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Wu Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Bai X, Liu Y. Bioinformatics and systems-biology approach to identify common pathogenic mechanisms for COVID-19 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2304826. [PMID: 38332666 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2304826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought a heavy burden to the world, interestingly, it shares many clinical symptoms with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is unclear whether there is a similar pathological process between COVID-9 and SLE. In addition, we don't know how to treat SLE patients with COVID-19. In this study, we analyse the potential similar pathogenesis between SLE and COVID-19 and explore their possible drug regimens using bioinformatics and systems biology approaches. METHODS The common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from the COVID-19 datasets and the SLE datasets for functional enrichment, pathway analysis and candidate drug analysis. RESULT Based on the two transcriptome datasets between COVID-19 and SLE, 325 common DEGs were selected. Hub genes were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. few found a variety of similar functional changes between COVID-19 and SLE, which may be related to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Besides, we explored the related regulatory networks. Then, through drug target matching, we found many candidate drugs for patients with COVID-19 only or COVID-19 combined with SLE. CONCLUSION COVID-19 and SLE patients share many common hub genes, related pathways and regulatory networks. Based on these common targets, we found many potential drugs that could be used in treating patient with COVID-19 or COVID-19 combined with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufeng Bai
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Human Disease and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Feng Z, Yang X, Zhang B, Mo C, Li C, Tian X, Zhang C, Ou M, Hou X. Exploring the relationship between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases: a review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024:10.1007/s10096-024-04869-w. [PMID: 38829448 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases is a complex issue. In recent years, increasing clinical cases have indicated that infectious agents play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Molecular mimicry is currently widely regarded as the primary pathogenic mechanism of various autoimmune diseases in humans. Components of infectious agents can undergo molecular mimicry with components in patients' bodies, leading to the development of various autoimmune diseases. In this article, we provide a brief overview of current research of the current research status on the relationship between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases, and describe our current understanding of their mechanisms of action in order to better understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Feng
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Chune Mo
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Xiayu Tian
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541199, China
| | - Minglin Ou
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Xianliang Hou
- Laboratory Central, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China.
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Nakazawa-Ueji YE, Valencia-Pacheco G, González-Herrera LJ, Chan-Chalé L, Velasco-Cárdenas RMH, Carreño-Gonzalez MJ, Pérez-Mendoza G, Amaro-Adrián GI, Rodríguez-Dzul EA, Quintal-Ortiz IG, Angulo-Ramírez AV, López-Villanueva RF. Association of the polymorphisms rs179008 ( TLR7), rs2004640 ( IRF5), rs1800795 ( IL-6) and rs2280788 ( CCL5) with systemic lupus erythematosus in women of Mayan ethnicity from Yucatan. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38459707 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2325438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: IFN-α is the main cytokine in SLE, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in different genes could induce it. Aim: To determine the association of rs2004640 (IRF5), rs179008 (TLR7), rs1800795 (IL-6) and rs2280788 (CCL5) with SLE in Mexican women with Mayan ethnicity. Methods: DNA and RNA were isolated from the peripheral blood of 110 patients and 200 healthy control subjects. SNP genotyping and gene expression analysis of IRF5, TLR7, IL-6 and IFN-α were determined by real-time PCR and analyzed with SNP Stat, Stata 10.1 and Graph Pad Prism v5. Results: rs2004640, rs179008, and rs1800795 in both groups were according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Risk alleles rs179008T and rs2004640T frequencies were higher in controls (p = 0.015 and p = 0.028, respectively), whereas rs179008A frequency was higher in patients (p = 0.015). Allelic combination AGT frequency was higher in patients (p = 0.001). IL-6 rs1800795C > G and CCL5 rs2280788G > C frequencies did not show significant differences (p > 0.05), being rs2280788G (CCL5) monomorphic in controls. SLE patients showed higher TLR7, IRF5, IL6, and IFN-α mRNA levels. IRF5 expression was higher in SLE patients homozygous for rs2004640T (IRF5). Conclusion: This work showed the contribution of TLR7 and IRF5 in SLE pathogenesis in Mayan females from Yucatan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Elena Nakazawa-Ueji
- Hematology Laboratory, Regional Research Center, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | | | - Laureano Chan-Chalé
- Hematology Laboratory, Regional Research Center, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Pérez-Mendoza
- Hematology Laboratory, Regional Research Center, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico
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Li Z, Lei Z, Yang W, Jing C, Sun X, Yang G, Zhao X, Zhang M, Xu M, Tang Y, Wang Q, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Wen Z, Chen X, Peng Q, Wang G, Zhang P, Sun E, Shen N, Xu W, Li Z, Yang H, Yin Z. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies as a risk factor for the prevalence and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 38291478 PMCID: PMC10826107 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of numerous autoantibodies. The interaction of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria and parasites) and a genetically susceptible host may be a key mechanism for SLE. Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread intracellular parasite that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the relationship between T. gondii infection and the increased risk of SLE in Chinese populations remains unclear. METHODS The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was assessed in 1771 serum samples collected from Chinese individuals (908 healthy controls and 863 SLE patients) from different regions of China using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum autoantibodies and clinical information were obtained and analysed. RESULTS Our observations revealed a higher prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies (ATxA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum samples from SLE patients (144/863, 16.7%) than in those from the healthy controls (53/917, 5.8%; P < 0.0001), indicating a 2.48-fold increased risk of SLE in the ATxA-IgG+ population, after adjustment for age and sex (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-3.62, P < 0.0001). ATxA-IgG+ SLE patients also showed a 1.75-fold higher risk of developing moderate and severe lupus symptoms (95% CI 1.14-2.70, P = 0.011) compared to ATxA-IgG- patients. Relative to ATxA-IgG- patients, ATxA-IgG+ patients were more likely to develop specific clinical symptoms, including discoid rash, oral ulcer, myalgia and alopecia. Seven antibodies, namely anti-ribosomal RNA protein (rRNP), anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA), anti-cell membrane DNA (cmDNA), anti-scleroderma-70 (Scl-70), anti-cardiolipin (CL), anti-beta2-glycoprotein-I (B2GPI) and rheumatoid factor (RF), occurred more frequently in ATxA-IgG+ patients. When combined with anti-dsDNA and RF/anti-rRNP/anti-cmDNA/ESR, ATxA-IgG significantly increased the risk for severe lupus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ATxA-IgG may be a significant risk factor for SLE prevalence and severity in Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhiwei Lei
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Mingjiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Miaomiao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zixing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zihao Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guochun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingjing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Hengwen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
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Pandey SP, Bhaskar R, Han SS, Narayanan KB. Autoimmune Responses and Therapeutic Interventions for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:499-518. [PMID: 37718519 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230915112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Lupus is a multifactorial autoimmune disease of multiorgan malfunctioning of extremely heterogeneous and unclear etiology that affects multiple organs and physiological systems. Some racial groups and women of childbearing age are more susceptible to SLE pathogenesis. Impressive progress has been made towards a better understanding of different immune components contributing to SLE pathogenesis. Recent investigations have uncovered the detailed mechanisms of inflammatory responses and organ damage. Various environmental factors, pathogens, and toxicants, including ultraviolet light, drugs, viral pathogens, gut microbiome metabolites, and sex hormones trigger the onset of SLE pathogenesis in genetically susceptible individuals and result in the disruption of immune homeostasis of cytokines, macrophages, T cells, and B cells. Diagnosis and clinical investigations of SLE remain challenging due to its clinical heterogeneity and hitherto only a few approved antimalarials, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are available for treatment. However, the adverse effects of renal and neuropsychiatric lupus and late diagnosis make therapy challenging. Additionally, SLE is also linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to inflammatory responses and the risk of infection from immunosuppressive treatment. Due to the diversity of symptoms and treatment-resistant diseases, SLE management remains a challenging issue. Nevertheless, the use of next-generation therapeutics with stem cell and gene therapy may bring better outcomes to SLE treatment in the future. This review highlights the autoimmune responses as well as potential therapeutic interventions for SLE particularly focusing on the recent therapeutic advancements and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Pandey
- Aarogya Institute of Healthcare and Research, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302033, India
- Department of Zoology, School of Science, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Samuel VP, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Saleem S, Khan R, Altwaijry N, Patel S, Patel A, Singh SK, Dua K. Immunopathology of herpes simplex virus-associated neuroinflammation: Unveiling the mysteries. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2491. [PMID: 37985599 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathology of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated neuroinflammation is a captivating and intricate field of study within the scientific community. HSV, renowned for its latent infection capability, gives rise to a spectrum of neurological expressions, ranging from mild symptoms to severe encephalitis. The enigmatic interplay between the virus and the host's immune responses profoundly shapes the outcome of these infections. This review delves into the multifaceted immune reactions triggered by HSV within neural tissues, intricately encompassing the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, this analysis delves into the delicate equilibrium between immune defence and the potential for immunopathology-induced neural damage. It meticulously dissects the roles of diverse immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines, unravelling the intricacies of neuroinflammation modulation and its subsequent effects. By exploring HSV's immune manipulation and exploitation mechanisms, this review endeavours to unveil the enigmas surrounding the immunopathology of HSV-associated neuroinflammation. This comprehensive understanding enhances our grasp of viral pathogenesis and holds promise for pioneering therapeutic strategies designed to mitigate the neurological ramifications of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Kuthambakkam, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Vijaya Paul Samuel
- Department of Anatomy, RAK College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Archita Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Yuan G, Yang M, Xie J, Xu K, Zhang F. No evidence of genetic causal association between sex hormone-related traits and systemic lupus erythematosus: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:3237-3249. [PMID: 37495778 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated an association between sex hormone-related traits and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, because of the difficulties in determining sequential temporality, the causal association remains elusive. In this study, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the genetic causal associations between sex hormone-related traits and SLE. METHODS We used a two-sample MR to explore the causal association between sex hormone-related traits and SLE. The summarized data for sex hormone-related traits (including testosterone, estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and bioavailable testosterone (BT)) originated from large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European descent. Aggregated data for SLE were derived from the FinnGen consortium (835 cases and 300,162 controls). Random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and fixed-effects IVW methods were used for the MR analysis. Random-effects IVW was the primary method used to analyze the genetic causal association between sex hormone-related traits and SLE. Heterogeneity of the MR results was detected using the IVW Cochran's Q estimates. The pleiotropy of MR results was detected using MR-Egger regression and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test. Finally, leave-one-out analysis was performed to determine whether MR results were affected by a single single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS Random-effects IVW as the primary method showed that testosterone (odds ratio (OR), 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41-1.82; P = 0.705), E2 (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.73-1.23; P = 0.693), SHBG (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.74-2.13; P = 0.400), and BT (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.67-1.47; P = 0.959) had no potential causal association with SLE. The MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and fixed-effects IVW methods all indicated consistent results. The results of the MR-Egger regression showed that there was no pleiotropy in our MR analysis (P > 0.05). The IVW Cochran's Q estimates showed that the MR analysis results of E2, SHBG, and BT on SLE had no heterogeneity (P > 0.05), but testosterone and SLE had heterogeneity (P < 0.05). The leave-one-out analysis confirmed that a single SNP did not affect the MR results. CONCLUSIONS Our MR analysis demonstrated that genetically predicted testosterone, E2, SHBG, and BT levels were not associated with SLE risk, but the roles of other non-genetic pathways cannot be ruled out. Key Points • This is the first MR study to explore the causal association of sex hormone-related traits with SLE. • No evidence to support causal associations between sex hormone-related traits and SLE. • Our MR analysis may provide novel insights into the causal association between sex hormone-related traits and SLE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Yuan
- Scientific Research and Experiment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingyi Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xie
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Kim A, Choi SJ, Song GG, Kim JH, Jung JH. Characterization of virus-mediated autoimmunity and the consequences for pathological process in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:2799-2809. [PMID: 37369873 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using gene expression-based computational methodologies to analyze disease-immune interactions, which affect the development and progression of SLE. METHOD Twenty-six patients with SLE and 46 healthy controls were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The significantly enriched immune and virus-related gene lists were computed and visualized by using the DEGs from the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Quantification of 38 immune cells was performed in determining the impact of immune cells on the virus mediated immunity in SLE by using ImmQuant algorithm. RESULTS Thirty-nine upregulated and 57 downregulated were identified in SLE patient compared to the healthy controls. Upregulated genes were significantly implicated in Gene Ontology gene sets as cytokine mediated signaling, secretion, and exocytosis in immune response pathways in 26 female SLE patients. In addition, these genes were enriched in hepatitis C, influenza A, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus 1 infection in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Especially, FCGR1A, IRF7, OAS2, CAMP, MX1, OAS3, OAS1, DEFA3, ISG15, and RSAD2 were involved in virus mediated SLE mechanism, and the expression for OAS1, OAS2, and IRF7 was closely associated with the quantities of colony forming unit-monocyte and colony forming unit-granulocyte. CONCLUSIONS Identifying virus-mediated SLE genes and quantifies of immune cells were used to understand the pathological process and perform early diagnosis of female SLE, and will lead to clinical tools for treating SLE in patients. Key Points • Using gene expression-based computational methodologies, the 57 immune and viral genes were significantly upregulated in 26 SLE patients. • The identified three key viral genes such as OAS1, OAS2, and IF7 were closely associated with colony-forming unit-monocytes and colony-forming unit-granulocytes, which affect the virus mediated immunity in SLE. • The viral genes and quantifies of immune cells are useful in understanding pathogenesis of SLE, and this will provide clinical strategies of potential treatment choices in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Kim
- Department of Education and Training, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Choi
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hang Kim
- Department of Education and Training, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hyun Jung
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Zeng H, Zhuang Y, Li X, Yin Z, Huang X, Peng H. Exploring the potential common denominator pathogenesis of system lupus erythematosus with COVID-19 based on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179664. [PMID: 37426642 PMCID: PMC10325730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidences show that there may be a link between SLE and COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to screen out the diagnostic biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with COVID-19 and explore the possible related mechanisms by the bioinformatics approach. Methods SLE and COVID-19 datasets were extracted separately from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The limma package in R was used to obtain the differential genes (DEGs). The protein interaction network information (PPI) and core functional modules were constructed in the STRING database using Cytoscape software. The hub genes were identified by the Cytohubba plugin, and TF-gene together with TF-miRNA regulatory networks were constructed via utilizing the Networkanalyst platform. Subsequently, we generated subject operating characteristic curves (ROC) to verify the diagnostic capabilities of these hub genes to predict the risk of SLE with COVID-19 infection. Finally, a single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) algorithm was used to analyze immune cell infiltration. Results A total of 6 common hub genes (CDC6, PLCG1, KIF15, LCK, CDC25C, and RASGRP1) were identified with high diagnostic validity. These gene functional enrichments were mainly involved in cell cycle, and inflammation-related pathways. Compared to the healthy controls, abnormal infiltration of immune cells was found in SLE and COVID-19, and the proportion of immune cells linked to the 6 hub genes. Conclusion Our research logically identified 6 candidate hub genes that could predict SLE complicated with COVID-19. This work provides a foothold for further study of potential pathogenesis in SLE and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Public Health, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Department of Xi Yuan Community Health Service Center, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Sundaresan B, Shirafkan F, Ripperger K, Rattay K. The Role of Viral Infections in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030782. [PMID: 36992490 PMCID: PMC10051805 DOI: 10.3390/v15030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are the consequence of a breach in immune tolerance, leading to the inability to sufficiently differentiate between self and non-self. Immune reactions that are targeted towards self-antigens can ultimately lead to the destruction of the host's cells and the development of autoimmune diseases. Although autoimmune disorders are comparatively rare, the worldwide incidence and prevalence is increasing, and they have major adverse implications for mortality and morbidity. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to be the major factors contributing to the development of autoimmunity. Viral infections are one of the environmental triggers that can lead to autoimmunity. Current research suggests that several mechanisms, such as molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation, can cause viral-induced autoimmunity. Here we describe the latest insights into the pathomechanisms of viral-induced autoimmune diseases and discuss recent findings on COVID-19 infections and the development of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Sundaresan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Shirafkan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ripperger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Rattay
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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11
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Chen X, Li H, Wu C, Zhang Y. Epstein‒Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Virol J 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 36782252 PMCID: PMC9926755 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease, and the etiology is still unclear. Some studies have indicated that viral infection might contribute to the development of SLE. METHODS A total of 105 individuals with SLE and 110 matched healthy controls were tested for EBV-specific DNA fragments in peripheral blood monocytes by PCR-Southern blotting. The expression of EBV-encoded genes was determined by RT-PCR and Southern blotting in EBV-positive patients. Serum EBV-specific IgM antibody was determined by ELISA. HHV-6 DNA in peripheral blood monocytes of those SLE patients and normal controls was tested by nested PCR. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that the EBV-positive rate of SLE patients was significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2 = 87.329, P = 0), while the difference in the HHV-6-positive rate between the two groups was not significant (P > 0.05). An association of EBV and HHV-6 positivity in SLE patients was found (P = 0, r = 0.38). The EBV IgM level was significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy controls (χ2 = 25.184, P = 0). Forty-two of the 75 EBV DNA-positive specimens were positive for EBNA2 mRNA, and an association between EBV EBNA2 mRNA and anti-Sm antibody positivity was found (P = 0, r = 0.409). LMP1 mRNA was positive in 2 SLE patients with active phase, and no LMP2A mRNA expression was detected in EBV DNA-positive specimens. EBV early gene BARF1 mRNA was detected in 2 cases of EBV-positive SLE patients, and these 2 patients were also HHV-6 DNA positive. Thirty-eight patients were BcLF1 mRNA positive, and 33 of them were HHV-6 positive as well. These factors were associated (χ2 = 15.734, P = 0). The expression of the EBV immediate early gene BZLF1 was negative in all 75 EBV-positive SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that EBV infection might be related to the occurrence of SLE. Although there is no direct evidence that HHV-6 infection is associated with the development of SLE, EBV and HHV-6 infection may have a coacceleration effect in SLE patients. This study provides a new theoretical and experimental basis for the study of viral etiology and the prevention and treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Chen
- The Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 19 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chunling Wu
- The Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, Basic Medicine College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
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12
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Afrashteh Nour M, Ghorbaninezhad F, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Hassanian H, Leone P, Jafarlou M, Alizadeh N, Racanelli V, Baradaran B. The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus: new insights into the master regulators of disease pathogenesis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231153572. [PMID: 37035097 PMCID: PMC10074641 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Auto-immune diseases are a form of chronic disorders in which the immune system destroys the body's cells due to a loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), identified by the production of autoantibodies in different body parts, is one of the most well-known examples of these diseases. Although the etiology of SLE is unclear, the disease's progression may be affected by genetic and environmental factors. As studies in twins provide adequate evidence for genetic involvement in the SLE, other phenomena such as metallization, histone modifications, and alterations in the expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) also indicate the involvement of epigenetic factors in this disease. Among all the epigenetic alterations, ncRNAs appear to have the most crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of SLE. The ncRNAs' length and size are divided into three main classes: micro RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNA), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulations in these ncRNAs contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE. Hence, clarifying the function of these groups of ncRNAs in the pathophysiology of SLE provides a deeper understanding of the disease. It also opens up new opportunities to develop targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Afrashteh Nour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hassanian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine,
University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Ming B, Bai M, Cai S, Wang B, Zhong J, Dong L. Clinical characteristics of SLE patients infected with Epstein-Barr virus and potential associated risk factors. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:101-109. [PMID: 36155871 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical features and potential associated risk factors of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA positivity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS A total of 121 newly diagnosed SLE patients who had never used immunosuppressive drugs (treatment-naïve) and 191 previously treated SLE patients from January 2017 to January 2020 were enrolled in this study. And 115 age- and sex-matched non-rheumatic disease controls were also included. RESULTS A significantly higher incidence of EBV DNA positivity and higher viral DNA copies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed among treatment-naïve and previously treated SLE patients compared with controls. The positivity rate of EBV DNA was further increased in previously treated SLE patients compared with that in treatment-naïve patients. EBV DNA-positive treatment-naïve SLE patients presented lower incidence of hemolytic anemia and more affected organ number than EBV DNA-negative patients. EBV DNA-positive treated SLE patients showed older age, longer immunosuppressive duration, higher IgG level, and higher Th/Ts ratio than EBV DNA-negative patients. Patients responding well to treatment with decreased SLE disease activity index scores had a transformation of EBV DNA from positive to negative in treated SLE patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age, higher IgG level, and longer immunosuppressive duration were associated risk factors for EBV DNA positivity in SLE patients, while higher TNF-α level was a protective factor. CONCLUSION Older age, higher IgG level, and longer immunosuppressive duration are associated with the positivity of EBV DNA in SLE patients. A seroconversion of EBV DNA indicates an association between EBV positivity and therapy response, while larger number cases are needed to confirm. Key Points • Older age, higher IgG level, and longer immunosuppressive duration are associated with EBV DNA positivity in SLE patients. • A seroconversion of EBV DNA might be an indicator to reflect the SLE therapy -response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Ming
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ma Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shaozhe Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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14
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Fan TJ, Cui J. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:403-439. [PMID: 38159236 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are conserved sequences of ancient retroviruses, are widely distributed in the human genome. Although most HERVs have been rendered inactive by evolution, some have continued to exhibit important cytological functions. HERVs in the human genome perform dual functions: on the one hand, they are involved in important physiological processes such as placental development and immune regulation; on the other hand, their aberrant expression is closely associated with the pathological processes of several diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections. HERVs can also regulate a variety of host cellular functions, including the expression of protein-coding genes and regulatory elements that have evolved from HERVs. Here, we present recent research on the roles of HERVs in viral infections and cancers, including the dysregulation of HERVs in various viral infections, HERV-induced epigenetic modifications of histones (such as methylation and acetylation), and the potential mechanisms of HERV-mediated antiviral immunity. We also describe therapies to improve the efficacy of vaccines and medications either by directly or indirectly targeting HERVs, depending on the HERV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Rangel SC, da Silva MD, da Silva AL, dos Santos JDMB, Neves LM, Pedrosa A, Rodrigues FM, Trettel CDS, Furtado GE, de Barros MP, Bachi ALL, Romano CM, Nali LHDS. Human endogenous retroviruses and the inflammatory response: A vicious circle associated with health and illness. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057791. [PMID: 36518758 PMCID: PMC9744114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are derived from ancient exogenous retroviral infections that have infected our ancestors' germline cells, underwent endogenization process, and were passed throughout the generations by retrotransposition and hereditary transmission. HERVs comprise 8% of the human genome and are critical for several physiological activities. Yet, HERVs reactivation is involved in pathological process as cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the multiple aspects of HERVs' role within the human genome, as well as virological and molecular aspects, and their fusogenic property. We also discuss possibilities of how the HERVs are possibly transactivated and participate in modulating the inflammatory response in health conditions. An update on their role in several autoimmune, inflammatory, and aging-related diseases is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coelho Rangel
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Melo Neves
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Pedrosa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, (3004-504), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Caio dos Santos Trettel
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços – S. Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Malta Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Da Silva Nali
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Luiz Henrique Da Silva Nali, ;
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16
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Villano U, Mataj E, Dorrucci M, Farchi F, Pirone C, Valdarchi C, Equestre M, Madonna E, Bruni R, Pisani G, Martina A, Simeoni M, Iaiani G, Ciccozzi M, Ciccaglione AR, Conti F, Ceccarelli F, Lo Presti A. Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Patient with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112866. [PMID: 36428926 PMCID: PMC9689093 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Lupus Erythematosus, are exposed to a higher risk of acquiring infections. In this study, a molecular characterization, genomic investigation of the Hepatitis B virus, polymerase (P) and surface (S) genes, from a patient affected by Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE), was presented. Viral DNA was extracted from 200 μL of serum, and the HBV-DNA was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase. The PCR products were purified and sequencing reactions were performed. A phylogenetic analysis was performed through maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The HBV CLE isolate was classified as sub-genotype D3 and related to other Italian HBV D3 genomes, and some from foreign countries. No drug resistant mutations were identified. One mutation (a.a. 168 M) was located in the last part of the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the surface antigen (HBsAg). Moreover, three sites (351G, 526Y, 578C) in the polymerase were exclusively present in the CLE patient. The mutations identified exclusively in the HBsAg of our CLE patient may have been selected because of the Lupus autoantibodies, which are characteristic in the Lupus autoimmune disease, using a possible molecular mimicry mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbertina Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elida Mataj
- Instituti i Shendetit Publik (ISHP), Alessander Moisiu No. 80, Tirane, Albania
| | - Maria Dorrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Farchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirone
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Valdarchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Martina
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Simeoni
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iaiani
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Aou Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902915
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17
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Thrombosis and Anticoagulation Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis 2022; 2022:3208037. [PMID: 35795725 PMCID: PMC9252713 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3208037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which pathogenic autoantibodies and immune complexes are formed and mediate multiple organ and tissue damage. Thrombosis is one of the most common causes of death in patients with SLE. Anticoagulant therapy blocks the vicious cycle between inflammation and thrombosis, which may greatly improve the long-term prognosis of patients with SLE. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease are very complicated and have not yet been fully clarified. Therefore, in the present review, we will highlight the characteristics and mechanisms of thrombosis and focus on the anticoagulant drugs commonly used in clinical practice, thus, providing a theoretical basis for scientific and reasonable anticoagulant therapy in clinical practice.
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18
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Maple PA, Ascherio A, Cohen JI, Cutter G, Giovannoni G, Shannon-Lowe C, Tanasescu R, Gran B. The Potential for EBV Vaccines to Prevent Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:887794. [PMID: 35812097 PMCID: PMC9263514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.887794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that Epstein-Barr virus infection is a causative factor of multiple sclerosis (MS). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus, Human Gammaherpesvirus 4. EBV infection shows two peaks: firstly, during early childhood and, secondly during the teenage years. Approximately, 90-95% of adults have been infected with EBV and for many this will have been a subclinical event. EBV infection can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality; for example, primary infection in older children or adults is the leading cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM). A disrupted immune response either iatrogenically induced or through genetic defects can result in lymphoproliferative disease. Finally, EBV is oncogenic and is associated with several malignancies. For these reasons, vaccination to prevent the damaging aspects of EBV infection is an attractive intervention. No EBV vaccines have been licensed and the prophylactic vaccine furthest along in clinical trials contains the major virus glycoprotein gp350. In a phase 2 study, the vaccine reduced the rate of IM by 78% but did not prevent EBV infection. An EBV vaccine to prevent IM in adolescence or young adulthood is the most likely population-based vaccine strategy to be tested and adopted. National registry studies will need to be done to track the incidence of MS in EBV-vaccinated and unvaccinated people to see an effect of the vaccine on MS. Assessment of vaccine efficacy with MS being a delayed consequence of EBV infection with the average age of onset being approximately 30 years of age represents multiple challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Maple
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gary Cutter
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Gran
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Bruno Gran
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19
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Dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: From pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Hobi S, Beatty JA, Sandy JR, Barrs VR. Successful management of feline pemphigus foliaceus with pentoxifylline and topical hydrocortisone aceponate. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:937-944. [PMID: 35212177 PMCID: PMC9122467 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment regimen for feline pemphigus foliaceus (PF), an autoimmune disease caused by auto-antibodies against proteins of the desmosome junction, usually includes high doses of oral or parenteral immunosuppressive drugs, typically glucocorticoids. This case adds to a growing body of evidence that topical hydrocortisone aceponate is effective for the treatment of feline PF, and demonstrates the practical use of a non-invasive diagnostic method for histopathology when owners refuse a biopsy to support a clinical diagnosis of PF. Finally, this case highlights an international trend of owner-initiated treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) using unlicensed, unregistered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeanine R Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Iwata S, Tanaka Y. Association of Viral Infection With the Development and Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849120. [PMID: 35280878 PMCID: PMC8914279 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes multiple organ damage in women of childbearing age and has a relapsing-remitting course. SLE is caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, however, its underlying triggers remain unknown. Among the environmental factors, the involvement of infections as a trigger for SLE, especially those of viral etiology, has been widely reported. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may put patients at a genetic predisposition to SLE, while the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a role as an environmental factor that triggers the development of SLE. It has been suggested that EBV-infected B-cells may become resistant to apoptosis, resulting in the activation, proliferation, and antibody production of autoreactive B-cells, which cause tissue damage in SLE. However, the interaction between the virus and immune cells, as well as the impact of the virus on the differentiation and dysfunction of immune cells, remain unclear. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the development and pathogenesis of SLE and viral infections, as well as the mechanism of SLE exacerbation via activation of immune cells, such as B-cells, based on the latest findings.
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22
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Chikungunya virus as a trigger for different renal disorders: an exploratory study. J Nephrol 2022; 35:1437-1447. [PMID: 35119686 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya virus was detected in cases of acute chikungunya fever in renal tissue. However, chikungunya virus-related kidney injury still lacks characterization, and it is unknown whether the kidneys are reservoirs for the virus. We sought to detect histopathological changes and viral antigens in renal tissue, and to evaluate kidney injury markers in different phases of chikungunya fever. METHODS Two groups were evaluated in this exploratory study: patients with biopsy-proven kidney injury established after chikungunya fever, and patients with post-chikungunya fever chronic joint manifestations without known kidney injury, in whom we actively searched for kidney injury markers. RESULTS In the first group, 15 patients had kidney injury 0.5-24 months after chikungunya fever. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were glomerular lesions. No viral antigens were detected in renal tissue. High-risk genotypes were detected in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. In the second group, 114 patients had post-chikungunya fever joint manifestations on average for 35.6 months. Mean creatinine and proteinuria were 0.9 mg/dl and 71.5 mg/day, respectively. One patient had isolated hematuria. There was no indication for renal biopsy in this group. CONCLUSIONS Several histopathological features were found after chikungunya fever, without virus detection in renal tissue. These findings suggest that chikungunya virus may trigger kidney lesions with varying degrees of severity at different stages of infection. However, the probability that this virus replicates in the renal tissue seems unlikely.
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23
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Giovannoni G, Hawkes CH, Lechner-Scott J, Levy M, Yeh EA, Gold J. Is EBV the cause of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103636. [PMID: 35114510 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Christopher H Hawkes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Levy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian Gold
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; The Albion Centre, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Identification of viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases using network-based approaches. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab141. [PMID: 34237135 PMCID: PMC8574625 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a viral infection, virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a critical role in allowing viruses to replicate and survive within the host. These interspecies molecular interactions can lead to viral-mediated perturbations of the human interactome causing the generation of various complex diseases. Evidences suggest that viral-mediated perturbations are a possible pathogenic etiology in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). These diseases are characterized by chronic progressive degeneration of neurons, and current therapeutic approaches provide only mild symptomatic relief; therefore, there is unmet need for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions. In this paper, we initially review databases and tools that can be utilized to investigate viral-mediated perturbations in complex NDs using network-based analysis by examining the interaction between the ND-related PPI disease networks and the virus-host PPI network. Afterwards, we present our theoretical-driven integrative network-based bioinformatics approach that accounts for pathogen-genes-disease-related PPIs with the aim to identify viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms focusing in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. We identified seven high centrality nodes that can act as disease communicator nodes and exert systemic effects in the MS-enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways network. In addition, we identified 12 KEGG pathways, 5 Reactome pathways and 52 Gene Ontology Immune System Processes by which 80 viral proteins from eight viral species might exert viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms in MS. Finally, our analysis highlighted the Th17 differentiation pathway, a disease communicator node and part of the 12 underlined KEGG pathways, as a key viral-mediated pathogenic mechanism and a possible therapeutic target for MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, and the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, and professor at the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus
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25
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Chen J, Qu W, Sun L, Chen J, Kong W, Wang F, Pan W, Liu L, Wu M, Ding F, Hu H, Ding X, Wei H, Zou Y, Qian X, Wang M, Wu J, Tao J, Tan J, Da Z, Zhang M, Li J, Liang J, Feng X, Geng L, Sun L. The relationship of polluted air and drinking water sources with the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a provincial population-based study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18591. [PMID: 34545152 PMCID: PMC8452734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures interact with genetic factors has been thought to influence susceptibility of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development. To evaluate the effects of environmental exposures on SLE, we conducted a population-based cohort study across Jiangsu Province, China, to examine the associations between the living environment including air and water pollution, population density, economic income level, etc. and the prevalence and mortality of hospitalized SLE (h-SLE) patients. A total of 2231 h-SLE patients were retrieved from a longitudinal SLE database collected by the Jiangsu Lupus Collaborative Group from 1999 to 2009. The results showed that: It existed regional differences on the prevalence of h-SLE patients in 96 administrative districts; The distribution of NO2 air concentration monitored by atmospheric remote sensors showed that three of the ultra-high-prevalence districts were located in the concentrated chemical industry emission area; h-SLE patient prevalence was positively correlated with the excessive levels of nitrogen in drinking water; The positive ratio of pericarditis and proteinuria was positively correlated with the prevalence of h-SLE patients and pollution not only induced a high h-SLE patient prevalence but also a higher mortality rate, which might be attributed to NOx pollution in the air and drinking water. In summary, our data suggested that NOx in air and drinking water may be one of the important predispositions of SLE, especially for patients with renal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqiang Qu
- School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiansheng Chen
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenyou Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fuwan Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Huaixia Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaohong Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xian Qian
- Department of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Rheumatology, Wuxi TCM Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhanyun Da
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Linyu Geng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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26
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Zhu T, Wang R, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Yang L, Guan F, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. The interaction between iNKT cells and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:711-723. [PMID: 34312907 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ru0221-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) bridge the innate immunity with the adaptive immunity and their interaction with B cells has been extensively studied. Here, we give a complete overview of these two cells, from their mechanism of interaction to clinical prospects and existing problems. In our introduction, we describe the relationship between iNKTs and B cells and explore the current research hotspots and future directions. We begin with how B cells interact and benefit from the innate and adaptive help of iNKTs. Next, we describe the multiple roles of these cells in infections, autoimmunity, and cancers. Lastly, we look into the potential immunotherapies that can be based on iNKTs and the possible treatments for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, GuiZhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Robinson S, Thomas R. Potential for Antigen-Specific Tolerizing Immunotherapy in Systematic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654701. [PMID: 34335564 PMCID: PMC8322693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, with the potential to affect nearly every organ. SLE treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, have greatly increased survival rates, but there is no curative therapy and SLE management is limited by drug complications and toxicities. There is an obvious clinical need for safe, effective SLE treatments. A promising treatment avenue is to restore immunological tolerance to reduce inflammatory clinical manifestations of SLE. Indeed, recent clinical trials of low-dose IL-2 supplementation in SLE patients showed that in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is associated with dramatic but transient improvement in SLE disease markers and clinical manifestations. However, the Treg cells that expanded were short-lived and unstable. Alternatively, antigen-specific tolerance (ASIT) approaches that establish long-lived immunological tolerance could be deployed in the context of SLE. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits and challenges of nanoparticle ASIT approaches to induce prolonged immunological tolerance in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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28
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Tokuyama M, Gunn BM, Venkataraman A, Kong Y, Kang I, Rakib T, Townsend MJ, Costenbader KH, Alter G, Iwasaki A. Antibodies against human endogenous retrovirus K102 envelope activate neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212176. [PMID: 34019642 PMCID: PMC8144942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil activation and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are hallmarks of innate immune activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we report that the expression of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) locus ERV-K102, encoding an envelope protein, was significantly elevated in SLE patient blood and correlated with autoantibody levels and higher interferon status. Induction of ERV-K102 in SLE negatively correlated with the expression of epigenetic silencing factors. Anti-ERV-K102 IgG levels in SLE plasma correlated with higher interferon stimulated gene expression, and further promoted enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis of ERV-K102 envelope protein through immune complex formation. Finally, phagocytosis of ERV-K102 immune complexes resulted in the formation of NETs consisting of DNA, neutrophil elastase, and citrullinated histone H3. Together, we identified an immunostimulatory ERV-K envelope protein that in an immune complex with SLE IgG is capable of activating neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tasfia Rakib
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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29
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Hajiabbasi A, Hoveida L, Sanaei N, Zeraati P, Ghavidel Parsa P, Halaji M. The risk of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Stearrett N, Dawson T, Rahnavard A, Bachali P, Bendall ML, Zeng C, Caricchio R, Pérez-Losada M, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE, Crandall KA. Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Multiomic Integration With Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661437. [PMID: 33986751 PMCID: PMC8112243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies predominantly to nuclear material. Many aspects of disease pathology are mediated by the deposition of nucleic acid containing immune complexes, which also induce the type 1interferon response, a characteristic feature of SLE. Notably, SLE is remarkably heterogeneous, with a variety of organs involved in different individuals, who also show variation in disease severity related to their ancestries. Here, we probed one potential contribution to disease heterogeneity as well as a possible source of immunoreactive nucleic acids by exploring the expression of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). We investigated the expression of HERVs in SLE and their potential relationship to SLE features and the expression of biochemical pathways, including the interferon gene signature (IGS). Towards this goal, we analyzed available and new RNA-Seq data from two independent whole blood studies using Telescope. We identified 481 locus specific HERV encoding regions that are differentially expressed between case and control individuals with only 14% overlap of differentially expressed HERVs between these two datasets. We identified significant differences between differentially expressed HERVs and non-differentially expressed HERVs between the two datasets. We also characterized the host differentially expressed genes and tested their association with the differentially expressed HERVs. We found that differentially expressed HERVs were significantly more physically proximal to host differentially expressed genes than non-differentially expressed HERVs. Finally, we capitalized on locus specific resolution of HERV mapping to identify key molecular pathways impacted by differential HERV expression in people with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Stearrett
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tyson Dawson
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ali Rahnavard
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Prathyusha Bachali
- RILITE Research Institute and AMPEL BioSolutions, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Matthew L. Bendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Amrie C. Grammer
- RILITE Research Institute and AMPEL BioSolutions, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- RILITE Research Institute and AMPEL BioSolutions, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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31
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Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020277. [PMID: 33670195 PMCID: PMC7916951 DOI: 10.3390/v13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
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32
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Singh D, Oudit O, Hajtovic S, Sarbaugh D, Salis R, Adebowale T, James J, Spatz LA. Antibodies to an Epstein Barr Virus protein that cross-react with dsDNA have pathogenic potential. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:41-52. [PMID: 33545624 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens such as the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) have long been implicated in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen I (EBNA-1) has been shown to play a role in the development of anti-nuclear antibodies characteristic of SLE. One mechanism by which EBV may play a role in SLE is molecular mimicry. We previously generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to EBNA-1 and demonstrated that they cross-react with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). In the present study, we demonstrate that these mAbs have pathogenic potential. We show that they can bind to isolated rat glomeruli and that binding can be greatly diminished by pretreatment of glomeruli with DNase I, suggesting that these mAbs bind dsDNA in the kidney. We also demonstrate that these antibodies can deposit in the kidney when injected into mice and can induce proteinuria and elicit histopathological alterations consistent with glomerulonephritis. Finally, we show that these antibodies can cross-react with laminin and collagen IV in the extracellular matrix suggesting that direct binding to the glomerular basement membrane or mesangial matrix may also contribute to the antibody deposition in the kidney. In summary, our results indicate that EBNA-1 can elicit antibodies that cross-react with dsDNA, that can deposit in the kidney, and induce kidney damage. These results are significant because they support the role of a viral protein in SLE and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- The Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences Department, The CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Omar Oudit
- The Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Sabastian Hajtovic
- The CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Dylan Sarbaugh
- The Department of Biology, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Rafatu Salis
- The Department of Biology, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Temitayo Adebowale
- The Department of Biology, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Justin James
- The CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Linda A Spatz
- The Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences Department, The CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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El-Shehawi AM, Alotaibi SS, Elseehy MM. Genomic Study of COVID-19 Corona Virus Excludes Its Origin from Recombination or Characterized Biological Sources and Suggests a Role for HERVS in Its Wide Range Symptoms. CYTOL GENET+ 2021; 54:588-604. [PMID: 33487779 PMCID: PMC7810191 DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720060031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 corona virus has become a world pandemic which started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China with no confirmed biological source. Various countries reported the genomic sequence of different isolates obtained from infected patients. This allowed us to obtain a number of 38 isolates of full genomic sequences. Alignment of nucleotide (nt) sequence was carried out using Clustal Omega multiple alignment service at the EBI website. Alignment of nt sequence and phylogenetic relationship revealed that the COVID-19 is a new viral strain and its biological source has not been yet detected. The expected orf pattern was different among isolates obtained from the same country or different countries as well as from SARS-CoV isolates or bats CoV suggesting different virus human interaction possibilities during infection and severity. All isolates had the main five orfs (1ab, S, M, N, E), whereas they differed in the expected accessory orfs. Being with the biological source of COVID-19 undetected, the role of human endogenous retrovirus (HERVs) in the regulation of the host cell gene expression or the encoding for products that could modulate COVID-19 infection and the spectrum of its symptoms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, 21527 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona M Elseehy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, 21527 Alexandria, Egypt
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Karnopp TE, Chapacais GF, Freitas EC, Monticielo OA. Lupus animal models and neuropsychiatric implications. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:2535-2545. [PMID: 33155159 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that involves neurological complications is known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Research in humans is difficult due to the disease's great heterogeneity. Animal models are a resource for new discoveries. In this review, we examine experimental models of lupus that present neuropsychiatric manifestations. Spontaneous animal models such as NZB/W F1 and MRL/lpr are commonly used in NPSLE research; these models present few SLE symptoms compared to induced animal models, such as pristane-induced lupus (PIL). The PIL model is known to present eight of the main clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE described by the American College of Rheumatology. Many cytokines associated with NPSLE are expressed in the PIL model, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN. However, to date, NPSLE manifestations have been poorly studied in the PIL model. In this review article, we discuss whether the PIL model can mimic neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE. Key Points • PIL model have a strong interferon signature. • Animals with PIL express learning and memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Evelyn Karnopp
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Flores Chapacais
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Curso de Graduação em Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Correa Freitas
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Odirlei André Monticielo
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Divisão de Reumatologia, Centro de Pesquisas Experimentais, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 12109, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Talotta R, Robertson E. Autoimmunity as the comet tail of COVID-19 pandemic. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3621-3644. [PMID: 32953841 PMCID: PMC7479552 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can give rise to different clinical manifestations that are directly related to viral tissue damage or indirectly induced by the antiviral immune response. Hyper-activation of the immune system in an attempt to eradicate the infection may trigger autoimmunity. Several immune-mediated disorders have been described in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. These include cutaneous rashes and vasculitis, autoimmune cytopenia, anti-phospholipid syndrome, central or peripheral neuropathy, myositis and myocarditis. On the other hand, rheumatic patients were reported to have similar coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence, morbidity and mortality rates compared to general population. This opinion review will summarize the crucial immunologic steps which occur during SARS-CoV-2-infection that may link autoimmunity to COVID-19 and provides an opportunity for further discussion regarding this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Gaetano Martino”, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Erle Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, United States
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Jin YH, Kim CX, Huang J, Kim BS. Infection and Activation of B Cells by Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) Leads to Autoantibody Production in an Infectious Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081787. [PMID: 32727036 PMCID: PMC7465974 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease in susceptible mice that is similar to human multiple sclerosis (MS). In light of anti-CD20 therapies for MS, the susceptibility of B cells to TMEV infection is particularly important. In our study, direct viral exposure to macrophages and lymphocytes resulted in viral replication and cellular stimulation in the order of DCs, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Notably, B cells produced viral proteins and expressed elevated levels of CD69, an activation marker. Similarly, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules in B cells was upregulated. Moreover, TMEV-infected B cells showed elevated levels of antigen-presenting function and antibody production. TMEV infection appeared to polyclonally activate B cells to produce autoantibodies and further T cell stimulation. Thus, the viral infection might potentially affect the outcome of autoimmune diseases, and/or the development of other chronic infections, including the protection and/or pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.J.); (B.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8850 (Y.-H.J.); +1-312-503-8693 (B.S.K.)
| | - Charles X. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- M Health Fairview Heart Clinic, University of Minnesota Health, Edina, MN 55435, USA
| | - Jocelin Huang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- M Health Cancer Care, University of Minnesota Health, Edina, MN 55435, USA
| | - Byung S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.J.); (B.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8850 (Y.-H.J.); +1-312-503-8693 (B.S.K.)
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37
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Aygun D, Kuskucu MA, Sahin S, Adrovic A, Barut K, Yıldız M, Sharifova S, Midilli K, Cokugras H, Camcıoglu Y, Kasapcopur O. Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and BK polyomavirus burden in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Lupus 2020; 29:1263-1269. [PMID: 32646294 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320940029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical and laboratory investigations have revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in altered immunological response of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Higher seroprevalence rates of anti-EBV antibodies and increased viral load are demonstrated in adult SLE patients. The prevalence of BK polyomavirus (BKV) reactivation is also suggested to be higher in SLE. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the immune response of children with SLE to EBV antigens in addition to EBV and BKV DNA. We also tried to evaluate whether these serological results differ from another connective tissue disease - juvenile systemic sclerosis (jSS) - and healthy individuals. METHODS Serum levels of EBV early antigen diffuse (EA-D) IgG, EBV nuclear antigen-1 IgG, EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA), cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, EBV DNA, CMV DNA and urinary BKV DNA were evaluated in healthy controls and in patients with a diagnosis of juvenile SLE (jSLE) and jSS. RESULTS A total of 70 jSLE patients, 14 jSS patients and 44 sex-matched healthy individuals were involved in the study. EBV VCA was positive in 84.2% of jSLE patients, 85.7% of jSS patients and 36.3% of healthy controls. EBV EA-D IgG positivity was significantly higher in jSLE patients compared to jSS patients and healthy controls (20% vs. 7.1% and 0%, p = 0.005). EBV VCA positivity was associated with malar rash and immunological disorder, but there was no statistical significance in other antibody positivity in terms of clinical and haemogram findings and autoantibody positivity. CMV DNA positivity was present in only 2.8% of jSLE patients. None of the jSS patients or the healthy controls had CMV DNA positivity. EBV DNA and BKV DNA were also negative in all three groups. CONCLUSION The results of our study assume a relationship between SLE and EBV, but we could not demonstrate an association between CMV and BKV. The negative DNA results in contrast to serological positivity can be interpreted as an altered and impaired immune system and increased viral susceptibility. These results suggest that EBV contributes to disease continuity, even if it does not directly cause development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Aygun
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Ahmet Kuskucu
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Sahin
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amra Adrovic
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kenan Barut
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldız
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabina Sharifova
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kenan Midilli
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yıldız Camcıoglu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kasapcopur
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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38
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Talotta R, Atzeni F, Laska MJ. The contribution of HERV-E clone 4-1 and other HERV-E members to the pathogenesis of rheumatic autoimmune diseases. APMIS 2020; 128:367-377. [PMID: 32202683 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-E consist of a family of more than 1300 elements, stably integrated in the human genome. Some of them are full-length proviruses able to synthesize the viral proteins gag, pol and env. The reactivation of HERV-E elements has been associated to placentation, cancer and autoimmunity. In this narrative review, we aimed to report the status of the art concerning the involvement of HERV-E in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Following a research on PubMed database, a total of 87 articles were selected. The highest amount of evidence derives from studies on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas a few to no data are available on other immune-mediated diseases. In SLE, the hyper-expression of HERV-E clone 4-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or differentiated lymphocytes has been associated with disease activity and autoantibody production. It is likely that HERV-E take part to the pathogenesis of rheumatic autoimmune diseases but additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
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39
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Talotta R, Atzeni F, Laska MJ. Retroviruses in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: Are they potential therapeutic targets? Autoimmunity 2020; 53:177-191. [PMID: 32321325 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1755962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by the hyper-activation of immunologic pathways related to the antiviral response. Exogenous and endogenous retroviruses, by integrating their DNA templates in the host cell genome, may epigenetically control the transcription of genes involved in the immune response. Furthermore, their nucleic acids or neo-synthesized proteins could stimulate the sensor molecules placed upstream the inflammatory cascade. Exogenous retroviruses, like human immunodeficiency virus, have been associated to SLE-like manifestations or to a fair SLE diagnosis. In addition, there is some evidence confirming a pathogenic role of human endogenous retroviruses in SLE. In line with these data, the use of antiretroviral agents could represent an attractive opportunity in the future therapeutic algorithms of this disease, but studies are still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
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40
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Guo G, Ye L, Shi X, Yan K, Huang J, Lin K, Xing D, Ye S, Wu Y, Li B, Chen C, Xue X, Zhang H. Dysbiosis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Virome Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:131. [PMID: 32328467 PMCID: PMC7153479 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pathogen infection plays a role in the development and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous studies showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) harbor many viral communities. However, little is known about the viral components and the expression profiles of SLE-associated virome. We aimed to identify viral taxonomic markers of SLE that might be used in the detection of disease or in predicting its outcome. Methods: Non-human sequence data from high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of PBMC samples from 10 SLE patients and 10 healthy individuals were used for taxonomic alignment against an integrated virome reference genome database. Based on abundance profiles of SLE-associated virome species, genera, or host, Random Forests model was used to identify the viruses associated with SLE diagnostic markers. Spearman's correlation and functional clustering was used to analyze the interaction of candidate virome dysbiosis and SLE-associated differentially expressed genes. Results: A total of 419 viruses (38 human associated viruses, 350 phage, and 31 other viruses) was detected and the diversity of the PBMC virome was significantly increased in patients with SLE compared to the healthy controls (HCs). Viral taxa discriminated the cases from the controls, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.883, 0.695, and 0.540 for species, genus, and host, respectively. Clinical subgroup analysis showed that candidate PBMC viral markers were associated with stable- and active-stage SLE. Functional analyses showed that virome dysbiosis was mainly relevant to cellular and metabolic processes. Conclusion: We identified virome signatures associated with SLE, which might help develop tools to identify SLE patients or predict the disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kejing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kangming Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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41
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Illescas-Montes R, Corona-Castro CC, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ruiz C, Costela-Ruiz VJ. Infectious processes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2019; 158:153-160. [PMID: 31386190 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, although genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to its pathogenesis. Specifically, infectious processes are associated with SLE onset and exacerbation. However, we are far from a complete understanding of the interactions between infectious agents and the host, explaining the interest in gathering updated scientific information on this topic. According to the literature, the pathogens most frequently associated with SLE are viruses, notably human endogenous retroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, alongside certain bacterial components that can also trigger activation of the immune system. The mechanisms underlying autoreactivity remain unclear but various explanations have been proposed, including immunological changes responsible for infectious processes or molecular mimicry between host structures and those of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Parque de Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor J Costela-Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
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42
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Pan Q, Liu Z, Liao S, Ye L, Lu X, Chen X, Li Z, Li X, Xu YZ, Liu H. Current mechanistic insights into the role of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109122. [PMID: 31226637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and abnormal production of autoantibody, but the mechanisms of the aberrant immune responses are currently unknown. Recently, growing evidence has suggested that infection plays a pivotal role in SLE. Here, we investigate the role of infectious agents (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and endogenous retroviruses) in the pathogenesis of SLE. More importantly, we explore the known mechanisms underlying the involvement of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of SLE, including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, superantigen production, bystander activation, persistent viral infection, altered apoptosis, clearance deficiency, and epigenetic alterations (e.g., DNA methylation and microRNAs). However, some infectious agents (e.g., malaria parasites, hepatitis B virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Helicobacter pylori) may exert protective effects on SLE. Therefore, the relationship between infection and SLE is multifaceted and multidirectional, including causative and/or protective associations, which warrant further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
| | - Zejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Shuzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Xiaoqun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Zhihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
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43
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Treger RS, Pope SD, Kong Y, Tokuyama M, Taura M, Iwasaki A. The Lupus Susceptibility Locus Sgp3 Encodes the Suppressor of Endogenous Retrovirus Expression SNERV. Immunity 2019; 50:334-347.e9. [PMID: 30709743 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated endogenous retrovirus (ERV) transcription and anti-ERV antibody reactivity are implicated in lupus pathogenesis. Overproduction of non-ecotropic ERV (NEERV) envelope glycoprotein gp70 and resultant nephritis occur in lupus-prone mice, but whether NEERV mis-expression contributes to lupus etiology is unclear. Here we identified suppressor of NEERV (Snerv) 1 and 2, Krüppel-associated box zinc-finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) that repressed NEERV by binding the NEERV long terminal repeat to recruit the transcriptional regulator KAP1. Germline Snerv1/Snerv2 deletion increased activating chromatin modifications, transcription, and gp70 expression from NEERV loci. F1 crosses of lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) and 129 mice to Snerv1/Snerv2-/- mice failed to restore NEERV repression, demonstrating that loss of SNERV underlies the lupus autoantigen gp70 overproduction that promotes nephritis in susceptible mice and that SNERV encodes for Sgp3 (in NZB mice) and Gv-1 loci (in 129 mice). Increased ERV expression in lupus patients inversely correlated with three putative ERV-suppressing KRAB-ZFPs, suggesting that loss of KRAB-ZFP-mediated ERV control may contribute to human lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Treger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Scott D Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Thomas J, Perron H, Feschotte C. Variation in proviral content among human genomes mediated by LTR recombination. Mob DNA 2018; 9:36. [PMID: 30568734 PMCID: PMC6298018 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-018-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) occupy a substantial fraction of the genome and impact cellular function with both beneficial and deleterious consequences. The vast majority of HERV sequences descend from ancient retroviral families no longer capable of infection or genomic propagation. In fact, most are no longer represented by full-length proviruses but by solitary long terminal repeats (solo LTRs) that arose via non-allelic recombination events between the two LTRs of a proviral insertion. Because LTR-LTR recombination events may occur long after proviral insertion but are challenging to detect in resequencing data, we hypothesize that this mechanism is a source of genomic variation in the human population that remains vastly underestimated. Results We developed a computational pipeline specifically designed to capture dimorphic proviral/solo HERV allelic variants from short-read genome sequencing data. When applied to 279 individuals sequenced as part of the Simons Genome Diversity Project, the pipeline retrieves most of the dimorphic loci previously reported for the HERV-K(HML2) subfamily as well as dozens of additional candidates, including members of the HERV-H and HERV-W families previously involved in human development and disease. We experimentally validate several of these newly discovered dimorphisms, including the first reported instance of an unfixed HERV-W provirus and an HERV-H locus driving a transcript (ESRG) implicated in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Conclusions Our findings indicate that human proviral content exhibit more extensive interindividual variation than previously recognized, which has important bearings for deciphering the contribution of HERVs to human physiology and disease. Because LTR retroelements and LTR recombination are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, our computational pipeline should facilitate the mapping of this type of genomic variation for a wide range of organisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13100-018-0142-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainy Thomas
- 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North 2030 East, Rm 5100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.,3Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- 4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 107 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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45
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Shi LH, Huang JY, Liu YZ, Chiou JY, Wu R, Wei JCC. Risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with human papillomavirus infection: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lupus 2018; 27:2279-2283. [PMID: 30451639 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318809179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Viral infection contributing to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development has been largely reported. However, the SLE risk in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is unknown. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (2000) in Taiwan. We identified 43,567 patients with HPV infection and 174,268 age- and sex-matched uninfected controls from 2002 to 2012. Individuals were followed up from index date (first date of diagnosis with HPV) until the occurrence of SLE, at the end of the study (December 2013), or when they were withdrawn from the insurance program. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated using the univariate Poisson regression. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated, and sensitive and subgroups analyses were also conducted. Results: Compared with the non-HPV controls, the IRR of SLE in HPV patients was 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–2.12). The risk of SLE in HPV-infected individuals was significantly high (aHR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06–2.06) after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities. Men aged between 16 and 45 years were more susceptible to developing SLE (aHR: 21.57, 95% CI: 2.52–184.60, p = 0.0051). Conclusion: Our study showed a significantly higher risk of SLE among HPV-infected patients, especially in men aged between 16 and 45 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H Shi
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - J-Y Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Y-Z Liu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - J-Y Chiou
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - R Wu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - J C-C Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
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46
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Grandi N, Tramontano E. Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Ancient Acquired Elements Still Shaping Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2039. [PMID: 30250470 PMCID: PMC6139349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
About 8% of our genome is composed of sequences with viral origin, namely human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). HERVs are relics of ancient infections that affected the primates' germ line along the last 100 million of years, and became stable elements at the interface between self and foreign DNA. Intriguingly, HERV co-evolution with the host led to the domestication of activities previously devoted to the retrovirus life cycle, providing novel cellular functions. For example, selected HERV envelope proteins have been coopted for pregnancy-related purposes, and proviral Long Terminal Repeats participate in the transcriptional regulation of various cellular genes. Given the HERV persistence in the host genome and its basal expression in most healthy tissues, it is reasonable that human defenses should prevent HERV-mediated immune activation. Despite this, HERVs and their products (including RNA, cytosolic DNA, and proteins) are still able to modulate and be influenced by the host immune system, fascinatingly suggesting a central role in the evolution and functioning of the human innate immunity. Indeed, HERV sequences had been major contributors in shaping and expanding the interferon network, dispersing inducible genes that have been occasionally domesticated in various mammalian lineages. Also the HERV integration within or near to genes encoding for critical immune factors has been shown to influence their activity, or to be responsible for their polymorphic variation in the human population, such as in the case of an HERV-K(HML10) provirus in the major histocompatibility complex region. In addition, HERV expressed products have been shown to modulate innate immunity effectors, being therefore often related on the one side to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, while on the other side to the control of excessive immune activation through their immunosuppressive properties. Finally, HERVs have been proposed to establish a protective effect against exogenous infections. The present review summarizes the involvement of HERVs and their products in innate immune responses, describing how their intricate interplay with the first line of human defenses can actively contribute either to the host protection or to his damage, implying a subtle balance between the persistence of HERV expression and the maintenance of a basal immune alert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Grandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
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Machnik G, Skudrzyk E, Bułdak Ł, Ruczyński J, Kozłowska A, Mucha P, Rekowski P, Szkróbka W, Basiak M, Bołdys A, Sławska H, Okopień B. Monitoring the Transcriptional Activity of Human Endogenous Retroviral HERV-W Family Using PNA Strand Invasion into Double-Stranded DNA. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:124-133. [PMID: 29313202 PMCID: PMC5799313 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the presented assay, we elaborated a method for distinguishing sequences that are genetically closely related to each other. This is particularly important in a situation where a fine balance of the allele abundance is a point of research interest. We developed a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) strand invasion technique for the differentiation between multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1 sequences, both molecularly similar, belonging to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. We have found that this method may support the PCR technique in screening for minor alleles which, in certain conditions, may be undetected by the standard PCR technique. We performed the analysis of different ERVWE1 and MSRV template mixtures ranging from 0 to 100% of ERVWE1 in the studied samples, finding the linear correlation between template composition and signal intensity of final reaction products. Using the PNA strand invasion assay, we were able to estimate the relative ERVWE1 expression level in human specimens such as U-87 MG, normal human astrocytes cell lines and placental tissue. The results remained in concordance with those obtained by semi-quantitative or quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Estera Skudrzyk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kozłowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Witold Szkróbka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Basiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Helena Sławska
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Oncological Gynaecology, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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48
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Caneparo V, Landolfo S, Gariglio M, De Andrea M. The Absent in Melanoma 2-Like Receptor IFN-Inducible Protein 16 as an Inflammasome Regulator in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Dark Side of Sensing Microbes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1180. [PMID: 29892303 PMCID: PMC5985366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs) are a newly characterized class of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in cytosolic and nuclear pathogen DNA recognition. In recent years, two ALR family members, the interferon (IFN)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and AIM2, have been linked to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, among which systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has recently gained increasing attention. SLE patients are indeed often characterized by constitutively high serum IFN levels and increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes due to an abnormal response to pathogens and/or incorrect self-DNA recognition process. Consistently, we and others have shown that IFI16 is overexpressed in a wide range of autoimmune diseases where it triggers production of specific autoantibodies. In addition, evidence from mouse models supports a model whereby ALRs are required for IFN-mediated host response to both exogenous and endogenous DNA. Following interaction with cytoplasmic or nuclear nucleic acids, ALRs can form a functional inflammasome through association with the adaptor ASC [apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD)] and with procaspase-1. Importantly, inflammasome-mediated upregulation of IL-1β and IL-18 production positively correlates with SLE disease severity. Therefore, targeting ALR sensors and their downstream pathways represents a promising alternative therapeutic approach for SLE and other systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caneparo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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49
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Blomberg J, Gottfries CG, Elfaitouri A, Rizwan M, Rosén A. Infection Elicited Autoimmunity and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Explanatory Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29497420 PMCID: PMC5818468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) often also called chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a common, debilitating, disease of unknown origin. Although a subject of controversy and a considerable scientific literature, we think that a solid understanding of ME/CFS pathogenesis is emerging. In this study, we compiled recent findings and placed them in the context of the clinical picture and natural history of the disease. A pattern emerged, giving rise to an explanatory model. ME/CFS often starts after or during an infection. A logical explanation is that the infection initiates an autoreactive process, which affects several functions, including brain and energy metabolism. According to our model for ME/CFS pathogenesis, patients with a genetic predisposition and dysbiosis experience a gradual development of B cell clones prone to autoreactivity. Under normal circumstances these B cell offsprings would have led to tolerance. Subsequent exogenous microbial exposition (triggering) can lead to comorbidities such as fibromyalgia, thyroid disorder, and orthostatic hypotension. A decisive infectious trigger may then lead to immunization against autoantigens involved in aerobic energy production and/or hormone receptors and ion channel proteins, producing postexertional malaise and ME/CFS, affecting both muscle and brain. In principle, cloning and sequencing of immunoglobulin variable domains could reveal the evolution of pathogenic clones. Although evidence consistent with the model accumulated in recent years, there are several missing links in it. Hopefully, the hypothesis generates testable propositions that can augment the understanding of the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Amal Elfaitouri
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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50
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Bustamante Rivera YY, Brütting C, Schmidt C, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Endogenous Retrovirus 3 - History, Physiology, and Pathology. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2691. [PMID: 29379485 PMCID: PMC5775217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVE) seem to be present in all eukaryotic genomes. The composition of EVE varies between different species. The endogenous retrovirus 3 (ERV3) is one of these elements that is present only in humans and other Catarrhini. Conservation of ERV3 in most of the investigated Catarrhini and the expression pattern in normal tissues suggest a putative physiological role of ERV3. On the other hand, ERV3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of auto-immunity and cancer. In the present review we summarize knowledge about this interesting EVE. We propose the model that expression of ERV3 (and probably other EVE loci) under pathological conditions might be part of a metazoan SOS response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Brütting
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Caroline Schmidt
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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