Distribution status of genetically modified soybeans from the United States and Canada to Japan in 2021 and 2022

The number of authorized genetically modified (GM) soybeans has increased worldwide. In Japan, 34 GM soybeans containing single events and their stacked varieties have been approved as food. However, not all approved GM events are commercially cultivated or distributed. In this study, we evaluated domestically distributed samples from the United States (US) and Canada using 17 event-specific detection methods for GM soybeans. Identity-preserved (IP) soybean samples imported from the US and Canada, and non-IP samples from the US in 2021 and 2022 were analyzed. Four GM soybean events consisting of MON89788, A5547-127, MON87708, and DAS-44406 were detected in all lots in the non-IP samples. Furthermore, a single-kernel-based analysis was conducted to determine whether the detected GM soybean events are stacked. The results suggest that DAS-44406 is rapidly increasing, particularly as a single event among GM soybeans.

Specific detection of genetically modified potatoes containing asparagine synthetase-1 and polyphenol oxidase 5 genes derived from potato

Several genetically modified (GM) potatoes have been developed by introducing endogenous genes derived from potatoes, such as asparagine synthetase-1 (Asn1) and polyphenol oxidase 5 (Ppo5), to improve quality. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish between GM and non-GM potatoes. In this study, we developed a sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method to identify innate and inserted genes. We designed four Asn1 gene-specific primers and eight construct-specific detection primers to evaluate GM potatoes (E12, X17, and Y9) and non-GM crops. Consequently, PCR products corresponding to the original endogenous potato genes and the inserted genes were clearly distinguished and simultaneously identified. In addition, the PCR method demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to identify GM content at levels as low as 0.5%. Thus, this study offers an effective detection method for monitoring or screening approved and unapproved GM potato events using Asn1 and Ppo5 transgenes in foods and feeds.

Comprehensive review of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee products: Occurrence, extraction, and analytical methods

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites present in certain plant genera, raising health concerns due to their inevitable occurrence in bee products like honey, pollen, royal jelly, and propolis. The European Commission has set a 500 μg kg-1 limit for PAs/PANOs in pollen-based supplements to ensure safety, emphasizing the need for sensitive analytical methods. This review, based on studies published between 2019 and 2024, identifies 51 compounds in bee products, including 32 PAs and 19 PANOs, with lycopsamine, senecionine, echimidine, intermedine, and retrorsine being the most studied. Solvent extraction, often combined with SPE or QuEChERS, is the most used preparation method, while liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is preferred for detection. Few studies assessed the risk of PAs consumption. These findings support regulatory monitoring of bee product safety and highlight the need for refining detection methods and establishing standardized limits and monitoring for PAs/PANOs.

Assessment of the authenticity of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) samples using digital images and chemometric techniques

This study proposes using digital colorimetry combined with unsupervised pattern recognition techniques to obtain a molecular fingerprint profile that allows detection and identification of the non-destructive authenticity of coconut water samples. It also intends to classify the samples sold as in nature, adulterated, or industrialized. The samples were purchased at street markets and local stores in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. The digital images were obtained through direct analysis without pre-treatment of the samples. Then, the combination values of color histograms in RGB channels were extracted using Chemostat software. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering contributed to the classification of the samples. It was possible to prove that digital colorimetry is a useful tool that allows confirming the authenticity of foods quickly and at a low cost. It can contribute to the inspection by regulatory agencies, in addition to following the principles of green analytical chemistry.

Systematic investigation into matrix effect compensation in the GC-MS analysis of flavor components using analyte protectants

Accurate quantitative analysis of flavor components is critical to eusuring product quality and safety. Matrix effects (MEs) in gas chromatography (GC) analysis frequently leads to a low sensitivity and inaccurate quantitation. This study first analyzed the MEs of 32 representative flavor components that cover the volatility range of GC-amenable analytes. The results revealed that flavor components with high boiling points, polar groups, or at low concentrations were particularly susceptible to MEs. The compensatory effects of 23 potential APs on MEs were evaluated, and the impacts of retention time (tR), hydrogen bonding capability, and concentration of APs on their compensatory effects were explored. The results indicated that a broader tR coverage rate and stronger hydrogen bonding capability led to better enhancement, while increasing AP concentration improved analyte peak intensity. However, similar tR, strong hydrogen bond capability or high AP concentration could also introduce negative effects, such as interference, insolubility, tR shift or peak distortion. Based on a comprehensive assessment of both positive and negative effects, a suitable AP combination of malic acid +1,2-tetradecanediol (both at 1 mg/mL) was developed to compensate the MEs across more analytes. After adding the combination, significant improvements were observed in the linearity, limit of quantitation (5.0-96.0 ng/mL), and recovery rate (89.3-120.5 %) of the method. This study comprehensively considered factors including the solubility, interference, protective effect of the agents, providing an efficient strategy for developing potential APs. This strategy holds broad application prospects in various fields, such as foods, beverages, cosmetics and more.

Simultaneous microextraction of Brilliant Blue FCF, Malachite Green, and Rhodamine B in children's play materials: Assessment of greenness approach

The types, quantities, and permissible limits of dyestuffs used in the toy industry are susceptible since the relevant audience is children. For this reason, the dyestuffs used in children's play materials are one of the crucial issues to be emphasized. Rhodamine B, Brilliant Blue FCF, and Malachite Green are some of the most commonly used dyestuffs, and they are also included in our study. In addition to making play materials fun for children, it is vital to determine the amount of the dye in the play material to know the damage it will cause. For this purpose, an ultrasonically assisted, rapid, and highly sensitive green deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction method was developed to detect three synthetic dyes in different children's play materials. Extraction recoveries were between 92.8 and 103.2% under optimum conditions. The method was promising when the results obtained were compared with other studies. When additional recovery studies were carried out on different children's play materials, Rhodamine B in pink-coloured playdough and finger paint, Brilliant Blue FCF in blue-coloured playdough, finger paint, and watercolour paint, and Malachite green dyestuffs in finger paint and crayon were detected. In addition, this study is noteworthy as it is the first study in which simultaneous determination of three dyestuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography method was carried out.

Machine learning-guided Orbitrap-HRAMS-based metabolomic fingerprinting for geographical origin, variety and tissue specific authentication, and adulteration detection of turmeric and ashwagandha

The increasing global demand for herbs and spices in food and nutraceutical industries highlights their key functional benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Ensuring authenticity and traceability is essential to counteract challenges such as geographical origin (GO) mislabelling and tissue- or variety-specific adulteration, which can undermine product quality and safety. This study employs LC-Orbitrap-MS-based untargeted metabolomics coupled with machine learning to authenticate the GO, variety, and tissue specificity of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), two widely used food ingredients. Four GO-specific turmeric samples, three tissue- and variety- specific ashwagandha samples, and adulterated market samples were analysed using data-dependent acquisition mode. Machine learning algorithms identified key biomarkers and constructed robust classification models, achieving 98 % specificity and accuracy in authenticating GO, variety, and tissue specificity, even in adulterated samples. These results demonstrate the value of integrating advanced metabolomics and machine learning for quality assurance and food safety in the global market.

Application of Machine Learning (ML) approach in discovery of novel drug targets against Leishmania: A computational based approach

Molecules with potent anti-leishmanial activity play a crucial role in identifying treatments for leishmaniasis and aiding in the design of novel drugs to combat the disease, ultimately protecting individuals and populations. Various methods have been employed to represent molecular structures and predict effective anti-leishmanial molecules. However, each method faces challenges and limitations that must be addressed to optimize the drug discovery and design process. Recently, machine learning approaches have gained significant importance in overcoming the limitations of traditional methods across various fields. Therefore, there is an urgent need to build a computational pipeline using advanced machine learning and deep learning methods that help to predict anti-leishmanial activity of drug candidates. The proposed pipeline in this paper involves data collection, feature extraction, feature selection and prediction techniques. This review presents a comprehensive computational pipeline for anti-leishmanial drug discovery, highlighting its strengths, limitations, challenges, and future directions to improve treatment for this neglected tropical disease.

Nutritional evaluation of high-value alternative proteins extracted from legume defective seeds

The high protein content of legumes, including P. vulgaris, L. culinaris, L. albus, and P. sativum, is increasingly valued in food formulations, driving interest in utilizing their by-products. This study evaluates the nutritional quality and applications of four legume protein concentrates derived from defective seeds. Analysis included amino acid composition, antinutrient presence, and in vitro digestion, along with structural analysis. Proximate composition, pigment, mineral, and bioactivity assays were also conducted. All concentrates surpassed 70 % protein concentration and presented a well-balanced amino acid profile meeting the requirements for healthy individuals. Bean concentrate exhibited elevated levels of trypsin inhibitor (53.27 ± 0.19 TIU/mg) and total phenolic compounds (0.82 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), while pea concentrate showed the highest phytic acid content (2.67 ± 0.02 %). Bean concentrate displayed superior structural stability and lower in vitro protein digestibility (∼20 %), compared to the other concentrates (60-70 %). These findings optimize legume defective seeds utilization in plant-based products, addressing sustainability and enhancing nutritional value.

Comparative highlights of morphological, phytochemical and nutritional key characteristics of Mediterranean Lupinus species

Lupinus species are valuable for sustainable agriculture due to their high protein content, adaptability, and bioactive compounds. This study assessed the morphological, nutritional, and phytochemical diversity of Lupinus albus, L. luteus, and L. pilosus using 27 agro-morphological traits and analytical techniques (GC-MS, GC-FID, HPLC, and spectrophotometry). L. pilosus, with its dense leaf pubescence, thrives in arid environments, whereas L. luteus and L. albus, with glabrous leaves, are adaptable to humid conditions. L. albus has the shortest ripening period (208.61 ± 12.79 days) and the highest protein (37.18 ± 2.37 %) and nitrogen (5.95 ± 0.38 %) content. L. pilosus exhibits the strongest antioxidant activity (ABTS: 84.5 %) due to its rich flavonoid and phenolic profile, while L. albus differ with its nutraceutical potential. Additionally, 38.88 % of L. albus seeds are "sweet", improving edibility. These findings highlight L. albus as an optimal candidate for genetic improvement and sustainable agriculture, particularly in Mediterranean regions.

Variations in 3-chloropropanol esters, glycidyl esters, and lipid accompaniments during the simulated moderate decolorization process of maize germ oil

The decolorization process of maize germ oil can simultaneously reduce the contents of beneficial lipid accompaniments for enhancing human health and risk factors. Herein, the decolorization rate, oil qualities (acid and peroxide values), lipid accompaniments (tocopherols and sterols), and risk factors, such as 3-chloropropanol esters (3-MCPDEs), glycidyl esters (GEs), were used as indicators for optimizing the decolorization condition. Results showed that by under heating at 85 °C for 30 min with magnesium silicate and activated clay (1:2, w/w), the tocopherols and sterols contents were 688.07 mg/kg and 9.89 g/kg, respectively. The 3-MCPDEs and GEs contents were 1.177 and 0.090 mg/kg, respectively, which meet the standard requirements according to the EU limit regulations for 3-MCPDEs and GEs in 2021. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the corn oil refining process and technical improvement.

Rapid analysis of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol in Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol edibles by Ag(I) paper spray mass spectrometry after simple extraction

Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products are increasingly popular despite uncertainties regarding their legality and safety. Based on the hypothesis that unique double-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) and triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MS3) fragments would allow unambiguous identification of cannabinoids, a simple and rapid method was developed for the differentiation of Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, and cannabidiol (CBD) within 1 min. This approach combines methanol extraction and silver(I)-impregnated paper spray mass spectrometry (AgPS-MS) for the analysis of Δ8-THC products. Extraction recovery exceeded 85 % for all three cannabinoids from Δ8-THC edibles, with acceptable matrix effects observed in both brownie and vape oil samples. The Δ9-THC:Δ8-THC ratios in acid-treated cannabidiol mixtures were quantified with results comparable to GC-FID method (0 to -11 % deviation). Analysis of commercial Δ8-THC products revealed four contained illegal Δ9-THC levels (> 0.3 %) and all contained various other THC isomers, e.g., Δ8-iso-THC, Δ(4)8-iso-THC, or Δ3-THC. This method offers a reliable solution for Δ8-THC product screening.

Multiplexed and highly sensitive FRET aptasensor for simultaneous assay of multiple antibiotics via DNAzyme and catalytic strand displacement amplification cascades

BACKGROUND

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms poses significant risks to public health. Therefore, the development of technologies capable of detecting antibiotics with high sensitivity and selectivity is essential for monitoring and controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance. Yet, current major available antibody-based antibiotic detection methods often face limitations in sensitivity, complexity, and cost, and commonly one target antibiotic can be detected in one assay.

RESULTS

On the basis of a three-way DNA junction (3-WJ) signal construct, we describe a multiplexed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor strategy for highly sensitive simultaneous detection of sarafloxacin (SAR) and enrofloxacin (ENR) through cyclic DNAzyme and catalytic strand displacement reaction (CSDR) signal amplification cascades. Target antibiotics are recognized separately by the aptamers in DNAzyme/apamer duplexes to release active DNAzyme sequences, which cleave the dumbbell substrate hairpins to free ssDNAs to trigger subsequent CSDR between the assistance hairpins and the 3-WJ constructs for formation of many fluorophores 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)- and 2',7'-dimethoxy-4', 5'-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE)/6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX)-labeled DNA duplexes. This leads to the pulling of FAM dye donor in proximity to the ROX and JOE dye acceptors, facilitating the yield of considerably amplified FRET signals at 555 nm and 605 nm for the SAR and ENR assays, respectively, with detection limits of 1.95 pM (0.76 ng/L) and 5.01 pM (1.8 ng/L) within 2.5 h. Additionally, this sensing method can selectively discriminate SAR and ENR against non-target antibiotics and has been validated for the simultaneous detection of SAR and ENR in milk samples.

SIGNIFICANCE

Featured with the advantages of convenient and significant signal amplification capability as well as single excitation for multiplexed detection, the successful demonstration of our method for sensitive and simultaneous detection of two antibiotics therefore shows its promising potential for constructing different multiplexed aptasensors for detecting various low levels of biomolecules.

Arsenic speciation in freshwater fish using high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Arsenic speciation in freshwater fish is crucial for providing meaningful consumption guidelines that allow the public to make informed decisions regarding its consumption. While marine fish have attracted much research interest due to their higher arsenic content, research on freshwater fish is limited due to the challenges in quantifying and identifying arsenic species present at trace levels. We describe here a sensitive method and its application to the quantification of arsenic species in freshwater fish. Arsenic species from fish tissues were extracted using a methanol/water mixture (1:1 vol. ratio) and ultrasound sonication. Anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) enabled separation of arsenobetaine (AsB), inorganic arsenite (iAsIII), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), inorganic arsenate (iAsV), and three new arsenic species. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) provided highly sensitive and specific detection of arsenic. A limit of detection of 0.25 µg/kg (wet weight fish tissue) was achieved for the five target arsenic species: AsB, iAsIII, DMA, MMA, and iAsV. A series of experiments were conducted to ensure the accuracy and validity of the analytical method. The method was successfully applied to the determination of arsenic species in lake whitefish, northern pike, and walleye, with AsB, DMA, and iAsV being frequently detected. Three new arsenic species were detected, but their chromatographic retention times did not match with those of any available arsenic standards. Future research is necessary to elucidate the identity of these new arsenic species detected in freshwater fish.

Distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of acrylamide in air-fried potato strips

The acrylamide distribution and water characteristics in different parts (edge, surface, and core) of potato were studied. The reason was revealed by tracking the changes of acrylamide contents, moisture properties, and microstructure at different airflow velocities (1.8, 2.6, 3.4, 5.0 m/s) and processing times under 180 °C. At the airflow velocity of 3.4 m/s, the concentration of acrylamide generated in the edges of potato strips was the highest (456.22 μg/kg), at least five times that of the core (85.33 μg/kg). The moisture content trend in different parts of potato strips was the opposite, with the edges having the lowest moisture content (8.91 %) and the core having the highest (55.78 %). The immobilized water on the surface of potato strips migrated and evaporated rapidly with airflow velocity and processing time. These findings would be beneficial in rational regulation of air frying and development of potato products with reduced acrylamide.

Alkalized MXene/laser-induced graphene-based integrated three-electrode devices for micro-droplet detection of albendazole

BACKGROUND

Albendazole is a commonly-used antiparasitic drug that has been extensively applied in animal husbandry and aquaculture to prevent and treat various parasitic infections. However, the potential residues of albendazole in animal-derived foods and the aquatic environment can pose risks to human health and ecological balance. Hence, the development of a highly sensitive and rapid analytical method for albendazole is of utmost importance to safeguard food safety and preserve the ecological environment. MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx) are emerging as promising precursors for the design of such detection systems. (86) RESULTS: In this work, MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx) were alkalized in NaOH solution to form alkalized Ti3C2Tx (Al-MXene). The treatment caused structural changes such as expanded interlayer spacing, reduced particle size, enhanced Zeta potential, and the formation of amorphous TiO2 on the surface. These modifications gave Al-MXene larger electrochemical active specific area and stronger physical adsorption capacity for albendazole compared to the original MXene nanosheets. When Al-MXene was decorated on the surface of laser-induced graphene (LIG), albendazole was efficiently oxidized due to the unique surface activity of Al-MXene and the abundant three-dimensional porous structure of LIG. An integrated three-electrode device based on the Al-MXene/LIG structure was fabricated for the electrochemical detection of albendazole in micro-droplets for milk sample. The device showed a linear detection range from 10 nM to 1 μM, a sensitivity of 411 μA μmoL-1 cm-2, and a detection limit of 7.5 nM (143) SIGNIFICANCE: The development of the integrated three-electrode device based on Al-MXene/LIG provides a highly sensitive and efficient method for detecting albendazole in milk samples. Moreover, it can also offer guidance for fabricating more innovative electrochemical sensors for the rapid screening of veterinary drug residues. This contribution is of great significance in ensuring food safety and protecting public health. (57).

Smartphone-assisted dual-sided capillary microfluidic device for multiplex detection of heavy metals and nutrients in drinking water

BACKGROUND

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination are growing global issues necessitating monitoring water resources. While laboratory-based platforms for detecting these contaminants are sensitive and accurate, they require centralized facilities, trained personnel, and significant costs. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices have emerged as a low-cost alternative for on-site detection of these water contaminants; however, these platforms struggle with slow assay times, loss of analyte, and the need for precise volumetric pipetting. Moreover, these platforms often focus on detecting only one subgroup of contaminants, limiting the potential for comprehensive measurements.

RESULTS

We developed a capillary flow-driven, single-dip dual-sided detection system, enabling rapid, multiplex detection of heavy metals and nutrients in a single user step. The sensor enables both qualitative visual analysis and quantitative analysis via a smartphone app for real-time and on-site detection of Ni, Fe, Cu, NO2- and PO43-. The limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) were calculated as 1.3 and 4.4 ppm for Ni, 0.3 and 0.9 ppm for Fe, 0.2 and 0.6 ppm for Cu, 0.4 and 1.2 ppm for NO2-, and 0.5 and 1.6 ppm for PO43-. Selectivity was achieved through masking strategies in each detection zone. The sensors were stable for >4 weeks under ambient conditions. Spike-recovery analysis was performed using river, tap, pond, and commercial drinking water, achieving recoveries between 86 and 112 % with accuracy and precision below 15 % RSD for all samples.

SIGNIFICANCE

This multiplex sensor offers a solution to overcome the current limitations of paper-based devices, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of multiple contaminant classes.

Green extraction of bioactive flavonoids in Scutellariae Radix using deep eutectic solvents-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion combined with computer-aided analysis

An efficient and sustainable deep eutectic solvents-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (DES-UAMSPD) method was proposed for extracting the bioactive flavonoids in Scutellariae Radix (SR), with molecular sieve (ZSM-5) as dispersant and betaine-levulinic acid (Bet-Lea (1:2, 50 % water content)) as the effective extractant. The interaction mechanism of DES formation and extraction process was comprehensively elucidated by computer simulation techniques such as electrostatic potential (ESP) distributions, independent gradient model based on hirshfeld partition (IGMH) and frontier molecular orbitals theory. The response surface methodology experiments were conducted to optimize the extraction conditions. Under optimal extraction conditions, the total content of five analytes (baicalin, oroxyloside, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin) reached 182.66 mg g-1, which was 1.50-2.19 folds higher than conventional extraction solvents. The greenness and environmental friendliness of the proposed method were evaluated through Green Analytical Procedure Index and Analytical Eco-Scale. Additionally, this quantitative method exhibited reliable linearity for the analytes (r2 > 0.9997) and excellent recovery (95.4 %-102 %, RSD < 2.72 %). The limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 μg mL-1. Overall, these results highlighted the excellent extraction and quantification capability of the proposed approach, which offered an environmentally friendly strategy for effective extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products.

Study on the essential components in Cyperi Rhizoma from different regions of China based on 3D van Krevelen diagram

Investigate the correlation between essential components and Cyperi Rhizoma from various regions of China using the 3D van Krevelen diagram. Head-space hyphenated with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) was employed to analyze the essential components of Cyperi Rhizoma from different regions of China. The 3D van Krevelen diagram was generated using Matlab 8.0 software to visualize the data. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to quantify the content of cyperenone, nootkatone, and α-cyperone in Cyperi Rhizoma samples from diverse regions of China. A total of 132 chemical components were identified in Cyperi Rhizoma, encompassing alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, sesquiterpenes, and oxidized sesquiterpenes, among others. The 3D van Krevelen diagram effectively illustrated the categories, quantities, and proportions of these components and highlighted region-specific characteristics. For instance, terpenoid content was highest in samples from Guangdong, while alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were most abundant in those from Shandong. The highest levels of alkenes, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes were observed, whereas oxidized terpenes showed the lowest concentrations. The HPLC findings corroborated the conclusions derived from the 3D van Krevelen diagram. The 3D van Krevelen diagram effectively depicted the distribution of essential components in Cyperi Rhizoma from different regions of China, facilitating the transition from numerical data to graphical representation. This method provides an intuitive visualization of the compositional characteristics of Cyperi Rhizoma across various regions of China.

Determination of haloacetic acids in municipal tap water and swimming pool water using portable capillary liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry

In this study, a compact capillary liquid chromatography (capLC) system (<10 Kg) has been coupled with two small-footprint and portable single quadrupole mass spectrometers (<35 Kg) for the analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water samples. The portable capillary liquid chromatograph was equipped with a polar-modified C18 column (100 × 0.5 mm, particle size: 3 μm) and utilised gradient elution with 0.05 % formic acid and methanol to selectively separate and quantify the 9 HAAs (HAA9) recommended for monitoring by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The successful quantification of HAA9 was accomplished using a portable capLC-ESI-MS system with a single quadrupole mass analyser for the first time without the addition of ion-pairing agents. Direct injection was applied to analyse HAA9 in tap and swimming pool water using the system incorporating the Shimadzu LCMS-2050 mass spectrometer. The limits of the detection (LODs) attained using the capLC-MS system were below the maximum contamination level (MCL), 60 µg/L, set by USEPA for the five most common HAAs in drinking water (HAA5). Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was detected in local tap water at the level of 5.3 µg/L, while 142.4 µg/L and 311.4 µg/L of DCAA and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), respectively, were determined in local swimming pool water. The small-footprint capLC-MS system is compatible with the on-site analysis within water treatment plants and provides a cost-effective and green solution for the quantification of HAA9.

Electrochemical detection of Legionella pneumophila using DNAzymes and under continuous flow in cooling tower water

Rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila in cooling tower water is crucial to mitigate the fatal consequences of Legionnaires disease. This study presents a microfluidic system that employs RNA-cleaving DNAzymes (RCDs) for continuous real time monitoring of this pathogen directly in a single sample of cooling tower water without the need for lengthy bacterial culture. The RCDs, coupled to microgel magnetic beads, are programmed to release an electroactive DNA barcode in the presence of L. pneumophila, which is detected by a downstream electrochemical sensor in real time. Our system identifies key parameters such as peak current, slope of signal increase, and lag time that correlate with L. pneumophila concentration, achieving a limit of detection of 1.4 × 103 CFU/mL in buffer and 1.9 × 103 CFU/mL in cooling tower water, meeting regulatory requirements. This system was further used to identify different serotypes of L. pneumophila amongst other waterborne bacterial species including non pneumophila species of Legionella, creating a highly specific tool for identifying this high-risk pathogen.

In-situ fixation (ISF): A rapid, reusable, and high-throughput nucleic acid extraction method for plant molecular analysis

Rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput nucleic acid testing (NAT) is crucial for diverse applications in plant breeding and crop protection, including genotyping, transgenic detection, and pathogen diagnosis. However, efficient plant DNA/RNA extraction methods suitable for point-of-care testing remain a significant challenge due to the complex plant cell composition. Here, we present a novel in-situ fixation (ISF) method that eliminates the need for sample grinding, water bath, centrifugation, and pipetting, enabling rapid (6 min) and high-throughput (96 samples) nucleic acid extraction from plant leaves. The ISF method fixes DNA/RNA within the cells, allowing reuse of the extraction reagents without cross-contamination. The extracted nucleic acids are suitable for various NAT techniques, including PCR, RT-PCR, qPCR, and LAMP. We demonstrate the integration of ISF with qPCR and LAMP for rapid detection of genetically modified content and plant pathogens. Furthermore, an ISF-based high-throughput device was developed for efficient genotyping of rice hybrid offspring. The ISF method's simplicity, reusability, and compatibility with field-deployable isothermal amplification offer a promising solution for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective plant molecular analysis.

Entrainer-assisted supercritical fluid extraction removing the phthalate plasticizers from Ganoderma Lucidum spores oil

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) spore oil, an important health supplement, has been found to frequently contain the excessive levels of phthalate plasticizers (PAEs), which may cause the safety and quality risks. This study used supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with 95 % ethanol as the entrainer, added at ratios of 0 % to 25 % of the spore powder mass, to investigate the effects of different extraction stages and entrainer on the reduces of PAEs content, physicochemical properties, and active components. Results showed that the acid value, ergosterol content, and PAEs content of the spore oil in the first stage were significantly higher than those in subsequent stages. Peroxide values were increased but remained below 0.22 g/100 g, while the total triterpene content fluctuated. The main fatty acids were oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids. At a 10 % entrainer ratio, the extraction yield increased to 32.30 ± 0.60 %, with the highest ergosterol content, the lowest DINP content, and achieved a 40.73 % reduction in PAEs content. This ratio did not affect the fatty acid composition, indicating it enhanced the oil yield and reduced PAEs without impacting the physicochemical properties and active ingredients. Therefore, the optimal entrainer ratio was determined to be 10 %, crucial for improving G. lucidum spore oil quality and safety in industrial production.

Characterization and differentiation of beech and chestnut honeydew honeys: A comparative study

This study compares beech (Fagus sylvatica) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) honeydew honeys through analyses of physicochemical properties, pollen composition, phenolic and volatile compounds, and bioactivity. Beech honey exhibited higher antioxidant activity (up to 1.81 mmol TE/kg) compared to chestnut honey (0.79 mmol TE/kg), though both had similar total phenolic and flavonoid content. A total of 37 phenolic compounds, including propolis-derived flavonoids, were detected, with taxifolin and phenylamides as potential markers of botanical origin. Volatile profiles distinguished the types, with beech honey rich in 2-furanmethanol and nonanal, while chestnut honey had unique benzaldehyde and furfural notes. Both honeys demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones up to 20 mm and effective MICs (0.025-0.2 g/mL). Although not currently classified by botanical origin in EU regulations, the study highlights distinctive polyphenol and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive properties, between beech and chestnut honeydew honeys.

How indoor decoration materials contribute to phthalates pollution: Uncovering occurrences, sources, and their implications for environmental burdens in households

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs), widely used as plasticizers in decoration materials, are significant indoor pollutants. However, research on their potential environmental impact in indoor settings remains limited. In this study, nine PAEs were determined in 177 decoration materials (41 furniture panels, 42 flooring, 52 wall coverings, and 42 paint and coatings) collected from China. PAEs were detectable in all materials, with total concentrations ranging from 261 ng/g to 4480,000 ng/g. Furniture panels and paint and coatings exhibited the highest levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in furniture panels and flooring, while DMP and DBP were dominant in wall coverings and paint and coatings. Principal component analysis indicated that polyvinyl chloride films, solvents, adhesives, and coatings are major sources of PAEs. The study also estimated the total PAE burdens in Chinese households, which ranged from 5.33 × 109 to 5.95 × 1012 ng. Regional variations in PAE burdens were significant (p < 0.05), with households in Southwest China experiencing the highest burdens. The type of decoration material, housing area, number of rooms, household income, and renovation budget were found to significantly influence PAE burdens. This study is the first to systematically evaluate the PAE burdens associated with decoration materials in Chinese households on a national scale, providing valuable insights into their presence and impact on daily life.

Molecularly imprinted Fe3O4 nanoparticles-based magnetic 3D photonic crystal microspheres for specific adsorption of aflatoxin B1 in grains

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the major toxic mycotoxin that contaminates grains at trace levels, necessitating the development of an efficient and simple extraction method to enrich it in samples. Here, magnetic molecularly imprinted Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MMIPs) were first synthesized by employing 5,7-dimethoxy coumarin as the template and methacrylic acid combined with styrene as the functional monomers. These MMIPs exhibited excellent selective recognition capabilities for AFB1, based on which, a novel molecularly imprinted magnetic inverse opal photonic crystal microsphere (MIP@MIPCM) was fabricated via a droplet-based microfluidic self-assembly technique. The MIP@MIPCMs enabled specific recognition of AFB1 and were used as an extraction material, achieving a binding capacity of 842.7 ng/mg within 20 min. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a sensitive and accurate analytical method was established for AFB1 detection with a detection limit of 0.35 μg/kg and recovery rates of 90-109 % in real samples.

Sulfonic acid-functionalized covalent organic framework@Ti3C2Tx as efficient solid-phase microextraction blade coating for the extraction of monoamine neurotransmitters in rat serum samples

Herein, a sulfonic-functionalized covalent organic framework@Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite (SO3HCOF@Ti3C2Tx) was synthesized and employed as solid phase microextraction (SPME) coating for isolation and extraction of monoamine neurotransmitters (MNTs) from rat serum samples. The resultant composite can combine the characteristics of hydrophilic Ti3C2Tx and SO3HCOF, which endow it has multiple adsorption sites and can provide multiple interactions such as cation exchange, hydrogen bonding and π-π with the target MNTs. The synthesized SO3HCOF@Ti3C2Tx SPME blades have excellent protein exclusion capability, ensuring high adsorption efficiency for MNTs. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed SO3HCOF@Ti3C2Tx blades-based SPME-HPLC method exhibited good linearities (r2≥0.9963), low limits of detection (0.015-0.030 ng mL-1) and low matrix effect (0.83 %-17.36 %). The recoveries of MNTs in the rat serum were in range of 90.3 %-118.3 %, with RSDs <10.8 %. The SPME-HPLC method was successfully applied for the analysis of 4 MNTs in the serum of depression model rats. This work not only details the development of a multi-functional composite, but it also presents an effective strategy for the determination of trace MNTs in serum sample.

Green analytical approaches for contaminants: Sustainable alternatives to conventional chromatographic methods

The growing importance of environmental sustainability has driven advancements in analytical chemistry, particularly in the development of green chromatographic techniques. This review explores various chromatographic methods that align with green chemistry principles, offering environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional gold-standard approaches. Techniques such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC), and gas chromatography (GC) with alternative carrier gases (e.g., hydrogen and nitrogen) are discussed in depth for their ability to reduce solvent consumption, minimize waste, and improve operational efficiency. These methods not only maintain high sensitivity and accuracy but also reduce the ecological impact of contaminant analysis. By comparing these sustainable approaches to conventional techniques, this review highlights their potential to meet regulatory standards while supporting eco-friendly practices within routine analysis laboratories.

Curcumin and EGCG combined formulation in nanostructured lipid carriers for anti-aging applications

Curcumin (Cur) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the primary active compounds in turmeric and green tea, respectively, have been investigated for their anti-aging potential. The Cur and EGCG combination was encapsulated in sustained-release nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance their bioactivities and pharmaceutical properties. A significant enhancement in the antioxidant activities of the Cur and EGCG combination was observed at an optimal ratio, as demonstrated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (118.83 ± 3.78 %), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (217.25 ± 13.45 %), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay (106.08 ± 12.93 %), compared to Cur alone without compromising the antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of EGCG. This is due to the enhancement of total phenolic content of the combination of 218.83 ± 10.57 %. For anti-aging activities, the combination exhibited stimulation of SIRT1 protein and inhibition of collagenase and elastase of 27.53 ± 0.73 %, 43.70 ± 1.05 % and 51.76 ± 6.52 % compared with that achieved with Cur alone, respectively. The incorporation of the Cur and EGCG combination into NLCs resulted in high entrapment efficiencies of 98.60 ± 0.05 % for Cur and 98.40 ± 0.08 % for EGCG, with corresponding loading capacities of 0.789 ± 0.001 % and 3.935 ± 0.003 %, respectively. When formulated NLCs into an emulgel base, the system demonstrated sustained release profiles over 48 h, with 12.82 ± 0.99 % release of Cur and 63.77 ± 5.76 % release of EGCG. Significant skin retention was also observed after 24 h, with 23.88 ± 1.71 % Cur and 22.79 ± 4.65 % EGCG retained in the skin. Therefore, Cur: EGCG-loaded NLCs in emulgel can deliver the active compounds into the dermis, enhancing skin penetration, sustained delivery, and anti-aging activity superior to each conventional single active compound in topical formulations.

Application of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified by Superhydrophobic Cellulose as a Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Superhydrophobic cellulose-coated magnetic nanoparticles (SCCMNPs) were synthesized and applied as an advanced solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the simultaneous extraction of fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) (A, E and D3). These modified nanoparticles (NPs) improve extraction efficiency and reduce process time through magnetic separation. The cellulose coating, further modified with stearoyl chloride, enhances sorbent stability and specificity, providing strong hydrophobic interactions while preventing NP aggregation. Extracted vitamins were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Optimization of coating materials revealed that 1.0000 g cellulose and 1.00 mL stearoyl chloride per 1.0000 g magnetic NPs (MNPs) were optimal. The NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, alternating gradient force magnetometry, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Optimized extraction conditions included 50.0 mg sorbent, 10.00 mL sample solution (pH = 5.0), 250 µL tetrahydrofuran as the desorption solvent and 1.5-min sorption/desorption times. Calibration curves exhibited excellent linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.999), with a dynamic linear range of 2.4 × 101-1.0 × 103 µg/L, limits of detection ≤8.6 µg/L, repeatability (%relative standard deviation [RSD] ≤ 4.6) and accuracy (recovery ≥79.60%). This is the first report demonstrating the application of stearoyl-modified cellulose in SPE, enabling rapid, solvent-efficient and highly selective vitamin extraction. The method provides a sustainable, cost-effective and high-performance alternative to conventional SPE, achieving efficient recovery with minimal sorbent amount, attributed to its optimized hydrophobicity from the affordable cellulose support. The application of this method in extracting FSVs from pharmaceutical formulations highlights these NPs as a promising next-generation SPE sorbent, offering an efficient, selective and environmentally benign solution.

Biological properties of vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, cobalamin, is indispensable for humans owing to its participation in two biochemical reactions: the conversion of l-methylmalonyl coenzyme A to succinyl coenzyme A, and the formation of methionine by methylation of homocysteine. Eukaryotes, encompassing plants, fungi, animals and humans, do not synthesise vitamin B12, in contrast to prokaryotes. Humans must consume it in their diet. The most important sources include meat, milk and dairy products, fish, shellfish and eggs. Due to this, vegetarians are at risk to develop a vitamin B12 deficiency and it is recommended that they consume fortified food. Vitamin B12 behaves differently to most vitamins of the B complex in several aspects, e.g. it is more stable, has a very specific mechanism of absorption and is stored in large amounts in the organism. This review summarises all its biological aspects (including its structure and natural sources as well as its stability in food, pharmacokinetics and physiological function) as well as causes, symptoms, diagnosis (with a summary of analytical methods for its measurement), prevention and treatment of its deficiency, and its pharmacological use and potential toxicity.

A comprehensive review of mycotoxins, their toxicity, and innovative detoxification methods

A comprehensive overview of food mycotoxins, their toxicity, and contemporary detoxification techniques is given in this article. Mycotoxins, which are harmful secondary metabolites generated by a variety of fungi, including Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, provide serious health concerns to humans and animals. These include hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Mycotoxins are commonly found in basic food products, as evidenced by recent studies, raising worries about public health and food safety. The article discusses detection techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and quick strip tests. Moreover, the use of various control systems associated with the detoxification of mycotoxinis highlighted. In addition, novel detoxification strategies such as nanotechnology, plant extracts, and omics studies were also discussed. When taken as a whole, this analysis helps to clarify the pressing need for efficient management and monitoring techniques to prevent mycotoxin contamination in the food chain.

Risk assessment of industrial chemicals towards salmon species amalgamating QSAR, q-RASAR, and ARKA framework

The extensive use of industrial chemicals poses a serious threat to aquatic species such as the salmon species, which, when consumed, can affect human beings via their dietary intake. Salmon fish is a vital source of protein for maintaining human health. The present study aims to estimate the toxicity of diverse chemicals using in silico-based global model involving three different salmon species: Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha encompassing the toxicity endpoint median lethal concentration (LC50). Primarily, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model is developed using molecular descriptors. QSAR model descriptors are integrated with the similarity and error-based measures of read-across to develop the read-across structure-activity relationship (RASAR) model. Another emerging dimensionality reduction modeling algorithm, arithmetic residuals in K-groups analysis (ARKA) is employed to enhance the model's degree of freedom. Model quality was improved by hybrid model development which combined the feature matrix of the QSAR model with those of the RASAR and ARKA descriptors. Finally, to attain more trustworthy results and address the limitations of individual models, a partial least square (PLS)-based stacking model is developed using the predicted response values of QSAR, RASAR, ARKA, and hybrid models as descriptors. The stacking model outperforms the quality of the individual models which is evident from the determination coefficient R2 (0.713), leave-one-out cross-validated correlation coefficient (Q2 LOO:0.697), predictive R2 (Q2 F1 : 0.797), Q2 F2 (0.795) and lower value of root mean square error of prediction RMSEp (0.652). Additionally, classification modelling was performed with the feature matrix of the QSAR model by employing both linear and non-linear approaches. The developed stacking model can thus be used in environmental risk assessment aiding in toxicity data-gap filling and design of safe and green chemicals.

Multi-laboratory validation of a modified real-time PCR assay (Mit1C) for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in fresh produce

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne protozoan parasite that causes the human diarrheal disease cyclosporiasis. Recently, the US FDA developed a modified real-time PCR method based on a specific mitochondrial target gene (Mit1C) to detect C. cayetanensis in fresh produce. The method was validated by single laboratory validation (SLV) studies in Romaine lettuce, cilantro, and raspberries. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of the new real-time Mit1C (Mit1C qPCR) method by comparing it with the current BAM Chapter 19b qPCR (18S qPCR) as the reference method for the detection of the protozoan parasite C. cayetanensis in fresh produce in a multi-laboratory validation (MLV) setting with the participation of 13 collaborating laboratories. Each laboratory analyzed twenty-four blind-coded Romaine lettuce DNA test samples that included: two unseeded samples, three samples seeded with five oocysts, and one sample seeded with 200 oocysts in the first round and five unseeded samples, eight samples seeded with five oocysts, and five samples seeded with 200 oocysts in the second round. The overall detection rates across laboratories for Romaine lettuce samples inoculated with 200 and 5 oocysts and un-inoculated samples were 100% (78/78), 69.23% (99/143), and 1.1% (1/91), respectively, for Mit1C qPCR, and 100% (78/78), 61.54% (88/143) and 0% (0/91), respectively, for 18S qPCR. The relative level of detection (RLOD = LOD50, Mit1C/LOD50, 18S) was 0.81 with a 95% confidence interval (0.600, 1.095), which included 1. Thus, Mit1C qPCR and 18S qPCR had statistically similar levels of detection. Mit1C qPCR was highly reproducible as the between-laboratory variance in the test results was nearly zero (0) and showed a high specificity at 98.9%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the new, more specific Mit1C qPCR method is an effective alternative analytical tool for detection of C. cayetanensis in fresh produce.

Polyphenols for the Prevention or Management of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effects of polyphenol-containing products during pregnancy on preeclampsia-related maternal and neonatal outcomes.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SETTING

Nine databases and one trial registry, from inception to August 11th, 2023.

POPULATION/SAMPLE

Randomised controlled trials where women received polyphenolic-containing products (as standardised extracts or dietary supplements) compared to placebo or standard care.

METHODS

All review stages were conducted by two independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method using a framework for studies with few events.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Clinical outcomes combining the core outcome set for preeclampsia and WHO's priority outcomes.

RESULTS

Fourteen trials investigating six candidates were included. In women with preeclampsia, the addition of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to nifedipine may reduce the time needed to achieve blood pressure control (mean difference (MD) = -14.10 min, 95% CI -18.46 to -9.74) and increase the time to the next hypertensive crisis (MD = 3.10 h, 95% CI 2.35 to 3.85) compared to nifedipine alone (1 trial, 349 women; low certainty). Similarly, the addition of resveratrol to nifedipine may reduce the time needed to achieve blood pressure control (MD = -15.50 min, 95% CI -19.83 to -11.17) and increase the time to the next hypertensive crisis (MD = 2.50 h, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.91) (1 trial, 349 women; low certainty). No differences were observed for other outcomes or candidates (Salvia miltiorrhiza, Bryophyllum pinnatum , raspberry and cranberry extracts).

CONCLUSIONS

ECGC and resveratrol supplements have been investigated for potential effects in managing clinical signs and symptoms of preeclampsia; however, evidence on the clinical and adverse effects of polyphenols is limited and uncertain.

Alkaline-thermal synergistic activation of persulfate for sawdust hour-level humification to prepare fulvic-like-acid fertilizer

Sawdust is a by-product of wood processing and it was rapidly humified with K2S2O8 under alkaline-thermal synergistic activation to produce a fulvic-like-acid (FLA) organic fertilizer (SFOF) in this study. The optimum conditions were K2S2O8: KOH mass ratio of 1:2 and 150°C, meanwhile FLA yield could reach 180.3 mg/g in 2 h. The carboxylation, Maillard reaction, and aromatization processes occurred during sawdust humification. And then, SFOF was mixed with attapulgite and modified starch binder to get an organic fertilizer (SAM), and coated with amino silicone oil (ASO) to create a slow-release granule (SAM@ASO). The release mechanism of FLA from SAM@ASO was consistent with Ritger-Peppas release kinetics. SAM@ASO, with high biosafety, could promote water spinach growth and remediate acidic soil (pH from 4.9 to 6.3). This method offers a promising approach for sawdust utilization and a novel FLA-based organic fertilizer for acidic soil remediation.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the potential mechanism of plateau environment on muscle growth and development in yak

Yak meat plays a significant economic role for yaks. The unique environment of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau profoundly impacts the meat production performance of yaks. Yet, the regulatory mechanisms influencing muscle growth and development in yaks within this plateau environment remain poorly understood. The study investigated the transcriptome gene expression in the buttock muscle tissue of yaks residing at varying altitudes. It revealed 516 differentially expressed genes in the buttock muscle tissue of yaks at high altitude (4500 m) and low altitude (3000 m). The Gene Ontology (GO) annotation indicated that these differentially expressed genes primarily function in RNA binding, identical protein binding, nucleotide binding, pre-mRNA branch point binding, unfolded protein binding, insulin receptor binding, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity, collagen binding, platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding, and sodium channel inhibitor activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes predominantly participated in pathways such as the spliceosome, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, RNA polymerase, cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, plant hormone signal transduction, axon guidance, fructose and mannose metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and gastric acid secretion. This study unveiled the impact of the plateau environment on transcriptome gene expression in yak buttock muscle tissue, mapping out the gene expression profiles specific to yaks living at varying altitudes (3000 m and 4500 m). The findings offer crucial genomic insights into the mechanisms behind yak muscle adaptation to plateau environments.

A novel proficiency test to assess the animal diagnostic investigation process in identifying an unknown toxicant

Participation in Proficiency Tests (PTs) is an important component of quality assurance in testing laboratories. In a typical chemistry PT, blind-coded samples are sent to participants for analysis of specific chemical agents, and results are compared to a pre-determined key (e.g., expected concentrations) to assess proficiency. In the animal diagnostic PT presented here, organizers evaluated not only the analytical component of the diagnostic investigation but also the entire investigative process as a multi-step, holistic multidisciplinary approach. Fourteen veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) participated in an exercise to identify the root cause of a simulated case of lead (Pb) toxicosis. VDLs received a case description outlining neurological signs in cattle, a digitized brain histology slide, and liver and brain tissue samples for optional chemistry analysis. Thirteen of 14 VDLs successfully diagnosed lead toxicosis by completing the following stages: (a) correctly identifying histological abnormalities, (b) providing three adequate differential diagnoses, (c) selecting adequate chemistry analyses to rule in or rule out possible causes, (d) accurately detecting lead concentration in the liver, and (e) interpreting the diagnostic significance of their results correctly. Importantly, participants first had to determine which chemistry analyses were appropriate and then to accurately quantify the target analytes. This approach provided greater confidence in the diagnostic capability of the laboratory by reducing the bias associated with being given a known chemical contaminant for which to test, typical of most chemistry PTs, and may therefore be of interest to PT providers and accreditation committees.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from pomegranate juice ascertained by a combined approach based on MALDI FT-ICR MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS

This research employs advanced analytical techniques to explore the specific roles of Pomegranate Juice (PJ) phytochemicals in both the reduction and stabilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained by means of juice from wasted fruits. A level 3 for classes annotation, used for MALDI FT ICR-MS data, was useful to provide an immediate visualization of the main involved metabolites in AuNPs synthesis, through van Krevelen diagrams. More than 25 elemental formulae containing at least one Au atom were assigned to AuNPs sample, confirming the formation of organogold complexes. LC-MS/MS analysis allowed a level 2 annotation of polyphenols and carbohydrates involved in metal reduction and AuNPs surface coating. This work highlights the potential of PJ in green nanoparticles synthesis, providing insights into the bioactive compounds responsible for the tunable characteristics of AuNPs.

A novel volatile staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibitor against Staphylococcus aureus

In the present research, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of garlic/mustard oil macerate (GMM) (garlic clove and mustard oil in the ratio of 1:4, heated at 80 OC for 4 h) were found to enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics (gentamycin, 41.17 %; kanamycin, 38.89 %, and streptomycin, 43.75 %) against S. aureus. The mechanism behind the enhancement of S. aureus's sensitivity to antibiotics may be due to the reduction of antibiotic resistance. On evaluating one of the well-known antibiotic resistance mechanisms of S. aureus, the ability to produce staphyloxanthin, it has been observed that the VOCs of GMM alone can decrease staphyloxanthin (44.23 ± 0.14 %) production. This decrease in staphyloxanthin production thereby increasing sensitivity to antibiotics, may be assigned to the compounds present in the VOCs of GMM. The major VOCs present in the GMM were identified as allicin, ajoene, vinyl dithiin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and sinigrin. The order of binding of VOCs with dehydroxysqualene synthase (crtM) protein, which is important in staphyloxanthin production of S. aureus, was found to be sinigrin > ajoene > allicin > dithiin > AITC. Further, a decrease in staphyloxanthin production was found to increase the membrane fluidity of S. aureus as validated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and this may allow antibiotics to enter inside the bacterial cell more rapidly. Thus, our research indicates that the VOCs in GMM may serve as a potential adjuvant when treating S. aureus infection.

Release of protein-bound adducts of cysteine residues with caffeic acid by a modified enzymatic hydrolysis method using Pronase E

Polyphenols can be widely found in plants and plant-based food. Polyphenols with an ortho-dihydroxy structure, such as caffeic acid (CA), can easily be oxidized to their ortho-quinones. These quinones can react with nucleophilic side chains of proteins, such as the thiol group in cysteine (Cys), and form adducts that can affect the structure and function of these proteins. Individual adducts have been described qualitatively, but quantitative analysis has been hampered by the poor stability of the adducts during sample preparation. In this study, 2-S-cysteinyl caffeic acid was synthesized either in a free or protein-bound form. A one-enzyme hydrolysis was developed using Pronase E. It yielded a hydrolysis rate of 97 % calculated via phenylalanine release. A recovery rate of 2-S-cysteinyl caffeic acid (2-CCA) of 64 % after hydrolysis was achieved when buffer systems containing borate anions were used. The formation of 2-CCA in bovine serum albumin (BSA) incubated with CA was shown.

Comparative electrochemical study of oxidative nicarbazin determination in non-aqueous media: Differential pulse voltammetry vs. capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection

BACKGROUND

Electrochemistry offers a range of powerful techniques for solving analytical problems, each with its own advantages and limitations that can significantly affect the information obtained. These variations lead to diverse requirements for newly developed methods. Applying multiple electrochemical techniques simultaneously can optimize information extraction from a sample, aiding in the selection of the best analytical approach.

RESULTS

In this study, we present the first investigation of the oxidation of the coccidiostat nicarbazin, along with a comparative evaluation of two established electrochemical methods with complementary strengths: differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection (CE-AD). We thoroughly examine the oxidative determination of nicarbazin in poultry feed samples using acetonitrile based media. DPV allows for rapid and efficient analysis, while CE-AD excels in handling complex samples with electrochemically active species due to its high separation efficiency. Both methods exhibit limits of detection (LODs) in the low micromolar range. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the nicarbazin oxidation process, the final reaction products were analyzed by mass spectrometry, identifying 4-nitroaniline and (4-nitrophenyl)formamide as key product compounds.

SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY

This pioneering research on the anodic detection of nicarbazin includes a detailed analysis of the components in the studied equimolar mixture. The developed protocols, combined with straightforward sample preparation, enable the successful determination of nicarbazin levels below those allowed by EU regulations.

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Detection of N-Nitroso Meglumine in Pharmaceutical Products

Meglumine, a versatile pharmaceutical excipient utilised in the manufacture of numerous pharmaceutical formulations, is an amino sugar containing a secondary amine, which can form a N-nitroso meglumine under nitrosating conditions. These substances are known to be human carcinogens and mutagens. Thus, the development of trustworthy analytical methods has become increasingly essential. This study offers a structural evaluation and development of a reverse phase chromatographic method for the identification and quantification of impurity. The separation was achieved by utilising a Primesep 100, chromatographic column having a mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile and formic acid. An HPLC system equipped with photo diode array and refractive index detectors was used. The analytical method was validated in accordance with regulatory standards, demonstrating high specificity with no interference. It exhibited excellent reproducibility, with a % Relative Standard Deviation of 0.56 in system suitability, and a strong linear correlation (0.999) between concentration and response. The method consistently achieved reliable recovery at all spiked levels with a minimum average recovery of 98.0%, maintaining precision at both method concentration and limit of quantification levels, while demonstrating robustness for intended modifications. The successful validation of this method underscores its potential for extensive implementation in pharmaceutical laboratories.

Effects of Chinese herbal formula (including Houttuyniae Herba, Pulsatilliae Radix, Scutellariae Radix) supplementation in drinking water on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, and cecum microbiome composition of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge

We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a Chinese herbal formula (CHF) (comprising Houttuyniae Herba, Artemisia Annua L., Pulsatilliae Radix, Radix Sanguisorbae, Aucklandiae Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Semen Pharbitidis, and Radix Rhei Et Rhizome) and its protective effects against necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. The in vitro results demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens, as well as a positive effect of CHF on cell viability when exposed to this bacterium. In the in vivo experiments, 360 ten-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to six groups: control, NE, NE + lincomycin, NE + 2.5 g/L CHF, NE + 5 g/L CHF, and NE + 10 g/L CHF. The CHF-supplemented drinking water significantly improved the growth performance of the NE-challenged broilers. CHF supplementation improved intestinal barrier function and integrity in NE-challenged broilers by enhancing jejunal morphology, increasing the mRNA levels of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and occludin) and reducing intestinal permeability (serum D- lactic acid levels and diamine oxidase activity). Supplementation with the CHF also reduced systemic and jejunum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and increased anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4 and IL-10) in NE-challenged broilers by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathways. Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that supplementation with the CHF increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Butyricimonas) in NE-challenged broilers. In conclusion, drinking water supplemented with the CHF enhanced growth performance, improved intestinal barrier function, and reduced systemic inflammatory responses in C. perfringens-challenged broilers. The recommended optimal dose of the CHF in drinking water is 5 g/L.

A narrative review on dietary components and patterns and age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most prevalent eye diseases among the ageing population worldwide. It is a leading cause of blindness in individuals over 55, particularly in industrialised Western countries. The prevalence of AMD increases with age, and genetic factors and environmental influences are believed to contribute to its development. Among the environmental factors, diet plays a significant role in AMD. This review explores the association between dietary components, dietary patterns and AMD. Various nutrients, non-nutrient substances and dietary models that have the potential to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying mechanisms of AMD, are discussed. Consuming fruits, vegetables, fish and seafood, whole grains, olive oil, nuts and low-glycaemic-index foods has been highlighted as beneficial for reducing the risk of AMD. Adhering to the Mediterranean diet, which encompasses these elements, can be recommended as a dietary pattern for AMD. Furthermore, the modulation of the gut microbiota through dietary interventions and probiotics has shown promise in managing AMD.

Magnetic solid phase extraction based on restricted access molecularly imprinted polymer with dually coated for enantioselective determination of tramadol in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection

A restricted-access magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer with dually coated of hydrophilic monomer and bovine serum albumin was synthesized, properly characterized by different techniques, and used as adsorbent in Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (MSPE). Furthermore, a simple and efficient method employing capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for the enantioselective determination of tramadol (TRM) in human plasma. The optimized conditions were 25 mM phosphate background electrolyte at pH 9.05 using 0.01 g of sulfated-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, hydrodynamic injection at 40 mbar for 4 s, voltage at 10 kV, temperature of 25 °C, and a fused silica capillary with an effective length of 50 cm. In these conditions, (-)-(1S,2S)-TRM exhibited a migration time of 8.48 min and (+)-(1R,2R)-TRM of 9.50 min. Several factors affecting the MSPE were optimized, achieving extraction recoveries/relative standard deviation of 99.6 ± 8.1 % by means of 100 μL of human plasma at pH 8, 1000 μL of acetonitrile as eluent, 20 mg of adsorbent, 200 μL ultrapure water as washing solvent, and 60 s of stirring. The method was linear (range of 100-3000 ng mL⁻1), selective, and accurate, with a limit of quantification and detection of 100 and 50 ng mL⁻1, respectively, for both enantiomers, allowing their determination in real human plasma samples. This method presents an important alternative for monitoring athletes and in forensic applications.

Aptamer-antibody sandwich lateral flow test for rapid visual detection of tetrodotoxin in pufferfish

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent marine toxin which can cause severe poisoning following consumption of contaminated fish and seafood. Thus, a sensitive, reliable and simple test is required for rapid screening of samples and prevention of intoxication. Herein, we translated a previously reported microtiter plate hybrid aptamer-antibody assay into a rapid lateral flow assay (LFA) test. The test relies on an aptamer immobilized on the membrane and an antibody conjugated with gold nanoparticles to provide a visual result when TTX is present in the sample. The optimized test is simple (one-step), rapid (<20 min), highly sensitive (visual limit of detection of 0.3 ng/mL TTX in buffer corresponding to 0.78 mg TTX/kg tissue), specific, reproducible and with long storage life. It was validated by analyzing contaminated pufferfish tissue extracts and it successfully detected TTX below the current limits set by official bodies. The analysis performed with this device in combination with a simple LFA reader for quantification was in excellent agreement with other established methods, further demonstrating the value of this test as a simple, low-cost and reliable analytical tool to ensure food safety, protect human health, and broaden the knowledge on the correlation between biological parameters and environmental data.

Use of a centrifuge in solid-phase extraction is a valid platform for cleanup in the high-throughput analysis of chemical contaminants in nonfatty and fatty foods

In recent years, the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) mega-method was developed for sample preparation and analysis of pesticides, environmental contaminants, veterinary drugs, and other residues in a wide variety of foods. In addition to wider analytical scope, QuEChERSER has many other advantages over the previous QuEChERS method, such as better cleanup for improved quality of results. For example, automated robotic mini-cartridge solid-phase extraction (µ-SPE) has been shown to provide excellent cleanup prior to gas chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis. However, not all laboratories have the resources and expertise needed to adopt the robotic method. To address this limitation, a new approach is herein introduced using centrifugal µ-SPE as a simpler and lower-cost alternative using the same commercial mini-cartridges as the robotic version. In this study, both robotic and centrifugal µ-SPE were compared for the cleanup of QuEChERS and QuEChERSER extracts of 10 commodities (avocado, blueberry, egg, mixed grains, honey, bovine kidney/liver, whole milk, black olive, spinach, and tilapia) in the low-pressure GC-MS/MS analysis of 245 pesticides and environmental contaminants. QuEChERS extracts overwhelmed the sorbents in the mini-cartridges in most cases, leading to less cleanup and worse performance in the most complex matrices, but the 4-fold more dilute QuEChERSER extracts avoided that problem while still meeting detection limit needs. This study demonstrated that graphitized carbon black (GCB) was not needed for cleanup of samples that did not contain chlorophyll, and inclusion of more than 1 mg of GCB in the mini-cartridges led to <3 % recovery of certain structurally planar analytes. In QuEChERSER, analyte recoveries averaged 99 % in all matrices using both robotic and centrifugal µ-SPE, but robotic liquid handling demonstrated better precision of 4 % RSD compared to 6 % using the centrifugal option. Cleanup was also slightly better using robotic automation. Laboratories may choose either option in QuEChERSER (or QuEChERS) to achieve better cleanup, analytical performance, and greater ruggedness than the dispersive-SPE format commonly employed in this application for the past 20 years.

Dual-mode detection of Ochratoxin A based on silver nanocluster and phosphate

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is widely present in the environment and has great harm to human safety. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method for OTA detection is urgently needed. Herein, a fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode immunoassay based on glutathione silver nanocluster (GSH-AgNCs) and phosphate colorimetry was established. For fluorescence mode, the pyrophosphate ion (PPi) can reduce the fluorescence of GSH-AgNCs@Al3+ by chelating Al3+. Meanwhile, the fluorescence can be recovered when PPi is hydrolyzed to phosphate ion (Pi) by alkaline phosphatase (ALP.) For colorimetric mode, Pi can be quantitatively analyzed by MoSb colorimetric method. The linear range of fluorescence mode was 1.25-35 ng/mL with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.54 ng/mL. For colorimetric mode, the linear range and LOD was 6.25-250 ng/mL and 3.13 ng/mL. The detection limits are much lower than the European Union's regulations. And this dual-mode immunoassay showed a satisfactory recovery rate and specificity in detecting real samples.

Comparison of resmetirom quantative analysis in API and formulation models based on PXRD, FTIR and Raman scanning imaging combined with univariate and multivariate analyses

Resmetirom is the first innovative drug for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its two crystal forms, form I and form-2H2O, were mentioned in the original patent. The commercially available crystal form of resmetirom was form I. However, the tablets were subject to temperature, pressure, and humidity, and may be converted to form-2H2O, which affects the bioavailability and efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a suitable crystalline quantification method to examine the concentration of both crystalline forms in APIs and formulations. The main objective of this paper was to test the feasibility of PXRD, FTIR and Raman for quantitative analysis of form I content in API and formulation models. Commonly used methods to establish quantitative modelling were univariate and multivariate analyses, due to the overlapping peaks in the FTIR and Raman spectra of two forms, only the multivariate method, with partial least squares regression (PLSR), was used, both univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized in PXRD since it has distinct single peaks. In the multivariate models, the raw spectra are preprocessed to remove interfering information and spectral noise by nine commonly used pretreatment methods. According to the result of this study, all four calibration models could be applied to the quantitative analysis of form I in two models; however, Raman was found to be the most appropriate model for both API model (Y = 0.99523X+0.00300, R2 = 0.9997, RMSECV = 9.32 %, RESEP = 0.29 %, RESEC = 0.19 %, LOD = 3.2819 %, LOQ = 9.9451 %, MSC pretreated) and formulation model (Y = 0.99456X+0.00331, R2 = 0.9996, RMSECV = 1.14 %, RESEP = 0.39 %, RESEC = 0.01 %, LOD = 3.3098 %, LOQ = 9.1029 %, WT pretreated).