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Zhong A, Zou X, Wei Z, Gan L, Peng J, Li Y, Wang Z, Liu Y. Cotton Pectate Lyase GhPEL48_Dt Promotes Fiber Initiation Mediated by Histone Acetylation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2356. [PMID: 39273840 PMCID: PMC11397362 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
GhPEL48_Dt, a Pectate lyase (PEL, EC4.2.2.2), is a crucial enzyme involved in cell-wall modification and pectin degradation. Studies have shown that the GhPEL48_Dt also plays a significant role in cotton-fiber development; however, the specific function and regulatory mechanism of GhPEL48_Dt in cotton-fiber development are still not fully understood. Here, we found that the histone deacetylase inhibitor-Trichostatin A significantly reduces the transcript levels of GhPEL48_Dt and its enzyme activity. Further, silencing of GhPEL48_Dt significantly inhibits the initiation and elongation of cotton fibers by promoting pectin degradation, and the heterologous expression of GhPEL48_Dt promotes the development of trichomes and root hairs in Arabidopsis, which suggests that GhPEL48_Dt plays a positive and conserved role in single cell i.e., fiber, root hair, and leaf trichome development. Collectively, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental characteristics and functions of GhPEL48_Dt in fiber development, including the regulatory role of histone acetylation on GhPEL48_Dt, which contributes to the understanding of pectin degradation pathways and establishes a theoretical foundation for elucidating its regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlin Zhong
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xianyan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lei Gan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Liang X, Zhu SH, Feng QN, Li S, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis Sar1b is critical for pollen tube growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:64. [PMID: 38809410 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth is an essential step leading to reproductive success in flowering plants, in which vesicular trafficking plays a key role. Vesicular trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus is mediated by the coat protein complex II (COPII). A key component of COPII is small GTPase Sar1. Five Sar1 isoforms are encoded in the Arabidopsis genome and they show distinct while redundant roles in various cellular and developmental processes, especially in reproduction. Arabidopsis Sar1b is essential for sporophytic control of pollen development while Sar1b and Sar1c are critical for gametophytic control of pollen development. Because functional loss of Sar1b and Sar1c resulted in pollen abortion, whether they influence pollen tube growth was unclear. Here we demonstrate that Sar1b mediates pollen tube growth, in addition to its role in pollen development. Although functional loss of Sar1b does not affect pollen germination, it causes a significant reduction in male transmission and of pollen tube penetration of style. We further show that membrane dynamics at the apex of pollen tubes are compromised by Sar1b loss-of-function. Results presented provide further support of functional complexity of the Sar1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Kamel H, Geitmann A. Strength in numbers: An isoform variety of homogalacturonan modifying enzymes may contribute to pollen tube fitness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:67-80. [PMID: 37819032 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of the cell wall in land plants. It plays crucial roles in cell wall assembly, cell growth, shaping, and signaling. The relative abundance of pectin in the cell wall is particularly high in rapidly growing organ regions and cell types. Homogalacturonan (HG), a polymer of 1,4-linked α-D-galacturonic acid, is a major pectin constituent in growing and dividing plant cells. In pollen tubes, an extremely rapidly growing cell type, HG is secreted at and inserted into the apical cell wall and is subject to further modification in muro by HG modifying enzymes (HGMEs). These enzymes, including pectin esterases and depolymerases, have multiple isoforms, some of which are specifically expressed in pollen. Given the importance of pectin chemistry for the fitness of pollen tubes, it is of interest to interrogate the potentially crucial roles these isoforms play in pollen germination and elongation. It is hypothesized that different HGME isoforms, through their action on apoplastic HG, may generate differential methylation and acetylation patterns endowing HG polysaccharides with specific, spatially and temporally varying properties that lead to a fine-tuned pattern of cell wall modification. In addition, these isoforms may be differentially activated and/or inhibited depending on the local conditions that may vary at subcellular resolution. In this Update we review the different HGME isoforms identified in recent years in Arabidopsis thaliana and postulate that the multiplicity of these isoforms may allow for specialized substrate recognition and conditional activation, leading to a sophisticated regulation scheme exemplified in the process that governs the dynamic properties of the cell wall in pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Kamel
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Ogawa ST, Kessler SA. Update on signaling pathways regulating polarized intercellular communication in Arabidopsis reproduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1732-1744. [PMID: 37453128 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sienna T Ogawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
| | - Sharon A Kessler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
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Surso M, Khviyuzov S, Chukhchin D. Compounds composition of pollen tubes of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1261-1268. [PMID: 38024955 PMCID: PMC10678875 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the composition of pollen tubes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Pollen cultivation on deionized distilled water excluded the potential influence of the cultivation medium on the pollen tube growth and development. The fluorescent study indicated a gradual distribution of chemical compounds along the length of the tube. It was shown that the protoplast apical zone and the parietal layer near the tube's tip are most likely actively involved in the ion transport regulation in the growing pollen tube. The callose synthesis in the tip of matured pine tube completed the first stage of its active growth. Significant differences and pH gradients at the nucleus region and the parietal layer of the tube wall indicate that H+ gradient is the direct driving force of vesicle transport and can regulate the growth of pollen tubes. The distribution of amino acids, RNA, proteins and lipids was uniform throughout the length of the pine pollen tube. The content of amino acids, RNA, DNA and proteins slightly increased near the cell nucleus and drastically increased in the apical zone. At the very tip of the tube, a slight increase in the concentration of polysaccharides and a significant decrease in the content of amino acids, RNA, DNA, proteins and lipids were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Surso
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Khviyuzov
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
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Han J, Liu Y, Shen Y, Zhang D, Li W. Transcriptome Dynamics during Spike Differentiation of Wheat Reveal Amazing Changes in Cell Wall Metabolic Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11666. [PMID: 37511426 PMCID: PMC10380499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cell proliferation and differentiation result in the complex structure of the inflorescence in wheat. It exhibits unique differentiation patterns and structural changes at different stages, which have attracted the attention of botanists studying the dynamic regulation of its genes. Our research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of spike development genes at different growth stages. We conducted RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR evaluations on spikes at three stages. Our findings revealed that genes associated with the cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism showed high expression levels between any two stages throughout the entire process, suggesting their regulatory role in early spike development. Furthermore, through transgenic experiments, we elucidated the role of the cell wall regulator gene in spike development regulation. These research results contribute to identifying essential genes associated with the morphology and development of wheat spike tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Han
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Donghai Zhang
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Weihua Li
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Jiao J, Zheng H, Wu Y, Li Y, Abdursul R, Zhao Y, Ke L, Sun Y. The cotton pectin methyl esterase gene GhPME21 functions in microspore development and fertility in Gossypium hirsutum L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 112:19-31. [PMID: 36929454 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pectin widely exists in higher plants' cell walls and intercellular space of higher plants and plays an indispensable role in plant growth and development. We identified 55 differentially expressed genes related to pectin degradation by transcriptomic analysis in the male sterile mutant, ms1. A gene encoding pectin methylesterase (GhPME21) was found to be predominantly expressed in the developing stamens of cotton but was significantly down-regulated in ms1 stamens. The tapetal layer of GhPME21 interfered lines (GhPME21i) was significantly thickened compared to that of WT at the early stage; anther compartment morphology of GhPME21i lines was abnormal, and the microspore wall was broken at the middle stage; Alexander staining showed that the pollen grains of GhPME21i lines differed greatly in volume at the late stage. The mature pollen surfaces of GhPME21i lines were deposited with discontinuous and broken sheets and prickles viewed under SEM. Fewer pollen tubes were observed to germinate in vitro in GhPME21i lines, while tiny of those in vivo were found to elongate to the ovary. The seeds harvested from GhPME21i lines as pollination donors were dry and hollow. The changes of phenotypes in GhPME21i lines at various stages illustrated that the GhPME21 gene played a vital role in the development of cotton stamens and controlled plant fertility by affecting stamen development, pollen germination, and pollen tube elongation. The findings of this study laid the groundwork for further research into the molecular mechanisms of PMEs involved in microspore formation and the creation of cotton male sterility materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junye Jiao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rayhangul Abdursul
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Ke
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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He J, Yang B, Hause G, Rössner N, Peiter-Volk T, Schattat MH, Voiniciuc C, Peiter E. The trans-Golgi-localized protein BICAT3 regulates manganese allocation and matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2579-2600. [PMID: 35993897 PMCID: PMC9706472 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for a diversity of processes, including photosynthetic water splitting and the transfer of glycosyl moieties. Various Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases that mediate cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are Mn2+ dependent, but the supply of these enzymes with Mn2+ is not well understood. Here, we show that the BIVALENT CATION TRANSPORTER 3 (BICAT3) localizes specifically to trans-cisternae of the Golgi. In agreement with a role in Mn2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, BICAT3 rescued yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants defective in their translocation. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) knockout mutants of BICAT3 were sensitive to low Mn2+ and high Ca2+ availability and showed altered accumulation of these cations. Despite reduced cell expansion and leaf size in Mn2+-deficient bicat3 mutants, their photosynthesis was improved, accompanied by an increased Mn content of chloroplasts. Growth defects of bicat3 corresponded with an impaired glycosidic composition of matrix polysaccharides synthesized in the trans-Golgi. In addition to the vegetative growth defects, pollen tube growth of bicat3 was heterogeneously aberrant. This was associated with a severely reduced and similarly heterogeneous pectin deposition and caused diminished seed set and silique length. Double mutant analyses demonstrated that the physiological relevance of BICAT3 is distinct from that of ER-TYPE CA2+-ATPASE 3, a Golgi-localized Mn2+/Ca2+-ATPase. Collectively, BICAT3 is a principal Mn2+ transporter in the trans-Golgi whose activity is critical for specific glycosylation reactions in this organelle and for the allocation of Mn2+ between Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocentre, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Peiter-Volk
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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10
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Geng X, Wang X, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang L, Song X. TaEXPB5 functions as a gene related to pollen development in thermo-sensitive male-sterility wheat with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111377. [PMID: 35820549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility line with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm (K-TCMS) is completely male sterile under low temperature (< 18 ℃) during Zadoks growth stages 45-52, whereas its fertility can be restored under hot temperature (≥ 20 ℃). The K-TCMS line may facilitate hybrid breeding and hybrid wheat production. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its male sterility/fertility conversion, we conducted the association analysis of proteins and transcript expression to screen fertility related genes using RNA-seq, iTRAQ, and PRM-based assay. A gene encoding expansin protein in wheat, TaEXPB5, was isolated in K-TCMS line KTM3315A, which upregulated expression in the fertility anthers. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that TaEXPB5 protein localized to nucleus and cell wall. The silencing of TaEXPB5 displayed pollen abortion and the declination of fertility. Further, cytological investigation indicated that the silencing of TaEXPB5 induced the early degradation of tapetum and abnormal development of pollen wall. These results implied that TaEXPB5 may be essential for anther or pollen development and male fertility of KTM3315A. These findings provide a novel insight into molecular mechanism of fertility conversion for thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility wheat, and contribute to the molecular breeding of hybrid wheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxia Geng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingchen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Dauphin BG, Ranocha P, Dunand C, Burlat V. Cell-wall microdomain remodeling controls crucial developmental processes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1033-1048. [PMID: 35710764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls display cellular and subcellular specificities. At the subcellular level, wall regional territories with specific compositions are necessary for macroscopic developmental processes. These regional specificities were named differently throughout the years, and are unified here under the term 'cell-wall microdomains' that define the local composition and organization of wall polymers underlying territories of wall loosening and/or softening or stiffening. We review the occurrence and developmental role of wall microdomains in different cell types. We primarily focus on the contribution of two categories of wall-remodeling molecular actors: fine-tuning of homogalacturonan (HG; pectin) demethylesterification patterns and two classes of oxidoreductases [class III peroxidases (CIII PRXs) and laccases (LACs)], but we also highlight two different molecular scaffolds recently identified for positioning specific CIII PRXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien G Dauphin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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12
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Cai G. The legacy of kinesins in the pollen tube thirty years later. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:8-19. [PMID: 35766009 PMCID: PMC9542081 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pollen tube is fundamental in the reproduction of seed plants. Particularly in angiosperms, we now have much information about how it grows, how it senses extracellular signals, and how it converts them into a directional growth mechanism. The expansion of the pollen tube is also related to dynamic cytoplasmic processes based on the cytoskeleton (such as polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules and actin filaments) or motor activity along with the two cytoskeletal systems and is dependent on motor proteins. While a considerable amount of information is available for the actomyosin system in the pollen tube, the role of microtubules in the transport of organelles or macromolecular structures is still quite uncertain despite that 30 years ago the first work on the presence of kinesins in the pollen tube was published. Since then, progress has been made in elucidating the role of kinesins in plant cells. However, their role within the pollen tube is still enigmatic. In this review, I will postulate some roles of kinesins in the pollen tube 30 years after their initial discovery based on information obtained in other plant cells in the meantime. The most concrete hypotheses predict that kinesins in the pollen tube enable the short movement of specific organelles or contribute to generative cell or sperm cell transport, as well as mediate specific steps in the process of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
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13
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Low Concentration of Aluminum-Stimulated Pollen Tube Growth of Apples (Malus domestica). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131705. [PMID: 35807657 PMCID: PMC9269008 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is an important element in soil constitution. Previous studies have shown that high concentration of Al affects the normal growth of crops, resulting in crop yield reduction and inferior quality. Nevertheless, Al has also been referred to as a beneficial element, especially when used at low concentrations, but the cytological mechanism is not clear. Influences of low concentration AlCl3 on the pollen tube growth of apple (Malus domestica) and its possible cytological mechanism were investigated in this study. The results showed that 20 μM AlCl3 promoted pollen germination and tube elongation; 20 μM AlCl3 enhanced Ca2+ influx but did not affect [Ca2+]c of the pollen tube tip; and 20 μM AlCl3 decreased acid pectins in pollen tubes but increased esterified pectins and arabinan pectins in pollen tubes. According to the information provided in this research, 20 μM AlCl3 stimulated growth of pollen tubes by enhancing Ca2+ influx and changing cell wall components.
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14
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Çetinbaş-Genç A, Conti V, Cai G. Let's shape again: the concerted molecular action that builds the pollen tube. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:77-103. [PMID: 35041045 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pollen tube is being subjected to control by a complex network of communication that regulates its shape and the misfunction of a single component causes specific deformations. In flowering plants, the pollen tube is a tubular extension of the pollen grain required for successful sexual reproduction. Indeed, maintaining the unique shape of the pollen tube is essential for the pollen tube to approach the embryo sac. Many processes and molecules (such as GTPase activity, phosphoinositides, Ca2+ gradient, distribution of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, nonuniform pH values, organization of the cytoskeleton, balance between exocytosis and endocytosis, and cell wall structure) play key and coordinated roles in maintaining the cylindrical shape of pollen tubes. In addition, the above factors must also interact with each other so that the cell shape is maintained while the pollen tube follows chemical signals in the pistil that guide it to the embryo sac. Any intrinsic changes (such as erroneous signals) or extrinsic changes (such as environmental stresses) can affect the above factors and thus fertilization by altering the tube morphology. In this review, the processes and molecules that enable the development and maintenance of the unique shape of pollen tubes in angiosperms are presented emphasizing their interaction with specific tube shape. Thus, the purpose of the review is to investigate whether specific deformations in pollen tubes can help us to better understand the mechanism underlying pollen tube shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Çetinbaş-Genç
- Department of Biology, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, 34722, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Veronica Conti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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15
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Ropitaux M, Hays Q, Baron A, Fourmois L, Boulogne I, Vauzeilles B, Lerouge P, Mollet JC, Lehner A. Dynamic imaging of cell wall polysaccharides by metabolic click-mediated labeling of pectins in living elongating cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:916-924. [PMID: 35165972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein tracking in living plant cells has become routine with the emergence of reporter genes encoding fluorescent tags. Unfortunately, this imaging strategy is not applicable to glycans because they are not directly encoded by the genome. Indeed, complex glycans result from sequential additions and/or removals of monosaccharides by the glycosyltransferases and glycosidases of the cell's biosynthetic machinery. Currently, the imaging of cell wall polymers mainly relies on the use of antibodies or dyes that exhibit variable specificities. However, as immunolocalization typically requires sample fixation, it does not provide access to the dynamics of living cells. The development of click chemistry in plant cell wall biology offers an alternative for live-cell labeling. It consists of the incorporation of a carbohydrate containing a bio-orthogonal chemical reporter into the target polysaccharide using the endogenous biosynthetic machinery of the cell. Once synthesized and deposited in the cell wall, the polysaccharide containing the analog monosaccharide is covalently coupled to an exogenous fluorescent probe. Here, we developed a metabolic click labeling approach which allows the imaging of cell wall polysaccharides in living and elongating cells without affecting cell viability. The protocol was established using the pollen tube, a useful model to follow cell wall dynamics due to its fast and tip-polarized growth, but was also successfully tested on Arabidopsis root cells and root hairs. This method offers the possibility of imaging metabolically incorporated sugars of viable and elongating cells, allowing the study of the long-term dynamics of labeled extracellular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ropitaux
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Quentin Hays
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Baron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura Fourmois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Normandie Université, UR 4358, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
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16
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Backiyarani S, Anuradha C, Thangavelu R, Chandrasekar A, Renganathan B, Subeshkumar P, Giribabu P, Muthusamy M, Uma S. Genome-wide identification, characterization of expansin gene family of banana and their expression pattern under various stresses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:101. [PMID: 35463044 PMCID: PMC8960517 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansin, a cell wall-modifying gene family, has been well characterized and its role in biotic and abiotic stress resistance has been proven in many monocots, but not yet studied in banana, a unique model crop. Banana is one of the staple food crops in developing countries and its production is highly influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. Characterizing the expansin genes of the ancestor genome (M. acuminata and M. balbisiana) of present day cultivated banana will enlighten their role in growth and development, and stress responses. In the present study, 58 (MaEXPs) and 55 (MbaEXPs) putative expansin genes were identified in A and B genome, respectively, and were grouped in four subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Gene structure and its duplications revealed that EXPA genes are highly conserved and are under negative selection whereas the presence of more number of introns in other subfamilies revealed that they are diversifying. Expression profiling of expansin genes showed a distinct expression pattern for biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This study revealed that among the expansin subfamilies, EXPAs contributed significantly towards stress-resistant mechanism. The differential expression of MaEXPA18 and MaEXPA26 under drought stress conditions in the contrasting cultivar suggested their role in drought-tolerant mechanism. Most of the MaEXPA genes are differentially expressed in the root lesion nematode contrasting cultivars which speculated that this expansin subfamily might be the susceptible factor. The downregulation of MaEXPLA6 in resistant cultivar during Sigatoka leaf spot infection suggested that by suppressing this gene, resistance may be enhanced in susceptible cultivar. Further, in-depth studies of these genes will lead to gain insight into their role in various stress conditions in banana. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03106-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthanthiram Backiyarani
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Chelliah Anuradha
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Raman Thangavelu
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Arumugam Chandrasekar
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Baratvaj Renganathan
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Parasuraman Subeshkumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Palaniappan Giribabu
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Muthusamy Muthusamy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju, 54874 Korea
| | - Subbaraya Uma
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
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17
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Wang J, Chen J, Huang S, Han D, Li J, Guo D. Investigating the Mechanism of Unilateral Cross Incompatibility in Longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Cultivars (Yiduo × Shixia). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:821147. [PMID: 35222456 PMCID: PMC8874016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.821147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is an important subtropical fruit tree in China. Nearly 90% of longan fruit imports from Thailand are from the cultivar Yiduo. However, we have observed that there exists a unilateral cross incompatibility (UCI) when Yiduo is used as a female parent and Shixia (a famous Chinese cultivar) as a male parent. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis coupled with microscopy of pistils from two reciprocal pollination combinations [Shixia♂ × Yiduo♀(SY) and Yiduo♀ × Shixia♂(YS)] 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after pollination. We also explored endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels in pistils of the crosses. The microscopic observations showed that the UCI was sporophytic. The endogenous JA and JA-Ile levels were higher in YS than in SY at the studied time points. We found 7,251 differentially expressed genes from the transcriptome analysis. Our results highlighted that genes associated with JA biosynthesis and signaling, pollen tube growth, cell wall modification, starch and sucrose biosynthesis, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways were differentially regulated between SY and YS. We discussed transcriptomic changes in the above-mentioned pathways regarding the observed microscopic and/or endogenous hormone levels. This is the first report on the elaboration of transcriptomic changes in longan reciprocal pollination combination showing UCI. The results presented here will enable the longan breeding community to better understand the mechanisms of UCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilian Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Guo
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Aloisi I, Piccini C, Cai G, Del Duca S. Male Fertility under Environmental Stress: Do Polyamines Act as Pollen Tube Growth Protectants? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1874. [PMID: 35163795 PMCID: PMC8836739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pollen structure and morphology evolved toward the optimization of stability and fertilization efficiency, its performance is affected by harsh environmental conditions, e.g., heat, cold, drought, pollutants, and other stressors. These phenomena are expected to increase in the coming years in relation to predicted environmental scenarios, contributing to a rapid increase in the interest of the scientific community in understanding the molecular and physiological responses implemented by male gametophyte to accomplish reproduction. Here, after a brief introduction summarizing the main events underlying pollen physiology with a focus on polyamine involvement in its development and germination, we review the main effects that environmental stresses can cause on pollen. We report the most relevant evidence in the literature underlying morphological, cytoskeletal, metabolic and signaling alterations involved in stress perception and response, focusing on the final stage of pollen life, i.e., from when it hydrates, to pollen tube growth and sperm cell transport, with these being the most sensitive to environmental changes. Finally, we hypothesize the molecular mechanisms through which polyamines, well-known molecules involved in plant development, stress response and adaptation, can exert a protective action against environmental stresses in pollen by decoding the essential steps and the intersection between polyamines and pollen tube growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (I.A.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Chiara Piccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (I.A.); (S.D.D.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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19
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Sze H, Palanivelu R, Harper JF, Johnson MA. Holistic insights from pollen omics: co-opting stress-responsive genes and ER-mediated proteostasis for male fertility. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2361-2380. [PMID: 34601610 PMCID: PMC8644640 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants takes place without an aqueous environment. Sperm are carried by pollen through air to reach the female gametophyte, though the molecular basis underlying the protective strategy of the male gametophyte is poorly understood. Here we compared the published transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen, and of heat-responsive genes, and uncovered insights into how mature pollen (MP) tolerates desiccation, while developing and germinating pollen are vulnerable to heat stress. Germinating pollen expresses molecular chaperones or "heat shock proteins" in the absence of heat stress. Furthermore, pollen tubes that grew through pistils at basal temperature showed induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, which is a characteristic of stressed vegetative tissues. Recent studies show MP contains mRNA-protein (mRNP) aggregates that resemble "stress" granules triggered by heat or other stresses to protect cells. Based on these observations, we postulate that mRNP particles are formed in maturing pollen in response to developmentally programmed dehydration. Dry pollen can withstand harsh conditions as it is dispersed in air. We propose that, when pollen lands on a compatible pistil and hydrates, mRNAs stored in particles are released, aided by molecular chaperones, to become translationally active. Pollen responds to osmotic, mechanical, oxidative, and peptide cues that promote ER-mediated proteostasis and membrane trafficking for tube growth and sperm discharge. Unlike vegetative tissues, pollen depends on stress-protection strategies for its normal development and function. Thus, heat stress during reproduction likely triggers changes that interfere with the normal pollen responses, thereby compromising male fertility. This holistic perspective provides a framework to understand the basis of heat-tolerant strains in the reproduction of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heven Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Author for communication:
| | | | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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20
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Althiab-Almasaud R, Sallanon H, Chang C, Chervin C. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulates tomato pollen tube growth independently of ethylene receptors. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2291-2297. [PMID: 34609746 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays vital roles in plant development, including pollen tube (PT) growth. Many studies have used the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), as a tool to trigger ethylene signaling. Several studies have suggested that ACC can act as a signal molecule independently of ethylene, inducing responses that are distinct from those induced by ethylene. In this study, we confirmed that ethylene receptor function is essential for promoting PT growth in tomato, but interestingly, we discovered that ACC itself can act as a signal that also promotes PT growth. Exogenous ACC stimulated PT growth even when ethylene perception was inhibited either chemically by treating with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or genetically by using the ethylene-insensitive Never Ripe (NR) mutant. Treatment with aminoethoxyvinylglycine, which reduces endogenous ACC levels, led to a reduction of PT growth, even in the NR mutants. Furthermore, GUS activity driven by an EIN3 Binding Site promoter (EBS:GUS transgene) was triggered by ACC in the presence of 1-MCP. Taken together, these results suggest that ACC signaling can bypass the ethylene receptor step to stimulate PT growth and EBS driven gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Althiab-Almasaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, GBF, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Huguette Sallanon
- Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France
- Qualisud, Université d'Avignon, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Chervin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, GBF, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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21
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Williams JH. Consequences of whole genome duplication for 2n pollen performance. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:321-334. [PMID: 34302535 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vegetative cell of the angiosperm male gametophyte (pollen) functions as a free-living, single-celled organism that both produces and transports sperm to egg. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) should have strong effects on pollen because of the haploid to diploid transition and because of both genetic and epigenetic effects on cell-level phenotypes. To disentangle historical effects of WGD on pollen performance, studies can compare 1n pollen from diploids to neo-2n pollen from diploids and synthetic autotetraploids to older 2n pollen from established neo-autotetraploids. WGD doubles both gene number and bulk nuclear DNA mass, and a substantial proportion of diploid and autotetraploid heterozygosity can be transmitted to 2n pollen. Relative to 1n pollen, 2n pollen can exhibit heterosis due to higher gene dosage, higher heterozygosity and new allelic interactions. Doubled genome size also has consequences for gene regulation and expression as well as epigenetic effects on cell architecture. Pollen volume doubling is a universal effect of WGD, whereas an increase in aperture number is common among taxa with simultaneous microsporogenesis and pored apertures, mostly eudicots. WGD instantly affects numerous evolved compromises among mature pollen functional traits and these are rapidly shaped by highly diverse tissue interactions and pollen competitive environments in the early post-WGD generations. 2n pollen phenotypes generally incur higher performance costs, and the degree to which these are met or evolve by scaling up provisioning and metabolic vigor needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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22
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Wei Q, Yang Y, Li H, Liu Z, Fu R, Feng H, Li C. The xyloglucan galactosylation modulates the cell wall stability of pollen tube. PLANTA 2021; 254:133. [PMID: 34821984 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A pollen specific homolog to a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase regulates cell wall stability and therefore pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. In angiosperms, pollen tubes grow through the transmitting tract to deliver the sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. Fast growing pollen tubes coordinate the synthesis, secretion and assembly of cell wall components to maintain the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Xyloglucan, the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the primary cell wall, tethers cellulose to form the complexed cell wall network through its side chain modifications. How the side chain modifications of the xyloglucan regulate the pollen tube cell wall strength and growth remains elusive. Here we found that AtGT11, a MUR3 xyloglucan galactosyltransferase homolog highly expressed in pollen regulated the cell wall stability of pollen tubes. Genetic analysis of the gt11 and the xylosyltransferase 1/2 mutant indicated that the xylosylation of XyG side chains played dominant role while galactosylation of the XyG side chains finely modified the cell wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hanqian Feng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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23
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Signaling at Physical Barriers during Pollen-Pistil Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212230. [PMID: 34830110 PMCID: PMC8622735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, double fertilization requires pollen tubes to transport non-motile sperm to distant egg cells housed in a specialized female structure known as the pistil, mediating the ultimate fusion between male and female gametes. During this journey, the pollen tube encounters numerous physical barriers that must be mechanically circumvented, including the penetration of the stigmatic papillae, style, transmitting tract, and synergid cells as well as the ultimate fusion of sperm cells to the egg or central cell. Additionally, the pollen tube must maintain structural integrity in these compact environments, while responding to positional guidance cues that lead the pollen tube to its destination. Here, we discuss the nature of these physical barriers as well as efforts to genetically and cellularly identify the factors that allow pollen tubes to successfully, specifically, and quickly circumnavigate them.
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Westermann J. Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party-Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112382. [PMID: 34834745 PMCID: PMC8623246 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent 're-discovery' throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Westermann
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Laggoun F, Ali N, Tourneur S, Prudent G, Gügi B, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Mareck A, Cruz F, Yvin JC, Nguema-Ona E, Mollet JC, Jamois F, Lehner A. Two Carbohydrate-Based Natural Extracts Stimulate in vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Tomato Under Cold Temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:552515. [PMID: 34691089 PMCID: PMC8529017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.552515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, it is widely accepted by the scientific community that many agricultural regions will experience more extreme temperature fluctuations. These stresses will undoubtedly impact crop production, particularly fruit and seed yields. In fact, pollination is considered as one of the most temperature-sensitive phases of plant development and until now, except for the time-consuming and costly processes of genetic breeding, there is no immediate alternative to address this issue. In this work, we used a multidisciplinary approach using physiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques for studying the effects of two carbohydrate-based natural activators on in vitro tomato pollen germination and pollen tube growth cultured in vitro under cold conditions. Under mild and strong cold temperatures, these two carbohydrate-based compounds significantly enhanced pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The two biostimulants did not induce significant changes in the classical molecular markers implicated in pollen tube growth. Neither the number of callose plugs nor the CALLOSE SYNTHASE genes expression were significantly different between the control and the biostimulated pollen tubes when pollens were cultivated under cold conditions. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE (PME) activities were also similar but a basic PME isoform was not produced or inactive in pollen grown at 8°C. Nevertheless, NADPH oxidase (RBOH) gene expression was correlated with a higher number of viable pollen tubes in biostimulated pollen tubes compared to the control. Our results showed that the two carbohydrate-based products were able to reduce in vitro the effect of cold temperatures on tomato pollen tube growth and at least for one of them to modulate reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdousse Laggoun
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Sanofi Pasteur, Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Nusrat Ali
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Sabine Tourneur
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Grégoire Prudent
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Cruz
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Frank Jamois
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
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26
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Robinson R, Sollapura V, Couroux P, Sprott D, Ravensdale M, Routly E, Xing T, Robert LS. The Brassica mature pollen and stigma proteomes: preparing to meet. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1546-1568. [PMID: 33650121 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful pollination in Brassica brings together the mature pollen grain and stigma papilla, initiating an intricate series of molecular processes meant to eventually enable sperm cell delivery for fertilization and reproduction. At maturity, the pollen and stigma cells have acquired proteomes, comprising the primary molecular effectors required upon their meeting. Knowledge of the roles and global composition of these proteomes in Brassica species is largely lacking. To address this gap, gel-free shotgun proteomics was performed on the mature pollen and stigma of Brassica carinata, a representative of the Brassica family and its many crop species (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa) that holds considerable potential as a bio-industrial crop. A total of 5608 and 7703 B. carinata mature pollen and stigma proteins were identified, respectively. The pollen and stigma proteomes were found to reflect not only their many common functional and developmental objectives, but also the important differences underlying their cellular specialization. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was exploited in the first analysis of a developing Brassicaceae stigma, and revealed 251 B. carinata proteins that were differentially abundant during stigma maturation, providing insight into proteins involved in the initial phases of pollination. Corresponding pollen and stigma transcriptomes were also generated, highlighting functional divergences between the proteome and transcriptome during different stages of pollen-stigma interaction. This study illustrates the investigative potential of combining the most comprehensive Brassicaceae pollen and stigma proteomes to date with iTRAQ and transcriptome data to provide a unique global perspective of pollen and stigma development and interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Robinson
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Vishwanath Sollapura
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Philippe Couroux
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Dave Sprott
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Michael Ravensdale
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Routly
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tim Xing
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
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27
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Borassi C, Sede AR, Mecchia MA, Mangano S, Marzol E, Denita-Juarez SP, Salgado Salter JD, Velasquez SM, Muschietti JP, Estevez JM. Proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases PERK5 and PERK12 are involved in pollen tube growth. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2593-2607. [PMID: 34427925 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases (PERKs) belong to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily known to be involved in many plant developmental processes. Here, we characterized two pollen-expressed PERKs from Arabidopsis thaliana, PERK5 and PERK12. Pollen tube growth was impaired in single and double perk5-1 perk12-1 loss of function mutants, with an impact on seed production. When the segregation was analysed, a male gametophytic defect was found, indicating that perk5-1 and perk12-1 mutants carry deficient pollen transmission. Furthermore, perk5-1 perk12-1 displayed an excessive accumulation of pectins and cellulose at the cell wall of the pollen tubes. Our results indicate that PERK5 and PERK12 are necessary for proper pollen tube growth, highlighting their role in cell wall assembly and reactive oxygen species homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-UBA CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana R Sede
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, "Dr. Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Mecchia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-UBA CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina P Denita-Juarez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-UBA CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan D Salgado Salter
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-UBA CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jorge P Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, "Dr. Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-UBA CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello and ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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28
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Chen F, Wang C, Yue L, Zhu L, Tang J, Yu X, Cao X, Schröder P, Wang Z. Cell Walls Are Remodeled to Alleviate nY 2O 3 Cytotoxicity by Elaborate Regulation of de Novo Synthesis and Vesicular Transport. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13166-13177. [PMID: 34339172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Yttrium oxide nanoparticles (nY2O3), one of the broadly used rare earth nanoparticles, can interact with plants and possibly cause plant health and environmental impacts, but the plant defense response particularly at the nanoparticle-cell interface is largely unknown. To elucidate this, Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension-cultured cells were exposed to 50 mg L-1 nY2O3 (30 nm) for 12 h. Although 42.2% of the nY2O3 remained outside of protoplasts, nY2O3 could still traverse the cell wall and was partially deposited inside the vacuole. In addition to growth inhibition, morphological and compositional changes in cell walls occurred. Together with a locally thickened (7-13-fold) cell wall, increased content (up to 58%) of pectin and reduction in (up to 29%) hemicellulose were observed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in cell wall metabolism and remodeling were highly regulated in response to nY2O3 stress. Expression of genes for pectin synthesis and degradation was up- and down-regulated by 31-78% and 13-42%, respectively, and genes for xyloglucan and pectin modifications were up- and down-regulated by 82% and 81-92%, respectively. Interestingly, vesicle trafficking seemed to be activated, enabling the repair and defense against nY2O3 disturbance. Our findings indicate that, although nY2O3 generated toxicity on BY-2 cells, it is very likely that during the recovery process cell wall remodeling was initiated to gain resistance to nY2O3 stress, demonstrating the plant's cellular regulatory machinery regarding repair and adaptation to nanoparticles like nY2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junfeng Tang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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29
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Althiab-Almasaud R, Chen Y, Maza E, Djari A, Frasse P, Mollet JC, Mazars C, Jamet E, Chervin C. Ethylene signaling modulates tomato pollen tube growth through modifications of cell wall remodeling and calcium gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:893-908. [PMID: 34036648 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene modulates plant developmental processes including flower development. Previous studies have suggested ethylene participates in pollen tube (PT) elongation, and both ethylene production and perception seem critical at the time of fertilization. The full gene set regulated by ethylene during PT growth is unknown. To study this, we used various EThylene Receptor (ETR) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants: etr3-ko, a loss-of-function (LOF) mutant; and NR (NEVER RIPE), a gain-of-function (GOF) mutant. The etr3-ko PTs grew faster than wild-type (WT) PTs. Oppositely, NR PT elongation was slower than in WT, and PTs displayed larger diameters. ETR mutations result in feedback control of ethylene production. Furthermore, ethylene treatment of germinating pollen grains increased PT length in etr-ko mutants and WT, but not in NR. Treatment with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene decreased PT length in etr-ko mutants and WT, but had no effect on NR. This confirmed that ethylene regulates PT growth. The comparison of PT transcriptomes in LOF and GOF mutants, etr3-ko and NR, both harboring mutations of the ETR3 gene, revealed that ethylene perception has major impacts on cell wall- and calcium-related genes as confirmed by microscopic observations showing a modified distribution of the methylesterified homogalacturonan pectic motif and of calcium load. Our results establish links between PT growth, ethylene, calcium, and cell wall metabolism, and also constitute a transcriptomic resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Althiab-Almasaud
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Yi Chen
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, SFR NORVEGE, Innovation Chimie Carnot, Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Rouen, France
| | - Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Christian Chervin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP-ENSAT, INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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30
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Jaffri SRF, MacAlister CA. Sequential Deposition and Remodeling of Cell Wall Polymers During Tomato Pollen Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703713. [PMID: 34386029 PMCID: PMC8354551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall of a mature pollen grain is a highly specialized, multilayered structure. The outer, sporopollenin-based exine provides protection and support to the pollen grain, while the inner intine, composed primarily of cellulose, is important for pollen germination. The formation of the mature pollen grain wall takes place within the anther with contributions of cell wall material from both the developing pollen grain as well as the surrounding cells of the tapetum. The process of wall development is complex; multiple cell wall polymers are deposited, some transiently, in a controlled sequence of events. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important agricultural crop, which requires successful fertilization for fruit production as do many other members of the Solanaceae family. Despite the importance of pollen development for tomato, little is known about the detailed pollen gain wall developmental process. Here, we describe the structure of the tomato pollen wall and establish a developmental timeline of its formation. Mature tomato pollen is released from the anther in a dehydrated state and is tricolpate, with three long apertures without overlaying exine from which the pollen tube may emerge. Using histology and immunostaining, we determined the order in which key cell wall polymers were deposited with respect to overall pollen and anther development. Pollen development began in young flower buds when the premeiotic microspore mother cells (MMCs) began losing their cellulose primary cell wall. Following meiosis, the still conjoined microspores progressed to the tetrad stage characterized by a temporary, thick callose wall. Breakdown of the callose wall released the individual early microspores. Exine deposition began with the secretion of the sporopollenin foot layer. At the late microspore stage, exine deposition was completed and the tapetum degenerated. The pollen underwent mitosis to produce bicellular pollen; at which point, intine formation began, continuing through to pollen maturation. The entire cell wall development process was also punctuated by dynamic changes in pectin composition, particularly changes in methyl-esterified and de-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan.
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31
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Cruz-Valderrama JE, Bernal-Gallardo JJ, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S. Building a Flower: The Influence of Cell Wall Composition on Flower Development and Reproduction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070978. [PMID: 34206830 PMCID: PMC8304806 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral patterning is a complex task. Various organs and tissues must be formed to fulfill reproductive functions. Flower development has been studied, mainly looking for master regulators. However, downstream changes such as the cell wall composition are relevant since they allow cells to divide, differentiate, and grow. In this review, we focus on the main components of the primary cell wall-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins-to describe how enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation of cell wall components are related to the formation of the floral organs. Additionally, internal and external stimuli participate in the genetic regulation that modulates the activity of cell wall remodeling proteins.
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32
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Tonnabel J, David P, Janicke T, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Pannell JR, Dufay M. The Scope for Postmating Sexual Selection in Plants. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:556-567. [PMID: 33775429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is known to shape plant traits that affect access to mates during the pollination phase, but it is less well understood to what extent it affects traits relevant to interactions between pollen and pistils after pollination. This is surprising, because both of the two key modes of sexual selection, male-male competition and female choice, could plausibly operate during pollen-pistil interactions where physical male-female contact occurs. Here, we consider how the key processes of sexual selection might affect traits involved in pollen-pistil interactions, including 'Fisherian runaway' and 'good-genes' models. We review aspects of the molecular and cellular biology of pollen-pistil interactions on which sexual selection could act and point to research that is needed to investigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Tonnabel
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrice David
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim Janicke
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; Applied Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (GlycoMEV), SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Carnot I2C, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (GlycoMEV), SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Carnot I2C, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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33
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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Wu M, Haak DC, Anderson GJ, Hahn MW, Moyle LC, Guerrero RF. Inferring the Genetic Basis of Sex Determination from the Genome of a Dioecious Nightshade. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2946-2957. [PMID: 33769517 PMCID: PMC8233512 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the genetic mechanisms underlying dioecy (i.e., separate female and male individuals) is critical for understanding the evolution of this pervasive reproductive strategy. Nonetheless, the genetic basis of sex determination remains unclear in many cases, especially in systems where dioecy has arisen recently. Within the economically important plant genus Solanum (∼2,000 species), dioecy is thought to have evolved independently at least 4 times across roughly 20 species. Here, we generate the first genome sequence of a dioecious Solanum and use it to ascertain the genetic basis of sex determination in this species. We de novo assembled and annotated the genome of Solanum appendiculatum (assembly size: ∼750 Mb scaffold N50: 0.92 Mb; ∼35,000 genes), identified sex-specific sequences and their locations in the genome, and inferred that males in this species are the heterogametic sex. We also analyzed gene expression patterns in floral tissues of males and females, finding approximately 100 genes that are differentially expressed between the sexes. These analyses, together with observed patterns of gene-family evolution specific to S. appendiculatum, consistently implicate a suite of genes from the regulatory network controlling pectin degradation and modification in the expression of sex. Furthermore, the genome of a species with a relatively young sex-determination system provides the foundational resources for future studies on the independent evolution of dioecy in this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David C Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Leonie C Moyle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rafael F Guerrero
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Flores-Tornero M, Wang L, Potěšil D, Hafidh S, Vogler F, Zdráhal Z, Honys D, Sprunck S, Dresselhaus T. Comparative analyses of angiosperm secretomes identify apoplastic pollen tube functions and novel secreted peptides. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:47-60. [PMID: 33258014 PMCID: PMC7902602 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Analyses of secretomes of in vitro grown pollen tubes from Amborella, maize and tobacco identified many components of processes associated with the cell wall, signaling and metabolism as well as novel small secreted peptides. Flowering plants (angiosperms) generate pollen grains that germinate on the stigma and produce tubes to transport their sperm cells cargo deep into the maternal reproductive tissues toward the ovules for a double fertilization process. During their journey, pollen tubes secrete many proteins (secreted proteome or secretome) required, for example, for communication with the maternal reproductive tissues, to build a solid own cell wall that withstands their high turgor pressure while softening simultaneously maternal cell wall tissue. The composition and species specificity or family specificity of the pollen tube secretome is poorly understood. Here, we provide a suitable method to obtain the pollen tube secretome from in vitro grown pollen tubes of the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda (Amborella) and the Poaceae model maize. The previously published secretome of tobacco pollen tubes was used as an example of eudicotyledonous plants in this comparative study. The secretome of the three species is each strongly different compared to the respective protein composition of pollen grains and tubes. In Amborella and maize, about 40% proteins are secreted by the conventional "classic" pathway and 30% by unconventional pathways. The latter pathway is expanded in tobacco. Proteins enriched in the secretome are especially involved in functions associated with the cell wall, cell surface, energy and lipid metabolism, proteolysis and redox processes. Expansins, pectin methylesterase inhibitors and RALFs are enriched in maize, while tobacco secretes many proteins involved, for example, in proteolysis and signaling. While the majority of proteins detected in the secretome occur also in pollen grains and pollen tubes, and correlate in the number of mapped peptides with relative gene expression levels, some novel secreted small proteins were identified. Moreover, the identification of secreted proteins containing pro-peptides indicates that these are processed in the apoplast. In conclusion, we provide a proteome resource from three distinct angiosperm clades that can be utilized among others to study the localization, abundance and processing of known secreted proteins and help to identify novel pollen tube secreted proteins for functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Flores-Tornero
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Potěšil
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Said Hafidh
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Vogler
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Two Expansin Genes, AtEXPA4 and AtEXPB5, Are Redundantly Required for Pollen Tube Growth and AtEXPA4 Is Involved in Primary Root Elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020249. [PMID: 33578704 PMCID: PMC7916401 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of plant cells is inseparable from relaxation and expansion of cell walls. Expansins are a class of cell wall binding proteins, which play important roles in the relaxation of cell walls. Although there are many members in expansin gene family, the functions of most expansin genes in plant growth and development are still poorly understood. In this study, the functions of two expansin genes, AtEXPA4 and AtEXPB5 were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtEXPA4 and AtEXPB5 displayed consistent expression patterns in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes, but AtEXPA4 also showed a high expression level in primary roots. Two single mutants, atexpa4 and atexpb5, showed normal reproductive development, whereas atexpa4atexpb5 double mutant was defective in pollen tube growth. Moreover, AtEXPA4 overexpression enhanced primary root elongation, on the contrary, knocking out AtEXPA4 made the growth of primary root slower. Our results indicated that AtEXPA4 and AtEXPB5 were redundantly involved in pollen tube growth and AtEXPA4 was required for primary root elongation.
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Cascallares M, Setzes N, Marchetti F, López GA, Distéfano AM, Cainzos M, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. A Complex Journey: Cell Wall Remodeling, Interactions, and Integrity During Pollen Tube Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599247. [PMID: 33329663 PMCID: PMC7733995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo a journey that starts in the stigma and ends in the ovule with the delivery of the sperm cells to achieve double fertilization. The pollen cell wall plays an essential role to accomplish all the steps required for the successful delivery of the male gametes. This extended path involves female tissue recognition, rapid hydration and germination, polar growth, and a tight regulation of cell wall synthesis and modification, as its properties change not only along the pollen tube but also in response to guidance cues inside the pistil. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell wall synthesis and modification during pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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38
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Chen SY, Zhang JW, Wei XM, Tao KL, Niu YZ, Pan L, Zheng YY, Ma WG, Wang MQ, Ou XK, Liao JG. The morphological and physiological basis of delayed pollination overcoming pre-fertilization cross-incompatibility in Nicotiana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:1002-1012. [PMID: 32772426 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Delayed pollination is widely used to overcome pre-fertilization incompatibility, but its regulatory mechanisms are unclear. When Nicotiana tabacum was cross-pollinated with pollen of N. alata, the incompatibility occurring in the basal 1/4 region of the style (pollinated at anthesis: 0-day-old pistil) was overcome by delayed pollination (of 6-day-old pistil), and the morphological changes and corresponding physiological basis are explored here. The structure and ultrastructure of the pistil were observed under fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Differentially expressed proteins were screened with a monoclonal antibody chip for Nicotiana, and protein expression and distribution were analysed by immunofluorescence. Cellulase and pectinase activities were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The style of Nicotiana is solid in the basal region and pollen tubes grow in the extracellular spaces (ECM) of the transmitting tissue (TTS) cells. Seven of the 22 identified proteins were cell wall-associated proteins and were expressed at higher levels during pistil senescence. Cellulase and pectinase activities increased. The TTS cells in the basal 1/4 region of the 0-day-old style were polygonal and tightly arranged, with narrow ECM, but these were oval or partially dissolved in the 6-day-old pistil, leading to wider ECM and richer secretions. The increased expression of cell wall proteins and enhanced enzyme activity during pistil senescence might partially be responsible for the cells becoming oval and the ECM enlarged, providing the morphological basis for delayed pollination overcoming the pre-fertilization incompatibility between N. tabacum and N. alata.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - J-W Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - X-M Wei
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - K-L Tao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Y-Z Niu
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - L Pan
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Y-Y Zheng
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, China
| | - W-G Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, China
| | | | - X-K Ou
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - J-G Liao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases & Pests, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Scholz P, Anstatt J, Krawczyk HE, Ischebeck T. Signalling Pinpointed to the Tip: The Complex Regulatory Network That Allows Pollen Tube Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1098. [PMID: 32859043 PMCID: PMC7569787 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants display a complex life cycle, alternating between haploid and diploid generations. During fertilisation, the haploid sperm cells are delivered to the female gametophyte by pollen tubes, specialised structures elongating by tip growth, which is based on an equilibrium between cell wall-reinforcing processes and turgor-driven expansion. One important factor of this equilibrium is the rate of pectin secretion mediated and regulated by factors including the exocyst complex and small G proteins. Critically important are also non-proteinaceous molecules comprising protons, calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and signalling lipids. Among the latter, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the kinases involved in its formation have been assigned important functions. The negatively charged headgroup of this lipid serves as an interaction point at the apical plasma membrane for partners such as the exocyst complex, thereby polarising the cell and its secretion processes. Another important signalling lipid is phosphatidic acid (PA), that can either be formed by the combination of phospholipases C and diacylglycerol kinases or by phospholipases D. It further fine-tunes pollen tube growth, for example by regulating ROS formation. How the individual signalling cues are intertwined or how external guidance cues are integrated to facilitate directional growth remain open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
| | | | | | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
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40
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Ye J, Yang X, Yang Z, Niu F, Chen Y, Zhang L, Song X. Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:31. [PMID: 32740680 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four polygalacturonase gene family members were highlighted that contribute to elucidate the roles of polygalacturonase during the fertility conversion process in male-sterile wheat. Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. Specific expressed PGs in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but they have not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified, which could be classified into six categories A-F according to their structure characteristics and phylogenetic comparisons with Arabidopsis and rice. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were proved to be mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics, in which 12 TaPGs with spike-specific expression patterns were detected by qRT-PCR in different fertility anthers of KTM3315A, a thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat. Four of them specific upregulated (TaPG09, TaPG95, and TaPG93) or downregulated (TaPG87) at trinucleate stage of fertile anthers, and further aligning with the homologous in Arabidopsis revealed that they may undertake functions such as anther dehiscence, separation of pollen, pollen development, and pollen tube elongation, thereby inducing male fertility conversion in KTM3315A. These findings facilitate function investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ye
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Grebnev G, Cvitkovic M, Fritz C, Cai G, Smith AS, Kost B. Quantitative Structural Organization of Bulk Apical Membrane Traffic in Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1559-1585. [PMID: 32482906 PMCID: PMC7401101 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube tip growth depends on balancing secretion of cell wall material with endocytic recycling of excess material incorporated into the plasma membrane (PM). The classical model of tip growth, which predicts bulk secretion, occurs apically, and is compensated by subapical endocytosis, has been challenged in recent years. Many signaling proteins and lipids with important functions in the regulation of membrane traffic underlying tip growth associate with distinct regions of the pollen tube PM, and understanding the mechanisms responsible for the targeting of these regulatory factors to specific PM domains requires quantitative information concerning the sites of bulk secretion and endocytosis. Here, we quantitatively characterized the spatial organization of membrane traffic during tip growth by analyzing steady-state distributions and dynamics of FM4-64-labeled lipids and YFP-tagged transmembrane (TM) proteins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes growing normally or treated with Brefeldin A to block secretion. We established that (1) secretion delivers TM proteins and recycled membrane lipids to the same apical PM domain, and (2) FM4-64-labeled lipids, but not the analyzed TM proteins, undergo endocytic recycling within a clearly defined subapical region. We mathematically modeled the steady-state PM distributions of all analyzed markers to better understand differences between them and to support the experimental data. Finally, we mapped subapical F-actin fringe and trans-Golgi network positioning relative to sites of bulk secretion and endocytosis to further characterize functions of these structures in apical membrane traffic. Our results support and further define the classical model of apical membrane traffic at the tip of elongating pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Grebnev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mislav Cvitkovic
- PULS Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carolin Fritz
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ana-Suncana Smith
- PULS Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benedikt Kost
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Herger A, Dünser K, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C. Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensin Proteins and Their Role in Cell Wall Sensing. Curr Biol 2020; 29:R851-R858. [PMID: 31505187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides shape and physically limits cell expansion. To sense the environment and status of cell wall structures, plants have evolved cell wall integrity-sensing mechanisms that involve a number of receptors at the plasma membrane. These receptors can bind cell wall components and/or hormones to coordinate processes in the cell wall and the cytoplasm. This review focuses on the role of leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRXs) during cell wall development. LRXs are chimeric proteins that insolubilize in the cell wall and form protein-protein interaction platforms. LRXs bind RALF peptide hormones that modify cell wall expansion and also directly interact with the transmembrane receptor FERONIA, which is involved in cell growth regulation. LRX proteins, therefore, also represent a link between the cell wall and plasma membrane, perceiving extracellular signals and indirectly relaying this information to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Herger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hocq L, Guinand S, Habrylo O, Voxeur A, Tabi W, Safran J, Fournet F, Domon JM, Mollet JC, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Lehner A, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. The exogenous application of AtPGLR, an endo-polygalacturonase, triggers pollen tube burst and repair. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:617-633. [PMID: 32215973 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall remodeling plays a key role in the control of cell elongation and differentiation. In particular, fine-tuning of the degree of methylesterification of pectins was previously reported to control developmental processes as diverse as pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, emergence of primordia or elongation of dark-grown hypocotyls. However, how pectin degradation can modulate plant development has remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a polygalacturonase (PG), AtPGLR, the gene for which is highly expressed at the onset of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. Due to gene compensation mechanisms, mutant approaches failed to determine the involvement of AtPGLR in plant growth. To overcome this issue, AtPGLR has been expressed heterologously in the yeast Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. We showed that AtPGLR is an endo-PG that preferentially releases non-methylesterified oligogalacturonides with a short degree of polymerization (< 8) at acidic pH. The application of the purified recombinant protein on Amaryllis pollen tubes, an excellent model for studying cell wall remodeling at acidic pH, induced abnormal pollen tubes or cytoplasmic leakage in the subapical dome of the pollen tube tip, where non-methylesterified pectin epitopes are detected. Those leaks could either be repaired by new β-glucan deposits (mostly callose) in the cell wall or promoted dramatic burst of the pollen tube. Our work presents the full biochemical characterization of an Arabidopsis PG and highlights the importance of pectin integrity in pollen tube elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Guinand
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Wafae Tabi
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
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Mayorga-Gómez A, Nambeesan SU. Temporal expression patterns of fruit-specific α- EXPANSINS during cell expansion in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:241. [PMID: 32466743 PMCID: PMC7254744 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expansins (EXPs) facilitate non-enzymatic cell wall loosening during several phases of plant growth and development including fruit growth, internode expansion, pollen tube growth, leaf and root development, and during abiotic stress responses. In this study, the spatial and temporal expression patterns of C. annuum α- EXPANSIN (CaEXPA) genes were characterized. Additionally, fruit-specific CaEXPA expression was correlated with the rate of cell expansion during bell pepper fruit development. RESULTS Spatial expression patterns revealed that CaEXPA13 was up-regulated in vegetative tissues and flowers, with the most abundant expression in mature leaves. Expression of CaEXPA4 was associated with stems and roots. CaEXPA3 was expressed abundantly in flower at anthesis suggesting a role for CaEXPA3 in flower development. Temporal expression analysis revealed that 9 out of the 21 genes were highly expressed during fruit development. Of these, expression of six genes, CaEXPA5, CaEXPA7, CaEXPA12, CaEXPA14 CaEXPA17 and CaEXPA19 were abundant 7 to 21 days after anthesis (DAA), whereas CaEXPA6 was strongly expressed between 14 and 28 DAA. Further, this study revealed that fruit growth and cell expansion occur throughout bell pepper development until ripening, with highest rates of fruit growth and cell expansion occurring between 7 and 14 DAA. The expression of CaEXPA14 and CaEXPA19 positively correlated with the rate of cell expansion, suggesting their role in post-mitotic cell expansion-mediated growth of the bell pepper fruit. In this study, a ripening specific EXP transcript, CaEXPA9 was identified, suggesting its role in cell wall disassembly during ripening. CONCLUSIONS This is the first genome-wide study of CaEXPA expression during fruit growth and development. Identification of fruit-specific EXPAs suggest their importance in facilitating cell expansion during growth and cell wall loosening during ripening in bell pepper. These EXPA genes could be important targets for future manipulation of fruit size and ripening characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Mayorga-Gómez
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Savithri U Nambeesan
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Guerriero G, Piasecki E, Berni R, Xu X, Legay S, Hausman JF. Identification of Callose Synthases in Stinging Nettle and Analysis of Their Expression in Different Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113853. [PMID: 32481765 PMCID: PMC7313033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Callose is an important biopolymer of β-1,3-linked glucose units involved in different phases of plant development, reproduction and response to external stimuli. It is synthesized by glycosyltransferases (GTs) known as callose synthases (CalS) belonging to family 48 in the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) database. These GTs are anchored to the plasma membrane via transmembrane domains. Several genes encoding CalS have been characterized in higher plants with 12 reported in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Recently, the de novo transcriptome of a fibre-producing clone of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) was published and here it is mined for CalS genes with the aim of identifying members differentially expressed in the core and cortical tissues of the stem. The goal is to understand whether specific CalS genes are associated with distinct developmental stages of the stem internodes (elongation, thickening). Nine genes, eight of which encoding full-length CalS, are identified in stinging nettle. The phylogenetic analysis with CalS proteins from other fibre crops, namely textile hemp and flax, reveals grouping into 6 clades. The expression profiles in nettle tissues (roots, leaves, stem internodes sampled at different heights) reveal differences that are most noteworthy in roots vs. leaves. Two CalS are differentially expressed in the internodes sampled at the top and middle of the stem. Implications of their role in nettle stem tissue development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (E.P.); (X.X.); (S.L.); (J.-F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-275-888-5096; Fax: +352-275-8885
| | - Emilie Piasecki
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (E.P.); (X.X.); (S.L.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Xuan Xu
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (E.P.); (X.X.); (S.L.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (E.P.); (X.X.); (S.L.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (E.P.); (X.X.); (S.L.); (J.-F.H.)
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Dual functions of Expansin in cell wall extension and compression during cotton fiber development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu W, Lyu T, Xu L, Hu Z, Xiong X, Liu T, Cao J. Complex Molecular Evolution and Expression of Expansin Gene Families in Three Basic Diploid Species of Brassica. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103424. [PMID: 32408673 PMCID: PMC7279145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansins are a kind of structural proteins of the plant cell wall, and they enlarge cells by loosening the cell walls. Therefore, expansins are involved in many growth and development processes. The complete genomic sequences of Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica nigra provide effective platforms for researchers to study expansin genes, and can be compared with analogues in Arabidopsis thaliana. This study identified and characterized expansin families in B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra. Through the comparative analysis of phylogeny, gene structure, and physicochemical properties, the expansin families were divided into four subfamilies, and then their expansion patterns and evolution details were explored accordingly. Results showed that after the three species underwent independent evolution following their separation from A. thaliana, the expansin families in the three species had increased similarities but fewer divergences. By searching divergences of promoters and coding sequences, significant positive correlations were revealed among orthologs in A. thaliana and the three basic species. Subsequently, differential expressions indicated extensive functional divergences in the expansin families of the three species, especially in reproductive development. Hence, these results support the molecular evolution of basic Brassica species, potential functions of these genes, and genetic improvement of related crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimiao Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianqi Lyu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liai Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingpeng Xiong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.L.); (T.L.); (L.X.); (Z.H.); (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8898-2597
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Genome-Wide Study of the GATL Gene Family in Gossypium hirsutum L. Reveals that GhGATL Genes Act on Pectin Synthesis to Regulate Plant Growth and Fiber Elongation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010064. [PMID: 31935825 PMCID: PMC7016653 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a major polysaccharide component that promotes plant growth and fiber elongation in cotton. In previous studies, the galacturonosyltransferase-like (GATL) gene family has been shown to be involved in pectin synthesis. However, few studies have been performed on cotton GATL genes. Here, a total of 33, 17, and 16 GATL genes were respectively identified in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum. In multiple plant species, phylogenetic analysis divided GATL genes into five groups named GATL-a to GATL-e, and the number of groups was found to gradually change over evolution. Whole genome duplication (WGD) and segmental duplication played a significant role in the expansion of the GATL gene family in G. hirsutum. Selection pressure analyses revealed that GATL-a and GATL-b groups underwent a great positive selection pressure during evolution. Moreover, the expression patterns revealed that most of highly expressed GhGATL genes belong to GATL-a and GATL-b groups, which have more segmental duplications and larger positive selection value, suggesting that these genes may play an important role in the evolution of cotton plants. We overexpressed GhGATL2, GhGATL9, GhGATL12, and GhGATL15 in Arabidopsis and silenced the GhGATL15 gene in cotton through a virus induced gene silencing assay (VIGS). The transgenic and VIGS lines showed significant differences in stem diameter, epidermal hair length, stamen length, seed size, and fiber length than the control plant. In addition, the pectin content test proved that the pectin was significantly increased in the transgenic lines and reduced in VIGS plants, demonstrating that GhGATL genes have similar functions and act on the pectin synthesis to regulate plant growth and fiber elongation. In summary, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GhGATL genes in G. hirsutum including evolution, structure and function, in order to better understand GhGATL genes in cotton for further studies.
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Lund CH, Stenbæk A, Atmodjo MA, Rasmussen RE, Moller IE, Erstad SM, Biswal AK, Mohnen D, Mravec J, Sakuragi Y. Pectin Synthesis and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis Involves Three GAUT1 Golgi-Anchoring Proteins: GAUT5, GAUT6, and GAUT7. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:585774. [PMID: 33072156 PMCID: PMC7533613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.585774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The major cell wall pectic glycan homogalacturonan (HG) is crucial for plant growth, development, and reproduction. HG synthesis occurs in the Golgi and is catalyzed by members of the galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) family with GAUT1 being the archetypal and best studied family member. In Arabidopsis suspension culture cells and tobacco leaves, the Golgi localization of Arabidopsis GAUT1 has been shown to require protein-protein interactions with its homolog GAUT7. Here we show that in pollen tubes GAUT5 and GAUT6, homologs of GAUT7, also target GAUT1 to the Golgi apparatus. Pollen tube germination and elongation in double homozygous knock-out mutants (gaut5 gaut6, gaut5 gaut7, and gaut6 gaut7) are moderately impaired, whereas gaut5 -/- gaut6 -/- gaut7 +/- triple mutant is severely impaired and male infertile. Amounts and distributions of methylesterified HG in the pollen tube tip were severely distorted in the double and heterozygous triple mutants. A chimeric protein comprising GAUT1 and a non-cleavable membrane anchor domain was able to partially restore pollen tube germination and elongation and to reverse male sterility in the triple mutant. These results indicate that GAUT5, GAUT6, and GAUT7 are required for synthesis of native HG in growing pollen tubes and have critical roles in pollen tube growth and male fertility in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Have Lund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Stenbæk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Randi Engelberth Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Isabel E. Moller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Simon Matthé Erstad
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ajaya Kumar Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec,
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Pawełkowicz M, Pryszcz L, Skarzyńska A, Wóycicki RK, Posyniak K, Rymuszka J, Przybecki Z, Pląder W. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals new molecular pathways for cucumber genes related to sex determination. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:193-216. [PMID: 30719568 PMCID: PMC6500512 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome data and qPCR analysis revealed new insight into genes regulatory mechanism related to cucumber sex determination. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important crop cultivated worldwide. Enhancing the genomic resources for cucumber may enable the regulation of traits relevant to crop productivity and quality. Sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools provide opportunities for the development of such resources. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the genes involved in sex determination and flower morphogenesis in cucumber isogenic lines that differed regarding flower sex type. We obtained transcripts for 933 genes related to shoot apex development, among which 310 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the male, female, and hermaphroditic lines. We performed gene ontology and molecular network analyses and explored the DEGs related to already known processes like: hormone synthesis and signaling, lipid and sugar metabolism; and also newly discovered processes related to cell wall, membrane, and cytoskeleton modifications; ion homeostasis which appears to be important for ethylene perception and signaling, and genes expression mediated by transcription factors related to floral organ identities. We proposed a new model of regulatory mechanism network of sex development in cucumber. Our results may be useful for clarifying the molecular genetics and the functional mechanisms underlying the sex determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pawełkowicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Pryszcz
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Developmental Genomics, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skarzyńska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał K Wóycicki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kacper Posyniak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Rymuszka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Przybecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pląder
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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