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Benyair R, Panapakkam Giridharan SS, Rivero-ríos P, Hasegawa J, Bristow E, Eskelinen E, Shmueli MD, Fishbain-yoskovitz V, Merbl Y, Sharkey LM, Paulson HL, Hanson PI, Patnaik S, Al-ramahi I, Botas J, Marugan J, Weisman LS. Upregulation of the ESCRT pathway and multivesicular bodies accelerates degradation of proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Autophagy Reports 2023;2. [DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2166722] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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2
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Li J, Tian G, Wang X, Tang H, Liu Y, Guo H, Wang C, Chen Y, Yang Y. Effects of short photoperiod on cashmere growth, hormone concentrations and hair follicle development-related gene expression in cashmere goats. J APPL ANIM RES 2023;51:52-61. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2153853] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Kubala JM, Laursen KB, Schreiner R, Williams RM, van der Mijn JC, Crowley MJ, Mongan NP, Nanus DM, Heller DA, Gudas LJ. NDUFA4L2 reduces mitochondrial respiration resulting in defective lysosomal trafficking in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2023;24:2170669. [PMID: 36722045 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2170669] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), activation of hypoxic signaling induces NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2) expression. Over 90% of ccRCCs exhibit overexpression of NDUFA4L2, which we previously showed contributes to ccRCC proliferation and survival. The function of NDUFA4L2 in ccRCC has not been fully elucidated. NDUFA4L2 was reported to reduce mitochondrial respiration via mitochondrial complex I inhibition. We found that NDUFA4L2 expression in human ccRCC cells increases the extracellular acidification rate, indicative of elevated glycolysis. Conversely, NDUFA4L2 expression in non-cancerous kidney epithelial cells decreases oxygen consumption rate while increasing extracellular acidification rate, suggesting that a Warburg-like effect is induced by NDUFA4L2 alone. We performed mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics of NDUFA4L2 associated complexes. Comparing RCC4-P (parental) ccRCC cells with RCC4 in which NDUFA4L2 is knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 (RCC4-KO-643), we identified 3,215 proteins enriched in the NDUFA4L2 immunoprecipitates. Among the top-ranking pathways were "Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer" and "Glycolysis Activation in Cancer (Warburg Effect)." We also show that NDUFA4L2 enhances mitochondrial fragmentation, interacts with lysosomes, and increases mitochondrial-lysosomal associations, as assessed by high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and live cell imaging. We identified 161 lysosomal proteins, including Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Intracellular Cholesterol Transporters 1 and 2 (NPC1, NPC2), that are associated with NDUFA4L2 in RCC4-P cells. RCC4-P cells have larger and decreased numbers of lysosomes relative to RCC4 NDUFA4L2 knockout cells. These findings suggest that NDUFA4L2 regulates mitochondrial-lysosomal associations and potentially lysosomal size and abundance. Consequently, NDUFA4L2 may regulate not only mitochondrial, but also lysosomal functions in ccRCC.
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Lopes Alberto Duque T, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li F, Perrone Bezerra de Menezes J, Menna-barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? Autophagy Reports 2023;2. [DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Liton PB, Boesze-battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. Autophagy in the eye: from physiology to pathophysology. Autophagy Reports 2023;2. [DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Zhang H, Qin W, Romero H, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC. Heterochromatin organization and phase separation. Nucleus 2023;14:2159142. [PMID: 36710442 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2159142] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus displays a variety of membraneless compartments with distinct biomolecular composition and specific cellular activities. Emerging evidence indicates that protein-based liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays an essential role in the formation and dynamic regulation of heterochromatin compartmentalization. This feature is especially conspicuous at the pericentric heterochromatin domains. In this review, we will describe our understanding of heterochromatin organization and LLPS. In addition, we will highlight the increasing importance of multivalent weak homo- and heteromolecular interactions in LLPS-mediated heterochromatin compartmentalization in the complex environment inside living cells.
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Keuenhof KS, Kohler V, Broeskamp F, Panagaki D, Speese SD, Büttner S, Höög JL. Nuclear envelope budding and its cellular functions. Nucleus 2023;14:2178184. [PMID: 36814098 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2178184] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) has long been assumed to be the sole route across the nuclear envelope, and under normal homeostatic conditions it is indeed the main mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. However, it has also been known that e.g. herpesviruses cross the nuclear envelope utilizing a pathway entitled nuclear egress or envelopment/de-envelopment. Despite this, a thread of observations suggests that mechanisms similar to viral egress may be transiently used also in healthy cells. It has since been proposed that mechanisms like nuclear envelope budding (NEB) can facilitate the transport of RNA granules, aggregated proteins, inner nuclear membrane proteins, and mis-assembled NPCs. Herein, we will summarize the known roles of NEB as a physiological and intrinsic cellular feature and highlight the many unanswered questions surrounding these intriguing nuclear events.
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Baker MR, Lee AS, Rajadhyaksha AM. L-type calcium channels and neuropsychiatric diseases: Insights into genetic risk variant-associated genomic regulation and impact on brain development. Channels (Austin) 2023;17:2176984. [PMID: 36803254 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2176984] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent human genetic studies have linked a variety of genetic variants in the CACNA1C and CACNA1D genes to neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. This is not surprising given the work from multiple laboratories using cell and animal models that have established that Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 L-type calcium channels (LTCCs), encoded by CACNA1C and CACNA1D, respectively, play a key role in various neuronal processes that are essential for normal brain development, connectivity, and experience-dependent plasticity. Of the multiple genetic aberrations reported, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CACNA1C and CACNA1D that are present within introns, in accordance with the growing body of literature establishing that large numbers of SNPs associated with complex diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders, are present within non-coding regions. How these intronic SNPs affect gene expression has remained a question. Here, we review recent studies that are beginning to shed light on how neuropsychiatric-linked non-coding genetic variants can impact gene expression via regulation at the genomic and chromatin levels. We additionally review recent studies that are uncovering how altered calcium signaling through LTCCs impact some of the neuronal developmental processes, such as neurogenesis, neuron migration, and neuron differentiation. Together, the described changes in genomic regulation and disruptions in neurodevelopment provide possible mechanisms by which genetic variants of LTCC genes contribute to neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Cai L, Wang GG. Through the lens of phase separation: intrinsically unstructured protein and chromatin looping. Nucleus 2023;14:2179766. [PMID: 36821650 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2179766] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment, maintenance and dynamic regulation of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structures provide an important means for partitioning of genome into functionally distinctive domains, which helps to define specialized gene expression programs associated with developmental stages and cell types. Increasing evidence supports critical roles for intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) harbored within transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin-modulatory proteins in inducing phase separation, a phenomenon of forming membrane-less condensates through partitioning of biomolecules. Such a process is also critically involved in the establishment of high-order chromatin structures and looping. IDR- and phase separation-driven 3D genome (re)organization often goes wrong in disease such as cancer. This review discusses about recent advances in understanding how phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) modulates chromatin looping and gene expression.
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Plotniece A, Sobolev A, Supuran CT, Carta F, Björkling F, Franzyk H, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Augustyns K, Cos P, De Vooght L, Govaerts M, Aizawa J, Tammela P, Žalubovskis R. Selected strategies to fight pathogenic bacteria. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023;38:2155816. [PMID: 36629427 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2155816] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and analogues are a source of antibacterial drug discovery. Considering drug resistance levels emerging for antibiotics, identification of bacterial metalloenzymes and the synthesis of selective inhibitors are interesting for antibacterial agent development. Peptide nucleic acids are attractive antisense and antigene agents representing a novel strategy to target pathogens due to their unique mechanism of action. Antisense inhibition and development of antisense peptide nucleic acids is a new approach to antibacterial agents. Due to the increased resistance of biofilms to antibiotics, alternative therapeutic options are necessary. To develop antimicrobial strategies, optimised in vitro and in vivo models are needed. In vivo models to study biofilm-related respiratory infections, device-related infections: ventilator-associated pneumonia, tissue-related infections: chronic infection models based on alginate or agar beads, methods to battle biofilm-related infections are discussed. Drug delivery in case of antibacterials often is a serious issue therefore this review includes overview of drug delivery nanosystems.
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Ellison TJ, Stice SL, Yao Y. Therapeutic and diagnostic potential of extracellular vesicles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Extracellular Vesicle 2023;2:100019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2022.100019] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chen R, Wang Z, Sima L, Cheng H, Luo B, Wang J, Guo B, Mao S, Zhou Z, Peng J, Tang L, Liu X, Liao W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2, 6, 8-substituted Imidazopyridine derivatives as potent PI3Kα inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023;38:2155638. [PMID: 36650905 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2155638] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of PI3K pathway has become a desirable strategy for cancer treatment. In this work, a series of 2, 6, 8-substituted Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives were designed and screened for their activities against PI3Kα and a panel of PI3Kα-addicted cancer cells. Among them, compound 35 was identified as a PI3Kα inhibitor with nanomolar potency as well as acceptable antiproliferative activity. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed 35 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in T47D cells. In addition, it also showed desirable in vitro ADME properties. The design, synthesis, and SAR exploration of 35 are described within.
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Zhang S, Tu Y, Lai H, Chen H, Tu H, Li J. PPARG, GNG12, and CD19 are potential independent predictors of central nerve recurrence in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology 2023;28:2182169. [PMID: 36861936 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2182169] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify biomarkers that can predict the recurrence of the central nervous system (CNS) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The transcriptome and clinical data of ALL in children were downloaded from the TARGET database. Transcriptome data were analyzed by bioinformatics method to identify core (hub) genes and establish a risk assessment model. Univariate Cox analysis was performed on each clinical data, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed on the obtained results and risk score. The children ALL phase I samples from TARGET database were used for validation. RESULTS Univariate multivariate Cox analysis of 10 hub genes identified showed that PPARG (HR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.67-0.91, p = 0.007), CD19 (HR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.05-1.26, p = 0.003) and GNG12 (HR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.04-1.51, p = 0.017) had statistical differences. The risk score was statistically significant in univariate (HR = 3.06, 95%CI = 1.30-7.19, p = 0.011) and multivariate (HR = 1.81, 95%CI = 1.16-2.32, p = 0.046) Cox regression analysis. The survival analysis results of the high and low-risk groups were different when the validation dataset was substituted into the model (p = 0.018). Then, we constructed a Nomogram which had a concordance index of survival prediction of 0.791(95%CI= 0.779-0.803). In addition, the CNS involvement grading status at first diagnosis CNS3 vs. CNS1 (HR = 5.74, 95%CI = 2.01-16.4, p = 0.001), T cell vs B cell (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.06-2.49, p = 0.026) were also statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS PPARG, GNG12, and CD19 may be predictors of CNS relapse in childhood ALL.
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Gallo DM, Fitzgerald W, Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N, Gudicha DW, Than NG, Bosco M, Chaiworapongsa T, Jung E, Meyyazhagan A, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Erez O, Tarca AL, Margolis L. Proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma of women with fetal death. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023;36:2177529. [PMID: 36813269 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2177529] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fetal death is a complication of pregnancy caused by multiple etiologies rather than being the end-result of a single disease process. Many soluble analytes in the maternal circulation, such as hormones and cytokines, have been implicated in its pathophysiology. However, changes in the protein content of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which could provide additional insight into the disease pathways of this obstetrical syndrome, have not been examined. This study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of EVs in the plasma of pregnant women who experienced fetal death and to evaluate whether such a profile reflected the pathophysiological mechanisms of this obstetrical complication. Moreover, the proteomic results were compared to and integrated with those obtained from the soluble fraction of maternal plasma. METHODS This retrospective case-control study included 47 women who experienced fetal death and 94 matched, healthy, pregnant controls. Proteomic analysis of 82 proteins in the EVs and the soluble fractions of maternal plasma samples was conducted by using a bead-based, multiplexed immunoassay platform. Quantile regression analysis and random forest models were implemented to assess differences in the concentration of proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and to evaluate their combined discriminatory power between clinical groups. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to identify subgroups of fetal death cases with similar proteomic profiles. A p-value of <.05 was used to infer significance, unless multiple testing was involved, with the false discovery rate controlled at the 10% level (q < 0.1). All statistical analyses were performed by using the R statistical language and environment-and specialized packages. RESULTS Nineteen proteins (placental growth factor, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, endoglin, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES), interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha, urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, IL-8, E-Selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, pentraxin 3, IL-16, galectin-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP1), and CD163) were found to have different plasma concentrations (of an EV or a soluble fraction) in women with fetal death compared to controls. There was a similar pattern of change for the dysregulated proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and a positive correlation between the log2-fold changes of proteins significant in either the EV or the soluble fraction (ρ = 0.89, p < .001). The combination of EV and soluble fraction proteins resulted in a good discriminatory model (area under the ROC curve, 82%; sensitivity, 57.5% at a 10% false-positive rate). Unsupervised clustering based on the proteins differentially expressed in either the EV or the soluble fraction of patients with fetal death relative to controls revealed three major clusters of patients. CONCLUSION Pregnant women with fetal death have different concentrations of 19 proteins in the EV and soluble fractions compared to controls, and the direction of changes in concentration was similar between fractions. The combination of EV and soluble protein concentrations revealed three different clusters of fetal death cases with distinct clinical and placental histopathological characteristics.
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Zhang S, Li D, Liu Y, Qin C, Tong L, Xu L. Multifunctional exosome-driven pancreatic cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Extracellular Vesicle 2023;2:100022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2023.100022] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Cao Z, Liu Z, Zhang G, Mao X. P mutants with different promoting period and their application for quorum sensing regulated protein expression. FOOD SCI HUM WELL 2023;12:1841-1849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.048] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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Debruyne AC, Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI. Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;144:55-66. [PMID: 36117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
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Zhao P, Sun L, Zhao C. TCF1/LEF1 triggers Wnt-dependent chemokine/cytokine-induced inflammation and cadherin pathways to drive T-ALL cell migration. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023;34:101457. [PMID: 36942321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101457] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of aggressive hematologic malignancy. It progresses quickly and it is likely to be fatal within a few months without treatment. Despite the limitations of current clinical therapies, there is an urgent need for novel and targeted therapies. To explore potential targeted therapies, molecular genetic mechanisms of T-ALL metastasis must be uncovered. However, the genes and mechanisms that mediate T-ALL metastasis are largely unknown. Recent insights into T-ALL biology have identified several genes that can be grouped into several targetable signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways. Our work investigated the functions of TCF1 and LEF1 in cell growth and migration mediated by the Wnt signaling pathway. We found that TCF1 and LEF1 knockdown weakly repressed T-ALL cell proliferation but distinctly impaired cell migration. T-ALL metastasis is dependent on cell migration and invasion. Our results displayed that TCF1 and LEF1 regulated T-ALL cell migration by the Wnt-dependent chemokine and cytokine-induced inflammation and cadherin signaling pathways. By transcriptionally regulating these pathways-associated genes, TCF1 and LEF1 inhibited cell adhesion and promoted cell migration and invasion.
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Solouki A, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Azimi R, Aliniaeifard S. Improving basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil yield following down-regulation of photosynthetic functionality by short-term application of abiotic elicitors. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2023;50:102675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102675] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Han L, Li T, Wang Y, Lai W, Zhou H, Niu Z, Su J, Lv G, Zhang G, Gao J, Huang J, Lou Z. Weierning, a Chinese patent medicine, improves chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. J Ethnopharmacol 2023;309:116345. [PMID: 36906155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116345] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Weierning tablet (WEN) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine widely used in clinical for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) therapy for years. However, the underlying mechanisms of WEN on anti-CAG are still unveiled. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to elucidate the characteristic function of WEN on anti-CAG and to illuminate its potential mechanism. METHODS The CAG model was established by gavage rats with a modeling solution (consisting of 2% sodium salicylate and 30% alcohol) with irregular diets and free access to 0.1% ammonia solution for two months on end. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum levels of gastrin, pepsinogen, and inflammatory cytokines. qRT-PCR was applied to measure mRNA expressions of IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, TNF-α, and γ-IFN in gastric tissue. Pathological changes and the ultrastructure of gastric mucosa were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. AB-PAS staining was applied to observe the intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to measure the expression levels of mitochondria apoptosis-related proteins and Hedgehog pathway-related proteins in gastric tissues. Expressions of Cdx2 and Muc2 protein were determined by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS WEN could dose-dependently lower the serum level of IL-1β and the mRNA expressions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and γ-IFN in gastric tissue. Also, WEN significantly alleviated the collagen deposition in gastric submucosa, regulated the expressions of Bax, Cleaved-caspase9, Bcl2, and Cytochrome c to reduce the apoptosis of gastric mucosa epithelial cells, and maintained the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier. Moreover, WEN could reduce protein expressions of Cdx2, Muc2, Shh, Gli1, and Smo, and reverse intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa to block the progress of CAG. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a positive effect of WEN on improving CAG and reverse intestinal metaplasia. These functions were related to the suppression of gastric mucosal cells' apoptosis and the inhibition of Hedgehog pathways' activation.
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Pérez-Moreno JJ, Smith RC, Oliva MK, Gallo F, Ojha S, Müller KH, O'Kane CJ. Drosophila SPG12 ortholog, reticulon-like 1, governs presynaptic ER organization and Ca2+ dynamics. J Cell Biol 2023;222:e202112101. [PMID: 36952540 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112101] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears continuous throughout the cell. Its shape and continuity are influenced by ER-shaping proteins, mutations in which can cause distal axon degeneration in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP). We therefore asked how loss of Rtnl1, a Drosophila ortholog of the human HSP gene RTN2 (SPG12), which encodes an ER-shaping protein, affects ER organization and the function of presynaptic terminals. Loss of Rtnl1 depleted ER membrane markers at Drosophila presynaptic motor terminals and appeared to deplete narrow tubular ER while leaving cisternae largely unaffected, thus suggesting little change in resting Ca2+ storage capacity. Nevertheless, these changes were accompanied by major reductions in activity-evoked Ca2+ fluxes in the cytosol, ER lumen, and mitochondria, as well as reduced evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission. We found that reduced STIM-mediated ER-plasma membrane contacts underlie presynaptic Ca2+ defects in Rtnl1 mutants. Our results show the importance of ER architecture in presynaptic physiology and function, which are therefore potential factors in the pathology of HSP.
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Lai MC, Cheng HY, Lew SH, Chen YA, Yu CH, Lin HY, Lin SM. Crystal structures of dimeric and heptameric mtHsp60 reveal the mechanism of chaperonin inactivation. Life Sci Alliance 2023;6:e202201753. [PMID: 36973006 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201753] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Hsp60 (mtHsp60) plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper folding of proteins in the mitochondria. mtHsp60 self-assembles into a ring-shaped heptamer, which can further form a double-ring tetradecamer in the presence of ATP and mtHsp10. However, mtHsp60 tends to dissociate in vitro, unlike its prokaryotic homologue, GroEL. The molecular structure of dissociated mtHsp60 and the mechanism behind its dissociation remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Epinephelus coioides mtHsp60 (EcHsp60) can form a dimeric structure with inactive ATPase activity. The crystal structure of this dimer reveals symmetrical subunit interactions and a rearranged equatorial domain. The α4 helix of each subunit extends and interacts with its adjacent subunit, leading to the disruption of the ATP-binding pocket. Furthermore, an RLK motif in the apical domain contributes to stabilizing the dimeric complex. These structural and biochemical findings provide new insights into the conformational transitions and functional regulation of this ancient chaperonin.
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Pollington HQ, Seroka AQ, Doe CQ. From temporal patterning to neuronal connectivity in Drosophila type I neuroblast lineages. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;142:4-12. [PMID: 35659165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.022] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system (CNS) in flies and mammals requires the production of distinct neurons in different locations and times. Here we review progress on how Drosophila stem cells (neuroblasts; NBs) generate distinct neurons over time. There are two types of NBs: type I and type II NBs (defined below); here we focus on type I NBs; type II NBs are reviewed elsewhere in this issue. Type I NBs generate neural diversity via the cascading expression of specific temporal transcription factors (TTFs). TTFs are sequentially expressed in neuroblasts and required for the identity of neurons born during each TTF expression window. In this way TTFs specify the "temporal identity" or birth-order dependent identity of neurons. Recent studies have shown that TTF expression in neuroblasts alter the identity of their progeny, including directing motor neurons to form proper connectivity to the proper muscle targets, independent of their birth-order. Similarly, optic lobe (OL) type I NBs express a series of TTFs that promote proper neuron morphology and targeting to the four OL neuropils. Together, these studies demonstrate how temporal identity is crucial in promoting proper circuit assembly within the Drosophila CNS. In addition, TTF orthologs in mouse are good candidates for specifying neuron types in the neocortex and retina. In this review we highlight the recent advances in understanding the role of TTFs in CNS circuit assembly in Drosophila and reflect on the conservation of these mechanisms in mammalian CNS development.
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Crozet F, Letort G, Bulteau R, Da Silva C, Eichmuller A, Tortorelli AF, Blévinal J, Belle M, Dumont J, Piolot T, Dauphin A, Coulpier F, Chédotal A, Maître JL, Verlhac MH, Clarke HJ, Terret ME. Filopodia-like protrusions of adjacent somatic cells shape the developmental potential of oocytes. Life Sci Alliance 2023;6:e202301963. [PMID: 36944420 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301963] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The oocyte must grow and mature before fertilization, thanks to a close dialogue with the somatic cells that surround it. Part of this communication is through filopodia-like protrusions, called transzonal projections (TZPs), sent by the somatic cells to the oocyte membrane. To investigate the contribution of TZPs to oocyte quality, we impaired their structure by generating a full knockout mouse of the TZP structural component myosin-X (MYO10). Using spinning disk and super-resolution microscopy combined with a machine-learning approach to phenotype oocyte morphology, we show that the lack of Myo10 decreases TZP density during oocyte growth. Reduction in TZPs does not prevent oocyte growth but impairs oocyte-matrix integrity. Importantly, we reveal by transcriptomic analysis that gene expression is altered in TZP-deprived oocytes and that oocyte maturation and subsequent early embryonic development are partially affected, effectively reducing mouse fertility. We propose that TZPs play a role in the structural integrity of the germline-somatic complex, which is essential for regulating gene expression in the oocyte and thus its developmental potential.
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Binda O, Kimenyi Ishimwe AB, Galloy M, Jacquet K, Corpet A, Fradet-Turcotte A, Côté J, Lomonte P. The TUDOR domain of SMN is an H3K79(me1) histone mark reader. Life Sci Alliance 2023;6:e202201752. [PMID: 36882285 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201752] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality and results from depleted levels of functional survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein by either deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene. SMN is characterized by a central TUDOR domain, which mediates the association of SMN with arginine methylated (Rme) partners, such as coilin, fibrillarin, and RNA pol II (RNA polymerase II). Herein, we biochemically demonstrate that SMN also associates with histone H3 monomethylated on lysine 79 (H3K79me1), defining SMN as not only the first protein known to associate with the H3K79me1 histone modification but also the first histone mark reader to recognize both methylated arginine and lysine residues. Mutational analyzes provide evidence that SMNTUDOR associates with H3 via an aromatic cage. Importantly, most SMNTUDOR mutants found in spinal muscular atrophy patients fail to associate with H3K79me1.
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Hamid A, Gutierrez A, Munroe J, Syed MH. The Drivers of Diversity: Integrated genetic and hormonal cues regulate neural diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;142:23-35. [PMID: 35915026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.007] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of the nervous system relies not only on the generation of a vast repertoire of distinct neural cell types but also on the precise neural circuitry within them. How the generation of highly diverse neural populations is regulated during development remains a topic of interest. Landmark studies in Drosophila have identified the genetic and temporal cues regulating neural diversity and thus have provided valuable insights into our understanding of temporal patterning of the central nervous system. The development of the Drosophila central complex, which is mostly derived from type II neural stem cell (NSC) lineages, showcases how a small pool of NSCs can give rise to vast and distinct progeny. Similar to the human outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) neural progenitors, type II NSCs generate intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) to expand and diversify lineages that populate higher brain centers. Each type II NSC has a distinct spatial identity and timely regulated expression of many transcription factors and mRNA binding proteins. Additionally, INPs derived from them show differential expression of genes depending on their birth order. Together type II NSCs and INPs display a combinatorial temporal patterning that expands neural diversity of the central brain lineages. We cover advances in current understanding of type II NSC temporal patterning and discuss similarities and differences in temporal patterning mechanisms of various NSCs with a focus on how cell-intrinsic and extrinsic hormonal cues regulate temporal transitions in NSCs during larval development. Cell extrinsic ligands activate conserved signaling pathways and extrinsic hormonal cues act as a temporal switch that regulate temporal progression of the NSCs. We conclude by elaborating on how a progenitor's temporal code regulates the fate specification and identity of distinct neural types. At the end, we also discuss open questions in linking developmental cues to neural identity, circuits, and underlying behaviors in the adult fly.
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Sun H, Hobert O. Temporal transitions in the postembryonic nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Recent insights and open questions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;142:67-80. [PMID: 35688774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.029] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
After the generation, differentiation and integration into functional circuitry, post-mitotic neurons continue to change certain phenotypic properties throughout postnatal juvenile stages until an animal has reached a fully mature state in adulthood. We will discuss such changes in the context of the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, focusing on recent descriptions of anatomical and molecular changes that accompany postembryonic maturation of neurons. We summarize the characterization of genetic timer mechanisms that control these temporal transitions or maturational changes, and discuss that many but not all of these transitions relate to sexual maturation of the animal. We describe how temporal, spatial and sex-determination pathways are intertwined to sculpt the emergence of cell-type specific maturation events. Finally, we lay out several unresolved questions that should be addressed to move the field forward, both in C. elegans and in vertebrates.
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El-Danaf RN, Rajesh R, Desplan C. Temporal regulation of neural diversity in Drosophila and vertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;142:13-22. [PMID: 35623984 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.011] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The generation of neuronal diversity involves temporal patterning mechanisms by which a given progenitor sequentially produces multiple cell types. Several parallels are evident between the brain development programs of Drosophila and vertebrates, such as the successive emergence of specific cell types and the use of combinations of transcription factors to specify cell fates. Furthermore, cell-extrinsic cues such as hormones and signaling pathways have also been shown to be regulatory modules of temporal patterning. Recently, transcriptomic and epigenomic studies using large single-cell sequencing datasets have provided insights into the transcriptional dynamics of neurogenesis in the Drosophila and mammalian central nervous systems. We review these commonalities in the specification of neuronal identity and highlight the conserved or convergent strategies of brain development by discussing temporal patterning mechanisms found in flies and vertebrates.
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Li X, Syed MH. Time, space, and diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;142:1-3. [PMID: 36100475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.002] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li C, Wang K, Zou Y, Lei C, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Extracellular self-DNA induced a PTI-related local defence against Rhizopus rot in postharvest peach fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 2023;200:112306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112306] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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McNamara HM, Ramm B, Toettcher JE. Synthetic developmental biology: New tools to deconstruct and rebuild developmental systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;141:33-42. [PMID: 35484026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.013] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances have driven many recent advances in developmental biology. Light sheet imaging can reveal single-cell dynamics in living three-dimensional tissues, whereas single-cell genomic methods open the door to a complete catalogue of cell types and gene expression states. An equally powerful but complementary set of approaches are also becoming available to define development processes from the bottom up. These synthetic approaches aim to reconstruct the minimal developmental patterns, signaling processes, and gene networks that produce the basic set of developmental operations: spatial polarization, morphogen interpretation, tissue movement, and cellular memory. In this review we discuss recent approaches at the intersection of synthetic biology and development, including synthetic circuits to deliver and record signaling stimuli and synthetic reconstitution of pattern formation on multicellular scales.
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Ricci-Tam C, Kuipa S, Kostman MP, Aronson MS, Sgro AE. Microbial models of development: Inspiration for engineering self-assembled synthetic multicellularity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;141:50-62. [PMID: 35537929 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.014] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While the field of synthetic developmental biology has traditionally focused on the study of the rich developmental processes seen in metazoan systems, an attractive alternate source of inspiration comes from microbial developmental models. Microbes face unique lifestyle challenges when forming emergent multicellular collectives. As a result, the solutions they employ can inspire the design of novel multicellular systems. In this review, we dissect the strategies employed in multicellular development by two model microbial systems: the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum and the biofilm-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Both microbes face similar challenges but often have different solutions, both from metazoan systems and from each other, to create emergent multicellularity. These challenges include assembling and sustaining a critical mass of participating individuals to support development, regulating entry into development, and assigning cell fates. The mechanisms these microbial systems exploit to robustly coordinate development under a wide range of conditions offer inspiration for a new toolbox of solutions to the synthetic development community. Additionally, recreating these phenomena synthetically offers a pathway to understanding the key principles underlying how these behaviors are coordinated naturally.
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Qian W, Good MC. Peeking under the hood of early embryogenesis: Using tools and synthetic biology to understand native control systems and sculpt tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;141:43-9. [PMID: 35525819 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.016] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Early embryogenesis requires rapid division of pluripotent blastomeres, regulated genome activation, precise spatiotemporal signaling to pattern cell fate, and morphogenesis to shape primitive tissue architectures. The complexity of this process has inspired researchers to move beyond simple genetic perturbation into engineered devices and synthetic biology tools to permit temporal and spatial manipulation of the control systems guiding development. By precise alteration of embryo organization, it is now possible to advance beyond basic analytical strategies and directly test the sufficiency of models for developmental regulation. Separately, advances in micropatterning and embryoid culture have facilitated the bottom-up construction of complex embryo tissues allowing ex vivo systems to recapitulate even later stages of development. Embryos fertilized and grown ex vivo offer an excellent opportunity to exogenously perturb fundamental pathways governing embryogenesis. Here we review the technologies developed to thermally modulate the embryo cell cycle, and optically regulate morphogen and signaling pathways in space and time, specifically in the blastula embryo. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in cell patterning in two and three dimensions that have helped reveal the self-organizing properties and gene regulatory networks guiding early embryo organization.
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Nerurkar NL. Editorial: Special issue on synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;141:1-2. [PMID: 35965212 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.08.004] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Villard C. Spatial confinement: A spur for axonal growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;140:54-62. [PMID: 35927121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.006] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The concept of spatial confinement is the basis of cell positioning and guidance in in vitro studies. In vivo, it reflects many situations faced during embryonic development. In vitro, spatial confinement of neurons is achieved using different technological approaches: adhesive patterning, topographical structuring, microfluidics and the use of hydrogels. The notion of chemical or physical frontiers is particularly central to the behaviors of growth cones and neuronal processes under confinement. They encompass phenomena of cell spreading, boundary crossing, and path finding on surfaces with different adhesive properties. However, the most universal phenomenon related to confinement, regardless of how it is implemented, is the acceleration of neuronal growth. Overall, a bi-directional causal link emerges between the shape of the growth cone and neuronal elongation dynamics, both in vivo and in vitro. The sensing of adhesion discontinuities by filopodia and the subsequent spatial redistribution and size adaptation of these actin-rich filaments seem critical for the growth rate in conditions in which adhesive contacts and actin-associated clutching forces dominate. On the other hand, the involvement of microtubules, specifically demonstrated in 3D hydrogel environments and leading to ameboid-like locomotion, could be relevant in a wider range of growth situations. This review brings together a literature collected in distinct scientific fields such as development, mechanobiology and bioengineering that highlight the consequences of confinement and raise new questions at different cellular scales. Its ambition is to stimulate new research that could lead to a better understanding of what gives neurons their ability to establish and regulate their exceptional size.
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Ghose A, Pullarkat P. The role of mechanics in axonal stability and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;140:22-34. [PMID: 35786351 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.006] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of neuronal cell biology has been devoted to growth cone guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity, plasticity, etc. The axonal shaft too has received much attention, mainly for its astounding ability to transmit action potentials and the transport of material over long distances. For these functions, the axonal cytoskeleton and membrane have been often assumed to play static structural roles. Recent experiments have changed this view by revealing an ultrastructure much richer in features than previously perceived and one that seems to be maintained at a dynamic steady state. The role of mechanics in this is only beginning to be broadly appreciated and appears to involve passive and active modes of coupling different biopolymer filaments, filament turnover dynamics and membrane biophysics. Axons, being unique cellular processes in terms of high aspect ratios and often extreme lengths, also exhibit unique passive mechanical properties that might have evolved to stabilize them under mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize the experiments that have exposed some of these features. It is our view that axonal mechanics deserves much more attention not only due to its significance in the development and maintenance of the nervous system but also due to the susceptibility of axons to injury and neurodegeneration.
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Van Essen DC. Biomechanical models and mechanisms of cellular morphogenesis and cerebral cortical expansion and folding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;140:90-104. [PMID: 35840524 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.007] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the nervous system involves a highly complex spatio-temporal pattern of physical forces (mainly tension and pressure) acting on cells and tissues that are pliable but have an intricately organized cytoskeletal infrastructure. This review begins by covering basic principles of biomechanics and the core cytoskeletal toolkit used to regulate the shapes of cells and tissues during embryogenesis and neural development. It illustrates how the principle of 'tensegrity' provides a useful conceptual framework for understanding how cells dynamically respond to forces that are generated internally or applied externally. The latter part of the review builds on this foundation in considering the development of mammalian cerebral cortex. The main focus is on cortical expansion and folding - processes that take place over an extended period of prenatal and postnatal development. Cortical expansion and folding are likely to involve many complementary mechanisms, some related to regulating cell proliferation and migration and others related to specific types and patterns of mechanical tension and pressure. Three distinct multi-mechanism models are evaluated in relation to a set of 18 key experimental observations and findings. The Composite Tension Plus (CT+) model is introduced as an updated version of a previous multi-component Differential Expansion Sandwich Plus (DES+) model (Van Essen, 2020); the new CT+ model includes 10 distinct mechanisms and has the greatest explanatory power among published models to date. Much needs to be done in order to validate specific mechanistic components and to assess their relative importance in different species, and important directions for future research are suggested.
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Liu L, Tibbs J, Li N, Bacon A, Shepherd S, Lee H, Chauhan N, Demirci U, Wang X, Cunningham BT. A photonic resonator interferometric scattering microscope for label-free detection of nanometer-scale objects with digital precision in point-of-use environments. Biosens Bioelectron 2023;228:115197. [PMID: 36905862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115197] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Label-free detection and digital counting of nanometer-scaled objects such as nanoparticles, viruses, extracellular vesicles, and protein molecules enable a wide range of applications in cancer diagnostics, pathogen detection, and life science research. Here, we report the design, implementation, and characterization of a compact Photonic Resonator Interferometric Scattering Microscope (PRISM) designed for point-of-use environments and applications. The contrast of interferometric scattering microscopy is amplified through a photonic crystal surface, upon which scattered light from an object combines with illumination from a monochromatic source. The use of a photonic crystal substrate for interferemetric scattering microscopy results in reduced requirements for high-intensity lasers or oil-immersion objectives, thus opening a pathway toward instruments that are more suitable for environments outside the optics laboratory. The instrument incorporates two innovative elements that facilitate operation on a desktop in ordinary laboratory environments by users that do not have optics expertise. First, because scattering microscopes are extremely sensitive to vibration, we incorporated an inexpensive but effective solution of suspending the instrument's main components from a rigid metal framework using elastic bands, resulting in an average of 28.7 dBV reduction in vibration amplitude compared to an office desk. Second, an automated focusing module based on the principle of total internal reflection maintains the stability of image contrast over time and spatial position. In this work, we characterize the system's performance by measuring the contrast from gold nanoparticles with diameters in the 10-40 nm range and by observing various biological analytes, including HIV virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, exosome, and ferritin protein.
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Trembleau A, Breau MA. Editorial for the special issue "Driving forces behind the wiring of neuronal circuits". Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023;140:1-2. [PMID: 36088209 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.001] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhou H, Cheng R, Quarrell M, Shchukin D. Autonomic self-regulating systems based on polyelectrolyte microcapsules and microgel particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023;638:403-11. [PMID: 36758253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.111] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems possess unique non-equilibrium functions, maintaining tight manipulation of their surroundings through inter-communication of multiple components and self-regulatory capability organized over different length scales. However, most artificial materials are incapable of communicating and self-regulating behavior due to their limited number of component and direct responsive modes. Herein, a new integrated self-regulation system is developed utilizing stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte capsules as building blocks. The combination of stimuli-responsive capsules and enzyme immobilized microgels is designed to mimic life systems and its programmable interactive communications and self-regulation behavior is demonstrated through communication-feedback mechanism. Polyelectrolyte capsules can sense changes of their surrounding, then start the internal communication by releasing energy-rich cargo mimicking the behavior of the cells. The microgel particles subsequently complete closed-loop communication through providing negative feedback on capsules by enzymatic reaction and actuating pH-regulation of the whole system. Different communication modes and pH-regulation behaviors could be achieved by adjusting spatial and kinetic conditions. Proposed intelligent system is highly customizable due to the wide selection of encapsulated cargos, stimuli-responsive blocks and reaction networks, and would have broad influences in areas ranging from medical implants that assist in stabilizing body functions to microreactor system that regulate catalytic reactions.
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Cheng S, Ni X, Yao Y, Sun Y, Yu X, Xia D, Yang Z, Hu MG, Hou X. Hyperoside prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by increasing white fat browning and lipophagy via CDK6-TFEB pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2023;307:116259. [PMID: 36781055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116259] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypericum perforatum L. (genus Hypericum, family Hypericaceae) is a flowering plant native to Europe, North Africa and Asia, which can be used in the treatment of psychiatric disorder, cardiothoracic depression and diabetes. Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge (genus Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, family Rosaceae) was another traditional Chinese medicine for treating hyperlipidemia. Hyperoside (Hype), a major flavonoid glycoside component of Hypericum perforatum L. and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, possesses multiple physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the role of Hype on obesity and related metabolic diseases still needs to be further investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY We explored the effect of Hype on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its metabolic regulation on white fat tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to vehicle (0.5% methycellulose) and Hype (80 mg/kg/day by gavage) group under a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD for 8 weeks. In vitro, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line and primary stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of mice were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Hype regulation on adipocyte energy metabolism. RESULTS Hype treatment in vivo promotes UCP1-dependent white to beige fat transition, increases glucose and lipid metabolism, and resists HFD-induced obesity. Meanwhile, Hype induces lipophagy, a specific autophagy that facilitates the breakdown of lipid droplets, and blocking autophagy partially reduces UCP1 expression. Mechanistically, Hype inhibited CDK6, leading to the increased nuclear translocation of TFEB, while overexpression of CDK6 partially reversed the enhancement of UCP1 by Hype. CONCLUSIONS Hype protects mice from HFD-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure of white fat tissue via CDK6-TFEB pathway.
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Sethi S, Gupta R, Bharshankh A, Sahu R, Biswas R. Celebrating 50 years of microbial granulation technologies: From canonical wastewater management to bio-product recovery. Sci Total Environ 2023;872:162213. [PMID: 36796691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162213] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial granulation technologies (MGT) in wastewater management are widely practised for more than fifty years. MGT can be considered a fine example of human innovativeness-driven nature wherein the manmade forces applied during operational controls in the biological process of wastewater treatment drive the microbial communities to modify their biofilms into granules. Mankind, over the past half a century, has been refining the knowledge of triggering biofilm into granules with some definite success. This review captures the journey of MGT from inception to maturation providing meaningful insights into the process development of MGT-based wastewater management. The full-scale application of MGT-based wastewater management is discussed with an understanding of functional microbial interactions within the granule. The molecular mechanism of granulation through the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and signal molecules is also highlighted in detail. The recent research interest in the recovery of useful bioproducts from the granular EPS is also emphasized.
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Yang J, Huang T, Zhang J, Bai G, Wang W, Yao J, Chen Z, Tu C. Sulphur dioxide and fluoride co-exposure cause enamel damage by disrupting the Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) ion transport. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023;77:127131. [PMID: 36630759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127131] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is growing evidence linking the exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) and fluoride to human diseases, there is little data on the co-exposure of SO2 and fluoride. Moreover, literature on SO2 and fluoride co-exposure to enamel damage is insufficient. In this work, we concentrate on the concurrent environmental issues of excessive SO2 and fluoride in several coal-consuming regions. METHOD To identify the toxicity of SO2 and fluoride exposure either separately or together, we used both ICR mice and LS8 cells, and factorial design was employed to assess the type of potential combined action. RESULT In this study, co-exposure to SO2 and fluoride exacerbated enamel damage, resulting in more severe enamel defects of incisor and the damage occurred earlier. Cl-/HCO3- exchanger expression is increased by SO2 and fluoride in mouse incisor. Consistent with in vivo results, co-exposure of SO2 and fluoride decreased pHi and increased [Cl-]i level by increasing the expression of the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in LS8 cells. Furthermore, SO2 and F may increase merlin protein expression, and merlin deficiency causes AE2 expression to decrease in vitro. CONCLUSION Overall, these results indicate that co-exposure to SO2 and fluoride may result in more toxicity both in vitro and in vivo than a single exposure to SO2 and fluoride, suggesting that residents in areas contaminated with SO2 and fluoride may be more likely to suffer enamel damage.
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Chen SY, Liu KF, Tan SY, Chen XS, Li HD, Li JJ, Zhou JW, Yang L, Long C. Deubiquitinase CYLD regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2023;1806:148313. [PMID: 36878342 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148313] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The fate of proteins is determined by the addition of various forms of polyubiquitin during ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Cylindromatosis (CYLD), a K63-specific deubiquitinase, is enriched in postsynaptic density fractions of the rodent central nervous system (CNS), but the synaptic role of CYLD in the CNS is poorly understand. Here we show that CYLD deficiency (Cyld-/-) results in reduced intrinsic hippocampal neuronal firing, a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and a decrease in the amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Moreover, Cyld-/- hippocampus shows downregulated levels of presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGlut1) and upregulated levels of postsynaptic GluA1, a subunit of the AMPA receptor, together with an altered paired-pulse ratio (PPR). We also found increased activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of Cyld-/- mice. The present study suggests a critical role for CYLD in mediating hippocampal neuronal and synaptic activity.
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Chu X, Zhong L, Dan W, Wang X, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Lu Y, Shao X, Zhou Z, Chen S, Liu B. DNMT3A R882H mutation promotes acute leukemic cell survival by regulating glycolysis through the NRF2/NQO1 axis. Cell Signal 2023;105:110626. [PMID: 36758683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110626] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have confirmed that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with DNA methyltransferase 3A Arg882His (DNMT3A R882H) mutation show an increased proliferation capability. However, the associated mechanism is still unclear. Glycolysis is involved in regulating malignant proliferation of cancer cell. Hence, we analyzed whether the DNMT3A R882H mutation interferes with glycolysis and thereby influences AML cell proliferation. METHODS We generated AML cell line carrying a DNMT3A-R882H mutation and compared it with the wild type (DNMT3A-WT) with regard to glycolysis regulation. Moreover, we analyzed the cell line's proliferation and apoptosis by a CCK-8 assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry. The role of NRF2/NQO1 signaling in regulating glycolysis was investigated by NRF2-knockdown and Brusatol (specific inhibitor of NRF2) treatment. RESULTS DNMT3A R882H cells had a higher glucose transport capacity compared to WT cells and their viability could be reduced by glucose deprivation. Moreover, daunorubicin had a slight inhibitory effect on glycolysis while glycolysis inhibition re-sensitized mutant cells to daunorubicin. Obviously, DNMT3A R882H mutation activated the NRF2/NQO1 pathway and enhanced the glycolytic activity in mutant cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest a novel mechanism by which a DNMT3A R882H mutation promotes glycolysis via activation of NRF2/NQO1 pathway. A parallel glycolysis inhibition adds to the anticancer effects of daunorubicin which might lead to a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of AML patients carrying a DNMT3A R882H mutation.
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Wu S, Lin W. Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation is essential for maintaining the viability or function of mature myelinating cells in adults. Glia 2023;71:1360-76. [PMID: 36708285 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24346] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is responsible for recognition and degradation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. Sel1L is essential for the ERAD activity of Sel1L-Hrd1 complex, the best-known ERAD machinery. Using a continuous Sel1L knockout mouse model (CNP/Cre; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice), our previous studies showed that Sel1L knockout in myelinating cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leads to adult-onset myelin abnormalities in the CNS and PNS. Because Sel1L is deleted in myelinating cells of CNP/Cre; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice starting at very early stage of differentiation, it is impossible to rule out the possibility that the adult-onset myelin abnormalities in these mice results from developmental myelination defects caused by Sel1L knockout in myelinating cells during development. Thus, using an inducible Sel1L knockout mouse model (PLP/CreERT ; Sel1LloxP/loxP mice) that has normal, intact myelin and myelinating cells in the adult CNS and PNS prior to tamoxifen treatment, we sought to determine if Sel1L knockout in mature myelinating cells of adult mice leads to myelin abnormalities in the CNS and PNS. We showed that Sel1L knockout in mature myelinating cells caused ERAD impairment, ER stress and UPR activation. Interesting, Sel1L knockout in mature oligodendrocytes impaired their myelinating function by suppressing myelin protein translation, and resulted in progressive myelin thinning in the adult CNS. Conversely, Sel1L knockout in mature Schwann cells led to Schwann cell apoptosis and demyelination in the adult PNS. These findings demonstrate the essential roles of ERAD in mature myelinating cells in the adult CNS and PNS under physiological conditions.
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Zamora R, McEvoy J, Colbert C, Chacana Olivares J, Kaewlom P, Khan E. Blocking bacterial appendage attachment to wastewater treatment membranes using anti-adhesins. Chemosphere 2023;323:138246. [PMID: 36842556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138246] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) suffer from high operational and cleaning costs due to biofouling. The biofouling begins when the adhesins (an anchor-type epitope made up of polar and charged amino acids) on microbial appendages bind to the surface. Two different compounds-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) and methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (MeαMan)-were investigated as possible biofilm mitigation tools due to their documented anti-adhesin properties in the biomedical field. DDM prevented up to 56.3, 87.0, and 67.6% of the formation of Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli and wastewater culture biofilms, respectively, in microplate experiments. MeαMan increased biofilm in the microplates. In a biofilm reactor setting, DDM was then applied on typical membrane materials, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamide, polyether-sulfone, and polyacrylonitrile and prevented 79.4, 62.5, 81.3, and 68.2% of the detectable wastewater culture biofilm formation, respectively. The mechanism of anti-adhesion was the binding of the polar head of the DDM to the polar amino acids of the microbial appendages in conjunction with the orientation of the DDM as it binds different membrane materials. If the anti-adhesins are effective at increasing the distance of the bacteria from the membrane materials, they will serve as a new method for delaying biofouling.
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Borgonetti V, Galeotti N. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression Participates in the Myelin Restoration in Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Antisense Modulation of HuR and HuD ELAV RNA Binding Protein. Mol Neurobiol 2023;60:2661-77. [PMID: 36696009 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03236-8] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is the most difficult-to-treat pain syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Evidence relates neuropathic pain to demyelination, which often originates from unresolved neuroinflammation or altered immune response. Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression might play a fundamental role in the regulation of these processes. The ELAV RNA-binding proteins HuR and HuD are involved in the promotion of inflammatory phenomena and in neuronal development and maintenance, respectively. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of HuR and HuD in demyelination-associated neuropathic pain in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. HuR resulted overexpressed in the spinal cord of MOG35-55-EAE and PLP139-151-EAE mice and was detected in CD11b + cells. Conversely, HuD was largely downregulated in the MOG-EAE spinal cord, along with GAP43 and neurofilament H, while in PLP-EAE mice, HuD and neuronal markers remained unaltered. Intranasal antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) delivery to knockdown HuR, increased myelin basic protein expression, and Luxol Fast Blue staining in both EAE models, an indication of increased myelin content. These effects temporally coincided with attenuation of pain hypersensitivity. Anti-HuR ASO increased the expression of HuD in GAP43-expressing cells and promoted a HuD-mediated neuroprotective activity in MOG-EAE mice, while in PLP-EAE mice, HuR silencing dampened pro-inflammatory responses mediated by spinal microglia activation. In conclusion, anti-HuR ASO showed myelin protection at analgesic doses with multitarget mechanisms, and it deserves further consideration as an innovative agent to counteract demyelination in neuropathic pain states.
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Sobajima T, Kowalczyk KM, Skylakakis S, Hayward D, Fulcher LJ, Neary C, Batley C, Kurlekar S, Roberts E, Gruneberg U, Barr FA. PP6 regulation of Aurora A-TPX2 limits NDC80 phosphorylation and mitotic spindle size. J Cell Biol 2023;222:e202205117. [PMID: 36897279 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205117] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of the mitotic kinase Aurora A or loss of its regulator protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) have emerged as drivers of genome instability. Cells lacking PPP6C, the catalytic subunit of PP6, have amplified Aurora A activity, and as we show here, enlarged mitotic spindles which fail to hold chromosomes tightly together in anaphase, causing defective nuclear structure. Using functional genomics to shed light on the processes underpinning these changes, we discover synthetic lethality between PPP6C and the kinetochore protein NDC80. We find that NDC80 is phosphorylated on multiple N-terminal sites during spindle formation by Aurora A-TPX2, exclusively at checkpoint-silenced, microtubule-attached kinetochores. NDC80 phosphorylation persists until spindle disassembly in telophase, is increased in PPP6C knockout cells, and is Aurora B-independent. An Aurora-phosphorylation-deficient NDC80-9A mutant reduces spindle size and suppresses defective nuclear structure in PPP6C knockout cells. In regulating NDC80 phosphorylation by Aurora A-TPX2, PP6 plays an important role in mitotic spindle formation and size control and thus the fidelity of cell division.
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Wan Y, Wang H, Fan X, Bao J, Wu S, Liu Q, Yan X, Zhang J, Jin ZB, Xiao B, Wang N. Mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 is an essential regulator in cell cycle progression of optic nerve head astrocytes. Glia 2023;71:1233-46. [PMID: 36598105 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24334] [Cited by in Crossref: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes provide structural and metabolic support to neuronal axons in developmental, physiological, and pathological progression. Mechanosensitive properties of astrocytes allow them to sense and respond to mechanical cues from the local environment. We confirmed that ONH astrocytes express the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in vivo. By manipulating Piezo1 knockdown or overexpression in vitro, we found that Piezo1 is necessary but insufficient for ONH astrocyte proliferation. Loss of Piezo1 can lead to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, a possible mechanism involving decreased yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and downregulation of YAP-target cell cycle-associated factors, including cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of differential expression genes from RNA-seq data indicates that the absence of Piezo1 affects biological processes involving cell division. Our results demonstrate that Piezo1 is an essential regulator in cell cycle progression in ONH astrocytes.
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