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Treppiccione L, Maurano F, Luongo D, Rossi M. Intragastric administration of transamidated gliadin interferes with the systemic and intestinal immune responses to wheat gliadin in DQ8 transgenic mice. Cytokine 2024; 182:156722. [PMID: 39116536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
We have previously shown the ability of transamidated gluten (spf) to modulate both innate and adaptive intestinal immunity elicited by wheat gliadin in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice (DQ8 mice), a model of gluten sensitivity. Herein, we evaluated the influence of spf when administered intragastrically on the immune response to native gliadin in DQ8 mice. To address the issue, we analysed three regimens of antigen administration: before immunisation (pre-treatment), during immunisation (co-treatment) and through breast milk during the lactating phase (suckling treatment). Mice were immunised mucosally by intranasal delivery of digested wheat gliadin along with cholera toxin in multiple doses. After sacrifice, isolated spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were challenged in vitro and the cytokine profile of culture supernatants assessed by ELISA and multiparametric assay. We found that only pre-treatment with spf was effective in down-regulating the gliadin-specific IFN-γ response and only in spleen cells. Interestingly, spf pre-treatment also induced systemic IL-6, IL-17A and TNF-α. By contrast, we found that spf pre-treatment upregulated INF-γ in MLN but also significantly decreased IL-2. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that the preventive intragastric administration of transamidated gluten is able to interfere with the classical cytokine profile induced by gliadin via mucosal immunisation in a transgenic model expressing one of the HLA molecules associated with coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diomira Luongo
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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2
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Santos AJM, van Unen V, Lin Z, Chirieleison SM, Ha N, Batish A, Chan JE, Cedano J, Zhang ET, Mu Q, Guh-Siesel A, Tomaske M, Colburg D, Varma S, Choi SS, Christophersen A, Baghdasaryan A, Yost KE, Karlsson K, Ha A, Li J, Dai H, Sellers ZM, Chang HY, Dunn JCY, Zhang BM, Mellins ED, Sollid LM, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Davis MM, Kuo CJ. A human autoimmune organoid model reveals IL-7 function in coeliac disease. Nature 2024; 632:401-410. [PMID: 39048815 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In vitro models of autoimmunity are constrained by an inability to culture affected epithelium alongside the complex tissue-resident immune microenvironment. Coeliac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease in which dietary gluten-derived peptides bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II human leukocyte antigen molecules (HLA)-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 to initiate immune-mediated duodenal mucosal injury1-4. Here, we generated air-liquid interface (ALI) duodenal organoids from intact fragments of endoscopic biopsies that preserve epithelium alongside native mesenchyme and tissue-resident immune cells as a unit without requiring reconstitution. The immune diversity of ALI organoids spanned T cells, B and plasma cells, natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid cells, with extensive T-cell and B-cell receptor repertoires. HLA-DQ2.5-restricted gluten peptides selectively instigated epithelial destruction in HLA-DQ2.5-expressing organoids derived from CeD patients, and this was antagonized by blocking MHC-II or NKG2C/D. Gluten epitopes stimulated a CeD organoid immune network response in lymphoid and myeloid subsets alongside anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2) autoantibody production. Functional studies in CeD organoids revealed that interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a gluten-inducible pathogenic modulator that regulates CD8+ T-cell NKG2C/D expression and is necessary and sufficient for epithelial destruction. Furthermore, endogenous IL-7 was markedly upregulated in patient biopsies from active CeD compared with remission disease from gluten-free diets, predominantly in lamina propria mesenchyme. By preserving the epithelium alongside diverse immune populations, this human in vitro CeD model recapitulates gluten-dependent pathology, enables mechanistic investigation and establishes a proof of principle for the organoid modelling of autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Celiac Disease/pathology
- Celiac Disease/metabolism
- Duodenum/immunology
- Duodenum/pathology
- Duodenum/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glutens/immunology
- Glutens/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DQ Antigens/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Models, Biological
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Organoids/immunology
- Organoids/metabolism
- Organoids/pathology
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhongqi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Chirieleison
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nhi Ha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arpit Batish
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua E Chan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jose Cedano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisa T Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qinghui Mu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Guh-Siesel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madeline Tomaske
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deana Colburg
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Asbjørn Christophersen
- K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ani Baghdasaryan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kasper Karlsson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Ha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zachary M Sellers
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bing M Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nielsen Q Fernandez-Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Noruzpour A, Gholam-Mostafaei FS, Looha MA, Dabiri H, Ahmadipour S, Rouhani P, Ciacci C, Rostami-Nejad M. Assessment of salivary microbiota profile as a potential diagnostic tool for pediatric celiac disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16712. [PMID: 39030381 PMCID: PMC11271620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between oral dysbiosis and celiac disease (CD) remains poorly understood, as does the impact of CD-associated dysbiosis on disease development or exacerbation. This study aims to investigate alterations in salivary microbial composition among children with CD. In this cross-sectional study, saliva samples from 12 children with active CD (A-CD group), 14 children with CD on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and 10 healthy control (HC) children were analyzed using DNA sequencing targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA. Both patients in A-CD and GFD groups showed a significant increase (p = 0.0001) in the Bacteroidetes phylum, while the Actinobacteria phylum showed a significant decrease (p = 0.0001). Notably, the Rothia genus and R.aeria also demonstrated a significant decrease (p = 0.0001) within the both CD groups as compare to HC. Additionally, the control group displayed a significant increase (p = 0.006) in R.mucilaginosa species compared to both CD patient groups. Distinct bacterial strains were abundant in the saliva of patients with active CD, indicating a unique composition of the salivary microbiome in individuals with CD. These findings suggest that our approach to assessing salivary microbiota changes may contribute to developing noninvasive methods for diagnosing and treating CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Noruzpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Sadat Gholam-Mostafaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizmohammad Looha
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Ahmadipour
- Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Pejman Rouhani
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Celiac Disease and Gluten Related Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Das P, Battu S, Mehra L, Singh A, Ahmad M, Agarwal A, Chauhan A, Ahmad A, Vishnubhatla S, Gupta SD, Ahuja V, Makharia G. Correlation between intestinal stem cell niche changes and small bowel crypt failure in patients with treatment-naïve celiac disease. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2024; 67:259-266. [PMID: 38427764 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_760_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that crypt failure in the small bowel results in villous flattening in patients with celiac disease (CeD). We investigated whether alterations in the stem cell niche (ISC) are responsible for this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 92 duodenal (D2/3) biopsies from treatment-naive patients of CeD and 37 controls. All underwent screening for serum anti-tissue transglutaminase and endoscopic upper small bowel biopsy. Immunohistochemical markers were used to investigate ISC niche alterations, including LGR5 for crypt basal cells (CBC), Bmi1 for position 4+ cells, β-Defensin for Paneth cells, R-spondin1 as WNT activator, transcription factor-4 as WNT transcription factor, BMP receptor1A as WNT inhibitor, fibronectin-1 as periepithelial stromal cell marker, H2AX as apoptosis marker, and Ki67 as proliferation marker. We also analyzed IgA anti-tTG2 antibody deposits by using dual-color immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS We found that in biopsies from patients with treatment-naive CeD with modified Marsh grade 3a-3c changes, the epithelial H2AX apoptotic index was upregulated than in controls. LGR5+ crypt basal cells were upregulated in all modified Marsh grades compared to controls. However, the Ki67 proliferation index, expressions of WNT-activator RSPO1, and position-4 cell marker Bmi1 did not significantly alter in patients' biopsies as compared to controls ( P = 0.001). We also observed depletion of pericrypt stromal fibronectin-1 in patients with CeD compared to controls. In addition, we identified IgA anti-TG2 antibody deposits in pericrypt stroma. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that ISC niche failure is a plausible hypothesis for villous flattening in patients with CeD, resulting from pericrypt IgA anti-TG2 antibody complex-mediated stromal depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Battu
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalita Mehra
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzaffar Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Chauhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anam Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Mancuso C, Tremblay E, Gnodi E, Jean S, Beaulieu JF, Barisani D. The Combination of Gold and Silver Food Nanoparticles with Gluten Peptides Alters the Autophagic Pathway in Intestinal Crypt-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13040. [PMID: 37685847 PMCID: PMC10487529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (mNPs) are widely used as food additives and can interact with gliadin triggering an immune response, but evaluation of the effects on crypts, hypertrophic in celiac subjects, is still lacking. This study evaluated the effects of gold and silver mNPs in combination with gliadin on crypt-like cells (HIEC-6). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate gliadin-mNP aggregates in cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis assessed autophagy-related molecule levels (p62, LC3, beclin-1, EGFR). Lysosome functionality was tested with acridine orange (AO) and Magic Red assays. TEM identified an increase in autophagic vacuoles after exposure to gliadin + mNPs, as also detected by significant increments in LC3-II and p62 expression. Immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of mature autophagosomes, showing LC3 and p62 colocalization, indicating an altered autophagic flux, further assessed with EGFR degradation, AO and Magic Red assays. The results showed a significant reduction in lysosomal enzyme activity and a modest reduction in acidity. Thus, gliadin + mNPs can block the autophagic flux inducing a lysosomal defect. The alteration of this pathway, essential for cell function, can lead to cell damage and death. The potential effects of this copresence in food should be further characterized to avoid a negative impact on celiac disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mancuso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Eric Tremblay
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Elisa Gnodi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Steve Jean
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada;
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Donatella Barisani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
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Furone F, Bellomo C, Carpinelli M, Nicoletti M, Hewa-Munasinghege FN, Mordaa M, Mandile R, Barone MV, Nanayakkara M. The protective role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG postbiotic on the alteration of autophagy and inflammation pathways induced by gliadin in intestinal models. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1085578. [PMID: 37215707 PMCID: PMC10192745 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1085578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by an abnormal immune response to gliadin peptides in genetically predisposed individuals. For people with CD, the only available therapy thus far is the lifelong necessity for a gluten-free diet (GFD). Innovative therapies include probiotics and postbiotics as dietary supplements, both of which may benefit the host. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of the postbiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in preventing the effects induced by indigested gliadin peptides on the intestinal epithelium. In this study, these effects on the mTOR pathway, autophagic function, and inflammation have been evaluated. Furthermore, in this study, we stimulated the Caco-2 cells with the undigested gliadin peptide (P31-43) and with the crude gliadin peptic-tryptic peptides (PTG) and pretreated the samples with LGG postbiotics (ATCC 53103) (1 × 108). In this study, the effects induced by gliadin before and after pretreatment have also been investigated. The phosphorylation levels of mTOR, p70S6K, and p4EBP-1 were increased after treatment with PTG and P31-43, indicating that the intestinal epithelial cells responded to the gliadin peptides by activating the mTOR pathway. Moreover, in this study, an increase in the phosphorylation of NF-κβ was observed. Pretreatment with LGG postbiotic prevented both the activation of the mTOR pathway and the NF-κβ phosphorylation. In addition, P31-43 reduced LC3II staining, and the postbiotic treatment was able to prevent this reduction. Subsequently, to evaluate the inflammation in a more complex intestinal model, the intestinal organoids derived from celiac disease patient biopsies (GCD-CD) and controls (CTR) were cultured. Stimulation with peptide 31-43 in the CD intestinal organoids induced NF-κβ activation, and pretreatment with LGG postbiotic could prevent it. These data showed that the LGG postbiotic can prevent the P31-43-mediated increase in inflammation in both Caco-2 cells and in intestinal organoids derived from CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Furone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Carpinelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nicoletti
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Majed Mordaa
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Mandile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Paediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Nanayakkara M, Bellomo C, Furone F, Maglio M, Marano A, Lania G, Porpora M, Nicoletti M, Auricchio S, Barone MV. PTPRK, an EGFR Phosphatase, Is Decreased in CeD Biopsies and Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010115. [PMID: 36611909 PMCID: PMC9818839 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered in genetically susceptible (HLA-DQ2/8) individuals by a group of wheat proteins and related prolamins from cereals. The celiac intestine is characterized by an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program of the enterocytes, with an increase in the proliferative compartment and crypt hyperplasia, which are the mechanisms that regulate the increased proliferation in CeD that arenot completely understood.The aim of this study is to understand the role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type K (PTPRK), a nodal phosphatase that regulates EGFR activation in the proliferation of the enterocytes from CeD biopsies and organoids. METHODS The levels of PTPRK were evaluated by RT PCR, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence techniques in intestinal biopsies and organoids from CeD patients and controls. Additionally, pEGFR and pERK were evaluated by WB and proliferation by BrdU incorporation. PTPRK si-RNA was silenced in CTR organoids and was overexpressed in CeD organoids. RESULTS PTPRK was reduced in Gluten Containing Diet-Celiac Disease (GCD-CeD) and Potential-Celiac Disease(Pot-CeD) biopsies (p < 0.01-p < 0.05) whereas pEGFR (p < 0.01 p < 0.01), pERK (p < 0.01 p < 0.01) and proliferation were increased. (p < 0.05 p < 0.05) respect to the controls.The CeD organoids reproduced these same alterations. Silencing of PTPRK in CTR organoids increased pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. The overexpression of PTPRK in CeD organoids reduced pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS modulation of PTPRK levels can reduce or increase pEGFR, pERK and proliferation in CeD or CTR organoids, respectively. The CeD organoids can be a good model to study the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Furone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Marano
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Porpora
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nicoletti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817464568; Fax: +39-0817463116
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8
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Amnuaycheewa P, Abdelmoteleb M, Wise J, Bohle B, Ferreira F, Tetteh AO, Taylor SL, Goodman RE. Development of a Sequence Searchable Database of Celiac Disease-Associated Peptides and Proteins for Risk Assessment of Novel Food Proteins. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:900573. [PMID: 35769554 PMCID: PMC9234867 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune enteropathy induced by prolamin and glutelin proteins in wheat, barley, rye, and triticale recognized by genetically restricted major histocompatibility (MHC) receptors. Patients with CeD must avoid consuming these proteins. Regulators in Europe and the United States expect an evaluation of CeD risks from proteins in genetically modified (GM) crops or novel foods for wheat-related proteins. Our database includes evidence-based causative peptides and proteins and two amino acid sequence comparison tools for CeD risk assessment. Sequence entries are based on the review of published studies of specific gluten-reactive T cell activation or intestinal epithelial toxicity. The initial database in 2012 was updated in 2018 and 2022. The current database holds 1,041 causative peptides and 76 representative proteins. The FASTA sequence comparison of 76 representative CeD proteins provides an insurance for possible unreported epitopes. Validation was conducted using protein homologs from Pooideae and non-Pooideae monocots, dicots, and non-plant proteins. Criteria for minimum percent identity and maximum E-scores are guidelines. Exact matches to any of the 1,041 peptides suggest risks, while FASTA alignment to the 76 CeD proteins suggests possible risks. Matched proteins should be tested further by CeD-specific CD4/8+ T cell assays or in vivo challenges before their use in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plaimein Amnuaycheewa
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - John Wise
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Steve L. Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Richard E. Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard E. Goodman
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Porpora M, Conte M, Lania G, Bellomo C, Rapacciuolo L, Chirdo FG, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Barone MV, Nanayakkara M. Inflammation Is Present, Persistent and More Sensitive to Proinflammatory Triggers in Celiac Disease Enterocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022. [PMID: 35216089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041973.pmid:35216089;pmcid:pmc8880034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by a genetic predisposition to an abnormal T cell-mediated immune response to the gluten in the diet. Different environmental proinflammatory factors can influence and amplify the T cell-mediated response to gluten. The aim of this manuscript was to study the role of enterocytes in CD intestinal inflammation and their response to different proinflammatory factors, such as gliadin and viruses. Intestinal biopsies from CD patients on a gluten-containing (GCD-CD) or a gluten-free diet (GFD-CD) as well as biopsies from potential CD patients (Pot-CD) before the onset of intestinal lesions and controls (CTR) were used to investigate IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in situ. Organoids from CD patients were used to test the levels of NF-κB, ERK, IL-6, and IL-1β by Western blot (WB), ELISA, and quantitative PCR. The Toll-like receptor ligand loxoribine (Lox) and gliadin peptide P31-43 were used as proinflammatory stimuli. In CD biopsies inflammation markers IL-1β and IL-6 were increased in the enterocytes, and also in Pot-CD before the onset of the intestinal lesion and in GFD-CD. The inflammatory markers pNF-κB, pERK, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased and persistent in CD organoids; these organoids were more sensitive to P31-43 and Lox stimuli compared with CTR organoids. Taken together, these observations point to constitutive inflammation in CD enterocytes, which are more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli such as food components and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Porpora
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Conte
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Rapacciuolo
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunologicos y Fisiopatologicos-IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Bv. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Renata Auricchio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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10
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Inflammation Is Present, Persistent and More Sensitive to Proinflammatory Triggers in Celiac Disease Enterocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041973. [PMID: 35216089 PMCID: PMC8880034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by a genetic predisposition to an abnormal T cell-mediated immune response to the gluten in the diet. Different environmental proinflammatory factors can influence and amplify the T cell-mediated response to gluten. The aim of this manuscript was to study the role of enterocytes in CD intestinal inflammation and their response to different proinflammatory factors, such as gliadin and viruses. Intestinal biopsies from CD patients on a gluten-containing (GCD-CD) or a gluten-free diet (GFD-CD) as well as biopsies from potential CD patients (Pot-CD) before the onset of intestinal lesions and controls (CTR) were used to investigate IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in situ. Organoids from CD patients were used to test the levels of NF-κB, ERK, IL-6, and IL-1β by Western blot (WB), ELISA, and quantitative PCR. The Toll-like receptor ligand loxoribine (Lox) and gliadin peptide P31-43 were used as proinflammatory stimuli. In CD biopsies inflammation markers IL-1β and IL-6 were increased in the enterocytes, and also in Pot-CD before the onset of the intestinal lesion and in GFD-CD. The inflammatory markers pNF-κB, pERK, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased and persistent in CD organoids; these organoids were more sensitive to P31-43 and Lox stimuli compared with CTR organoids. Taken together, these observations point to constitutive inflammation in CD enterocytes, which are more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli such as food components and viruses.
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11
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Discepolo V, Lania G, Ten Eikelder MLG, Nanayakkara M, Sepe L, Tufano R, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Paolella G, Barone MV. Pediatric Celiac Disease Patients Show Alterations of Dendritic Cell Shape and Actin Rearrangement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052708. [PMID: 33800150 PMCID: PMC7962447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent intestinal inflammatory disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals upon gluten ingestion. Recent studies point to a role in CD for genes involved in cell shape, adhesion and actin rearrangements, including a Rho family regulator, Rho GTPase-activating protein 31 (ARHGAP31). In this study, we investigated the morphology and actin cytoskeletons of peripheral monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from children with CD and controls when in contact with a physiological substrate, fibronectin. DCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes of pediatric CD patients and controls. After adhesion on fibronectin, DCs showed a higher number of protrusions and a more elongated shape in CD patients compared with controls, as assessed by immunofluorescence actin staining, transmitted light staining and video time-lapse microscopy. These alterations did not depend on active intestinal inflammation associated with gluten consumption and were specific to CD, since they were not found in subjects affected by other intestinal inflammatory conditions. The elongated morphology was not a result of differences in DC activation or maturation status, and did not depend on the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 haplotype. Notably, we found that ARH-GAP31 mRNA levels were decreased while RhoA-GTP activity was increased in CD DCs, pointing to an impairment of the Rho pathway in CD cells. Accordingly, Rho inhibition was able to prevent the cytoskeleton rearrangements leading to the elongated morphology of celiac DCs upon adhesion on fibronectin, confirming the role of this pathway in the observed phenotype. In conclusion, adhesion on fibronectin discriminated CD from the controls' DCs, revealing a gluten-independent CD-specific cellular phenotype related to DC shape and regulated by RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Discepolo
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuliana Lania
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Rossella Tufano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Renata Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, and ELFID, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.L.); (M.N.); (R.T.); (S.A.); (R.A.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Chirdo FG, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Barone MV. The gliadin p31-43 peptide: Inducer of multiple proinflammatory effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:165-205. [PMID: 33707054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the prototype of an inflammatory chronic disease induced by food. In this context, gliadin p31-43 peptide comes into the spotlight as an important player of the inflammatory/innate immune response to gliadin in CD. The p31-43 peptide is part of the p31-55 peptide from α-gliadins that remains undigested for a long time, and can be present in the small intestine after ingestion of a gluten-containing diet. Different biophysical methods and molecular dynamic simulations have shown that p31-43 spontaneously forms oligomeric nanostructures, whereas experimental approaches using in vitro assays, mouse models, and human duodenal tissues have shown that p31-43 is able to induce different forms of cellular stress by driving multiple inflammatory pathways. Increased proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the crypts, enterocyte stress, activation of TG2, induction of Ca2+, IL-15, and NFκB signaling, inhibition of CFTR, alteration of vesicular trafficking, and activation of the inflammasome platform are some of the biological effects of p31-43, which, in the presence of appropriate genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may act together to drive CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Escudero-Hernández C. Epithelial cell dysfunction in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:133-164. [PMID: 33707053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
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Ancestral Wheat Types Release Fewer Celiac Disease Related T Cell Epitopes than Common Wheat upon Ex Vivo Human Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091173. [PMID: 32854283 PMCID: PMC7555168 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by immunogenic gluten peptides released during the gastrointestinal digestion of wheat. Our aim was to identify T cell epitope-containing peptides after ex vivo digestion of ancestral (einkorn, spelt and emmer) and common (hexaploid) wheat (Fram, Bastian, Børsum and Mirakel) using human gastrointestinal juices. Wheat porridge was digested using a static ex vivo model. Peptides released after 240 min of digestion were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI MS/MS). Ex vivo digestion released fewer T cell epitope-containing peptides from the ancestral wheat varieties (einkorn (n = 38), spelt (n = 45) and emmer (n = 68)) compared to the common wheat varieties (Fram (n = 72), Børsum (n = 99), Bastian (n = 155) and Mirakel (n = 144)). Neither the immunodominant 33mer and 25mer α-gliadin peptides, nor the 26mer γ-gliadin peptide, were found in any of the digested wheat types. In conclusion, human digestive juice was able to digest the 33mer and 25mer α-gliadin, and the 26mer γ-gliadin derived peptides, while their fragments still contained naive T cell reactive epitopes. Although ancestral wheat released fewer immunogenic peptides after human digestion ex vivo, they are still highly toxic to celiac patients. More general use of these ancient wheat variants may, nevertheless, reduce CeD incidence.
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Dunne MR, Byrne G, Chirdo FG, Feighery C. Coeliac Disease Pathogenesis: The Uncertainties of a Well-Known Immune Mediated Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1374. [PMID: 32733456 PMCID: PMC7360848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common small bowel enteropathy arising in genetically predisposed individuals and caused by ingestion of gluten in the diet. Great advances have been made in understanding the role of the adaptive immune system in response to gluten peptides. Despite detailed knowledge of these adaptive immune mechanisms, the complete series of pathogenic events responsible for development of the tissue lesion remains less certain. This review contributes to the field by discussing additional mechanisms which may also contribute to pathogenesis. These include the production of cytokines such as interleukin-15 by intestinal epithelial cells and local antigen presenting cells as a pivotal event in the disease process. A subset of unconventional T cells called gamma/delta T cells are also persistently expanded in the coeliac disease (CD) small intestinal epithelium and recent analysis has shown that these cells contribute to pathogenic inflammation. Other unconventional T cell subsets may play a local immunoregulatory role and require further study. It has also been suggested that, in addition to activation of pathogenic T helper cells by gluten peptides, other peptides may directly interact with the intestinal mucosa, further contributing to the disease process. We also discuss how myofibroblasts, a major source of tissue transglutaminase and metalloproteases, may play a key role in intestinal tissue remodeling. Contribution of each of these factors to pathogenesis is discussed to enhance our view of this complex disorder and to contribute to a wider understanding of chronic immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greg Byrne
- School of Biological & Health Sciences, Technological University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando G. Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunologicos y Fisiopatologicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Conleth Feighery
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals and characterized by excessive activation of effector immune cells and enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. However, factors/mechanisms that amplify the ongoing mucosal inflammation in CD are not fully understood. In this study, we assessed whether mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR), a pathway that combines intra- and extra-cellular signals and acts as a central regulator for the metabolism, growth, and function of immune and non-immune cells, sustains CD-associated immune response. Our findings indicate that expression of phosphorylated (p)/active form of mTOR is increased in protein lysates of duodenal biopsy samples taken from patients with active CD (ACD) as compared to normal controls. In ACD, activation of mTOR occurs mainly in the epithelial compartment and associates with enhanced expression of p-4EBP, a downstream target of mTOR complex (mTORC)1, while expression of p-Rictor, a component of mTORC2, is not increased. Stimulation of mucosal explants of inactive CD patients with pepsin-trypsin-digested (PT)-gliadin or IFN-γ/IL-21, two cytokines produced in CD by gluten-specific T cells, increases p-4EBP expression. Consistently, blockade of such cytokines in cultures of ACD mucosal explants reduces p-4EBP. Finally, we show that inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin in ACD mucosal explants reduces p-4EBP and production of IL-15, a master cytokine produced by epithelial cells in this disorder. Our data suggest that ACD inflammation is marked by activation of mTORC1 in the epithelial compartment.
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Iron Absorption in Celiac Disease and Nutraceutical Effect of 7-Hydroxymatairesinol. Mini-Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092041. [PMID: 32349426 PMCID: PMC7249079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is the main extra-gastrointestinal symptom in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines are secreted and act in the microenvironment of the small intestine mucous membrane of IBD patients. Iron is essential for multiple cell functions and its homeostasis is regulated by the hepcidin–ferroportin axis. Hepcidin (HEPC) is mainly produced by the liver in response to iron needs but is also an acute phase protein. During inflammation, hepcidin is upregulated by IL-6 and is responsible for iron compartmentalization within cells, in turn causing anemia of inflammation. Tissues other than liver can produce hepcidin in response to inflammatory stimuli, in order to decrease iron efflux at a local level, then acting in an autocrine–paracrine manner. In IBDs and, in particular, in celiac disease (CeD), IL-6 might trigger the expression, upregulation and secretion of hepcidin in the small intestine, reducing iron efflux and exacerbating defective iron absorption. 7-Hydroxymatairesinol (7-HMR) belongs to the family of lignans, polyphenolic compounds produced by plants, and has nutraceutical antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties. In this mini-review we revise the role of inflammation in IBDs and in particular in CeD, focusing our attention on the close link among inflammation, anemia and iron metabolism. We also briefly describe the anti-inflammatory and estrogenic activity of 7-HMR contained in foods that are often consumed by CeD patients. Finally, considering that HEPC expression is regulated by iron needs, inflammation and estrogens, we explored the hypothesis that 7-HMR consumption could ameliorate anemia in CeD using Caco-2 cells as bowel model. Further studies are needed to verify the regulation pathway through which 7-HMR may interfere with the local production of HEPC in bowel.
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Vitale S, Santarlasci V, Camarca A, Picascia S, Pasquale AD, Maglio M, Maggi E, Cosmi L, Annunziato F, Troncone R, Auricchio R, Gianfrani C. The intestinal expansion of TCRγδ + and disappearance of IL4 + T cells suggest their involvement in the evolution from potential to overt celiac disease. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:2222-2234. [PMID: 31553811 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by a spectrum of intestinal inflammatory lesions. Most patients have villous atrophy (overt-CD), while others have a morphologically normal mucosa, despite the presence of CD-specific autoantibodies (potential-CD). As the mechanism responsible for villous atrophy is not completely elucidated, we investigated biomarkers specific for the different celiac lesions. Phenotype and cytokine production of intestinal mucosa cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in gut biopsies of children with overt- or potential-CD and in healthy controls. Density of TCRγδ+ T cells was found markedly enhanced in intestinal mucosa of children with overt-CD compared to potential-CD or controls. By contrast, very few IL4+ T cells infiltrated the mucosa with villous atrophy compared to morphologically normal mucosa. IL4+ T cells were classical CD4+ T-helper cells (CD161- ), producing or not IFN-γ, and negative for IL17A. Our study demonstrated that the transition to villous atrophy in CD patients is characterized by increased density of TCRγδ+ T cells, and concomitant disappearance of IL4+ cells. These findings suggest that immunomodulatory mechanisms are active in potential-CD to counteract the inflammatory cascade responsible of villous atrophy. Further studies are required to validate the use of IL4+ and TCRγδ+ T cells as biomarkers of the different CD forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pasquale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Immunology Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Denothe Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Troncone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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20
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Vaquero L, Bernardo D, León F, Rodríguez-Martín L, Alvarez-Cuenllas B, Vivas S. Challenges to drug discovery for celiac disease and approaches to overcome them. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:957-968. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1642321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vaquero
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology lab, IBGM (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Gut Immunology Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermdades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Rodríguez-Martín
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vivas
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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21
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Gallo M, Nigro F, Passannanti F, Nanayakkara M, Lania G, Parisi F, Salameh D, Budelli A, Barone MV, Nigro R. Effect of pH control during rice fermentation in preventing a gliadin P31-43 entrance in epithelial cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:950-958. [PMID: 30969137 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1599827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is an increasingly recognised pathology, induced by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed patients. Undigested gliadin peptide can induce adaptive and innate immune response that unleash the typical intestinal mucosal alterations. A growing attention is paid to alternative therapeutic approaches to the gluten-free diet: one of these approaches is the use of probiotics and/or postbiotics. We performed lactic fermentation of rice flour with and without pH control, using Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 as fermenting strain. We evaluated bacterial growth, lactic acid production during fermentation and gliadin peptide P31-43 entrance in CaCo-2 cells with and without pH control. When pH control was applied no differences were observed in terms of bacterial growth; on the contrary, lactic acid production was greater, as expected. Both samples could inhibit the P31-43 entrance in CaCo-2 cells but the effect was significantly greater for samples obtained when the pH control was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gallo
- DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,Engineering Department, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano , Rome , Italy
| | - Federica Nigro
- Engineering Department, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, DISMET, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID) , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Department of Translational Medical Science, DISMET, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID) , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Dana Salameh
- DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, DISMET, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID) , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberto Nigro
- DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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22
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Introducing tumor necrosis factor as a prominent player in celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:S123-S129. [PMID: 32099612 PMCID: PMC7011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to screen the common genes between celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus to find critical ones. BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder which is correlated to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in several molecular pathways. Understanding the clear common molecular mechanism of both diseases is of interest to scientists. METHODS The related genes to the CD and T1DM were obtained from disease query of STRING and included in two separated PPI networks by Cytoscape software version 3.7.1. The networks were analyzed by network analyzer and the hub nodes were determined. The common hubs between the two networks were selected for further analysis and enriched via gene ontology using ClueGO plugin of Cytoscape software. Also, an action map was provided by Cluepedia application of Cytoscape software. RESULTS Two separated networks of 2000 and 430 genes were constructed related to T1DM and CD, respectively. A total of 84 and 28 hubs were determined for T1DM and CD, respectively. There were 11 common hubs between the two networks. The first top hubs of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and CD networks were insulin (INS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), respectively. Also, 77 biological terms and pathways (in five clusters) were related to the common hubs. Action map revealed a close relationship between hubs. CONCLUSION The result of this study indicated that TNF is key mediator of immune reactions in celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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23
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Diverse Profiles of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 4, 7, and 9 mRNA in Peripheral Blood and Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Celiac Disease. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7587095. [PMID: 30057921 PMCID: PMC6051003 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7587095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Both adaptive and innate immunity are involved in the development of celiac disease (CD). Altered Toll-like receptors (TLR) expression and activation may be partially responsible for the inflammation and subsequently crypt hyperplasia, but the main driver for inflammation is gliadin-reactive T-cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the TLRs 2, 4, 7, and 9 gene expressions in both peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa of patients with celiac disease compared to healthy control (HC). Material and Methods Blood samples from 120 confirmed active CD patients and 120 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers served as control group were collected during 2015-2016. Also, 20 biopsy specimens from the study group were randomly collected. Total RNA was isolated using a standard commercial kit. The mRNA expression of TLRs was quantified by relative qPCR with β2 microglobulin (β2m) as a reference gene. Results TLR4 (P = 0.01) and TLR9 (P = 0.02) mRNA were significantly elevated in blood samples from CD patients compared to the healthy controls. Moreover, TLR2 (P = 0.03) and TLR4 (P = 0.0003) expression level was increased in CD biopsy specimens compared to controls, whereas expression of TLR9 mRNA was significantly decreased in CD patients. There was no significant difference in the expression of TLR7 in biopsy and blood specimens. Conclusions The alteration of TLR4 and TLR9 expression in the blood and biopsy samples of patients with CD supports the critical role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of this disease. Upregulation of TLR4 and TLR9 suggests the contribution of gut microbiota or dysregulation of the immune response to commensal flora in small bowel mucosa in celiac patients.
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24
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Felli C, Baldassarre A, Masotti A. Intestinal and Circulating MicroRNAs in Coeliac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091907. [PMID: 28878141 PMCID: PMC5618556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and gastrointestinal diseases. Previous studies have revealed that miRNAs are dysregulated in intestinal biopsies of patients affected by coeliac disease (CD). Combined bioinformatics analyses of miRNA expression profiles and mRNA target genes as classified by Gene Ontology, are powerful tools to investigate the functional role of miRNAs in coeliac disease. However, little is still known about the function of circulating miRNAs, their expression level compared to tissue miRNAs, and whether the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation are the same of tissue miRNAs. In any case, if we assume that a cell-cell communication process has to occur, and that circulating miRNAs are delivered to recipient cells, we can derive useful information by performing target predictions. Interestingly, all of the mRNA targets of dysregulated miRNAs reported in the literature (i.e., miR-31-5p, miR-192, miR-194, miR-449a and miR-638) belong to several important biological processes, such as Wnt signaling, cell proliferation and differentiation, and adherens junction pathways. Although we think that these predictions have to be necessarily confirmed by “wet-lab” data, the miRNAs dysregulated during the development of CD could be potentially involved in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and their correlation with circulating miRNAs offers new possibilities to use them as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Felli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Baldassarre
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Attarwala H, Clausen V, Chaturvedi P, Amiji MM. Cosilencing Intestinal Transglutaminase-2 and Interleukin-15 Using Gelatin-Based Nanoparticles in an in Vitro Model of Celiac Disease. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3036-3044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husain Attarwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Valerie Clausen
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Prasoon Chaturvedi
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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26
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Araya RE, Gomez Castro MF, Carasi P, McCarville JL, Jury J, Mowat AM, Verdu EF, Chirdo FG. Mechanisms of innate immune activation by gluten peptide p31-43 in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G40-9. [PMID: 27151946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00435.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Innate immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of CD, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Although previous in vitro work suggests that gliadin peptide p31-43 acts as an innate immune trigger, the underlying pathways are unclear and have not been explored in vivo. Here we show that intraluminal delivery of p31-43 induces morphological changes in the small intestinal mucosa of normal mice consistent with those seen in CD, including increased cell death and expression of inflammatory mediators. The effects of p31-43 were dependent on MyD88 and type I IFNs, but not Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and were enhanced by coadministration of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Together, these results indicate that gliadin peptide p31-43 activates the innate immune pathways in vivo, such as IFN-dependent inflammation, relevant to CD. Our findings also suggest a common mechanism for the potential interaction between dietary gluten and viral infections in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina E Araya
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP)(CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gomez Castro
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP)(CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Carasi
- Catedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan M Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando G Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP)(CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina;
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27
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Rauhavirta T, Hietikko M, Salmi T, Lindfors K. Transglutaminase 2 and Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease: a Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 57:23-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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D'Argenio V, Casaburi G, Precone V, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Sarnataro D, Discepolo V, Kim SM, Russo I, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Horner DS, Chiara M, Pesole G, Salvatore P, Monteleone G, Ciacci C, Caporaso GJ, Jabrì B, Salvatore F, Sacchetti L. Metagenomics Reveals Dysbiosis and a Potentially Pathogenic N. flavescens Strain in Duodenum of Adult Celiac Patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:879-90. [PMID: 27045926 PMCID: PMC4897008 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celiac disease (CD)-associated duodenal dysbiosis has not yet been clearly defined, and the mechanisms by which CD-associated dysbiosis could concur to CD development or exacerbation are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the duodenal microbiome of CD patients. METHODS The microbiome was evaluated in duodenal biopsy samples of 20 adult patients with active CD, 6 CD patients on a gluten-free diet, and 15 controls by DNA sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA libraries. Bacterial species were cultured, isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Isolated bacterial species were used to infect CaCo-2 cells, and to stimulate normal duodenal explants and cultured human and murine dendritic cells (DCs). Inflammatory markers and cytokines were evaluated by immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Proteobacteria was the most abundant and Firmicutes and Actinobacteria the least abundant phyla in the microbiome profiles of active CD patients. Members of the Neisseria genus (Betaproteobacteria class) were significantly more abundant in active CD patients than in the other two groups (P=0.03). Neisseria flavescens (CD-Nf) was the most abundant Neisseria species in active CD duodenum. Whole-genome sequencing of CD-Nf and control-Nf showed genetic diversity of the iron acquisition systems and of some hemoglobin-related genes. CD-Nf was able to escape the lysosomal compartment in CaCo-2 cells and to induce an inflammatory response in DCs and in ex-vivo mucosal explants. CONCLUSIONS Marked dysbiosis and an abundance of a peculiar CD-Nf strain characterize the duodenal microbiome in active CD patients thus suggesting that the CD-associated microbiota could contribute to the many inflammatory signals in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenza Precone
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sangman M Kim
- Department of Medicine and the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - David S Horner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Bana Jabrì
- Department of Medicine and the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS-Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy
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29
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Barone MV, Zimmer KP. Endocytosis and transcytosis of gliadin peptides. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:8. [PMID: 26883352 PMCID: PMC4755952 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-015-0029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Some gliadin peptides are not digested by intestinal proteases and can have different biological effects. Gliadin peptides can induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptides 31–43 and 31–55) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). Other peptides such as the 33 mer containing the P57–68 sequence, after tissue transglutaminase deamidation, are well presented to T cell in the intestine and can induce an adaptive immune response. Findings In this paper, we review the recent studies on the digestion of gliadin and the peptides released by the digestion process. We will also discuss the mechanisms responsible for the internalization and transcytosis of indigested gliadin peptides in the intestinal epithelium. Conclusions Gliadin is not completely digested by the intestinal proteases producing bioactive peptides that have different biological effects. These peptides are internalized in the cells by an active process of endocytosis and can traverse the intestinal mucosa with different kinetics and immunological effects. In vivo findings will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples, Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,ELFID (European Laboratory For the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - K Peter Zimmer
- Children's Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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30
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Vincentini O, Maialetti F, Gonnelli E, Silano M. Gliadin-dependent cytokine production in a bidimensional cellular model of celiac intestinal mucosa. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:447-54. [PMID: 25447031 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The downstream cascade of the inflammatory response to gliadin in celiac intestinal mucosa encompasses the early activation of the innate immunity that triggers the adaptive response. Therefore, the in vitro study of the pathogenic mechanism of celiac disease (CD) on enterocytes alone or mucosal T lymphocytes alone does not fully consider all the aspects of gliadin-dependent inflammation. Although the in vitro culture of specimens of intestinal mucosa obtained from celiac patients is the gold standard for the study of CD, this technique presents several technical challenges and the bioptic specimens are not easily available. So, in this paper, we described the gliadin-dependent cytokine production in a bidimensional cellular system, which is able to mimic both the innate and the adaptive steps of the mucosal immune response of CD. In the upper compartment, the intestinal epithelial cells are grown on a filter, and in the lower compartment, the mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of celiac patients are cultured. Cells were apically exposed to the toxic gliadin peptide p31-43 for 3 h and then with the immunodominant gliadin fragment pα-9 for 21 h. The incubation with gliadin peptides resulted in increased levels of IL-15, INF-γ, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and CCL 2, 3 and 4 in the basal supernatants, with respect to cells exposed to medium alone. The p31-43-driven epithelial priming of mucosal response consists of transglutaminase (TG2)-mediated deamidation of the immunostimulatory gliadin peptides, as demonstrated by the inhibition of pα-9 activity, when the system is exposed to blocking anti-TG2 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Vincentini
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Maialetti
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gonnelli
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Zimmermann C, Rudloff S, Lochnit G, Arampatzi S, Maison W, Zimmer KP. Epithelial transport of immunogenic and toxic gliadin peptides in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113932. [PMID: 25415429 PMCID: PMC4240668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by failure of oral tolerance against gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The epithelial translocation of gluten-derived gliadin peptides is an important pathogenetic step; the underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the degradation and epithelial translocation of two different gliadin peptides, the toxic P31–43 and the immunogenic P56–68. As the size, and hence, the molecular weight of peptides might have an effect on the transport efficiency we chose two peptides of the same, rather short chain length. Methods and Results Fluorescence labeled P31–43 and P56–68 were synthesized and studied in a transwell system with human enterocytes. Fluorometric measurements were done to reveal antigen translocation and flow cytometry as well as confocal microscopy were used to investigate cellular uptake of peptides. Structural changes of these peptides were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS. According to fluorescence intensities, significantly more P31–43 compared to P56–68 was transported through the enterocyte layer after 24 h incubation. In contrast to previous reports, however, mass spectrometric data do not only show a time-dependent cleavage of the immunogenic P56–68, but we observed for the first time the degradation of the toxic peptide P31–43 at the apical side of epithelial cells. Conclusion Considering the degradation of gliadin peptides by enterocytes, measurement of fluorescence signals do not completely represent translocated intact gliadin peptides. From our experiments it is obvious that even short peptides can be digested prior to the translocation across the epithelial barrier. Thus, the chain length and the sensibility to degradations of gliadin peptides as well as the integrity of the epithelial barrier seem to be critical for the uptake of gliadin peptides and the subsequent inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Friedrichstr. 24, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sevgi Arampatzi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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32
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Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2014. [PMID: 25387079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120518.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptide 31-43, P31-43) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). The role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) as a mediator of enterocyte proliferation and the innate immune response has been described. In this paper, we review the most recent literature on the mechanisms responsible for triggering the up-regulation of these mediators in CD by gliadin peptides. We will discuss the role of P31-43 in enterocyte proliferation, structural changes and the innate immune response in CD mucosa in cooperation with EGF and IL-15, and the mechanism of up-regulation of these mediators related to vesicular trafficking. We will also review the literature that focuses on constitutive alterations of the structure, signalling/proliferation and stress/innate immunity pathways of CD cells. Finally, we will discuss how these pathways can be triggered by gliadin peptide P31-43 in controls, mimicking the celiac cellular phenotype.
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Barone MV, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20518-37. [PMID: 25387079 PMCID: PMC4264181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptide 31–43, P31–43) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). The role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) as a mediator of enterocyte proliferation and the innate immune response has been described. In this paper, we review the most recent literature on the mechanisms responsible for triggering the up-regulation of these mediators in CD by gliadin peptides. We will discuss the role of P31–43 in enterocyte proliferation, structural changes and the innate immune response in CD mucosa in cooperation with EGF and IL-15, and the mechanism of up-regulation of these mediators related to vesicular trafficking. We will also review the literature that focuses on constitutive alterations of the structure, signalling/proliferation and stress/innate immunity pathways of CD cells. Finally, we will discuss how these pathways can be triggered by gliadin peptide P31–43 in controls, mimicking the celiac cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Sarno M, Lania G, Cuomo M, Nigro F, Passannanti F, Budelli A, Fasano F, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Barone MV, Nigro R, Nanayakkara M. Lactobacillus paracaseiCBA L74 interferes with gliadin peptides entrance in Caco-2 cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:953-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.940283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Araya RE, Jury J, Bondar C, Verdu EF, Chirdo FG. Intraluminal administration of poly I:C causes an enteropathy that is exacerbated by administration of oral dietary antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99236. [PMID: 24915573 PMCID: PMC4051664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), mimics virally-induced activation of TLR3 signalling causing acute small intestine damage, but whether and how mucosal administration of poly I:C causes enteropathy is less clear. Our aim was to investigate the inflammatory pathways elicited after intraluminal administration of poly I:C and determine acute and delayed consequences of this locally induced immune activation. Intraluminal poly I:C induced rapid mucosal immune activation in C57BL/6 mice involving IFNβ and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis, that may drive inflammation towards a Th1 profile. Intraluminal poly I:C also caused enteropathy and gut dysfunction in gliadin-sensitive NOD-DQ8 mice, and this was prolonged by concomitant oral administration of gliadin. Our results indicate that small intestine pathology can be induced in mice by intraluminal administration of poly I:C and that this is exacerbated by subsequent oral delivery of a relevant dietary antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina E Araya
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Constanza Bondar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fernando G Chirdo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Piscaglia AC. Intestinal stem cells and celiac disease. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:213-229. [PMID: 24772248 PMCID: PMC3999779 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are the key to tissue genesis and regeneration. Given their central role in homeostasis, dysfunctions of the SC compartment play a pivotal role in the development of cancers, degenerative disorders, chronic inflammatory pathologies and organ failure. The gastrointestinal tract is constantly exposed to harsh mechanical and chemical conditions and most of the epithelial cells are replaced every 3 to 5 d. According to the so-called Unitarian hypothesis, this renewal is driven by a common intestinal stem cell (ISC) residing within the crypt base at the origin of the crypt-to-villus hierarchical migratory pattern. Celiac disease (CD) can be defined as a chronic immune-mediated disease that is triggered and maintained by dietary proteins (gluten) in genetically predisposed individuals. Many advances have been achieved over the last years in understanding of the pathogenic interactions among genetic, immunological and environmental factors in CD, with a particular emphasis on intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Conversely, little is known about ISC modulation and deregulation in active celiac disease and upon a gluten-free diet. Nonetheless, bone marrow-derived SC transplantation has become an option for celiac patients with complicated or refractory disease. This manuscript summarizes the “state of the art” regarding CD and ISCs, their niche and potential role in the development and treatment of the disease.
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Nanayakkara M, Kosova R, Lania G, Sarno M, Gaito A, Galatola M, Greco L, Cuomo M, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. A celiac cellular phenotype, with altered LPP sub-cellular distribution, is inducible in controls by the toxic gliadin peptide P31-43. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79763. [PMID: 24278174 PMCID: PMC3838353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides P31-43 and P57-68 induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. Alterations in the cell shape and actin cytoskeleton are present in celiac enterocytes, and gliadin peptides induce actin rearrangements in both the CD mucosa and cell lines. Cell shape is maintained by the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, sites of membrane attachment to the extracellular matrix. The locus of the human Lipoma Preferred Partner (LPP) gene was identified as strongly associated with CD using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The LPP protein plays an important role in focal adhesion architecture and acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that a constitutive alteration of the cell shape and the cytoskeleton, involving LPP, occurs in a cell compartment far from the main inflammation site in CD fibroblasts from skin explants. We analyzed the cell shape, actin organization, focal adhesion number, focal adhesion proteins, LPP sub-cellular distribution and adhesion to fibronectin of fibroblasts obtained from CD patients on a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) and controls, without and with treatment with A-gliadin peptide P31-43. We observed a “CD cellular phenotype” in these fibroblasts, characterized by an altered cell shape and actin organization, increased number of focal adhesions, and altered intracellular LPP protein distribution. The treatment of controls fibroblasts with gliadin peptide P31-43 mimics the CD cellular phenotype regarding the cell shape, adhesion capacity, focal adhesion number and LPP sub-cellular distribution, suggesting a close association between these alterations and CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Kosova
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sarno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaito
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Galatola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialaura Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Nanayakkara M, Lania G, Maglio M, Kosova R, Sarno M, Gaito A, Discepolo V, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. Enterocyte proliferation and signaling are constitutively altered in celiac disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76006. [PMID: 24204586 PMCID: PMC3799793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) occurs frequently, and is caused by ingestion of prolamins from cereals in subjects with a genetic predisposition. The small intestinal damage depends on an intestinal stress/innate immune response to certain gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P31-43) in association with an adaptive immune response to other gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P57-68). Gliadin and peptide P31-43 affect epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and CD enterocyte proliferation. The reason why the stress/innate immune and proliferative responses to certain gliadin peptides are present in CD and not in control intestine is so far unknown. The aim of this work is to investigate if, in CD, a constitutive alteration of enterocyte proliferation and signaling exists that may represent a predisposing condition to the damaging effects of gliadin. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to study signaling in CD fibroblasts and intestinal biopsies. Western blot (WB) analysis, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative PCR were also used. We found in CD enterocytes enhancement of both proliferation and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/ligand system. In CD enterocytes and fibroblasts we found increase of the phosphorylated downstream signaling molecule Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK); block of the ERK activation normalizes enterocytes proliferation in CD mucosa. In conclusion the same pathway, which gliadin and gliadin peptide P31-43 can interfere with, is constitutively altered in CD cells. This observation potentially explains the specificity of the damaging effects of certain gliadin peptides on CD intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Kosova
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sarno
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaito
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Nanayakkara M, Lania G, Maglio M, Discepolo V, Sarno M, Gaito A, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. An undigested gliadin peptide activates innate immunity and proliferative signaling in enterocytes: the role in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1123-35. [PMID: 23966426 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On ingestion of gliadin, the major protein component of wheat and other cereals, the celiac intestine is characterized by the proliferation of crypt enterocytes with an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program. Gliadins and A-gliadin peptide P31-43, in particular, act as growth factors for crypt enterocytes in patients with celiac disease (CD). The effects of gliadin on crypt enterocyte proliferation and activation of innate immunity are mediated by epidermal growth factors (EGFs) and innate immunity mediators [interleukin 15 (IL15)]. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the molecular basis of proliferation and innate immune response to gliadin peptides in enterocytes. DESIGN The CaCo-2 cell line was used to study EGF-, IL15-, and P31-43-induced proliferation. Silencing messenger RNAs and blocking EGF receptor and IL15 antibodies have been used to study proliferation in CaCo-2 cells and intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD and control subjects. RESULTS In the CaCo-2 cell model, IL15 and EGF cooperated to induce proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and the respective receptors interacted to activate each other's signaling. In addition, the effects of the P31-43 peptide on CaCo-2 cell proliferation and downstream signaling were mediated by cooperation between EGF and IL15. The increased crypt enterocyte proliferation in intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD was reduced by EGF receptor and IL15 blocking antibodies only when used in combination. CONCLUSIONS EGF receptor/IL15R-α cooperation regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation induced by EGF, IL15, and the gliadin peptide P31-43. Increased proliferation of crypt enterocytes in the intestine of CD patients is mediated by EGF/IL15 cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy, and the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Allegretti YL, Bondar C, Guzman L, Cueto Rua E, Chopita N, Fuertes M, Zwirner NW, Chirdo FG. Broad MICA/B expression in the small bowel mucosa: a link between cellular stress and celiac disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73658. [PMID: 24058482 PMCID: PMC3772809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The MICA/B genes (MHC class I chain related genes A and B) encode for non conventional class I HLA molecules which have no role in antigen presentation. MICA/B are up-regulated by different stress conditions such as heat-shock, oxidative stress, neoplasic transformation and viral infection. Particularly, MICA/B are expressed in enterocytes where they can mediate enterocyte apoptosis when recognised by the activating NKG2D receptor present on intraepithelial lymphocytes. This mechanism was suggested to play a major pathogenic role in active celiac disease (CD). Due to the importance of MICA/B in CD pathogenesis we studied their expression in duodenal tissue from CD patients. By immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry we established that MICA/B was mainly intracellularly located in enterocytes. In addition, we identified MICA/B+ T cells in both the intraepithelial and lamina propria compartments. We also found MICA/B+ B cells, plasma cells and some macrophages in the lamina propria. The pattern of MICA/B staining in mucosal tissue in severe enteropathy was similar to that found in in vitro models of cellular stress. In such models, MICA/B were located in stress granules that are associated to the oxidative and ER stress response observed in active CD enteropathy. Our results suggest that expression of MICA/B in the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is linked to disregulation of mucosa homeostasis in which the stress response plays an active role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica L. Allegretti
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune – LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Constanza Bondar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune – LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luciana Guzman
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Niños “Sor María Ludovica,” La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Cueto Rua
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Niños “Sor María Ludovica,” La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nestor Chopita
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital San Martin La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto W. Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando G. Chirdo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune – LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Mazzeo MF, Bonavita R, Maurano F, Bergamo P, Siciliano RA, Rossi M. Biochemical modifications of gliadins induced by microbial transglutaminase on wheat flour. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5166-74. [PMID: 23891939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten. A lifelong, gluten-free diet is required to normalize the intestinal mucosa. We previously found that transamidation by microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) suppressed the gliadin-specific immune response in intestinal T-cell lines from CD patients and in models of gluten sensitivity. METHODS SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA, tissue transglutaminase (tTGase) assay and nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS experiments were used to analyze prolamins isolated from treated wheat flour. RESULTS Gliadin and glutenin yields decreased to 7.6±0.5% and 7.5±0.3%, respectively, after a two-step transamidation reaction that produced a water-soluble protein fraction (spf). SDS-PAGE, Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the loss of immune cross-reactivity with anti-native gliadin antibodies in residual transamidated gliadins (K-gliadins) and spf as well as the occurrence of neo-epitopes. Nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS experiments identified some native and transamidated forms of celiacogenic peptides including p31-49 and confirmed that mTGase had similar stereo-specificity of tTGase. Those peptides resulted to be 100% and 57% modified in spf and K-gliadins, respectively. In particular, following transamidation p31-49 lost its ability to increase tTGase activity in Caco-2 cells. Finally, bread manufactured with transamidated flour had only minor changes in baking characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The two-step transamidation reaction modified the analyzed gliadin peptides, which are known to trigger CD, without influencing main technological properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our data shed further light on a detoxification strategy alternative to the gluten free diet and may have important implications for the management of CD patients.
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Pagliari D, Cianci R, Frosali S, Landolfi R, Cammarota G, Newton EE, Pandolfi F. The role of IL-15 in gastrointestinal diseases: a bridge between innate and adaptive immune response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:455-66. [PMID: 23791986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines whose signaling pathways are a bridge between innate and adaptive immune response. IL-15 is part of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and functions to modulate gut homeostasis. IL-15 has pivotal roles in the control of development, proliferation and survival of both innate and adaptive immune cells. IL-15 becomes up-regulated in the inflamed tissue of intestinal inflammatory disease, such as IBD, Celiac Disease and related complications. Indeed, several studies have reported that IL-15 may participate to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Furthermore, although IL-15 seems to be responsible for inflammation and autoimmunity, it also may increase the immune response against cancer. For these reasons, we decided to study the intestinal mucosa as an 'immunological niche', in which immune response, inflammation and local homeostasis are modulated. Understanding the role of the IL-15/IL-15R system will provide a scientific basis for the development of new approaches that use IL-15 for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Indeed, a better understanding of the complexity of the mucosal immune system will contribute to the general understanding of immuno-pathology, which could lead to new therapeutical tools for widespread immuno-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pagliari
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Parmar A, Greco D, Venäläinen J, Gentile M, Dukes E, Saavalainen P. Gene Expression Profiling of Gliadin Effects on Intestinal Epithelial Cells Suggests Novel Non-Enzymatic Functions of Pepsin and Trypsin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66307. [PMID: 23824913 PMCID: PMC3688875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliadin triggers T-cell mediated immunity in celiac disease, and has cytotoxic effects on enterocytes mediated through obscure mechanisms. In addition, gliadin transport mechanisms, potential cell surface receptors and gliadin-activated downstream signaling pathways are not completely understood. In order to screen for novel downstream gliadin target genes we performed a systematic whole genome expression study on intestinal epithelial cells. Undifferentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed to pepsin- and trypsin- digested gliadin (PT-G), a blank pepsin-trypsin control (PT) and to a synthetic peptide corresponding to gliadin p31-43 peptide for six hours. RNA from four different experiments was used for hybridization on Agilent one color human whole genome DNA microarray chips. The microarray data were analyzed using the Bioconductor package LIMMA. Genes with nominal p<0.01 were considered statistically significant. Compared to the untreated cells 1705, 1755 and 211 probes were affected by PT-G, PT and p31-43 respectively. 46 probes were significantly different between PT and PT-G treated cells. Among the p31-43 peptide affected probes, 10 and 21 probes were affected by PT-G and PT respectively. Only PT-G affected genes could be validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. All the genes were, nonetheless, also affected to a comparable level by PT treated negative controls. In conclusion, we could not replicate previously reported direct effects of gliadin peptides on enterocytes. The results rather suggest that certain epitopes derived from pepsin and trypsin may also affect epithelial cell gene transcription. Our study suggests novel non-enzymatic effects of pepsin and trypsin on cells and calls for proper controls in pepsin and trypsin digested gliadin experiments. It is conceivable that gliadin effects on enterocytes are secondary mediated through oxidative stress, NFkB activation and IL-15 up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Parmar
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, and Haartman Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jarkko Venäläinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Emma Dukes
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, and Haartman Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, and Haartman Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Palová-Jelínková L, Dáňová K, Drašarová H, Dvořák M, Funda DP, Fundová P, Kotrbová-Kozak A, Černá M, Kamanová J, Martin SF, Freudenberg M, Tučková L. Pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction increases production of IL-1β via TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and an NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62426. [PMID: 23658628 PMCID: PMC3639175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-responsive, chronic inflammatory enteropathy. IL-1 cytokine family members IL-1β and IL-18 have been associated with the inflammatory conditions in CD patients. However, the mechanisms of IL-1 molecule activation in CD have not yet been elucidated. We show in this study that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes from celiac patients responded to pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction (PDWGF) by a robust secretion of IL-1β and IL-1α and a slightly elevated production of IL-18. The analysis of the upstream mechanisms underlying PDWGF-induced IL-1β production in celiac PBMC show that PDWGF-induced de novo pro-IL-1β synthesis, followed by a caspase-1 dependent processing and the secretion of mature IL-1β. This was promoted by K+ efflux and oxidative stress, and was independent of P2X7 receptor signaling. The PDWGF-induced IL-1β release was dependent on Nod-like receptor family containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck like protein (ASC) as shown by stimulation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from NLRP3(-/-) and ASC(-/-) knockout mice. Moreover, treatment of human PBMC as well as MyD88(-/-) and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)(-/-) BMDC illustrated that prior to the activation of caspase-1, the PDWGF-triggered signal constitutes the activation of the MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, our results indicate that the combined action of TLR2 and TLR4 may be required for optimal induction of IL-1β in response to PDWGF. Thus, innate immune pathways, such as TLR2/4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB and an NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in wheat proteins signaling and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Palová-Jelínková
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Immunology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Differential IL-13 production by small intestinal leukocytes in active coeliac disease versus refractory coeliac disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:939047. [PMID: 23690672 PMCID: PMC3649694 DOI: 10.1155/2013/939047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A small fraction of coeliac disease (CD) patients have persistent villous atrophy despite strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. Some of these refractory CD (RCD) patients develop a clonal expansion of lymphocytes with an aberrant phenotype, referred to as RCD type II (RCDII). Pathogenesis of active CD (ACD) has been shown to be related to gluten-specific immunity whereas the disease is no longer gluten driven in RCD. We therefore hypothesized that the immune response is differentially regulated by cytokines in ACD versus RCDII and investigated mucosal cytokine release after polyclonal stimulation of isolated mucosal lymphocytes. Secretion of the TH2 cytokine IL-13 was significantly higher in lamina propria leukocytes (LPLs) isolated from RCDII patients as compared to LPL from ACD patients (P = 0.05). In patients successfully treated with a gluten-free diet LPL-derived IL-13 production was also higher as compared to ACD patients (P = 0.02). IL-13 secretion correlated with other TH2 as well as TH1 cytokines but not with IL-10 secretion. Overall, the cytokine production pattern of LPL in RCDII showed more similarities with LPL isolated from GFD patients than from ACD patients. Our data suggest that different immunological processes are involved in RCDII and ACD with a potential role for IL-13.
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The versatile role of gliadin peptides in celiac disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:552-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Iacomino G, Fierro O, D'Auria S, Picariello G, Ferranti P, Liguori C, Addeo F, Mamone G. Structural analysis and Caco-2 cell permeability of the celiac-toxic A-gliadin peptide 31-55. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1088-1096. [PMID: 23298305 DOI: 10.1021/jf3045523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy caused by the ingestion of wheat gliadin and other cereal prolamines. The synthetic peptides 31-43 (P31-43) and 31-49 (P31-49) from A-gliadin are considered to be model peptides for studying innate immunity in celiac disease. Our previous study demonstrated that P31-43 and P31-49 are encrypted within peptide 31-55 (P31-55), which is naturally released from gastropancreatic digestion and is not susceptible to hydrolysis by brush border membrane enzymes. Here, we analyzed the permeability of P31-55 through the epithelial cell layer of confluent Caco-2 cells using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Twenty-three percent of the P31-55 added to the apical chamber was transported to the basolateral chamber after 4 h of incubation without being degraded by hydrolysis. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with whole gliadin digests extracted from a common wheat cultivar increased the epithelial P31-55 translocation by approximately 35%. Moreover, we observed an atypical chromatographic profile consisting of a double peak. Chromatography using different column temperatures and circular dichroism highlighted the presence of more conformational structures around the amide bond of the two adjacent prolines 38 and 39. These findings confirm that P31-55 is gastrointestinally resistant and is permeable across a Caco-2 monolayer. Moreover, we hypothesize that the various conformations of P31-55 may play a role in the activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iacomino
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
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Stoven S, Murray JA, Marietta EV. Latest in vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:445-57. [PMID: 23293929 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.761203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, and there is an increased desire for alternative therapies. In vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease have been generated in order to better understand the pathogenesis of celiac disease, and this review will discuss these models as well as the testing of alternative therapies using these models. AREAS COVERED The research discussed describes the different in vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease that currently exist and how they have contributed to our understanding of how gluten can stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses in celiac patients. We also provide a summary on the alternative therapies that have been tested with these models and discuss whether subsequent clinical trials were done based on these tests done with these models of celiac disease. EXPERT OPINION Only a few of the alternative therapies that have been tested with animal models have gone on to clinical trials; however, those that did go on to clinical trial have provided promising results from a safety standpoint. Further trials are required to determine if some of these therapies may serve as an effective adjunct to a gluten-free diet to alleviate the adverse affects associated with accidental gluten exposure. A "magic-bullet" approach may not be the answer to celiac disease, but possibly a future cocktail of these different therapeutics may allow celiac patients to consume an unrestricted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Stoven
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Croese J, Gaze ST, Loukas A. Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:275-82. [PMID: 23291460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently completed clinical trials in people with diet-treated celiac disease who were purposefully infected with the ubiquitous human hookworm, Necator americanus. Hookworm infection elicited not only parasite-specific immunity but also modified the host's immune response to gluten. After infection, mucosal IL-1β and IL-22 responses were enhanced, but IFNγ and IL-17A levels and circulating regulatory T cells following gluten challenge were suppressed, and the adaptive response to gluten acquired a helper T cell type-2 profile. In this review, we briefly, (i) highlight the utility celiac disease offers autoimmune research, (ii) discuss safety and personal experience with N. americanus, (iii) summarise the direct and bystander impact that hookworm infection has on mucosal immunity to the parasite and gluten, respectively, and (iv) speculate why this hookworm's success depends on healing its host and how this might impact on a propensity to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Croese
- The Department of Gastroenterology, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia.
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Gianfrani C, Maglio M, Rotondi Aufiero V, Camarca A, Vocca I, Iaquinto G, Giardullo N, Pogna N, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Mazzarella G. Immunogenicity of monococcum wheat in celiac patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1339-45. [PMID: 23134879 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is intense to find wheat of low or null toxicity for patients with celiac disease (CD). Among candidates, there are diploid wheat species. OBJECTIVE We compared the immunological properties of 2 lines of diploid monococcum wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), Monlis and ID331, with those of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). DESIGN Interferon-γ production and the proliferation of intestinal gliadin-specific T cell lines and clones were measured as evidence of T cell activation by peptic and tryptic (PT) digests of gliadins from 2 monococcum lines. Furthermore, organ cultures of jejunal biopsies from 28 CD patients were set up to assess the effects of PT gliadin on innate and adaptive immune response by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Monlis and ID331 induced interferon-γ production and proliferation in celiac mucosal T cells. In organ cultures, Monlis PT digest induced a significant increase of IL-15 epithelial expression and crypt enterocyte proliferation, whereas ID331 had no effect. Both monococcum lines caused intraepithelial T cell infiltration and lamina propria T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the monococcum lines Monlis and ID331 activate the CD T cell response and suggest that these lines are toxic for celiac patients. However, ID331 is likely to be less effective in inducing CD because of its inability to activate the innate immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Food Sciences, Immunobiology, National Council Research, Avellino, Italy
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