C mutation in two strains of RSV (A2 and r19F) in a mouse challenge model. We included RSV r19F because it induces mucus production and airway resistance, two manifestations of RSV infection in humans, in mice. Compared to wild-type (wt) virus, mice infected with CX4C had a 0.7 to 1.2 log10-fold lower virus titer in the lung at 5 days postinfection (p.i.) and had markedly reduced weight loss, pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and airway resistance after challenge. This decrease in disease was not dependent on decrease in virus replication but did correspond to a decrease in pulmonary Th2 and inflammatory cytokines. Mice infected with CX4C viruses also had higher antibody titers and a Th1-biased T cell memory response at 75 days p.i. These results suggest that the CX4C mutation in the G protein could improve the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated RSV vaccine.IMPORTANCE RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, through a CX3C chemokine motif (182CWAIC186) in the G protein. RSV binding to CX3CR1 contributes to disease pathogenesis; therefore, we investigated whether a mutation in the CX3C motif by insertion of an alanine, A186, within the CX3C motif, mutating it to CX4C (182CWAIAC187), known to block binding to CX3CR1, might decrease disease. The effect of this mutation and treatment with the F(ab')2 form of the anti-RSV G 131-2G monoclonal antibody (MAb) show that mutating the CX3C motif to CX4C blocks much of the disease and immune modulation associated with the G protein and should improve the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated RSV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chemokines, CX3C/genetics
- Chemokines, CX3C/immunology
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Th1 Cells
- Th2 Cells
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boyoglu-Barnum
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S O Todd
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Meng
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - T R Barnum
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - T Chirkova
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S J Jadhao
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R A Tripp
- University of Georgia, Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - A G Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - M L Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L J Anderson
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Monoclonal Antibody against G Glycoprotein Increases Respiratory Syncytial Virus Clearance In Vivo and Prevents Vaccine-Enhanced Diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169139. [PMID: 28076422 PMCID: PMC5226777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, young children, and the elderly. The G glycoprotein plays a role in host cell attachment and also modulates the host immune response, thereby inducing disease pathogenesis. We generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 5H6 and 3A5) against G protein core fragment (Gcf), which consisted of amino acid residues 131 to 230 from RSV A2 G protein. Epitope mapping study revealed that 5H6 specifically binds to the G/164-176 peptide that includes conserved sequences shared by both RSV A and B subtypes, and 3A5 binds to the G/190-204 peptide. Studies with mutant Gcf proteins in which cysteine residues were substituted with alanine revealed that 5H6 requires four cysteines for binding and 3A5 binds to Gcf variants with alanine substitutions better than wild-type. To determine if these mAbs reduce pulmonary viral infection, BALB/c mice were administered mAb and subsequently challenged with RSV. On day 4 post-infection, lung viral titers were reduced by up to 93% with the 5H6 injection and 90% with the 3A5 injection, indicating that prophylactic injection of these mAbs contributes to RSV clearance in vivo. Importantly, 5H6 injection reduced vaccine-enhanced diseases. Overall, our results suggest that this novel anti-G mAb could be used as a prophylactic regimen against RSV diseases.
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40
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Zanin M, Baviskar P, Webster R, Webby R. The Interaction between Respiratory Pathogens and Mucus. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:159-68. [PMID: 26867175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between respiratory pathogens and their hosts is complex and incompletely understood. This is particularly true when pathogens encounter the mucus layer covering the respiratory tract. The mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. Respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens. This review summarizes the current understanding of respiratory mucus and its interactions with the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses, with particular focus on influenza virus transmissibility and host-range specificity. Based on current findings we propose that respiratory mucus represents an understudied host-restriction factor for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zanin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Pradyumna Baviskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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41
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Structural, antigenic and immunogenic features of respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins relevant for vaccine development. Vaccine 2016; 35:461-468. [PMID: 27692522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extraordinary progress in the structure and immunobiology of the human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins has been accomplished during the last few years. Determination of the fusion (F) glycoprotein structure folded in either the prefusion or the postfusion conformation was an inspiring breakthrough not only to understand the structural changes associated with the membrane fusion process but additionally to appreciate the antigenic intricacies of the F protein. Furthermore, these developments have opened new avenues for structure-based designs of promising hRSV vaccine candidates. Finally, recent advances in our knowledge of the attachment (G) glycoprotein and its interaction with cell-surface receptors have revitalized interest in this molecule as a vaccine, as well as its role in hRSV immunobiology.
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42
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Schepens B, Schotsaert M, Saelens X. Small hydrophobic protein of respiratory syncytial virus as a novel vaccine antigen. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:203-6. [PMID: 25804473 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Schepens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is understood to be a significant human pathogen in infants, young children, and the elderly and the immunocompromised. Over the last decade many important mechanisms contributing to RSV infection, replication, and disease pathogenesis have been revealed; however, there is still insufficient knowledge which has in part hampered vaccine development. Considerable information is accumulating regarding how RSV proteins modulate molecular signaling and immune responses to infection. Understanding how RSV interacts with its host is crucial to facilitate the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutic treatments.In this chapter, we provide a brief introduction into RSV replication, pathogenesis, and host immune response, and summarize the state of RSV vaccine and antiviral compounds in clinical stages of development. This chapter frames features of this book and the molecular methods used for understanding RSV interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lydia Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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44
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Caidi H, Harcourt JL, Haynes LM. RSV Growth and Quantification by Microtitration and qRT-PCR Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1442:13-32. [PMID: 27464684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defective interfering viral particles have been reported as important determinants of the course of viral infection, and they can markedly temper the virulence of the infection. Here, we describe a simple method, based on limiting dilution, for the removal of defective interfering particles from RSV. This method results in a high-titer viral preparation from both HEp-2 and Vero cell lines. We evaluated two concentrations of sucrose to stabilize the virus preparation, and demonstrate that RSV is stable when prepared and stored in 25 % sucrose at -152 °C. In addition, this chapter describes some commonly used methods of RSV titration, detection using microtitration and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and the use of immunostaining for antigenic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Caidi
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-18, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harcourt
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-18, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Lia M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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45
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Jorquera PA, Anderson L, Tripp RA. Understanding respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development and aspects of disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:173-87. [PMID: 26641318 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in young children and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the immune factors responsible for inducing vaccine-enhanced disease in animal models, less information is available for humans. In this review, we discuss the different types of RSV vaccines and their target population, the need for establishing immune correlates for vaccine efficacy, and how the use of different animal models can help predict vaccine efficacy and clinical outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Lydia Anderson
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
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46
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein Contribution to Infection Depends on the Specific Fusion Protein. J Virol 2015; 90:245-53. [PMID: 26468535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02140-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract disease in children. The RSV attachment glycoprotein (G) is not required for infection, as G-null RSV replicates efficiently in several cell lines. Our laboratory previously reported that the viral fusion (F) protein is a determinant of strain-dependent pathogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that virus dependence on G is determined by the strain specificity of F. We generated recombinant viruses expressing G and F, or null for G, from the laboratory A2 strain (Katushka RSV-A2GA2F [kRSV-A2GA2F] and kRSV-GstopA2F) or the clinical isolate A2001/2-20 (kRSV-2-20G2-20F and kRSV-Gstop2-20F). We quantified the virus cell binding, entry kinetics, infectivity, and growth kinetics of these four recombinant viruses in vitro. RSV expressing the 2-20 G protein exhibited the greatest binding activity. Compared to the parental viruses expressing G and F, removal of 2-20 G had more deleterious effects on binding, entry, infectivity, and growth than removal of A2 G. Overall, RSV expressing 2-20 F had a high dependence on G for binding, entry, and infection. IMPORTANCE RSV is the leading cause of childhood acute respiratory disease requiring hospitalization. As with other paramyxoviruses, two major RSV surface viral glycoproteins, the G attachment protein and the F fusion protein, mediate virus binding and subsequent membrane fusion, respectively. Previous work on the RSV A2 prototypical strain demonstrated that the G protein is functionally dispensable for in vitro replication. This is in contrast to other paramyxoviruses that require attachment protein function as a prerequisite for fusion. We reevaluated this requirement for RSV using G and F proteins from clinical isolate 2-20. Compared to the laboratory A2 strain, the G protein from 2-20 had greater contributions to virus binding, entry, infectivity, and in vitro growth kinetics. Thus, the clinical isolate 2-20 F protein function depended more on its G protein, suggesting that RSV has a higher dependence on G than previously thought.
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47
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Powell TJ, Palath N, Boyd JG, Tripp RA. Layer-By-Layer Nanoparticle Vaccines Carrying the G Protein CX3C Motif Protect against RSV Infection and Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:829-49. [PMID: 26473935 PMCID: PMC4693221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children; however no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. Previous studies have shown that therapeutic treatment with a monoclonal antibody (clone 131-2G) specific to the RSV G glycoprotein CX3C motif, mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking to the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In this study, we show that vaccination with layer-by-layer nanoparticles (LbL-NP) carrying the G protein CX3C motif induces blocking antibodies that prevent the interaction of the RSV G protein with the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) and protect mice against RSV replication and disease pathogenesis. Peptides with mutations in the CX3C motif induced antibodies with diminished capacity to block G protein-CX3CR1 binding. Passive transfer of these anti-G protein antibodies to mice infected with RSV improved virus clearance and decreased immune cell trafficking to the lungs. These data suggest that vaccination with LbL-NP loaded with the CX3C motif of the RSV G protein can prevent manifestations of RSV disease by preventing the interaction between the G protein and CX3CR1 and recruitment of immune cells to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Katie E Oakley
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Thomas J Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - James G Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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48
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Chirkova T, Barnum TR, Gaston KA, Haynes LM, Tripp RA, Moore ML, Anderson LJ. An anti-G protein monoclonal antibody treats RSV disease more effectively than an anti-F monoclonal antibody in BALB/c mice. Virology 2015; 483:117-25. [PMID: 25965801 PMCID: PMC4516680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. To clarify the potential for an anti-G mAb, 131-2G which has both anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects, to effectively treat RSV disease, we determined the kinetics of its effect compared to the effect of the anti-F mAb, 143-6C on disease in mice. Treatment administered three days after RSV rA2-line19F (r19F) infection showed 131-2G decreased breathing effort, pulmonary mucin levels, weight loss, and pulmonary inflammation earlier and more effectively than treatment with mAb 143-6C. Both mAbs stopped lung virus replication at day 5 post-infection. These data show that, in mice, anti-G protein mAb is superior to treating disease during RSV infection than an anti-F protein mAb similar to Palivizumab. This combination of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity makes 131-2G a promising candidate for treating for active human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sean O Todd
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas R Barnum
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey A Gaston
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lia M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- University of Georgia Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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49
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Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:800-12. [PMID: 26119025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1055711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent etiological agent of lower respiratory tract infections and the first cause of hospitalization in infants due to respiratory disease worldwide. However, efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antivirals have been challenged by an incomplete understanding of the RSV pathogenesis and the host immune response to RSV infection in the airways. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interaction between RSV and the epithelium to induce pathogenesis in the airways, such as the role of the RSV NS2 protein in the airway epithelium, as well as the events involved in the RSV entry process. In addition, we summarize the cellular factors produced by airway epithelial cells (AECs) in response to RSV infection that lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing lung inflammation and disease. Further, we discuss the possible contribution of a recently identified cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), in the lung immunopathology caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolás Gálvez
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France .,d Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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50
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Functional Analysis of the 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Buenos Aires Strain Attachment Glycoprotein. J Virol 2015; 89:8258-66. [PMID: 26018171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01045-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are two subgroups of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), A and B, and within each subgroup, isolates are further divided into clades. Several years ago, multiple subgroup B isolates which contained a duplication of 60 nucleotides in the glycoprotein (G) gene were described. These isolates were given a new clade designation of BA based on the site of isolation, Buenos Aires, Argentina. BA RSV strains have since become the predominant circulating clade of RSV B viruses. We hypothesized that the duplicated region in G serves to enhance the function of G in the virus life cycle. We generated recombinant viruses that express a consensus BA G gene or a consensus BA G gene lacking the duplication (GΔdup). We determined that the duplicated region functions during virus attachment to cells. Additionally, we showed that in vitro, the virus containing the duplication has a fitness advantage compared to the virus without the duplication. Our data demonstrate that the duplicated region in the BA strain G protein augments virus attachment and fitness. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen for infants for which there is no vaccine. Different strains of RSV circulate from year to year, and the predominating strains change over time. Subgroup B RSV strains with a duplication in the attachment glycoprotein (G) emerged and then became the dominant B genotype. We found that a recombinant virus harboring the duplication bound more efficiently to cells and was more fit than a recombinant strain lacking the duplication. Our work advances a mechanism for an important natural RSV mutation.
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