The Antibacterial Activity of Cornus mas L. Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase

The emergence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains that produce ESBLs is a major global health issue. The purpose of this work is to examine the fruit pulp extract from Cornus mas L.'s in vitro antibacterial efficacy against uropathogenic E. coli strains that produce ESBLs. In this study, the antibacterial activity of C. mas extract against E. coli isolates that produced ESBLs was evaluated using the microdilution method. The MIC value of C. mas against sensitive E.coli strains was reported to be 62.5 μg/mL. The MIC values for E. coli strains with β-lactamase resistance genes were 62.5 μg/mL (35%) and 125 μg/mL (65%). As a result, C. mas can be used to prevent UTIs and may help limit the spread of resistant uropathogenic bacterial strains. High concentrations of rutin (1.0249±0.0081 mg/g) and gallic acid (1.0582±0.0003 mg/g) were found in the HPLC analysis research conducted on the methanol extract of C. mas fruit pulp. The binding potential of the major phytocomponents of C. mas extract, gallic acid, and rutin, to form a stable complex with CTX-M-15 was explored through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The docking study showed that rutin had the highest binding potential to bind to the protein relative to gallic acid as well as the co-crystallized ligand. According to the MD analysis results, the stability of the protein-rutin complex procured from the docking was found to be stable. Furthermore, rutin is anticipated to remain inside the binding region of the target protein during the simulation period.

Nutritional and functional aspects of European cereal-based fermented foods and beverages

European cereal-based fermented foods (ECBFFs) and alcoholic beverages have been fundamental components of regional diets for centuries, providing unique flavor profiles, essential nutrients, and a diverse array of health benefits. These foods, which encompass breads, beverages, and porridges, derive their functional and culinary properties from the activity of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. This review examines the nutritional and functional characteristics of ECBFFs, with a focus on their microbial composition and fermentation processes. It highlights various ECBFFs and alcoholic beverages, including conventional and sourdough breads, tarhana, boza, kvass, and beers examining their health-promoting properties and potential for commercial expansion. Key findings from the literature show that certain ECBFFs are abundant in prebiotics and probiotics, primarily due to the fermentation processes involving lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. These microorganisms generate bioactive compounds such as organic acids, bacteriocins, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ECBFFs can also enhance digestibility, improve mineral bioavailability, and support gut health, thereby promoting overall well-being. From a commercial perspective, products like Yosa and Proviva demonstrate the feasibility of developing innovative ECBFFs that align with contemporary dietary preferences. The future of ECBFFs is promising, offering extensive opportunities for research, innovation, and large-scale commercialization to meet the increasing consumer demand for functional, plant-based foods.

Advancing Pistacia terebinthus L. (Anacardiaceae) Research: Food Preservation, Functional Foods, and Nutraceutical Potential

Pistacia terebinthus L., commonly known as the turpentine tree, is a wild-growing species with a well-documented history of use in traditional medicine and ethnobotany. Various parts of the plant-fruits, seeds, resin, leaves, and galls-have demonstrated significant bioactive potential, particularly antioxidant, antimicrobial, and functional properties. Despite these promising attributes, the industrial application of P. terebinthus L. in contemporary food and nutraceutical systems remains limited and underexplored. Recent advances have employed a range of technological strategies-including encapsulation, active food packaging, emulsion stabilization, probiotic immobilization, and fermentation-to improve the stability, bioavailability, and functional performance of P. terebinthus L.-derived extracts within food matrices. These approaches have shown potential in enhancing aroma retention, extending shelf life, and supporting probiotic viability, thereby positioning P. terebinthus L. as a promising candidate for use in functional formulations and natural food preservation. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to optimize processing parameters, assess the long-term stability of bioactive compounds, and establish standardized regulatory frameworks. Addressing these challenges will be essential for facilitating the broader integration of P. terebinthus L. into the functional food, nutraceutical, and food preservation industries.

Structural isomers of carene persuade apoptotic cell death by inhibiting cell cycle in breast cancer cells: An in silico and in vitro approach

For the first time, our study provides a comprehensive examination of the anti-cancer effects of structural isomers of carene in breast cancer cells, specifically focusing on cell cycle inhibition and the induction of apoptosis. We utilized the hydro-distillation method to extract Piper nigrum seed essential oil (PNS-EO) and identified its bioactive components through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 46 bioactive compounds were isolated via hydro-distillation, identified through GC-MS analysis, and validated by co-injection using GC analysis. The major constituent, 3-carene displayed the most substantial anti-proliferative effect on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, with an IC50 value of 11.19 µg/mL. Further, docking studies were conducted to evaluate the putative role of 3-carene in inhibiting the cell cycle proteins (CDKN2A, CCND1, CDK4), as well as proteins in the apoptosis pathway (BCL-XL, BAX, BAK, Caspase 3). Additionally, we employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and clonogenic assays to evaluate cell cycle inhibition and time-dependent initiation of apoptosis. Moreover, fluorescence techniques including Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), Hoechst staining, and Propidium iodide (PI) staining were performed to assess cell death and apoptosis. Furthermore, molecular techniques such as quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were utilized to investigate the mechanism of cell death was elucidated through the inhibition of Bcl-2, MMP2, MMP9, and Akt expression, alongside the activation of Bax, cytochrome C, and Caspases 3 and 9. Our findings indicate that 3-carene, isolated through hydro-distillation, effectively hinders the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Consequently, it shows promise for incorporation into combinational anti-cancer therapies, warranting further research.

EthnoHERBS: Harnessing traditional herbal knowledge for biodiversity conservation and innovative health solutions

EthnoHERBS represents a pioneering multidisciplinary initiative that integrates traditional herbal knowledge with advanced natural product chemistry to promote biodiversity conservation and foster innovative cosmeceutical solutions. The project systematically documents centuries-old ethnobotanical practices across South-Eastern Europe, leading to the identification of a diverse array of medicinal and aromatic plants traditionally used to treat skin disorders. Employing environmentally friendly extraction techniques alongside cutting-edge analytical tools-including UHPLC-HRMS, CPC, and NMR spectroscopy-over 500 bioactive compounds have been characterized, with 30 novel secondary metabolites isolated and structurally elucidated. Advanced in silico methodologies, such as docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM-GBSA rescoring, were implemented to evaluate the interaction profiles of these compounds with key skin disorder-related enzymes, including elastase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and xanthine oxidase. Complementary in vitro and in vivo assays confirmed the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties of the selected extracts. Furthermore, the project underscores sustainable practices by establishing organic cultivation protocols and pilot-scale production processes, ensuring the eco-friendly exploitation of natural resources. By fostering extensive collaboration between academic institutions and industry partners under the Horizon 2020 framework, EthnoHERBS not only advances scientific research and innovative product development but also serves as a model for preserving traditional knowledge and biodiversity.

Efficacy of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. essential oil against Fusarium proliferatum and fumonisin contamination in stored rice samples

The present study entails first time investigation on chemical characterisation of Pinus roxburghii essential oil (PEO) with its efficacy assessment against Fusarium proliferatum contamination and fumonisin synthesis in stored rice samples. The GC-MS analysis indicated α-Pinene, terpinolene, and O-cymene as major components of PEO. The PEO displayed complete inhibition of F. proliferatum growth and fumonisin B1, B2 biosynthesis at 1.5, 1.0, and 0.75 µL/mL, respectively. The antifungal activity of PEO was associated with impairment in ergosterol biosynthesis and enhanced leakage of vital cellular cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+), nucleic acids, and proteins which validated plasma membrane as a plausible site of action. Moreover, the PEO showed promising antioxidant activity and in situ efficacy for preservation of rice samples against F. proliferatum infestation, and fumonisin B1, B2 contamination. Further, the high LD50 value in mammalian model strengthens the application of Pinus roxburghii essential oil as green fungitoxicant in agricultural industries.

Influence of Season, Hive Position, Extraction Method and Storage Temperature on Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Croatian Honey

The aim of our study was to compare the composition of polyphenolic compounds between the Croatian acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) honey from several aspects: production season, hive position (on the edge and in the middle of a series of hives), part of the hive (small or normal extension), and honey extraction method (centrifuging or draining honey combs). Additionally, in acacia honey, we also monitored the influence of different storage temperatures (room temperature (RT) and 4 °C) on the content of phenolic compounds. To separate, identify and quantify individual flavonoids and phenolic acids from the honey, we used the HPLC method. The total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of the samples, their antimicrobial activity and their elemental content were also measured. The significant influence of the season, hive position, and extraction method on the total identified phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity was detected in almost all the acacia and chestnut honey samples. Chestnut honey from 2013 had more total phenolics (TPs) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) than chestnut from 2014 and 2015. Honey collected from smaller extensions of hives had significantly higher TPs and FRAP compared to normal hive extensions. Centrifugation reduced the TPs and FRAP in most cases, but not always uniformly. Storage at RT led to the predominance of gallic, p-coumaric and benzoic acid in acacia honey, while storage at 4 °C maintained p-coumaric acid as the dominant phenolic acid. Flavonoids, particularly pinobanksin in acacia honey and hesperetin/pinobanksin in chestnut honey, were less affected by the storage conditions compared to phenolic acids. The non-centrifuged chestnut sample from 2015 showed the lowest MIC values against the most tested pathogenic bacteria. All the honey samples showed an extremely low concentration of heavy metals and relatively high concentrations of potassium and calcium.

Effect of Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata resin on biomass growth of Fusarium circinatum

Pines produce and accumulate oleoresin, which is part of the preformed defensive system or is synthesized de novo in response to biotic and abiotic challenges. Fusarium circinatum is a fungal pathogen that causes Pine Pitch Canker disease and is characterized by cankers with abundant resin at the infection site. F. circinatum colonizes the plant using both constitutive and traumatic resin ducts, indicating a resin tolerance that needs to be evaluated. Using a spectrophotometric technique, we assessed the effects of constitutive and induced resin on the growth of F. circinatum. The pathogen was grown in minimum medium supplemented with resin (at 0.8, 1.5 and 3 % concentrations) in the wells of a microplate for 6 days, and the absorbance at 570 nm was measured as an indicator of fungal biomass. The results showed that resin from Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata enhanced fungal growth, as the absorbances measured with the addition of volatile or nonvolatile fractions extracted from constitutive and induced resins increased above 100 % relative to the solvent used in resin extraction. F. circinatum grew 40 % more in the hexane extract of the induced resin than in the constitutive resin of P. radiata. Terpene profiles determined by GC-MS analysis differed quantitatively and qualitatively by resin type (constitutive or induced) and pine species. The F. circinatum growth with various single terpene components of resin at different concentrations was also measured. The absorbance results showed that α-pinene and citronellol (monoterpenes) promoted growth at specific concentrations, while all others inhibited or did not affect it.

Ethnobotanical knowledge in Calabria (southern Italy): A summary review

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of ethnobotanical knowledge in Calabria, southern Italy. The diverse plant uses and knowledge in the region stem from the cultural contributions of various populations that have inhabited the area since ancient times. To achieve the stated objective, an in-depth review of 16 bibliographic sources published between 1950 and 2024 was conducted, and data on ethnobotanical uses was extracted. The data were then analyzed using various indices, including CI, CV, FC, PPV, RFC, RI, and UV, to determine the most relevant species, families, and plant parts. A total of 4873 records were collected. The analysis shows that the Asteraceae family is the most used, while Urtica dioica L. and Sambucus nigra L. are the most frequently used species according to the CV index. Medicinal and alimentary purposes are the most common types of use. This study could serve as a foundation for further detailed research, contributing to the valorisation of the ethnobotanical heritage of this region.

Bridging past and present: exploring Cannabis traditions in Armenia through ethnobotanical interviews and bibliographic prospecting

BACKGROUND

Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) has been widely used by humans throughout its history for a variety of purposes (medicinal, alimentary and other uses). Armenia, with its rich cultural history and diverse ecosystems, offers a unique context for ethnobotanical research about traditional uses of Cannabis. The present work aims to study and preserve the local traditional knowledge about Cannabis in Armenia by conducting interviews with informants and through a literature review.

METHODS

The first part of the dataset was gathered with ethnobotanical surveys, through questionnaires conducted with 27 informants. The second part of the data was obtained from a comprehensive bibliographic search in English, Armenian and Russian language. Since the data acquisition was different, the quantitative analyses (calculation of the number of use reports and percentages) were performed separately.

RESULTS

During the interviews 52 use reports and 3 vernacular names were recorded, while the bibliographic data from 20 references, provided us with 56 use reports and 17 Cannabis vernacular names, from the 5th century to 2020. Our results indicate that medicinal applications, particularly for human ailments, and fibre use have markedly dwindled, contrasting with earlier epochs. However, the Cannabis seeds continue to be consumed in celebrative and symbolic dishes such as aghandz and tolma.

CONCLUSIONS

The recent decline in the medicinal use of Cannabis contrasts with earlier periods when access to pharmacological remedies was limited, and societal views of the plant were more positive. This shift can be partly attributed to the impact of legal restrictions. In contrast, the use of Cannabis seeds for alimentary purposed is importantly maintained nowadays. As medicinal use, fibre use has also declined, largely due to the availability of more competitive modern products. The loss of vernacular names over time, as detected in this study, also reflects the erosion of traditional knowledge, which correlates with diminishing use. Despite the small sample size and limited geographic scope, the combination of two approaches-information from contemporary informants and a systematic bibliographic review-has provided valuable insights into the changes in the traditional use of Cannabis in Armenia, that has not been explored in this way before.

Unveiling the Complexities of Medications, Substance Abuse, and Plants for Recreational and Narcotic Purposes: An In-Depth Analysis

The complexities surrounding the use of medications, substance abuse, and the recreational use of plants are multifaceted and warrant a comprehensive examination. This review highlights the complexities surrounding the consumption of chemical substances in excess or for non-medical purposes, obtained through legal prescriptions, over-the-counter purchases, or illicit means, with an emphasis on the predictive role of stressors and individual-level variables in the development of substance use disorders, as well as the influence of the regulatory environment on patterns of consumption. Additionally, the alarming escalation in the mortality rate associated with illicit drug and opioid overdoses is also underscored. The recreational use of prescription medications can lead to significant health risks, particularly when combined with other substances; therefore, the need for interventions and preventive measures to address substance abuse among various populations is imperative. Furthermore, novel insights on substance abuse addiction, exploring the neurobiological mechanisms underlying addiction, and discussing treatment approaches and interventions are elucidated. Advancements in technology for detecting substance abuse are also highlighted, displaying innovative tools for more effective identification and monitoring. In conclusion, the complexities of medications, substance abuse, and the recreational use of plants reveal a landscape marked by overlapping motivations and health implications. The distinction between medical and recreational use is critical for understanding user behavior and addressing public health concerns.

Multilateral Use of Dandelion in Folk Medicine of Central-Eastern Europe

BACKGROUND

Dandelion (Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum, also referred to as Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wiggers coll.), a collective species of perennial herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae family, is commonly considered weed; however, in the traditional societies of Central-Eastern Europe, it is a source of food and medicinal raw materials. The growing interest in the medicinal properties of herbal raw materials of dandelion encouraged us to focus on their use in the traditional folk medicine of Central-Eastern European communities.

AIM

The hypothesis of the present study suggests that Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum (dandelion), which is widespread throughout Central-Eastern Europe and easily identifiable, has had notable applications in ethnopharmacology. The study aims to examine the medicinal properties of this species, focusing on its traditional uses in folk medicine across the region. The resulting data may serve as a valuable resource for contemporary pharmacognosy research.

METHODS

The analysis was based on publications dated from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century, mainly from Poland. In addition, the study includes publications on contemporary Belarus, Ukraine, and European Russia.

RESULTS

The research showed that dandelion provided many medicinal raw materials, but the available literature did not mention the use of the herb's root, a raw material popular in contemporary natural medicine. During the period analysed, an increase in the types of raw materials was observed, and the order in which they appeared in the sources was as follows: latex > root = leaf = inflorescence > herb > herb with flowers. Additionally, a review of the literature indicated that the number of conditions under which they were used increased during the investigation period. The variety of ways to prepare the raw material is noteworthy; fresh and dried raw materials were used to make extracts, tinctures, decoctions, infusions, wrap compresses, syrups, and even wine or coffee substitutes. The mentioned preparations were prepared individually for particular ailments.

CONCLUSIONS

The vast experience of rural communities in Central-Eastern Europe concerning the medicinal applications of common dandelion has developed through centuries. The experience of rural communities may influence the direction of further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Properties, and Antimicrobial Profiling of a Range of West Algerian Honeys: In Vitro Comparative Screening Prior to Therapeutic Purpose

Honey is a complex natural nutrient with well-established therapeutic properties recognized in traditional medicine. The purpose of the current work was to compare, in vitro, the bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and antimicrobial properties of 37 honey samples collected from the western region of Algeria and to identify the best sample for potential therapeutic purposes. Estimation of bioactive compounds was carried out by determining the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Large variability among the samples was observed regarding the total phenolic content (from 24.17 ± 1.38 to 122.15 ± 3.55 mg GAE/100 g honey) and total flavonoid content (from 0.07 ± 0.01 to 33.49 ± 4.90 mg QE/100 g honey). Additionally, antioxidant activity, evaluated by four spectrophotometric assays, displayed fluctuating results among the samples. High positive correlations were observed between β-carotene and DPPH (0.766) and between β-carotene and ABTS (0.600), while inverse correlations were observed between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, except for the FRAP method. The antimicrobial activity, determined by well-diffusion assays, exhibited a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, with significant inhibition toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains. However, no activity was observed against Candida albicans strains. The MIC and MBC values were identical in most samples (range: 60 to 80% w/v) and predominantly exhibited bactericidal effects. The content of bioactive compounds played a significant role in the antibacterial properties. To summarize, the best honey sample for potential therapeutic purposes corresponded to mild white mustard (S6) and might be used as an alternative in therapeutic applications.

Quantitative Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants from Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India, along with Phytochemistry and Toxicity Study of Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don bark

This study offers considerable information on plant wealth of therapeutic importance used traditionally by the residents of 11 villages under three subdivisions of Kurseong, Darjeeling Sadar, and Mirik in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal. For the acquisition of ethnomedicinal information, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 47 informants, of whom 11 persons were herbalists and 36 were knowledgeable persons. Free prior informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the collection of field data. A total of 115 species were documented, which spread over 65 families and 104 genera. From the informants, a total of 101 monoherbal and 21 polyherbal formulations were recorded for treating 50 types of health conditions. The collected ethnobotanical data have been evaluated to measure the utilitarian significance of remedies using three quantitative tools, informant consensus factor (Fic), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL%). A statistical analysis revealed that among 11 disease categories, the highest Fic value was estimated for the category of digestive diseases. The plant Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta scored the highest use value among all the recorded plant species. In the case of the FL% analysis, the highest score (97%) was observed in Betula alnoides Buch-Ham. ex D.Don, which is used for snake bites, among the recorded 115 plant species. In addition, the present study embodies the quantitative estimation of phenolics and flavonoids, along with an HPLC analysis of the B. alnoides bark to endorse this most important and underexplored plant as a potential source of therapeutically important chemical compounds. The bark extract contains significant amounts of phenolics (87.8 mg GAE/g dry tissue) and flavonoids (30.1 mg CE/g dry tissue). An HPLC analysis unveiled a captivating ensemble of six phenolic compounds, namely, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, coumarin, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid. Among the identified phenolics, chlorogenic acid scored the highest amount of 117.5 mg/g of dry tissue. The present study also explored the moderate cytotoxic nature of the bark extract through an in vitro cytotoxicity assay on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Our study not only documents the statistically analyzed information about ethnomedicinal practices that prevailed in the rural communities of the Darjeeling District but also highlights the profound therapeutic capabilities and non-toxic nature of B. alnoides bark.

Terpenoids as principal bioactive compound of Cissampelos oppositifolia essential oils: enhancing synergistic efficacy with conventional antibiotics

Background

The rise of antibiotic resistance imposes the search for novel antimicrobial strategies as natural products or its combination with antibiotics. This study investigates the synergistic effects of terpenoids from Cissampelos oppositifolia (C. oppositifolia) essential oil in combination with antibiotics against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The aims were to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy, analyze functional group modifications and assess molecular interaction.

Methods

Essential oil was extracted from C. oppositifolia by hydro-distillation. The EO was analyzed for terpenoid content via Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determinations (MIC) by broth dilution followed by bactericidal essay (Time-killing). FTIR and UV spectroscopy were employed to detect functional group modifications in terpenoid-antibiotic combinations. Molecular docking studies assessed interaction energies between terpenoids and antibiotics.

Results

TLC identified α-pinene, δ-carene, and caryophyllene in the EO. δ-Carene exhibited the highest synergy with antibiotics, showing the lowest MIC of 0.04 mg/mL against S. aureus ATCC-43300 and 0.05 mg/mL against E. coli MTCC-739. Time-kill assays demonstrated that α-pinene, δ-carene, and caryophyllene achieved complete bacterial eradication by 4 hours in combination with amoxicillin against E. coli, and by 2 hours against S. aureus in combination with erythromycin. FTIR analysis revealed peak shifts at 1599, 1774, and 2259 cm-1 for amoxicillin + α-pinene, and new peaks at 1648 and 1287 cm-1 for δ-carene + erythromycin. UV spectra indicated potential complex formations. Docking studies showed δ-carene's strong interaction with erythromycin and amoxicillin, with interaction energies of -96.10 and -87.75 kcal/mol, respectively.

Conclusion

Terpenoids from C. oppositifolia enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics. Functional group modifications and complex formations suggest that these interactions may contribute to synergistic effects. These findings support the potential use of terpenoid-antibiotic combinations in overcoming antibiotic resistance and warrant further investigation into their mechanisms of action.

Beyond Essential Oils: Diterpenes, Lignans, and Biflavonoids from Juniperus communis L. as a Source of Multi-Target Lead Compounds

Common Juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is a gymnosperm that stands out through its fleshy, spherical female cones, often termed simply "berries". The cone berries and various vegetative parts (leaves, twigs and even roots) are used in traditional phytotherapy, based on the beneficial effects exerted by a variety of secondary metabolites. While the volatile compounds of Juniperus communis are known for their aromatic properties and have been well-researched for their antimicrobial effects, this review shifts focus to non-volatile secondary metabolites-specifically diterpenes, lignans, and biflavonoids. These compounds are of significant biomedical interest due to their notable pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. The aim of this review is to offer an up-to-date account of chemical composition of Juniperus communis and related species, with a primary emphasis on the bioactivities of diterpenes, lignans, and biflavonoids. By examining recent preclinical and clinical data, this work assesses the therapeutic potential of these metabolites and their mechanisms of action, underscoring their value in developing new therapeutic options. Additionally, this review addresses the pharmacological efficacy and possible therapeutic applications of Juniperus communis in treating various human diseases, thus supporting its potential role in evidence-based phytotherapy.

Flavor Engineering: A comprehensive review of biological foundations, AI integration, industrial development, and socio-cultural dynamics

This state-of-the-art review comprehensively explores flavor development, spanning biological foundations, analytical methodologies, and the socio-cultural impact. It incorporates an industrial perspective and examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in flavor science. Initiating with the biological intricacies of flavor, the review delves into the interplay of taste, aroma, and texture rooted in sensory experiences. Advances in mathematical modeling and analytical techniques open avenues for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation, addressing variations in flavor perception. The impact of flavor extends beyond gustatory experiences, influencing economics, society, nutrition, health, and technological innovation. This collective understanding deepens insight into the dynamic interplay between olfactory and flavor elements within cultural landscapes, emphasizing how sensory experiences are woven into human culture and heritage. The evolution of food flavor analysis, encompassing sensory analysis, instrumental analysis, a combination of both, and the integration of artificial intelligence techniques, signifies dynamic progression and, promising advancements in precision, efficiency, and innovation within the flavor industry. This comprehensive review involved analyzing key aspects within flavor engineering and related sectors. Articles and book chapters on these topics were collected using metadata analysis. The data for this analysis was extracted from major online databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect.

Extraction, physicochemical properties, bioactivities and application of natural sweeteners: A review

Natural sweeteners generally refer to a sweet chemical component directly extracted from nature or obtained through appropriate modifications, mainly secondary metabolites of plants. Compared to the first-generation sweeteners represented by sucrose and the second-generation sweeteners represented by sodium cyclamate, natural sweeteners usually have high sweetness, low-calorie content, good solubility, high stability, and rarely toxic side effects. Historically, researchers mainly focus on the function of natural sweeteners as substitutes for sugars in the food industry. This paper reviews the bioactivities of several typical natural sweeteners, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-hyperglycemic activities. In addition, we have summarized the extraction, physicochemical properties, and application of natural sweeteners. The article aimed to comprehensively collate vital information about natural sweeteners and review the potentiality of tapping bioactive compounds from natural products. Hopefully, this review provides insights into the further development of natural sweeteners as therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Revolutionizing Mushroom processing: Innovative techniques and technologies

In recent years, the global mushroom industry has seen remarkable growth due to its nutritional benefits, increasing market value, and rising consumer demand. Mushrooms are valued for their unique flavor, low sugar and salt, and rich Vitamin D content. In India as well as across the globe, mushroom cultivation is becoming increasingly popular among new entrepreneurs, leveraging the diverse agro-climatic conditions and substantial agricultural waste. Various government policies are also fostering research and development in this sector. To extend shelf life and preserve quality, various preservation techniques are employed, including drying, freezing, canning, high-pressure processing and modified atmosphere packaging. Furthermore, cutting-edge technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy are improving post-harvest processing, helping to maintain sensory properties and nutritional content. Automation is also transforming mushroom processing by enhancing efficiency and scalability. This review examines the innovative methods and technologies driving advancements in mushroom production and quality worldwide.

An Ethnobotanical Study in Kırşehir (Türkiye)

A comprehensive ethnobotanical study was carried out in the province of Kırsehir, in the Central Anatolia region. The result of that study is this publication containing information about the main traditional folk medicine, wild food plants, and other plant uses in the area. Our goal was to collect, identify, and provide information about plants traditionally used by the local population. This inquiry focused on the plant specimens obtained during field work. Data were gathered through open and semi-structured interviews conducted with local individuals, and use report (UR) values were computed. A total of 79 taxa of plants used in folk medicine, belonging to 33 families, were identified in this study. Of these, 67 taxa were wild and 12 were cultivated. The most common families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Rosaceae. Based on the results of this study, 77 taxa with ethnobotanical uses were recorded. The plants were used as folk medicine (45 taxa), as food (46 taxa), and for other purposes (34 taxa). This study determined that plants are still traditionally used in the region.

Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Different Pinus Species from Bosnia and Herzegovina

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has urged researchers to explore new antimicrobial agents, such as essential oils (EOs). The aim of this study was to examine chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the EOs from the needles and green cones of four Pinus species (Pinus mugo Turra., P. nigra J.F., P. syilvestris L., and P. halepensis Miller) from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

METHODS

Chemical profiles of EOs were assessed by gas chromatography, while microdilution method was used to test their antimicrobial activity. A synergistic action of EOs and gentamicin was investigated by the checkerboard assay.

RESULTS

The chemical composition of the tested EOs showed a high percentage of α-pinene, (E)-caryophyllene, limonene, germacrene D, myrcene, and δ-3-carene. EO from green cones of P. sylvestris showed high efficiency against S. aureus and E. faecalis. The MIC of P. nigra cones' EO was 100 μg/mL against E. coli. The EO of P. halepensis green cones demonstrated the strongest activity against E. faecalis. EOs of P. halepensis needles and green cones exhibited the highest activity against C. albicans. Further, synergistic interaction was detected in combination of the selected EOs/gentamicin toward S. aureus and K. pneumoniae.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the tested EOs, oils of P. sylvestris cones and P. halepensis cones and needles showed the greatest antimicrobial activity. The same EOs and EO from P. nigra cones displayed synergistic potential in combination with gentamicin, supporting their utilization as antimicrobial agents alone or in combination with antibiotics, which is in line with their ethnopharmacological usage and circular bioeconomy principles.

Thymus algeriensis essential oil: Phytochemical investigation, bactericidal activity, synergistic effect with colistin, molecular docking, and dynamics analysis against Gram-negative bacteria resistant to colistin

Due to the increasing resistance prevalence to the last line of antibiotics, such as colistin, and the rising threat of multi-drug resistant bacteria, it is crucial to find alternative therapeutic options. The current study focuses on evaluating antibacterial activities alone and in combination with colistin of Thymus algeriensis essential oil (TA-EO) against colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli co-harboring mcr-1 gene. GC/MS was used to determine the chemical composition of TA-EO. Disc diffusion and microdilution techniques were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of TA-EO. Synergism between colistin and TA-EO was evaluated by checkerboard assay. The major compounds of TA-EO were docked with known enzymes involved in resistance to colistin, as well as the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and amino acids. GC/MS revealed that TA-EO was of carvacrol chemotype (67.94 %). The TA-EO showed remarkable antibacterial activities against all Gram-negative bacterial strains, with the diameter of inhibition zones varied between 30 and 50 mm and a ratio MBC/MIC equal to 1 for the vast majority of bacterial isolates. Interestingly, the checkerboard showed synergism between TA-EO and colistin against colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-harboring mcr-1 gene (FICI˂1) and reduced the MIC of colistin by 16- to 512-fold and those of TA-EO by 4- to 16-fold. The docking study demonstrated that carvacrol had high binding free energies against MCR-1, a phosphoethanolamine transferase extracellular domain, and its catalytic domain implicated in resistance to colistin, and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase in complex with magnesium which is involved in bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The molecular dynamics study for 100-ns also revealed the stability of the MCR-1/carvacrol complex with a constant surface area over the simulation. These results support using carvacrol or TA-EO as a bactericidal agent, either alone or in combination with colistin, to treat infections caused by colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Green synthesis of silver/silver oxide nanostructures using the Malva sylvestris extract prior to simultaneous distillation extraction: synthesis, phytochemical and biological analysis

Nanotechnology and nanoscience are due to their numerous uses in medicine, engineering, and water pollution sensors and their expanding research fields. In this study, the essential oil, methanolic extract, and biosynthesized silver/silver oxide nanostructures (Ag/AgO NSs) using the aqueous extract of the plant were prepared. The phytochemical compounds of the extract and essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), respectively. The GC/MS technique identified 34 compounds in the essential oil of the plant with the major constituents including oleic acid (18.5%), palmitic acid (11.08%), phytone (6.64%), p-vinylguaiacol (6.4%), and phytol (4.23%). After the phytochemical identification, the total flavonoid and polyphenol contents of the extract was determined, too. Prodelphinidin B3 compound in the Malva sylvestris extract was analyzed and detected by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), at a retention time of around 10 min. In addition, M. sylvestris extract was used for green synthesis of Ag/AgO NSs. The as-prepared NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption at λmax 320 nm in the UV-vis spectra confirms the formation of Ag/AgO NSs. The crystalline structure of Ag/AgO NSs was confirmed by XRD analysis. The nanoparticles were found to have a small size, measuring 64.16 nm, 44.33 nm, and 50 nm using the Williamson-Hall, Scherrer, and SEM/EDS methods, respectively. Besides, that spherical shape of Ag NPs with good size distribution was observed in the SEM/EDS analysis. The small size, around 50 nm, and spherical shape of Ag/AgO NSs with good size distribution were observed in the SEM/EDS analysis. Besides, the antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated against three pathogenic bacteria, by disk diffusion method. Significant antibacterial activity was observed for the prepared extracts of M. sylvestris against the bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and the results were compared with the known antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, and fluconazole.

Legendary fermented herbs: an ethnobotanical study of the traditional fermentation starter of the Chuanqing people in Northwestern Guizhou, China

BACKGROUND

Plants that contain brewing microorganisms are used in traditional fermentation starters, which are an essential part of local diet, nutrition, life, and health. Regionally, the plant species used and the microorganisms included in traditional fermentation starters are diverse, endowing local fermented drinks with different flavors and health benefits. However, related traditional knowledge has been scarcely documented or revealed.

METHODS

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in five towns of Nayong County in northwestern Guizhou, China. Snowball sampling, semi-structured interviews, free lists, and participatory observation were used to collect information on Jiuqu Plants (JPs) and jiuqu-making techniques. The PacBio platform was used to study the microbial community structure and diversity in the Chuanqing people's jiuqu.

RESULTS

In total, 225 informants were interviewed, including 116 who provided plants and technological processes for making Chinese baijiu jiuqu (CBJ) and 139 who provided information about making fermented glutinous rice jiuqu (FGRJ). This study found that older people have more abundant knowledge about CBJ plants. Poaceae was found to be the dominant family used in making CBJ and FGRJ (7 species each). Compared to individual plant parts, the whole plant is most commonly used in two kinds of jiuqu (19.5% in CBJ and 22.6% in FGRJ). The Chuanqing people's jiuqu is used to treat dietary stagnation and indigestion. The highest relative frequency of citation of the CBJ plant was Ficus tikoua Bureau, and the counterpart of the FGRJ plant was Buddleja macrostachya Benth. The dominant bacterial species in jiuqu were Gluconobacter japonicus (YQ1, YQ4) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (YQ2, YQ3), and the dominant fungal species was Rhizopus oryzae.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, this study documents the unique traditional jiuqu knowledge and reveals the microbial mystery behind the FGRJ of the Chuanqing people. Therefore, this study encourages the use of online social media platforms in order to spread Jiuqu culture, the use of the new media wave in order to create multimedia databases, and also suggests that local communities should develop preservation intervention programs, in addition to nurturing the inheritors in order to prevent the disappearance of traditional Jiuqu knowledge. This research contributes to the conservation and demystification of the traditional jiuqu knowledge of the Chuanqing people and lays the foundation for further research on its microbiology, nutrition, and metabolomics.

Chemometric analysis of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of conifers

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and essential oils of conifers are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. This work aimed to analyze the VOCs of 30 conifer species representing the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae families. Samples were collected from arboreta in Hungary, and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography (SPME-GC/MS); then, chemometric analyses were performed using multivariate methods to identify characteristic VOCs of conifers. Here, we present results for monoterpene and sesquiterpene profiles of the examined conifer samples. The most abundant compounds detected were α-pinene, bornyl acetate, limonene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, δ-3-carene, and β-phellandrene. The results showed that the following volatiles were characteristic of the conifer groups: sabinene (RRT=6.0) for the cupressoid group (which includes the Cupressaceae species), longifolene (RRT=15.0) and β-pinene (RRT=6.1) were characteristic of the pinoid group (including Picea, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga species), and camphene (RRT=5.5) and bornyl acetate (RRT=12.6) were characteristic of the abietoid group (including Abies, Cedrus, and Tsuga species). Our results on VOCs in the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae families contribute to the elucidation of biodiversity patterns of conifer species and, in addition, may support the industrial application of terpenes.

Vaccinium Species-Unexplored Sources of Active Constituents for Cosmeceuticals

The genus Vaccinium is represented by shrubs growing in a temperate climate that have been used for ages as traditional remedies in the treatment of digestive problems, in diabetes, renal stones or as antiseptics due to the presence of polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins) in their fruits and leaves. Recent studies confirm their marked potential in the treatment of skin disorders and as skin care cosmetics. The aim of this review is to present the role of Vaccinium spp. as cosmetic products, highlight their potential and prove the biological properties exerted by the extracts from different species that can be useful for the preparation of innovative cosmetics. In the manuscript both skin care and therapeutic applications of the representatives of this gender will be discussed that include the antioxidant, skin lightening, UV-protective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties to shed new light on these underestimated plants.

Wild Species from the Family Apiaceae, Traditionally Used as Food in Some Mediterranean Countries

Mediterranean countries are a cauldron of cultural exchange, with a strong emphasis on wild plants in cuisine traditions. Many of these plants belong to the family Apiaceae. The common climate determines the common range of distribution. While many plants have wide distribution, the range of distribution of others is restricted to Western Mediterranean or North Africa. This review investigates wild plants from the family Apiaceae traditionally used as food in 13 study sites-11 countries in the Mediterranean and adjacent territories-the mainland and 3 islands. The aim is to trace patterns of native distribution versus consumption. As a result, 81 wild umbellifers are listed, traditionally used as food. Their consumption and distribution patterns are described and discussed. Interestingly in 8 of the 13 study sites (61.5%) are recorded 50 plant taxa (66.7% of all wild umbellifers, traditionally used as food) which are consumed in only one particular country. These are as follows: 8 taxa in Morocco, 9 taxa in Spain, 2 taxa in Sicily, 3 taxa in Bulgaria 3 taxa in Crete, 8 taxa in Armenia, 14 taxa in Turkey, and 3 taxa in Jordan. However, these 50 restrictedly consumed plants are distributed in more than one country (except 15 taxa, which are endemics). Many of the plants that are used in certain countries are not consumed by the neighboring people. The results of the two statistical tests, namely Jaccard index and heatmap clustering (double dendrogram), are discussed. The presence of an outlier, such as Bulgaria, which shares borders, history, and culture with Greece and Turkey, emphasizes the importance of local climate for plant distribution and consumption over cultural interactions. The same was observed for some pairs of countries, such as Spain and Morrocco and Turkey and Armenia, although they had the highest number of common plants that are both distributed and consumed as food.

The nexus between ecology of foraging and food security: cross-cultural perceptions of wild food plants in Kashmir Himalaya

BACKGROUND

Wild food plants (WFPs) play an important role in the traditional dietary habits of various indigenous communities worldwide, particularly in mountainous regions. To understand the dynamics of food preferences, cross-cultural studies on food plants should be conducted across diverse ethnic groups in a given area. In this context, the current study investigated the use of WFPs by seven different cultural groups in the Kashmir Himalayan Region. In this area, people gather wild plants and their parts for direct consumption, traditional foods, or sale in local markets. Despite this reliance, documentation of the food system, especially concerning WFPs, is notably lacking. Hence, our research aimed to document WFPs, along with associated traditional ecological knowledge, and identify major threats to their long-term sustainability in Division Muzaffarabad.

METHODS

Through a comprehensive approach involving questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and market surveys, we gathered data from 321 respondents. PCA was performed to analyze threats and plant use using "factoextra" in R software. Origin Pro was used to create a chord diagram, while R software was used to generate a Polar heat map. Additionally, a Venn diagram was created using Bioinformatics software.

RESULTS

The study included 321 informants, of whom 75.38% were men and 24.61% were women. In total, 113 plant taxa from 74 genera and 41 botanical families were reported. Polygonaceae and Rosaceae accounted for the majority (17 species each), followed by Lamiaceae (7 species). Leaves were the most used part as food sources (41.04%), followed by fruits (33.33%). Most of the species are consumed as cooked (46.46%) and as raw snacks (37.80%). A total of 47 plant species were collected and cooked as wild vegetables, followed by 40 species used as fruits. This study is the first to describe the market potential and ecological distribution of WFPs in the study area. Cross-comparison showed that utilization of WFPs varies significantly across the region and communities, including their edible parts and mode of consumption. Jaccard index (JI) value ranged from 5.81 to 25. Furthermore, the current study describes 29 WFPs and 10 traditional food dishes that have rarely been documented in Pakistan's ethnobotanical literature. Climate change, invasive species, expansion of agriculture, and plant diseases are some of the most significant threats to WFPs in the study area.

CONCLUSIONS

The older age group has more knowledge about WFPs compared to the younger generation, who are not interested in learning about the utilization of WFPs. This lack of interest in information about WFPs among the younger generation can be attributed to their limited access to markets and availability of food plants in the study area. Traditional gathering of food plants has been reduced in younger generations during recent years; therefore, it is crucial to develop effective conservation strategies. These efforts not only safeguard indigenous flora, food knowledge, and cultural heritage, but they also contribute to food security and public health by utilizing local wild foods in the examined area.

Folklore use of medicinal plants for the treatment of gynecological diseases in Pakistan-a review

Background

Gynecological issues and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose significant challenges to women's health, particularly in developing nations. These challenges are exacerbated by limited access to modern reproductive healthcare facilities, economic constraints, and entrenched cultural norms. Consequently, most of the Pakistani population relies on traditional ethno-medicinal healthcare systems. This preference stems from the ease of access, affordability, widespread availability, and inherent trust placed in these alternative healthcare methods.

Aim/objective

The inquiry aimed to report details on the application of conventional uses of plants in the health field in rural areas that could contribute to advancing the natural discovery of drugs. The objective of this analysis is to provide researchers with information on conventional and empirical knowledge of plant species concerning women's diseases.

Methodology

Information on the common use of medicinal plants in treating women's diseases was gathered from electronic databases. As a keyword for the quest, ethnobotany, and ethnopharmacology were used together with gynecological complications.

Result

The work of the current analysis has revealed that 217 plant species belonging to 89 families have been used in Pakistan's rural communities. The majority of plant species belong to the Apiaceae family, followed by the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, and other families. The biological interpretation of plants used in rural communities of Pakistan revealed that herbs and trees are the dominant forms with 58 % and 23 % respectively while shrubs and sub-shrubs with a low percentage of 17 % and 2 %. In natural preparation, leaves 29 %, flowers 22 %, seeds 14 %, fruits 14 %, roots 13 %, bark 7 %, and stems 5 % were the most used parts respectively and aerial parts, dried pericarp, bulb, bud, berry, latex, wood, rhizome, husk, fruit coat, oil, resins, twigs, and shoot were also used in minimum percentage. A multitude of plant species have found extensive application in the management of diverse women's health issues. These encompass concerns such as fatigue, mood fluctuations attributed to menstrual problems, gonorrhea, complications related to pregnancy, cravings for specific foods, throbbing breast pain, abdominal and pelvic cramps, excessive vaginal discharge, mastitis, irritability, abortion-related matters, headaches, uterine hemorrhage, Menorrhagia, Amenorrhea, Menopause, Vomiting Abortion, infertility and lactation challenges, as well as the regulation of lochia flow.

Conclusion

This review provides remarkable information about the use of medicinal plants against women's diseases in the rural communities of Pakistan. It opens the gateway for the discovery of natural drug development.

Highly Compressible, Superabsorbent, and Biocompatible Hybrid Cryogel Constructs Comprising Functionalized Chitosan and St. John's Wort Extract

Biobased porous hydrogels enriched with phytocompounds-rich herbal extracts have aroused great interest in recent years, especially in healthcare. In this study, new macroporous hybrid cryogel constructs comprising thiourea-containing chitosan (CSTU) derivative and a Hypericum perforatum L. extract (HYPE), commonly known as St John's wort, were prepared by a facile one-pot ice-templating strategy. Benefiting from the strong interactions between the functional groups of the CSTU matrix and those of polyphenols in HYPE, the hybrid cryogels possess excellent liquid absorption capacity, mechanical resilience, antioxidant performance, and a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity simultaneously. Thus, owing to their design, the hybrid constructs exhibit an interconnected porous architecture with the ability to absorb over 33 and 136 times their dry weight, respectively, when contacted with a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) and an acidic aqueous solution (pH 2). These cryogel constructs have extremely high compressive strengths ranging from 839 to 1045 kPa and withstand elevated strains of over 70% without developing fractures. Moreover, the water-swollen hybrid cryogels with the highest HYPE content revealed a complete and instant shape recovery after uniaxial compression. The incorporation of HYPE into CSTU cryogels enabled substantial improvement in scavenging reactive oxygen species and an expanded antibacterial spectrum toward multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi (Candida albicans). Cell viability experiments demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the 3D cryogel constructs, which did not induce changes in the fibroblast morphology. This work showcases a simple and effective strategy to immobilize HYPE extracts on CSTU 3D networks, allowing the development of novel multifunctional platforms with promising potential in hemostasis, wound dressing, and dermal regeneration scaffolds.

Beyond the border: comparative ethnobotany in Valmalenco (SO, Italy) and Valposchiavo (Canton of Grisons, Switzerland)

BACKGROUND

The ethnobotanical analysis of two bordering areas allows for the in-depth understanding of the dynamics of Local Ecological Knowledge, which mirrors the naturalistic, historical, and sociopolitical features of each area. As part of the Interreg Italy-Switzerland B-ICE&Heritage and GEMME projects, this work is an ethnobotanical comparative study of two neighboring Alpine territories: Valmalenco (Italy) and Valposchiavo (Switzerland).

METHODS

A total of 471 informants were interviewed on different fields of use (medicinal, food, veterinary, etc.). All data were organized in Excel™ spreadsheets. Informant Consensus Factor was calculated for the pathologies reported. Jaccard's similarity indices were calculated to compare the Valmalenco and Valposchiavo areas. Subsequently, another comparison between Valmalenco/Valposchiavo and Italian/Swiss Alpine neighboring areas was carried out.

RESULTS

The number of taxa for Valmalenco was 227 (77 families) and 226 in Valposchiavo (65). Out of the 10 most cited species, 7 were mentioned in both. Arnica montana L. was the most cited in Valmalenco, and Sambucus nigra L. in Valposchiavo. The 5 most cited families were the same. Regarding the medicinal and food fields, the similarity indices were fairly low (0.31 and 0.34 for the species; 0.22 and 0.31 for the uses). Concerning the comparison with Italian and Swiss Alps, similarity values were slightly higher with Italy (Valmalenco food species: 0.38 with Italy and 0.26 with Switzerland, medicinal: 0.26 IT and 0.14 SW; Valposchiavo food species: 0.36 with IT and 0.26 with SW, medicinal: 0.21 IT and 0.14 SW).

CONCLUSION

Although Valmalenco and Valposchiavo partly share natural environment, language, history, and culture, they had low similarity indices. They both seemed to have more similarities with Italy than Switzerland, maintaining low values with the surrounding territories too. They showed a common core of Local Ecological Knowledge with several divergent branches possibly due to pivotal historical happenings, as well as more modern external influences.

Modeling the richness and spatial distribution of the wild relatives of Iranian pears (Pyrus L.) for conservation management

The preservation of the genetic resources of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is crucial for food production systems and is considered a vital measure for global agricultural health and food security. The identification of potential areas where CWRs can thrive is one of the first steps towards their conservation. In this study, we used a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to determine the habitat suitability of seven wild relatives of pears (Pyrus L.) for the first time. We aimed to identify high-priority areas for conservation and determine the hotspots for rich biodiversity in Iran. The study showed excellent predictive performance for all species studied (AUC value ≥ 90). The soil depth, solar radiation, minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and precipitation of the wettest quarter (Bio16) were the main environmental factors that influenced the habitat suitability of all seven species, according to permutation importance. The projected maps revealed that P. elaeagnifolia had the largest suitable habitat area, while P. glabra had the lowest. The results also showed that less than 5% of the suitable habitats for these seven species were in protected areas. This research highlights the need for national preservation policies and the development of cultivation and rehabilitation strategies for these threatened species.

Comparative Study of Essential Oils from Tunisian Pinus Halepensis Mill. by Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Processes: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential against Prostate and Cervical Cancer Cells

Pinus halepensis Mill. is a Mediterranean aromatic plant largely used, in addition to its nutritional value, in traditional medicine as antiseptic, antifungal, antituberculotic, and antirheumatic. Thus, the objective of this work was to appraise the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil (EO) of P. halepensis from Tunisia on cancer cell cultures, along with chemical composition evaluation by GC-MS. To attain the best yield and also highest quality in extraction of the EOs, conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and novel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods have been performed and compared. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through the inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)• radicals. The cytotoxic activity in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and PC3) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) of EO was evaluated by the MTT assay and effect on the cell cycle by flow cytometry analysis. A total of 38 and 37 components were identified from HD (HD-EO)- and MAE (MAE-EO)-extracted EOs, respectively, which were dominated by hydrocarbon compounds (HD-EO = 86.65%; MAE-EO = 77.36%), especially monoterpenes (HD-EO = 32.11%; MAE-EO = 21.55%) and sesquiterpenes (HD-EO = 44.29%; MAE-EO = 61.32%). Both extracted EOs showed significant antioxidant activity, as shown by the inhibition of DPPH• radicals [IC50 (HD-EO) = 4102.30 ± 159.73 μg mL-1 and IC50 (MAE-EO) = 3430.13 ± 78.46 μg mL-1]. Also, the EOs exhibited substantial (p < 0.001) antiproliferative activities with G0-G1 arrest on PC3, LNCaP, and HeLa cells by yielding very low IC50 values more conspicuous in MAE-EO with respective IC50 values of 25.70 ± 6.58, 14.97 ± 3.21, and 14.55 ± 2.30 μg mL-1. This finding points out for the first time that the EO of P. halepensis Mill. from Tunisia can be an effective natural antitumor agent with more pronounced activity when extracted with the MAE method that, after further in vivo studies, can be harnessed as a putative phytopharmaceutical for prostate and cervical cancer treatment.

Ethnobotany around the Virovitica Area in NW Slavonia (Continental Croatia)-Record of Rare Edible Use of Fungus Sarccoscypha coccinea

Slavonia is the most developed agricultural region in Croatia. With rich and fertile soils that have enabled the cultivation of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, Slavonia has always met the food needs of its population. Today, the biocultural diversity of local varieties and semi-natural vegetation has irretrievably disappeared. Our aim was to document the remaining local knowledge of plant use in this area through in-depth semi-structured interviews, which were conducted in 2022-2023. All possible aspects of the use of plants and fungi were recorded as food, animal feed, medicine, construction, jewelry, rituals and ceremonies, dyes, etc. The names and uses of local plant varieties were also recorded. The results show 1702 entries-a total of 296 plant taxa from 76 families and 28 fungi from 16 families. The most frequently named plants were: Urtica dioica, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa canina, and Sambucus nigra. The plants with the greatest variety of uses were Morus alba, Rosmarinus officinalis, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays. Interesting uses were identified. The leaves of the ornamental plant Hosta sieboldiana are still used today as food for wrapping meat with rice, the aquatic plant Trapa natans is eaten like chestnuts, and Pteridium aquilinum was once consumed as a vegetable. In addition, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sambucus ebulus were given to horses to prevent and avoid blood poisoning. Some forest species had a special significance and were revered or favored. The most frequently mentioned edible fungi were Boletus sp., Cantharellus cibarius, and Lactarius piperatus. Auricularia auricula-judae is the only species stated to have been used exclusively as a raw snack. Evidence of edible use of Sarccoscypha coccinea, which was reported as traditionally consumed in the past, was of particular interest. Despite the modernization and agricultural nature of the region, many interesting uses of plants and fungi were identified. Further efforts should be directed towards documenting this knowledge to facilitate its dissemination in the communities that possess it, or at least to preserve it for future generations.

Synergistic activity of Thymus capitatus essential oil and cefotaxime against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the interaction between Tunisian Thymus capitatus essential oil (EO) and cefotaxime against Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae hospital strains. GC-MS revealed that the major component of EO was found to be carvacrol (69.28%). The EO exerts an advanced bactericidal effect against all strains. Synergy between EO and cefotaxime was obtained by combined disk diffusion and checkerboard techniques. Combined use of EO and cefotaxime reduced the MIC of imipenem by 8- to 128-fold for all strains (fractional inhibitory concentration index ˂ 0.5, synergy). The time kill curve assay confirmed the advanced activity of combinatory effects of EO and cefotaxime, with total reduce of bacterial number (CFU/mL) after 6 h of culture. Synergistic activity of the combination between EO and cefotaxime constitute an important strategy as therapeutical option to combat infections caused by ESBLs producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Analysis of chemical and genetic variability in wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) populations of Kosovo

Hops is an economically important species due to its diverse secondary metabolites and extensive use in the brewing and medicinal industries. Although hops is widely distributed in Kosovo, the chemical composition of its essential oils and genetic variability of wild populations remain understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical and genetic variability of Kosovo's wild hop population using essential oil constituents and microsatellite (simple sequence repeat - SSR) markers. Female hop inflorescences were collected from 21 wild populations in Kosovo. Essential oils were extracted from the dried plant material using a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical composition of the essential oils was analysed using GC-FID-MS. DNA was extracted from dried leaves, and 15 SSR markers were used for fragment analysis. The main constituents of the essential oil were myrcene, α-humulene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-selinene, β-selinene, and E-caryophyllene. Statistical analyses based on chemical composition of essential oils and SSR markers highlighted the low variability among populations and high variability within populations. These findings provide valuable insights for developing strategies for potential use and conservation of wild hop populations in Kosovo, laying the groundwork for future research and comparison with commercial cultivars to assess their breeding potential.

Volatolomics to Decrypt the Monophagous Nature of a Rice Pest, Scirpophaga Incertulas (Walker)

Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, yellow stem borer, YSB) is a monophagous insect pest that causes significant yield loss in rice (Oryza staiva L.). Semiochemical based pest management is being sought as an alternate to chemical pesticides to reduce pesticide footprints. We hypothesized differential release of volatiles from host rice and two companion non-host weeds, Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crus-galli could be responsible for oviposition and biology of YSB and these chemicals could be used for YSB management. Number of eggs laid, and number of larvae hatched were significantly higher in rice plant as compared to weeds. YSB could only form dead hearts in rice plants. YSB significantly preferred host-plant volatiles compared to the non-host plants both in choice and no-choice tests in an Y-tube olfactometer. 2-Hexenal, hexanal, 2,4-hexadienal, benzaldehyde, nonanal, methyl salicylate and decanal were found in the leaf volatolomes of both the host and non-host plants in HS-SPME-GC-MS (Headspace-Solid phase micro extraction-Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer). Pentene-3-one, 2-pentyl furan, 2,4-heptadienal, 2-octenal, 2-octenol and menthol were present only in the non-host plants. Fourteen rice unique compounds were also detected. The built-in PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Partial least squares-discriminant analysis) analysis in the MS-DIAL tool showed that the volatiles emitted from TN1 formed a cluster distinct from Echinochloa spp. and 2-octenal was identified as a unique compound. Olfactometer bioassays using synthetic compounds showed that rice unique compounds, like xylene, hexanal served as attractants whereas non-host unique compounds, like 2-pentylfuran, 2-octenal acted as repellent. The results indicate that the rice unique compounds xylene, hexanal along with other volatile compounds could be responsible for higher preference of YSB towards rice plants. Similarly, the non-host unique compounds 2-pentylfuran, 2-octenal could possibly be responsible for lower preference and defence against YSB. These compounds could be utilised for devising traps for YSB monitoring and management.

Cultural Use and the Knowledge of Ethnomedicinal Plants in the Pülümür (Dersim-Tunceli) Region

Pülümür has been a refuge place for internal and external exiles several times throughout history, and today it is a district of the province of Tunceli (known as Dersim in the region), which differs significantly from many settlements around it in terms of biodiversity and social aspects. The aim of this study is to identify, catalog, and report the traditional medicinal uses of plants in this province, where every living thing and many natural objects around it are regarded as sacred, with a scientific ethnobotanical approach. The field study was completed between May 2016 and July 2023. The collection of plant excursion and plant usage information was implemented in two stages; in the first stage, a survey about the collection and the uses of medicinal plants was conducted. At this stage, plant samples were collected by visiting 49 villages of the district and performing face-to-face interviews with 112 participants (51 female and 61 male). In the second stage, the usage statistics related to the data obtained from the field studies were determined. For this reason, every informant was interviewed at least twice, people who were previously interviewed were included too. In the course of this study, interviews from 211 participants (95 female and 116 male) were analyzed. As a result of analysis, the traditional medicinal uses of 120 plants belonging to 48 families were identified. The most taxa are identified from the Asteraceae (15), Rosaceae (13), Fabaceae (8), Lamiaceae (8), and Apiaceae (6) families. In Pülümür, these medicinal plants are mostly used for the treatment of wounds, abdominal pain, constipation, and diabetes.

High-Altitude Medicinal Plants as Promising Source of Phytochemical Antioxidants to Combat Lifestyle-Associated Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders

Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity and human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure and pollution, these species damage cells and contribute to pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert a substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation and cellular equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant in plants, such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and modulate cellular signalling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage. Furthermore, plants thriving in high-altitude regions are adapted to extreme conditions, and synthesize secondary metabolites, like flavonoids and phenolic compounds in bulk quantities, which act to form a robust antioxidant defence against oxidative stress, including UV radiation and temperature fluctuations. These plants are promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies by which to manage oxidative stress-related ailments and enhance human health. Understanding and harnessing the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals from high-altitude plants represent crucial steps in combating oxidative stress-induced disorders and promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers a comprehensive summary of the production and physio-pathological aspects of lifestyle-induced oxidative stress disorders and explores the potential of phytochemicals as promising antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal of high-altitude medicinal plants as significant sources of antioxidants, highlighting their potential for drug development and the creation of innovative antioxidant therapeutic approaches.

Exploring the Biochemical and Nutra-Pharmaceutical Prospects of Some Thymus Species - A Review

The Thymus genus includes various medicinal and aromatic species, cultivated worldwide for their unique medicinal and economic value. Besides, their conventional use as a culinary flavoring agent, Thymus species are well-known for their diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive properties. Hence, they are used in the treatment of fever, colds, and digestive and cardiovascular diseases. The pharmaceutical significance of Thymus plants is due to their high levels of bioactive components such as natural terpenoid phenol derivatives (p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol, geraniol), flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. This review examines the phytochemicals, biological properties, functional food, and nutraceutical attributes of some important Thymus species, with a specific focus on their potential uses in the nutra-pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, the review provides an insight into the mechanisms of biological activities of key phytochemicals of Thymus species exploring their potential for the development of novel natural drugs.

Chemical Variability of the Berry Essential Oil of Two Subspecies of Juniperus Oxycedrus L. from Northwestern Algeria

The chemical composition of 33 oil samples isolated from the berries of individual trees of two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrus L., collected in four locations in Tlemcen and Aïn Temouchent provinces, was investigated by GC-FID, GC/MS and 13CNMR. In total, 83 compounds were identified, accounting for 85.9 % to 98.6 % of the total composition. Yields ranged between 0.02 and 0.40 % (w/w). All compositions were submitted to statistical analysis. Combination of hierarchical clustering dendrogram and principal component analysis suggested the existence of two groups, the second group being sub-divided into two sub-groups. Groups and sub-groups were distinguished with respect to their contents of α-pinene, germacrene D, myrcene and, to a lesser extent, of manoyl oxide. The chemical composition of the oils belonging to subsp. oxycedrus was largely dominated by monoterpenes. α-Pinene (23.7-63.2 %) and germacrene D (4.5-25.4 %) were the major components, followed by myrcene (3.1-16.7 %). Conversely, samples oils of subsp. macrocarpa were largely dominated by germacrene D (4.4-30.0 %), followed by a lower content of α-pinene (10.0-24.3 %) and myrcene (1.0-4.3 %) and a significant content of manoyl oxide (4.3-9.9 %).

Stachys durandiana Coss., an endemic plant of Morocco: chemical composition of its aerial parts essential oil

The genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) comprises more than 300 species as annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, spread in temperate regions of Mediterranean, Asia, America, and Southern Africa and several species have been used in the traditional medicine of many countries. Section Stachys, one of nineteen sections of genus Stachys, is divided in two subsections: Sylvaticae and Circinatae. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Stachys durandiana Coss., endemic of Morocco, and belonging to subsection Circinatae, was analysed by GC-MS. No report has been previously published on this species. The result showed the presence of large quantity of monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.3%), being α-pinene (38.0%) β-pinene (14.8%), and limonene (11.1%) the principal constituents. Furthermore, a complete review on the chemical composition and biological properties of all the other Stachys taxa, belonging to section Stachys, studied so far, was carried out.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Culturally Important Plants and Mushrooms in North-Western Part of Croatia

The Republic of Croatia is spread in geographical and climatic conditions that support a great diversity of habitats and associated plant taxa, many of which can be used for food or medicine. However, urbanization, loss of natural habitats, as well as changes in people's dependence on the natural resources from the surrounding environment may lead to the loss of valuable knowledge about the use of plants and mushrooms. With the aim of studying and preserving this knowledge in the continental north-western part of Croatia, an ethnobotanical survey was undertaken at the two study areas-Valpovo and Đurđevac, which included a total of 17 settlements. A total of 103 informants, 65% female and 35% male, aged between 22 and 83 years, participated in an interview using pre-planned questionnaires. The informants reported 131 plants belonging to 55 families and 17 mushroom taxa. The largest number of plants belonged to the families of Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae. In both areas, the informants cultivate and also gather wild plants, but these practices are better preserved in the area of Đurđevac where 109 taxa from 47 families were recorded. In addition to cultivated and gathered plants, informants from the Valpovo area also reported the use of purchased plants. Plants and mushrooms are mostly used as food (21 plant taxa and 17 mushrooms), but plants also serve as medicine (68 taxa), as both food and medicine (35 taxa), feed for cattle (11 taxa), repellent (four taxa), and/or space freshener (two taxa). The most frequently used wild plants are Chamomilla recutita, Mentha x piperita, and Urtica dioica, while Boletus edulis, Agaricus campestris, and Macrolepiota procera are the most often used mushrooms. The results indicate that the local people in the studied north-western part of Croatia still nurture the practice of cultivating and gathering plants and that herbal remedies are considerably important among the informants. The study should be further extended to broaden and preserve valuable ethnobotanical knowledge and encourage the protection of culturally important plants of the studied area.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Coffea Robusta Monofloral Honey from Dak Lak Province, Vietnam

Robusta coffee blossom honey stands as a key regional product in Dak Lak province, Vietnam. Despite its significance, there exists a dearth of scientific data for assessing its quality. This study aims to fill this gap by characterizing the physicochemical properties and biological activities of coffee blossom honeys from three distinct sub-regions within Dak Lak province, Vietnam. These activities include ferric reducing power (FRP), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, as well as tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Moreover, the study compares these honey samples with other popular varieties in Vietnam, such as Lychee and Longan honeys. The physicochemical parameters of the honey samples meet the standards set by Codex Alimentarius 2001. Through UPLC analysis, eleven compounds were identified, with caffeine serving as a marker for coffee honey. Furthermore, by employing multiple factor analysis (MFA), it was observed that certain physicochemical properties correlate positively with tyrosinase inhibitory, DPPH, ABTS free radicals scavenging activities, and FRP. Notably, tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity. These findings underscore the high quality of Coffea robusta honey, showcasing its potent antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

Forgotten Perfumery Plants - Part II: New Insights into the Development of Novel Fragrant Ingredients - Hawthorn Case Study

Naturalness is gaining ground among perfumers and the use of natural raw materials is spreading in perfumery. Forgotten perfumery plants are of concern to develop innovative and natural ingredients for modern perfume industries. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential interest of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. extracts as fragrance ingredient. To this end, various extractions, phytochemical characterizations and organoleptic evaluations of hawthorn were conducted on fresh, frozen, and dried flowering aerial parts, to identify those most likely to be of interest. More than a hundred compounds, anisaldehyde being the predominant one, were characterized for the first time in the volatile fraction, using HS-SPME-GC-MS technology. Impact of plant treatment and harvest year on the extracts were also discussed. From this work, a new and natural hawthorn-based ingredient was developed to complete the perfumers' palette.

Current use of medicinal plants for children's diseases among mothers in Southern Romania

There is a limited number of studies focusing on ethnomedical practices in children, particularly in Eastern Europe. Romania has a rich history of using medicinal plants in ethnopediatric care, and our objective was to identify the medicinal plants currently employed in treating childhood illnesses in the southern region of the country. Material and methods Our investigation used structured interviews, focusing on respondent demographics, local names of therapeutically employed herbs, the specific plant part(s) utilized, methods of preparation and administration, and local folk indications of taxa. A total of 326 mothers with children aged 0 to 18, hospitalized in the "Grigore Alexandrescu" Children Emergency Hospital Bucharest and residing in Southern Romania, were enrolled in the study. Use Value Citation Index (UVc), Informant Consensus Factor (Fic), and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated. Results Twenty-five plants were identified for treating children's diseases in Southern Romania. The majority of informants resided in urban areas, and mothers primarily acquired knowledge from family members and healthcare professionals. The herbs most frequently employed were Mentha spp. (UV = 0.509) for diarrhea, Matricaria spp. (UV = 0.301) for skin infections (Fic = 0.99) and digestive diseases (Fic = 0.98), and Calendula officinalis L. (UV = 0.365) for skin diseases (Fic = 0.99). Less utilized were Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin in respiratory diseases, Prunus avium (L.) L. stalks in urinary tract ailments, Helianthus annuus L. in ear infections, Allium sativum L. in intestinal parasitosis, Viola tricolor L. in hives, Triticum aestivum L. in dermatitis and Allium ursinum L. as a tonic. In 184 cases herbal treatment was used in conjunction with conventional medications. Education level correlated with the number of employed plants and the variety of treated ailments, while residency (rural vs. urban) did not. Both residency and education influenced plant procurement methods: rural background and, surprisingly, higher education were linked to a preference for harvesting rather than purchasing plants. Conclusion Botanical remedies are still commonly used in the treatment of pediatric diseases in Southern Romania, although the variety of taxa seems reduced compared to the past. Further exploration is essential to unlock the maximum benefits of ethnopediatric practices.

The global relevance of locally grounded ethnobiology

While ethnobiology is a discipline that focuses on the local, it has an outstanding, but not yet fully realized potential to address global issues. Part of this unrealized potential is that universalistic approaches often do not fully recognize culturally grounded perspectives and there are multiple challenges with scaling up place-based research. However, scalability is paramount to ensure that the intimate and context-specific diversity of human-environmental relationships and understandings are recognized in global-scale planning and policy development. Here, we identify four pathways to enable the scalability of place-based ethnobiological research from the ground up: local-to-global dialogues, aggregation of published data, multi-sited studies, and geospatial analyses. We also discuss some major challenges and consideration to encourage continuous reflexivity in these endeavours and to ensure that scalability does not contribute to unnecessarily decontextualizing, co-opting, or overwriting the epistemologies of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. As ethnobiology navigates multiple scales of time and space and seeks to increase its breadth, this study shows that the use of deliberately global approaches, when carefully nested within rich field-based and ecological and ethnographically grounded data, can contribute to: (1) upscaling case-specific insights to unveil global patterns and dynamics in the biocultural contexts of Indigenous Peoples and local communities; (2) bringing ethnobiological knowledge into resolutions that can influence global environmental research and policy agendas; and (3) enriching ethnobiology's field-based ethos with a deliberate global analytical focus.

Why are plants named after witches and devils in north-western Europe?

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Witches in Western Europe are associated with the use of medicinal, abortifacient, hallucinogenic, and toxic plants. Curiously, these associations are not backed up by first-hand evidence and historians are unconvinced that people convicted as witches were herbalists. Local plant names provide an untapped source for analysing witchcraft-plant relationships.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We analysed vernacular plant names indicating an association with witches and devils to find out why these species and witchcraft were linked.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We constructed a database with vernacular names containing the terms witch and devil in related north-west European languages. The devil was added because of its association with witchcraft. The plant species' characteristics (e.g., medicinal use, toxicity) were assessed to determine if there were non-random associations between these traits and their names.

RESULTS

We encountered 1263 unique vernacular name-taxa combinations (425 plant taxa; 97 families). Most species named after witches and/or devils were found within the Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae. For Dutch, German and English we confirmed associations between witchcraft names and toxicity. Hallucinogenic plants do not appear to be associated with witch-names. For Dutch, we found significant associations between plant names and medicinal and apotropaic uses, although we did not find any association with abortifacient qualities.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that there is a wide variety of plants associated with witches and the devil in north-western Europe. Plant names with the terms witch and devil were likely used in a pejorative manner to name toxic and weedy plants, and functioned as a warning for their harmful properties. Our study provides novel insights for research into the history of witchcraft and its associated plant species.

Effects of Artificial Sugar Supplementation on the Composition and Nutritional Potency of Honey from Apis cerana

In the global apiculture industry, reward feeding and supplementary feeding are essential for maintaining bee colonies. Beekeepers provide artificial supplements to their colonies, typically in the form of either a honey-water solution or sugar syrup. Owing to cost considerations associated with beekeeping, most beekeepers opt for sugar syrup. However, the effects of different types of artificial sugar supplements on bee colonies and their subsequent impact on honey composition remain unclear. To address this gap, this study compared the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and nutritional potency of three types of honey: honey derived from colonies fed sugar syrup (sugar-based product, SP) or a honey-water solution (honey-sourced honey, HH) and naturally sourced honey (flower-sourced honey, FH), which served as the control. The results revealed that FH outperformed HH and SP in terms of total acidity, sugar content, total protein content, and antioxidant capacity, and HH outperformed SP. Regarding nutritional efficacy, including the lifespan and learning and memory capabilities of worker bees, FH exhibited the best outcomes, with no significant differences observed between HH and SP. This study underscores the importance of sugar source selection in influencing honey quality and emphasizes the potential consequences of substituting honey with sugar syrup in traditional apiculture practices.