1
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Boehm T. Understanding vertebrate immunity through comparative immunology. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01083-9. [PMID: 39317775 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary immunology has entered a new era. Classical studies, using just a handful of model animal species, combined with clinical observations, provided an outline of how innate and adaptive immunity work together to ensure tissue homeostasis and to coordinate the fight against infections. However, revolutionary advances in cellular and molecular biology, genomics and methods of genetic modification now offer unprecedented opportunities. They provide immunologists with the possibility to consider, at unprecedented scale, the impact of the astounding phenotypic diversity of vertebrates on immune system function. This Perspective is intended to highlight some of the many interesting, but largely unexplored, biological phenomena that are related to immune function among the roughly 60,000 existing vertebrate species. Importantly, hypotheses arising from such wide-ranging comparative studies can be tested in representative and genetically tractable species. The emerging general principles and the discovery of their evolutionarily selected variations may inspire the future development of novel therapeutic strategies for human immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Wilson CA, Batzel P, Postlethwait JH. Direct male development in chromosomally ZZ zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1362228. [PMID: 38529407 PMCID: PMC10961373 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1362228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetics of sex determination varies across taxa, sometimes even within a species. Major domesticated strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio), including AB and TU, lack a strong genetic sex determining locus, but strains more recently derived from nature, like Nadia (NA), possess a ZZ male/ZW female chromosomal sex-determination system. AB fish pass through a juvenile ovary stage, forming oocytes that survive in fish that become females but die in fish that become males. To understand mechanisms of gonad development in NA zebrafish, we studied histology and single cell transcriptomics in developing ZZ and ZW fish. ZW fish developed oocytes by 22 days post-fertilization (dpf) but ZZ fish directly formed testes, avoiding a juvenile ovary phase. Gonads of some ZW and WW fish, however, developed oocytes that died as the gonad became a testis, mimicking AB fish, suggesting that the gynogenetically derived AB strain is chromosomally WW. Single-cell RNA-seq of 19dpf gonads showed similar cell types in ZZ and ZW fish, including germ cells, precursors of gonadal support cells, steroidogenic cells, interstitial/stromal cells, and immune cells, consistent with a bipotential juvenile gonad. In contrast, scRNA-seq of 30dpf gonads revealed that cells in ZZ gonads had transcriptomes characteristic of testicular Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells while ZW gonads had granulosa cells, theca cells, and developing oocytes. Hematopoietic and vascular cells were similar in both sex genotypes. These results show that juvenile NA zebrafish initially develop a bipotential gonad; that a factor on the NA W chromosome, or fewer than two Z chromosomes, is essential to initiate oocyte development; and without the W factor, or with two Z doses, NA gonads develop directly into testes without passing through the juvenile ovary stage. Sex determination in AB and TU strains mimics NA ZW and WW zebrafish, suggesting loss of the Z chromosome during domestication. Genetic analysis of the NA strain will facilitate our understanding of the evolution of sex determination mechanisms.
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3
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Lawir DF, Soza-Ried C, Iwanami N, Siamishi I, Bylund GO, O Meara C, Sikora K, Kanzler B, Johansson E, Schorpp M, Cauchy P, Boehm T. Antagonistic interactions safeguard mitotic propagation of genetic and epigenetic information in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2024; 7:31. [PMID: 38182651 PMCID: PMC10770094 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The stability of cellular phenotypes in developing organisms depends on error-free transmission of epigenetic and genetic information during mitosis. Methylation of cytosine residues in genomic DNA is a key epigenetic mark that modulates gene expression and prevents genome instability. Here, we report on a genetic test of the relationship between DNA replication and methylation in the context of the developing vertebrate organism instead of cell lines. Our analysis is based on the identification of hypomorphic alleles of dnmt1, encoding the DNA maintenance methylase Dnmt1, and pole1, encoding the catalytic subunit of leading-strand DNA polymerase epsilon holoenzyme (Pole). Homozygous dnmt1 mutants exhibit genome-wide DNA hypomethylation, whereas the pole1 mutation is associated with increased DNA methylation levels. In dnmt1/pole1 double-mutant zebrafish larvae, DNA methylation levels are restored to near normal values, associated with partial rescue of mutant-associated transcriptional changes and phenotypes. Hence, a balancing antagonism between DNA replication and maintenance methylation buffers against replicative errors contributing to the robustness of vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Göran O Bylund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Connor O Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bioinformatic Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benoît Kanzler
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Wilson CA, Batzel P, Postlethwait JH. Direct Male Development in Chromosomally ZZ Zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.27.573483. [PMID: 38234788 PMCID: PMC10793451 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The genetics of sex determination varies across taxa, sometimes even within a species. Major domesticated strains of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), including AB and TU, lack a strong genetic sex determining locus, but strains more recently derived from nature, like Nadia (NA), possess a ZZ male/ZW female chromosomal sex-determination system. AB strain fish pass through a juvenile ovary stage, forming oocytes that survive in fish that become females but die in fish that become males. To understand mechanisms of gonad development in NA zebrafish, we studied histology and single cell transcriptomics in developing ZZ and ZW fish. ZW fish developed oocytes by 22 days post-fertilization (dpf) but ZZ fish directly formed testes, avoiding a juvenile ovary phase. Gonads of some ZW and WW fish, however, developed oocytes that died as the gonad became a testis, mimicking AB fish, suggesting that the gynogenetically derived AB strain is chromosomally WW. Single-cell RNA-seq of 19dpf gonads showed similar cell types in ZZ and ZW fish, including germ cells, precursors of gonadal support cells, steroidogenic cells, interstitial/stromal cells, and immune cells, consistent with a bipotential juvenile gonad. In contrast, scRNA-seq of 30dpf gonads revealed that cells in ZZ gonads had transcriptomes characteristic of testicular Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells while ZW gonads had granulosa cells, theca cells, and developing oocytes. Hematopoietic and vascular cells were similar in both sex genotypes. These results show that juvenile NA zebrafish initially develop a bipotential gonad; that a factor on the NA W chromosome or fewer than two Z chromosomes is essential to initiate oocyte development; and without the W factor or with two Z doses, NA gonads develop directly into testes without passing through the juvenile ovary stage. Sex determination in AB and TU strains mimics NA ZW and WW zebrafish, suggesting loss of the Z chromosome during domestication. Genetic analysis of the NA strain will facilitate our understanding of the evolution of sex determination mechanisms.
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5
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Schorpp M, Swann JB, Hess I, Ho HC, Pietsch TW, Boehm T. Foxn1 is not essential for T-cell development in teleosts. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350725. [PMID: 37724048 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, T-cell development depends on the activity of the Foxn1 transcription factor in the thymic epithelium; mutations in the vertebrate-specific Foxn1 gene are associated with profound T-cell lymphopenia and fatal immunodeficiency. Here, we examined the extent of T-cell development in teleosts lacking a functional foxn1 gene. In zebrafish carrying a deleterious internal deletion of foxn1, reduced but robust lymphopoietic activity is maintained in the mutant thymus. Moreover, pseudogenization or loss of foxn1 in the genomes of deep-sea anglerfishes is independent of the presence or absence of the canonical signatures of the T-cell lineage. Thus, in contrast to the situation in mammals, the teleost thymus can support foxn1-independent lymphopoiesis, most likely through the activity of the Foxn4, an ancient metazoan paralog of Foxn1. Our results imply that during the early stages of vertebrate evolution, genetic control of thymopoiesis was functionally redundant and thus robust; in mammals, the genetic network was reorganized to become uniquely dependent on the FOXN1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hsuan-Ching Ho
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institution of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Theodore W Pietsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Rothschild SC, Lai G, Tombes RM, Clements WK. Constitutively active CaMKII Drives B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma in tp53 mutant zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011102. [PMID: 38117861 PMCID: PMC10766190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer and is a malignancy of T or B lineage lymphoblasts. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels has been observed in patients with ALL, leading to improper activation of downstream signaling. Here we describe a new zebrafish model of B ALL, generated by expressing human constitutively active CaMKII (CA-CaMKII) in tp53 mutant lymphocytes. In this model, B cell hyperplasia in the kidney marrow and spleen progresses to overt leukemia/lymphoma, with only 29% of zebrafish surviving the first year of life. Leukemic fish have reduced productive genomic VDJ recombination in addition to reduced expression and improper splicing of ikaros1, a gene often deleted or mutated in patients with B ALL. Inhibiting CaMKII in human pre-B ALL cells induced cell death, further supporting a role for CaMKII in leukemogenesis. This research provides novel insight into the role of Ca2+-directed signaling in lymphoid malignancy and will be useful in understanding disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Rothschild
- Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Tombes
- Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wilson K. Clements
- Experimental Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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7
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Sakaguchi H, Sato Y, Matsumoto R, Gomikawa J, Yoshida N, Suzuki T, Matsuda M, Iwanami N. Maturation of the medaka immune system depends on reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259519. [PMID: 37767090 PMCID: PMC10520778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the host immune system and intestinal microorganisms have been studied in many animals, including fish. However, a detailed analysis has not been performed in medaka, an established fish model for biological studies. Here, we investigated the effect of immunodeficiency on the microbiota composition and the effect of gut bacteria on intestinal epithelial development and immune responses in medaka. Chronological analysis of the intestinal microbiota of interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (il2rg) mutant medaka showed a gradual decrease in the evenness of operational taxonomic units, mainly caused by the increased abundance of the Aeromonadaceae family. Exposure of wild-type medaka to high doses of an intestine-derived opportunistic bacterium of the Aeromonadaceae family induced an inflammatory response, suggesting a harmful effect on adult il2rg mutants. In addition, we established germ-free conditions in larval medaka and observed large absorptive vacuoles in intestinal epithelial cells, indicating a block in epithelial maturation. Transcriptome analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of genes involved in the defense response, including the antimicrobial peptide gene hepcidin, whose expression is induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in normal larvae. These results show that reciprocal interactions between the microbiome and the intestinal tract are required for the maturation of the medaka immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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8
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Inge Schytz Andersen-Civil A, Anjan Sawale R, Claude Vanwalleghem G. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a translational model for neuro-immune interactions in the enteric nervous system in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2023:S0889-1591(23)00142-3. [PMID: 37301234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affect about 1% of the population and are strongly associated with gastrointestinal diseases creating shortcomings in quality of life. Multiple factors contribute to the development of ASD and although neurodevelopmental deficits are central, the pathogenesis of the condition is complex and the high prevalence of intestinal disorders is poorly understood. In agreement with the prominent research establishing clear bidirectional interactions between the gut and the brain, several studies have made it evident that such a relation also exists in ASD. Thus, dysregulation of the gut microbiota and gut barrier integrity may play an important role in ASD. However, only limited research has investigated how the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal mucosal immune factors may impact on the development of ASD-related intestinal disorders. This review focuses on the mechanistic studies that elucidate the regulation and interactions between enteric immune cells, residing gut microbiota and the ENS in models of ASD. Especially the multifaceted properties and applicability of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for the study of ASD pathogenesis are assessed in comparison to studies conducted in rodent models and humans. Advances in molecular techniques and in vivo imaging, combined with genetic manipulation and generation of germ-free animals in a controlled environment, appear to make zebrafish an underestimated model of choice for the study of ASD. Finally, we establish the research gaps that remain to be explored to further our understanding of the complexity of ASD pathogenesis and associated mechanisms that may lead to intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Inge Schytz Andersen-Civil
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universitetsbyen 81, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rajlakshmi Anjan Sawale
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universitetsbyen 81, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gilles Claude Vanwalleghem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universitetsbyen 81, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Basheer F, Sertori R, Liongue C, Ward AC. Zebrafish: A Relevant Genetic Model for Human Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Disorders? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076468. [PMID: 37047441 PMCID: PMC10095346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency (PID) disorders, also commonly referred to as inborn errors of immunity, are a heterogenous group of human genetic diseases characterized by defects in immune cell development and/or function. Since these disorders are generally uncommon and occur on a variable background profile of potential genetic and environmental modifiers, animal models are critical to provide mechanistic insights as well as to create platforms to underpin therapeutic development. This review aims to review the relevance of zebrafish as an alternative genetic model for PIDs. It provides an overview of the conservation of the zebrafish immune system and details specific examples of zebrafish models for a multitude of specific human PIDs across a range of distinct categories, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), combined immunodeficiency (CID), multi-system immunodeficiency, autoinflammatory disorders, neutropenia and defects in leucocyte mobility and respiratory burst. It also describes some of the diverse applications of these models, particularly in the fields of microbiology, immunology, regenerative biology and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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10
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Sertori R, Zhang Y, Wiest DL. Zebrafish: A Tractable Model for Analysis of T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:355-377. [PMID: 36374469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While the zebrafish has for some time been regarded as a powerful model organism with which to study early events in hematopoiesis, recent evidence suggests that it also ideal for unraveling the molecular requirements for T cell development in the thymus. Like mammals, zebrafish possess an adaptive immune system, comprising B lymphocytes as well as both the γδ and αβ lineages of T cells, which develop in the thymus. Moreover, the molecular processes underlying T cell development in zebrafish appear to be remarkably conserved. Thus, findings in the zebrafish model will be of high relevance to the equivalent processes in mammals. Finally, molecular processes can be interrogated in zebrafish far more rapidly than is possible in mammals because the zebrafish possesses many unique advantages. Here, we describe these unique attributes and the methods by which they can be exploited to investigate the role of novel genes in T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sertori
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Stage-specific and cell type-specific requirements of ikzf1 during haematopoietic differentiation in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21401. [PMID: 36496511 PMCID: PMC9741631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor Ikaros1 (Ikzf1) is required for lymphoid development in mammals. Four zinc fingers constitute its DNA binding domain and two zinc fingers are present in the C-terminal protein interaction module. We describe the phenotypes of zebrafish homozygous for two distinct mutant ikzf1 alleles. The IT325 variant lacks the C-terminal two zinc fingers, whereas the fr105 variant retains only the first zinc finger of the DNA binding domain. An intact ikzf1 gene is required for larval T cell development, whereas low levels of adult lymphoid development recover in the mutants. By contrast, the mutants exhibit a signature of increased myelopoiesis at larval and adult stages. Both mutations stimulate erythroid differentiation in larvae, indicating that the C-terminal zinc fingers negatively regulate the extent of red blood cell production. An unexpected differential effect of the two mutants on adult erythropoiesis suggests a direct requirement of an intact DNA binding domain for entry of progenitors into the red blood cell lineage. Collectively, our results reinforce the biological differences between larval and adult haematopoiesis, indicate a stage-specific function of ikzf1 in regulating the hierarchical bifurcations of differentiation, and assign distinct functions to the DNA binding domain and the C-terminal zinc fingers.
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12
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The CXCR4-CXCL12 axis promotes T cell reconstitution via efficient hematopoietic immigration. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:1138-1150. [PMID: 35483564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in immunity to protect against pathogens and malignant cells. T cell immunodeficiency is detrimental, especially when T cell perturbation occurs during severe infection, irradiation, chemotherapy, and age-related thymic atrophy. Therefore, strategies that enhance T cell reconstitution provide considerable benefit and warrant intensive investigation. Here, we report the construction of a T cell ablation model in Tg(coro1a:DenNTR) zebrafish via metronidazole administration. The nascent T cells are mainly derived from the hematopoietic cells migrated from the kidney, the functional homolog of bone marrow and the complete recovery time is 6.5 days post-treatment. The cxcr4b gene is upregulated in the responsive hematopoietic cells. Functional interference of CXCR4 via both genetic and chemical manipulations does not greatly affect T lymphopoiesis, but delays T cell regeneration by disrupting hematopoietic migration. In contrast, cxcr4b accelerates the replenishment of hematopoietic cells in the thymus. Consistently, Cxcl12b, a ligand of Cxcr4, is increased in the thymic epithelial cells of the injured animals. Decreased or increased expression of Cxcl12b results in compromised or accelerated T cell recovery, respectively, similar to those observed with Cxcr4b. Taken together, our study reveals a role of CXCR4-CXCL12 signaling in promoting T cell recovery and provides a promising target for the treatment of immunodeficiency due to T cell injury.
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13
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Zebrafish Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Due to JAK3 Mutation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101521. [PMID: 36291730 PMCID: PMC9599616 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK3 is principally activated by members of the interleukin-2 receptor family and plays an essential role in lymphoid development, with inactivating JAK3 mutations causing autosomal-recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This study aimed to generate an equivalent zebrafish model of SCID and to characterize the model across the life-course. Genome editing of zebrafish jak3 created mutants similar to those observed in human SCID. Homozygous jak3 mutants showed reduced embryonic T lymphopoiesis that continued through the larval stage and into adulthood, with B cell maturation and adult NK cells also reduced and neutrophils impacted. Mutant fish were susceptible to lymphoid leukemia. This model has many of the hallmarks of human SCID resulting from inactivating JAK3 mutations and will be useful for a variety of pre-clinical applications.
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14
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Rubin SA, Baron CS, Pessoa Rodrigues C, Duran M, Corbin AF, Yang SP, Trapnell C, Zon LI. Single-cell analyses reveal early thymic progenitors and pre-B cells in zebrafish. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220038. [PMID: 35938989 PMCID: PMC9365674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model organism for studying hematopoiesis, but relatively little is known about zebrafish immune cell development and functional diversity. Elucidating key aspects of zebrafish lymphocyte development and exploring the breadth of effector functions would provide valuable insight into the evolution of adaptive immunity. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ∼70,000 cells from the zebrafish marrow and thymus to establish a gene expression map of zebrafish immune cell development. We uncovered rich cellular diversity in the juvenile and adult zebrafish thymus, elucidated B- and T-cell developmental trajectories, and transcriptionally characterized subsets of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and early thymic progenitors. Our analysis permitted the identification of two dendritic-like cell populations and provided evidence in support of the existence of a pre-B cell state. Our results provide critical insights into the landscape of zebrafish immunology and offer a foundation for cellular and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Rubin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chloé S. Baron
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cecilia Pessoa Rodrigues
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Madeleine Duran
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexandra F. Corbin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Song P. Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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15
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Sertori R, Jones R, Basheer F, Rivera L, Dawson S, Loke S, Heidary S, Dhillon A, Liongue C, Ward AC. Generation and Characterization of a Zebrafish IL-2Rγc SCID Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042385. [PMID: 35216498 PMCID: PMC8875600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-2 family of cytokines act via receptor complexes that share the interleukin-2 receptor gamma common (IL-2Rγc) chain to play key roles in lymphopoiesis. Inactivating IL-2Rγc mutations results in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in humans and other species. This study sought to generate an equivalent zebrafish SCID model. The zebrafish il2rga gene was targeted for genome editing using TALENs and presumed loss-of-function alleles analyzed with respect to immune cell development and impacts on intestinal microbiota and tumor immunity. Knockout of zebrafish Il-2rγc.a resulted in a SCID phenotype, including a significant reduction in T cells, with NK cells also impacted. This resulted in dysregulated intestinal microbiota and defective immunity to tumor xenotransplants. Collectively, this establishes a useful zebrafish SCID model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Realla Jones
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Leni Rivera
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Samantha Dawson
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Stella Loke
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Somayyeh Heidary
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Amardeep Dhillon
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (R.S.); (R.J.); (F.B.); (L.R.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (A.D.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Correspondence:
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16
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O'Meara CP, Guerri L, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Iconomou M, Iwanami N, Soza-Ried C, Sikora K, Siamishi I, Giorgetti O, Peter S, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Genetic landscape of T cells identifies synthetic lethality for T-ALL. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1201. [PMID: 34671088 PMCID: PMC8528931 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To capture the global gene network regulating the differentiation of immature T cells in an unbiased manner, large-scale forward genetic screens in zebrafish were conducted and combined with genetic interaction analysis. After ENU mutagenesis, genetic lesions associated with failure of T cell development were identified by meiotic recombination mapping, positional cloning, and whole genome sequencing. Recessive genetic variants in 33 genes were identified and confirmed as causative by additional experiments. The mutations affected T cell development but did not perturb the development of an unrelated cell type, growth hormone-expressing somatotrophs, providing an important measure of cell-type specificity of the genetic variants. The structure of the genetic network encompassing the identified components was established by a subsequent genetic interaction analysis, which identified many instances of positive (alleviating) and negative (synthetic) genetic interactions. Several examples of synthetic lethality were subsequently phenocopied using combinations of small molecule inhibitors. These drugs not only interfered with normal T cell development, but also elicited remission in a model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Our findings illustrate how genetic interaction data obtained in the context of entire organisms can be exploited for targeted interference with specific cell types and their malignant derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Fundacion Oncoloop & Center for Nuclear Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orlando Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Peter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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18
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Lefkopoulos S, Polyzou A, Derecka M, Bergo V, Clapes T, Cauchy P, Jerez-Longres C, Onishi-Seebacher M, Yin N, Martagon-Calderón NA, Potts KS, Klaeylé L, Liu F, Bowman TV, Jenuwein T, Mione MC, Trompouki E. Repetitive Elements Trigger RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling that Regulates the Emergence of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Immunity 2020; 53:934-951.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Transgenerational inheritance of impaired larval T cell development in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4505. [PMID: 32908148 PMCID: PMC7481223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information in vertebrates is scarce. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation in gametes may set the stage for transmission into future generations. Here, we describe a viable hypomorphic allele of dnmt1 in zebrafish that causes widespread demethylation of CpG dinucleotides in sperm and somatic tissues. We find that homozygous mutants are essentially normal, with the exception of drastically impaired lymphopoiesis, affecting both larval and adult phases of T cell development. The phenotype of impaired larval (but not adult) T cell development is transmitted to subsequent generations by genotypically wildtype fish. We further find that about 200 differentially methylated regions in sperm DNA of transmitting and non-transmitting males, including hypermethylated sites associated with runx3 and rptor genes, whose reduced activities are associated with impaired larval T cell development. Our results indicate a particular sensitivity of larval T cell development to transgenerationally inherited epimutations. Evidence for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information in vertebrates is scarce. Here the authors report that homozygous dnmt1 mutant zebrafish are essentially normal, with the exception of impaired lymphopoiesis, with impaired larval (but not adult) T cell development being transmitted to subsequent generations by genotypically wildtype fish.
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20
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Pervasive changes of mRNA splicing in upf1-deficient zebrafish identify rpl10a as a regulator of T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15799-15808. [PMID: 32571908 PMCID: PMC7354994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917812117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptome of eukaryotic cells is constantly monitored for errors to avoid the production of undesired protein variants. The evolutionarily conserved nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway degrades aberrant mRNAs, but also functions in the regulation of transcript abundance in response to changed physiological states. Here, we describe a zebrafish mutant of upf1, encoding the central component of the NMD machinery. Fish homozygous for the upf1 t20450 allele (Y163X) survive until day 10 after fertilization, presenting with impaired T cell development as one of the most conspicuous features of the mutant phenotype. Analysis of differentially expressed genes identified dysregulation of the pre-mRNA splicing pathway, accompanied by perturbed autoregulation of canonical splicing activators (SRSF) and repressors (HNRNP). In upf1-deficient mutants, NMD-susceptible transcripts of ribosomal proteins that are known for their role as noncanonical splicing regulators were greatly increased, most notably, rpl10a When the levels of NMD-susceptible rpl10a transcripts were artificially increased in zebrafish larvae, T cell development was significantly impaired, suggesting that perturbed autoregulation of rpl10a splicing contributes to failing T cell development in upf1 deficiency. Our results identify an extraribosomal tissue-specific function to rpl10a in the immune system, and thus exemplify the advantages of the zebrafish model to study the effects of upf1-deficiency in the context of a vertebrate organism.
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21
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Iwanami N, Takeshita K, Lawir DF, Suetake I, Tajima S, Sikora K, Trancoso I, ÓMeara C, Siamishi I, Takahama Y, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Yonezawa Y, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Epigenetic Protection of Vertebrate Lymphoid Progenitor Cells by Dnmt1. iScience 2020; 23:101260. [PMID: 32585597 PMCID: PMC7322073 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a universal epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression and genome stability. The DNA maintenance methylase DNMT1 ensures that DNA methylation patterns are faithfully transmitted to daughter cells during cell division. Because loss of DNMT1 is lethal, a pan-organismic analysis of DNMT1 function is lacking. We identified new recessive dnmt1 alleles in medaka and zebrafish and, guided by the structures of mutant proteins, generated a recessive variant of mouse Dnmt1. Each of the three missense mutations studied here distorts the catalytic pocket and reduces enzymatic activity. Because all three DNMT1 mutant animals are viable, it was possible to examine their phenotypes throughout life. The consequences of genome-wide hypomethylation of DNA of somatic tissues in the Dnmt1 mutants are surprisingly mild but consistently affect the development of the lymphoid lineage. Our findings indicate that developing lymphocytes in vertebrates are sensitive to perturbations of DNA maintenance methylation. Genetic screens identified recessive viable missense alleles of dnmt1 in teleosts A viable mouse Dnmt1 mutant generated by structure-guided precision mutagenesis Missense mutations distort the catalytic pocket and reduce enzymatic activity DNA hypomethylation consistently affects development of the lymphoid lineage
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isao Suetake
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inês Trancoso
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor ÓMeara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Chang CJ. Immune sensing of DNA and strategies for fish DNA vaccine development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:252-260. [PMID: 32247047 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies of DNA vaccines have shown that understanding the mechanism of DNA vaccine-mediated action is the key for vaccine development. Current knowledge has shown the presence of antigen presenting cells (APCs) involving in B and T cells at the muscle injection site and the upregulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) that initiates antiviral response and benefits adaptive immunity in fish DNA vaccines. IFN-I may be triggered by expressed antigen such as the rhabdovirus G protein encoded DNA vaccine or by plasmid DNA itself through cytosolic DNA sensing. The investigating of Toll-like receptor 9, and 21 are the CpG-motif sensors in many fish species, and the cytosolic DNA receptors DDX41 and downstream STING signaling revealed the mechanisms for IFN-I production. This review article describes the recent finding of receptors for cytosolic DNA, the STING-TBK1-IRF signaling, and the possibility of turning these findings into strategies for the future development of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Chang
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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23
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Lu X, Zhang Y, Liu F, Wang L. Rac2 Regulates the Migration of T Lymphoid Progenitors to the Thymus during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2447-2454. [PMID: 32198141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The caudal hematopoietic tissue in zebrafish, the equivalent to the fetal liver in mammals, is an intermediate hematopoietic niche for the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells before homing to the thymus and kidney marrow. As one of the ultimate hematopoietic organs, the thymus sustains T lymphopoiesis, which is essential for adaptive immune system. However, the mechanism of prethymic T lymphoid progenitors migrating to the thymus remains elusive. In this study, we identify an Rho GTPase Rac2 as a modulator of T lymphoid progenitor homing to the thymus in zebrafish. rac2-Deficient embryos show the inability of T lymphoid progenitors homing to the thymus because of defective cell-autonomous motility. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Rac2 regulates homing of T lymphoid progenitor through Pak1-mediated AKT pathway. Taken together, our work reveals an important function of Rac2 in directing T lymphoid progenitor migration to the thymus during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China;
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24
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Lawir DF, Hess I, Sikora K, Iwanami N, Siamishi I, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Evolutionary transition from degenerate to nonredundant cytokine signaling networks supporting intrathymic T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26759-26767. [PMID: 31822609 PMCID: PMC6936713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915223116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, T cell development critically depends on the IL-7 cytokine signaling pathway. Here we describe the identification of the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian IL-7 based on chromosomal localization, deduced protein sequence, and expression patterns. To examine the biological role of il7 in teleosts, we generated an il7 allele lacking most of its coding exons using CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis. il7-deficient animals are viable and exhibit no obvious signs of immune disorder. With respect to intrathymic T cell development, il7 deficiency is associated with only a mild reduction of thymocyte numbers, contrasting with a more pronounced impairment of T cell development in il7r-deficient fish. Genetic interaction studies between il7 and il7r mutants, and il7 and crlf2(tslpr) mutants suggest the contribution of additional, as-yet unidentified cytokines to intrathymic T cell development. Such activities were also ascertained for other cytokines, such as il2 and il15, collectively indicating that in contrast to the situation in mammals, T cell development in the thymus of teleosts is driven by a degenerate multicomponent network of γc cytokines; this explains why deficiencies of single components have little detrimental effect. In contrast, the dependence on a single cytokine in the mammalian thymus has catastrophic consequences in cases of congenital deficiencies in genes affecting the IL-7 signaling pathway. We speculate that the transition from a degenerate to a nonredundant cytokine network supporting intrathymic T cell development emerged as a consequence of repurposing evolutionarily ancient constitutive cytokine pathways for regulatory functions in the mammalian peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Taylor EB, Chinchar VG, Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Bengtén E. Cloning and characterization of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Virology 2019; 540:184-194. [PMID: 31929000 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of piscine anti-viral cytotoxic cells, we analyzed the response of channel catfish to Ictalurid herpesvirus 1, commonly designated channel catfish virus (CCV). Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from catfish immunized with MHC-matched, CCV-infected G14D cells (G14D-CCV) showed marked lysis of G14D-CCV but little to no lysis of uninfected allogenic (3B11) or syngeneic (G14D) cells. Expansion of effectors by in vitro culture in the presence of irradiated G14D-CCV cells generated cultures with enhanced cytotoxicity and often broader target range. Cytotoxic effectors expressed rearranged TCR genes, perforin, granzyme, and IFN-γ. Four clonal cytotoxic lines were developed and unique TCR gene rearrangements including γδ were detected. Furthermore, catfish CTL clones were either CD4+/CD8- or CD4-/CD8-. Two CTL lines showed markedly enhanced killing of G14D-CCV targets, while the other two lines displayed a broader target range. Collectively, catfish virus-specific CTL display unique features that illustrate the diversity of the ectothermic vertebrate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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26
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Huang Y, Lu Y, He Y, Feng Z, Zhan Y, Huang X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Li H, Huang H, Ma M, Luo L, Li L. Ikzf1 regulates embryonic T lymphopoiesis via Ccr9 and Irf4 in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16152-16163. [PMID: 31511326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ikzf1 is a Krüppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor that plays indispensable roles in T and B cell development. Although the function of Ikzf1 has been studied extensively, the molecular mechanism underlying T lymphopoiesis remains incompletely defined during the embryonic stage. Here we report that the genetic ablation of ikzf1 in mutant zebrafish resulted in abrogated embryonic T lymphopoiesis. This was ascribed to impaired thymic migration, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Ccr9a and Irf4a, two indispensable factors in T lymphopoiesis, were the direct targets of Ikzf1 and were absent in the ikzf1 mutants. Genetic deletion of either ccr9a or irf4a in the corresponding mutant embryos led to obvious T cell development deficiency, which was mainly caused by disrupted thymic migration of HSPCs. Restoration of ccr9a in ikzf1 mutants obviously promoted HSPC thymus homing. However, the HSPCs then failed to differentiate into T cells. Additional replenishment of irf4a efficiently induced HSPC proliferation and T cell differentiation. Our findings further demonstrate that Ikzf1 regulates embryonic T lymphopoiesis via Ccr9 and Irf4 and provide new insight into the genetic network of T lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yafang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuepeng He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yandong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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27
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Zebrafish and Medaka: Two Teleost Models of T-Cell and Thymic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174179. [PMID: 31454991 PMCID: PMC6747487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, studies have demonstrated that several features of T-cell and thymic development are conserved from teleosts to mammals. In particular, works using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these biological processes. In particular, the ease of noninvasive in vivo imaging of these species enables direct visualization of all events associated with these processes, which are, in mice, technically very demanding. In this review, we focus on defining the similarities and differences between zebrafish and medaka in T-cell development and thymus organogenesis; and highlight their advantages as two complementary model systems for T-cell immunobiology and modeling of human diseases.
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28
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White DT, Saxena MT, Mumm JS. Let's get small (and smaller): Combining zebrafish and nanomedicine to advance neuroregenerative therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:344-359. [PMID: 30769046 PMCID: PMC6937731 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several key attributes of zebrafish make them an ideal model system for the discovery and development of regeneration promoting therapeutics; most notably their robust capacity for self-repair which extends to the central nervous system. Further, by enabling large-scale drug discovery directly in living vertebrate disease models, zebrafish circumvent critical bottlenecks which have driven drug development costs up. This review summarizes currently available zebrafish phenotypic screening platforms, HTS-ready neurodegenerative disease modeling strategies, zebrafish small molecule screens which have succeeded in identifying regeneration promoting compounds and explores how intravital imaging in zebrafish can facilitate comprehensive analysis of nanocarrier biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Finally, we discuss the benefits and challenges attending the combination of zebrafish and nanoparticle-based drug optimization, highlighting inspiring proof-of-concept studies and looking toward implementation across the drug development community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T White
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Meera T Saxena
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Luminomics Inc., Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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29
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Chi Y, Huang Z, Chen Q, Xiong X, Chen K, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Loss of runx1 function results in B cell immunodeficiency but not T cell in adult zebrafish. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180043. [PMID: 30045885 PMCID: PMC6070721 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor RUNX1 holds an integral role in multiple-lineage haematopoiesis and is implicated as a cofactor in V(D)J rearrangements during lymphocyte development. Runx1 deficiencies resulted in immaturity and reduction of lymphocytes in mice. In this study, we found that runx1W84X/W84X mutation led to the reduction and disordering of B cells, as well as the failure of V(D)J rearrangements in B cells but not T cells, resulting in antibody-inadequate-mediated immunodeficiency in adult zebrafish. By contrast, T cell development was not affected. The decreased number of B cells mainly results from excessive apoptosis in immature B cells. Disrupted B cell development results in runx1W84X/W84X mutants displaying a similar phenotype to common variable immunodeficiency—a primary immunodeficiency disease primarily characterized by frequent susceptibility to infection and deficient immune response, with marked reduction of antibody production of IgG, IgA and/or IgM. Our studies demonstrated an evolutionarily conserved function of runx1 in maturation and differentiation of B cells in adult zebrafish, which will serve as a valuable model for the study of immune deficiency diseases and their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chi
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Kemin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China .,Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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30
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Díaz-Rosales P, Muñoz-Atienza E, Tafalla C. Role of teleost B cells in viral immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:135-142. [PMID: 30448446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess all the necessary elements to mount an adaptive immune response. Despite this, the important physiological and structural differences between the mammalian and the teleost fish immune system, anticipate significant changes regarding how this response is coordinated and executed. B cells are key players in adaptive immune responses through the production of antibodies. However, recent studies performed in mammals and other species including fish point to many additional functions of B cells within both the adaptive and the innate immune system, in many occasions taking part in the crosstalk between these two arms of the immune response. Furthermore, it should be taken into account that fish B cells share many functional and phenotypical features with innate B cell populations from mammals, which will surely condition their response to antigens. Concerning viral infections, although most studies undertaken to date in fish have been focused on characterizing antibody production, some recent studies have demonstrated that fish B cells are able to interact with viruses at different levels. In this sense, in the current review, we have tried to provide an overview of what is currently known regarding the role of teleost B cells in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Zhang Q, Ji C, Ren J, Zhang Q, Dong X, Zu Y, Jia L, Li W. Differential transcriptome analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1049-1062. [PMID: 29572872 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo and larva represent a useful in vivo model for identification of host innate immune responses to bacterial infection. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a typical zoonotic pathogen worldwide that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans and vibriosis in fishes. However, the mechanism of the innate immune response in the zebrafish larvae infected by V. parahaemolyticus has not been clear. We analysed the transcriptomic profile of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae immersed in V. parahaemolyticus 13 (Vp13) strain suspension for 2 hr. A total of 602 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the infection group, of which 175 (29.07%) genes were upregulated and 427 (70.93%) genes were downregulated. These altered genes encoded complement and coagulation cascades, chemokine, TNF signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway and JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Some significant DEGs, such as mmp13, cxcr4a, ccl20, hsp70, gngt, serpina1l, il8, cofilin and il11, were subjected to quantitative gene expression analysis, and the results were consistent with those of the transcriptome profile. These results clearly demonstrated that exposure to V. parahaemolyticus for 2 hr could activate innate immune response in 3dpf larvae by altered expression of downstream signalling pathway genes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Our results also provide a useful reference for future analysis of signal transduction pathways and pathogenesis mechanisms underlying the systemic innate immune response to the external bacteria of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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32
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Iwanami N, Sikora K, Richter AS, Mönnich M, Guerri L, Soza-Ried C, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Hess I, O'Meara CP, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Forward Genetic Screens in Zebrafish Identify Pre-mRNA-Processing Pathways Regulating Early T Cell Development. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2259-2270. [PMID: 27880902 PMCID: PMC5149563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes represent basic components of vertebrate adaptive immune systems, suggesting the utility of non-mammalian models to define the molecular basis of their development and differentiation. Our forward genetic screens in zebrafish for recessive mutations affecting early T cell development revealed several major genetic pathways. The identification of lineage-specific transcription factors and specific components of cytokine signaling and DNA replication and/or repair pathways known from studies of immunocompromised mammals provided an evolutionary cross-validation of the screen design. Unexpectedly, however, genes encoding proteins required for pre-mRNA processing were enriched in the collection of mutants identified here. In both zebrafish and mice, deficiency of the splice regulator TNPO3 impairs intrathymic T cell differentiation, illustrating the evolutionarily conserved and cell-type-specific functions of certain pre-mRNA-processing factors for T cell development. Forward genetic screens identify mutations affecting zebrafish T cell development Identification of il7r, jak3, and pole1 mutations validates specificity of screen design Mutations in pre-mRNA-processing factor genes reveal evolutionarily conserved pathway In zebrafish and mice, TNPO3 deficiency impairs T cell differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren Mönnich
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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33
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Tian Y, Xu J, Feng S, He S, Zhao S, Zhu L, Jin W, Dai Y, Luo L, Qu JY, Wen Z. The first wave of T lymphopoiesis in zebrafish arises from aorta endothelium independent of hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3347-3360. [PMID: 28931624 PMCID: PMC5679161 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tian et al. demonstrate that, in addition to giving rise to hematopoietic stem cells, the ventral endothelium of aorta in zebrafish also directly converts to non–hematopoietic stem cell hematopoietic precursors capable of generating a transient wave of CD4 Tαβ lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are key cellular components of the adaptive immune system and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates. Despite their heterogeneities, it is believed that all different types of T lymphocytes are generated exclusively via the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Using temporal–spatial resolved fate-mapping analysis and time-lapse imaging, here we show that the ventral endothelium in the zebrafish aorta–gonad–mesonephros and posterior blood island, the hematopoietic tissues previously known to generate HSCs and erythromyeloid progenitors, respectively, gives rise to a transient wave of T lymphopoiesis independent of HSCs. This HSC-independent T lymphopoiesis occurs early and generates predominantly CD4 Tαβ cells in the larval but not juvenile and adult stages, whereas HSC-dependent T lymphopoiesis emerges late and produces various subtypes of T lymphocytes continuously from the larval stage to adulthood. Our study unveils the existence, origin, and ontogeny of HSC-independent T lymphopoiesis in vivo and reveals the complexity of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shachuan Feng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sicong He
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shizheng Zhao
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wan Jin
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Dai
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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34
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Liu X, Li YS, Shinton SA, Rhodes J, Tang L, Feng H, Jette CA, Look AT, Hayakawa K, Hardy RR. Zebrafish B Cell Development without a Pre-B Cell Stage, Revealed by CD79 Fluorescence Reporter Transgenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1706-1715. [PMID: 28739882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD79a and CD79b proteins associate with Ig receptors as integral signaling components of the B cell Ag receptor complex. To study B cell development in zebrafish, we isolated orthologs of these genes and performed in situ hybridization, finding that their expression colocalized with IgH-μ in the kidney, which is the site of B cell development. CD79 transgenic lines were made by linking the promoter and upstream regulatory segments of CD79a and CD79b to enhanced GFP to identify B cells, as demonstrated by PCR analysis of IgH-μ expression in sorted cells. We crossed these CD79-GFP lines to a recombination activating gene (Rag)2:mCherry transgenic line to identify B cell development stages in kidney marrow. Initiation of CD79:GFP expression in Rag2:mCherry+ cells and the timing of Ig H and L chain expression revealed simultaneous expression of both IgH-μ- and IgL-κ-chains, without progressing through the stage of IgH-μ-chain alone. Rag2:mCherry+ cells without CD79:GFP showed the highest Rag1 and Rag2 mRNAs compared with CD79a and CD79b:GFP+ B cells, which showed strongly reduced Rag mRNAs. Thus, B cell development in zebrafish does not go through a Raghi CD79+IgH-μ+ pre-B cell stage, different from mammals. After the generation of CD79:GFP+ B cells, decreased CD79 expression occurred upon differentiation to Ig secretion, as detected by alteration from membrane to secreted IgH-μ exon usage, similar to in mammals. This confirmed a conserved role for CD79 in B cell development and differentiation, without the requirement of a pre-B cell stage in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Liu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.,DNA Sequencing and Genomic Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | - Hui Feng
- The Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Cicely A Jette
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84103; and
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
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35
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Transgenic overexpression of BAFF regulates the expression of immune-related genes in zebrafish, Danio rerio. J Genet 2017; 95:751-760. [PMID: 27994173 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a member of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that specifically regulates B lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Excess BAFF leads to overproduction of antibodies for secretion, anti-dsDNA antibodies and a lupus-like syndrome in mice. To investigate whether transgenic overexpression of the zebrafish BAFF leads to immunoglobulin changes and/or early maturing of the immune system, a Tol2-GFP-2A-BAFF/His recombinant plasmid was constructed by inserting a 2A peptide between the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and BAFF sequences. Functional GFP and BAFF proteins were expressed separately and confirmed in HeLa cells. The relative expression of immune-related genes (IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgLC-3, IgD, IgM and IL-4), early lymphoid markers (Ikaros, Rag-1 and TCRAC), and the protooncogene Bcl-2 were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in F0 founder of transgenic zebrafish juveniles and adults. Ectopic expression of BAFF in adults was confirmed using Western blots and was shown to upregulate IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgD, IgM, IgZ/T, Ikaros, Rag-1, TCRAC, IL-4 and Bcl-2 expression in juveniles on day 21 and IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgD, IgM,IgZ/T, Rag-1, TCRAC and Bcl-2 expression in zebrafish three months postfertilization. The relative titers of specific IgM against Edwardsiella tarda WED were assessed using modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the whole body homogenate of zebrafish and demonstrated a significant increase in BAFF-transgenic group. Therefore, our findings provided novel insight into further exploration of modulating adaptive immunity and studying autoimmune diseases caused by regulating BAFF.
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A missense mutation in zbtb17 blocks the earliest steps of T cell differentiation in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44145. [PMID: 28266617 PMCID: PMC5339814 DOI: 10.1038/srep44145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are an evolutionarily conserved feature of the adaptive immune systems of vertebrates. Comparative studies using evolutionarily distant species hold great promise for unraveling the genetic landscape underlying this process. To this end, we used ENU mutagenesis to generate mutant zebrafish with specific aberrations in early T cell development. Here, we describe the identification of a recessive missense mutation in the transcriptional regulator zbtb17 (Q562K), which affects the ninth zinc finger module of the protein. Homozygous mutant fish exhibit an early block of intrathymic T cell development, as a result of impaired thymus colonization owing to reduced expression of the gene encoding the homing receptor ccr9a, and inefficient T cell differentiation owing to reduced expression of socs1a. Our results reveal the zbtb17-socs1 axis as an evolutionarily conserved central regulatory module of early T cell development of vertebrates.
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Carmona SJ, Teichmann SA, Ferreira L, Macaulay IC, Stubbington MJT, Cvejic A, Gfeller D. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of fish immune cells provides insight into the evolution of vertebrate immune cell types. Genome Res 2017; 27:451-461. [PMID: 28087841 PMCID: PMC5340972 DOI: 10.1101/gr.207704.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of vertebrate species consists of many different cell types that have distinct functional roles and are subject to different evolutionary pressures. Here, we first analyzed conservation of genes specific for all major immune cell types in human and mouse. Our results revealed higher gene turnover and faster evolution of trans-membrane proteins in NK cells compared with other immune cell types, and especially T cells, but similar conservation of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein coding genes. To validate these findings in a distant vertebrate species, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of lck:GFP cells in zebrafish and obtained the first transcriptome of specific immune cell types in a nonmammalian species. Unsupervised clustering and single-cell TCR locus reconstruction identified three cell populations, T cells, a novel type of NK-like cells, and a smaller population of myeloid-like cells. Differential expression analysis uncovered new immune-cell-specific genes, including novel immunoglobulin-like receptors, and neofunctionalization of recently duplicated paralogs. Evolutionary analyses confirmed the higher gene turnover of trans-membrane proteins in NK cells compared with T cells in fish species, suggesting that this is a general property of immune cell types across all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Carmona
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Macaulay
- Sanger Institute-EBI Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J T Stubbington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cvejic
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - David Gfeller
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Aquilino C, Granja AG, Castro R, Wang T, Abos B, Parra D, Secombes CJ, Tafalla C. Rainbow trout CK9, a CCL25-like ancient chemokine that attracts and regulates B cells and macrophages, the main antigen presenting cells in fish. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17547-64. [PMID: 27003360 PMCID: PMC4951232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CK9 is a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CC chemokine phylogenetically related to mammalian CCL25. Although CK9 is known to be transcriptionally regulated in response to inflammation particularly in mucosal tissues, its functionality has never been revealed. In the current work, we have demonstrated that CK9 is chemoattractant for antigen presenting cells (APCs) expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) on the cell surface. Among these APCs, CK9 has a strong chemotactic capacity for both B cells (IgM+ and IgT+) and macrophages. Along with its chemotactic capacities, CK9 modulated the MHC II turnover of B lymphocytes and up-regulated the phagocytic capacity of both IgM+ cells and macrophages. Although CK9 had no lymphoproliferative effects, it increased the survival of IgT+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, we have established that the chemoattractant capacity of CK9 is strongly increased after pre-incubation of leukocytes with a T-independent antigen, whereas B cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking strongly abrogated their capacity to migrate to CK9, indicating that CK9 preferentially attracts B cells at the steady state or under BCR-independent stimulation. These results point to CK9 being a key regulator of B lymphocyte trafficking in rainbow trout, able to modulate innate functions of teleost B lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aquilino
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beatriz Abos
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - David Parra
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
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Wan F, Hu CB, Ma JX, Gao K, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Characterization of γδ T Cells from Zebrafish Provides Insights into Their Important Role in Adaptive Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 7:675. [PMID: 28119690 PMCID: PMC5220103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells represent an evolutionarily primitive T cell subset characterized by distinct T cell receptors (TCRs) and innate and adaptive immune functions. However, the presence of this T cell subset in ancient vertebrates remains unclear. In this study, γδ T cells from a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model were subjected to molecular and cellular characterizations. The constant regions of zebrafish TCR-γ (DrTRGC) and δ (DrTRDC) were initially identified. Zebrafish γδ T cells accounted for 7.7–20.5% of the total lymphocytes in spleen, head kidney, peripheral blood, skin, gill, and intestine tissues. They possess typical morphological features of lymphocytes with a surface phenotype of γ+δ+CD4−CD8+. Zebrafish γδ T cells functionally showed a potent phagocytic ability to both soluble and particulate antigens. They can also act as an antigen-presenting cell to initiate antigen (KLH)-specific CD4+ TKLH cell activation and to induce B cell proliferation and IgM production. Particularly, zebrafish γδ T cells also play a critical role in antigen-specific IgZ production in intestinal mucus. These findings demonstrated that γδ T cells had been originated as early as teleost fish, which providing valuable insights into the evolutionary history of T cell subset. It is anticipated that this study would be used as a guide to develop a zebrafish model for the cross-species investigation of γδ T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Bin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xia Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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40
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Avagyan S, Zon LI. Fish to Learn: Insights into Blood Development and Blood Disorders from Zebrafish Hematopoiesis. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:287-94. [PMID: 27018965 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction in early 1980s, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an invaluable vertebrate animal model system to study many human disorders in almost all systems, from hepatic and brain pathology, to autoimmune and psychiatric disorders. Hematopoiesis between zebrafish and mammals is highly conserved, making the zebrafish an attractive model to study hematopoietic development and blood disorders. Unique attributes of the zebrafish include the ability to perform large-scale genetic and chemical screens in vivo, study development at the cellular level, and use transgenic fish to dissect mechanisms of disease or drug effects. This review summarizes major discoveries that helped define molecular control of hematopoiesis in vertebrates and specific contributions from studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard I Zon
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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41
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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42
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Brugman S. The zebrafish as a model to study intestinal inflammation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:82-92. [PMID: 26902932 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Starting out as a model for developmental biology, during the last decade, zebrafish have also gained the attention of the immunologists and oncologists. Due to its small size, high fecundity and full annotation of its genome, the zebrafish is an attractive model system. The fact that fish are transparent early in life combined with the growing list of immune cell reporter fish, enables in vivo tracking of immune responses in a complete organism. Since zebrafish develop ex utero from a fertilized egg, immune development can be monitored from the start of life. Given that several gut functions and immune genes are conserved between zebrafish and mammals, the zebrafish is an interesting model organism to investigate fundamental processes underlying intestinal inflammation and injury. This review will first provide some background on zebrafish intestinal development, bacterial colonization and immunity, showing the similarities and differences compared to mammals. This will be followed by an overview of the existing models for intestinal disease, and concluded by future perspectives in light of the newest technologies and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, room Ee1253, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands.
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43
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Al-Jubury A, LaPatra S, Christensen ND, Zuo S, Tafalla C, Buchmann K. Exclusion of IgD-, IgT- and IgM-positive immune cells in Ichthyophonus-induced granulomas in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1399-1402. [PMID: 27136045 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S LaPatra
- Clear Springs Foods, Inc., Research Division, Buhl, ID, USA
| | - N D Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Zuo
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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44
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Fujii T, Tsunesumi SI, Sagara H, Munakata M, Hisaki Y, Sekiya T, Furukawa Y, Sakamoto K, Watanabe S. Smyd5 plays pivotal roles in both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during zebrafish embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29157. [PMID: 27377701 PMCID: PMC4932602 DOI: 10.1038/srep29157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of histone tails plays a pivotal role in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD) is a methyltransferase, five family members of which have been identified in humans. SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, and SMYD4 have been found to play critical roles in carcinogenesis and/or the development of heart and skeletal muscle. However, the physiological functions of SMYD5 remain unknown. To investigate the function of Smyd5 in vivo, zebrafish were utilised as a model system. We first examined smyd5 expression patterns in developing zebrafish embryos. Smyd5 transcripts were abundantly expressed at early developmental stages and then gradually decreased. Smyd5 was expressed in all adult tissues examined. Loss-of-function analysis of Smyd5 was then performed in zebrafish embryos using smyd5 morpholino oligonucleotide (MO). Embryos injected with smyd5-MO showed normal gross morphological development, including of heart and skeletal muscle. However, increased expression of both primitive and definitive hematopoietic markers, including pu.1, mpx, l-plastin, and cmyb, were observed. These phenotypes of smyd5-MO zebrafish embryos were also observed when we introduced mutations in smyd5 gene with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. As the expression of myeloid markers was elevated in smyd5 loss-of-function zebrafish, we propose that Smyd5 plays critical roles in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Fujii
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.,Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Tsunesumi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sagara
- Fine Morphological Analysis Group Medical Proteomics Laboratory Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Miyo Munakata
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hisaki
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takao Sekiya
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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45
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Genomic organization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) T cell receptor alpha/delta locus and analysis of expressed products. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:365-79. [PMID: 26809968 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In testing the hypothesis that all jawed vertebrate classes employ immunoglobulin heavy chain V (IgHV) gene segments in their T cell receptor (TCR)δ encoding loci, we found that some basic characterization was required of zebrafish TCRδ. We began by annotating and characterizing the TCRα/δ locus of Danio rerio based on the most recent genome assembly, GRCz10. We identified a total of 141 theoretically functional V segments which we grouped into 41 families based upon 70 % nucleotide identity. This number represents the second greatest count of apparently functional V genes thus far described in an antigen receptor locus with the exception of cattle TCRα/δ. Cloning, relative quantitative PCR, and deep sequencing results corroborate that zebrafish do express TCRδ, but these data suggest only at extremely low levels and in limited diversity in the spleens of the adult fish. While we found no evidence for IgH-TCRδ rearrangements in this fish, by determining the locus organization we were able to suggest how the evolution of the teleost α/δ locus could have lost IgHVs that exist in sharks and frogs. We also found evidence of surprisingly low TCRδ expression and repertoire diversity in this species.
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46
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Leal E, Granja AG, Zarza C, Tafalla C. Distribution of T Cells in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skin and Responsiveness to Viral Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147477. [PMID: 26808410 PMCID: PMC4726708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the skin constitutes the first line of defense against waterborne pathogens, there is a great lack of information regarding the skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and whether immune components of the skin are homogeneously distributed through the surface of the fish is still unknown. In the current work, we have analyzed the transcription of several immune genes throughout different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin areas. We found that immunoglobulin and chemokine gene transcription levels were higher in a skin area close to the gills. Furthermore, this skin area as well as other anterior sections also transcribed significantly higher levels of many different immune genes related to T cell immunity such as T cell receptor α (TCRα), TCRγ, CD3, CD4, CD8, perforin, GATA3, Tbet, FoxP3, interferon γ (IFNγ), CD40L and Eomes in comparison to posterior skin sections. In agreement with these results, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that anterior skin areas had a higher concentration of CD3+ T cells and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was also higher in anterior skin sections. These results demonstrate for the first time that T cells are not homogeneously distributed throughout the teleost skin. Additionally, we studied the transcriptional regulation of these and additional T cell markers in response to a bath infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). We found that VHSV regulated the transcription of several of these T cell markers in both the skin and the spleen; with some differences between anterior and posterior skin sections. Altogether, our results point to skin T cells as major players of teleost skin immunity in response to waterborne viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Aitor G. Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carlos Zarza
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, PO Box 48, Stavanger, 4001, Norway
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail:
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47
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Abstract
While zebrafish have for some time been regarded as a powerful model organism with which to study early events in hematopoiesis, recent evidence suggests that it also ideal for unraveling the molecular requirements for T cell development in the thymus. Like mammals, zebrafish possess an adaptive immune system, comprising B lymphocytes as well as both the γδ and αβ lineages of T cells, which develop in the thymus. Moreover, the molecular processes underlying T cell development in zebrafish appear to be remarkably conserved. Thus, findings in the zebrafish model will be of high relevance to the equivalent processes in mammals. Finally, molecular processes can be interrogated in zebrafish far more rapidly than is possible in mammals because the zebrafish possesses many unique advantages. These unique attributes, and the methods by which they can be exploited to investigate the role of novel genes in T cell development, are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, R364, Reimann Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA,
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48
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Edmunds RC, Gill JA, Baldwin DH, Linbo TL, French BL, Brown TL, Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM, Stieglitz J, Hoenig R, Benetti D, Grosell M, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Corresponding morphological and molecular indicators of crude oil toxicity to the developing hearts of mahi mahi. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17326. [PMID: 26658479 PMCID: PMC4674699 DOI: 10.1038/srep17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude oils from distinct geological sources worldwide are toxic to developing fish hearts. When oil spills occur in fish spawning habitats, natural resource injury assessments often rely on conventional morphometric analyses of heart form and function. The extent to which visible indicators correspond to molecular markers for cardiovascular stress is unknown for pelagic predators from the Gulf of Mexico. Here we exposed mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos to field-collected crude oil samples from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster. We compared visible heart defects (edema, abnormal looping, reduced contractility) to changes in expression of cardiac-specific genes that are diagnostic of heart failure in humans or associated with loss-of-function zebrafish cardiac mutants. Mahi exposed to crude oil during embryogenesis displayed typical symptoms of cardiogenic syndrome as larvae. Contractility, looping, and circulatory defects were evident, but larval mahi did not exhibit downstream craniofacial and body axis abnormalities. A gradation of oil exposures yielded concentration-responsive changes in morphometric and molecular responses, with relative sensitivity being influenced by age. Our findings suggest that 1) morphometric analyses of cardiac function are more sensitive to proximal effects of crude oil-derived chemicals on the developing heart, and 2) molecular indicators reveal a longer-term adverse shift in cardiogenesis trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Edmunds
- National Research Council Associate Program, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - J A Gill
- Frank Orth and Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Tanya L Brown
- Frank Orth and Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - John Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Ron Hoenig
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
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Sertori R, Liongue C, Basheer F, Lewis KL, Rasighaemi P, de Coninck D, Traver D, Ward AC. Conserved IL-2Rγc Signaling Mediates Lymphopoiesis in Zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:135-43. [PMID: 26590317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor γ common (IL-2Rγc) chain is the shared subunit of the receptors for the IL-2 family of cytokines, which mediate signaling through JAK3 and various downstream pathways to regulate lymphopoiesis. Inactivating mutations in human IL-2Rγc result in SCID, a primary immunodeficiency characterized by greatly reduced numbers of lymphocytes. This study used bioinformatics, expression analysis, gene ablation, and specific pharmacologic inhibitors to investigate the function of two putative zebrafish IL-2Rγc paralogs, il-2rγc.a and il-2rγc.b, and downstream signaling components during early lymphopoiesis. Expression of il-2rγc.a commenced at 16 h post fertilization (hpf) and rose steadily from 4-6 d postfertilization (dpf) in the developing thymus, with il-2rγc.a expression also confirmed in adult T and B lymphocytes. Transcripts of il-2rγc.b were first observed from 8 hpf, but waned from 16 hpf before reaching maximal expression at 6 dpf, but this was not evident in the thymus. Knockdown of il-2rγc.a, but not il-2rγc.b, substantially reduced embryonic lymphopoiesis without affecting other aspects of hematopoiesis. Specific targeting of zebrafish Jak3 exerted a similar effect on lymphopoiesis, whereas ablation of zebrafish Stat5.1 and pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K and MEK also produced significant but smaller effects. Ablation of il-2rγc.a was further demonstrated to lead to an absence of mature T cells, but not B cells in juvenile fish. These results indicate that conserved IL-2Rγc signaling via JAK3 plays a key role during early zebrafish lymphopoiesis, which can be potentially targeted to generate a zebrafish model of human SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Kanako L Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Parisa Rasighaemi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Dennis de Coninck
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, the Netherlands
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia;
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50
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Parra D, Reyes-Lopez FE, Tort L. Mucosal Immunity and B Cells in Teleosts: Effect of Vaccination and Stress. Front Immunol 2015; 6:354. [PMID: 26236311 PMCID: PMC4502357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are subjected to several insults from the environment, which may endanger animal survival. Mucosal surfaces are the first line of defense against these threats, acting as a physical barrier to protect the animal but also functioning as an active immune tissue. Thus, four mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs), which lead the immune responses in gut, skin, gills, and nose, have been described in fish. Humoral and cellular immunity, as well as their regulation and the factors that influence the response in these mucosal lymphoid tissues, are still not well known in most fish species. Mucosal B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (Igs) are key players in the immune response that takes place in those MALTs. The existence of IgT as a mucosal specialized Ig gives us the opportunity of measuring specific responses after infection or vaccination, a fact that was not possible until recently in most fish species. The vaccination process is influenced by several factors, being stress one of the main stimuli determining the success of the vaccine. Thus, one of the major goals in a vaccination process is to avoid possible situations of stress, which might interfere with fish immune performance. However, interaction between immune and neuroendocrine systems at mucosal tissues is still unknown. In this review, we will summarize the latest findings about B-lymphocytes and Igs in mucosal immunity and the effect of stress and vaccination on B-cell response at mucosal sites. It is important to point out that a limited number of studies have been published regarding stress in mucosa and very few about the influence of stress over mucosal B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-Lopez
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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