Adipocyte-conditioned medium induces tamoxifen resistance by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells

Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major clinical challenge in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Obesity is associated with the clinical response to ER-positive breast cancers; however, the mechanism underlying obesity-induced resistance to endocrine therapy in ER-positive breast cancers remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced resistance to tamoxifen (TAM), an anti-estrogen agent, in the ER-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using differentiated adipocyte-conditioned medium (D-CM). Treatment of the cells with D-CM promoted TAM resistance by reducing TAM-induced apoptosis. The expression levels of the ERα target genes were higher in D-CM-treated cells than those in untreated ones. In contrast, when the cells were cultured in the presence of TAM, the expression levels were decreased, with or without D-CM. Moreover, the expression of the markers for cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and mammosphere formation was enhanced by co-treating with D-CM and TAM, compared with TAM alone. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was activated in MCF-7 cells by D-CM treatment, even in the presence of TAM. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway decreased the expression levels of the CSC markers, suppressed mammosphere formation, and resensitized to TAM via inducing apoptosis in D-CM-treated cells. These results indicate that the conditioned medium of differentiated adipocytes promoted TAM resistance by inducing the CSC phenotype through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Thus, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may be a therapeutic target in obese patients with ER-positive breast cancers.

Intersecting pathways: The role of hybrid E/M cells and circulating tumor cells in cancer metastasis and drug resistance

Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are intricately linked with the dynamics of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). EMT hybrid cells, characterized by a blend of epithelial and mesenchymal traits, have emerged as pivotal in metastasis and demonstrate remarkable plasticity, enabling transitions across cellular states crucial for intravasation, survival in circulation, and extravasation at distal sites. Concurrently, CTCs, which are detached from primary tumors and travel through the bloodstream, are crucial as potential biomarkers for cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. There is a significant interplay between EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, revealing a complex, bidirectional relationship that significantly influences metastatic progression and has a critical role in cancer drug resistance. This resistance is further influenced by the tumor microenvironment, with factors such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and hypoxic conditions driving EMT and contributing to therapeutic resistance. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of EMT, characteristics of EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, and their roles in both metastasis and drug resistance. This comprehensive understanding sheds light on the complexities of cancer metastasis and opens avenues for novel diagnostic approaches and targeted therapies and has significant advancements in combating cancer metastasis and overcoming drug resistance.

Research progress on regulating factors of muscle fiber heterogeneity in poultry: a review

Control of meat quality traits is an important goal of any farm animal production, including poultry. A better understanding of the biochemical properties of muscle fiber properties that drive muscle development and ultimately meat quality constitutes one of the major challenging topics in animal production and meat science. In this paper, the existing classification methods of skeletal muscle fibers in poultry were reviewed and the relationship between contractile and metabolic characteristics of muscle fibers and poultry meat quality was described. Finally, a comprehensive review of multiple potential factors affecting muscle fiber distribution and conversion is presented, including breed, sex, hormones, growth performance, diet, muscle position, exercise, and ambient temperature. We emphasize that knowledge of muscle fiber typing is essential to better understand how to control muscle characteristics throughout the life cycle of animals to better manage the final quality of poultry meat.

Dissecting SOX2 expression and function reveals an association with multiple signaling pathways during embryonic development and in cancer progression

SRY (Sex Determining Region) box 2 (SOX2) is an essential transcription factor that plays crucial roles in activating genes involved in pre- and post-embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and lineage specifications. SOX2 maintains the self-renewal property of stem cells and is involved in the generation of induced pluripotency stem cells. SOX2 protein contains a particular high-mobility group domain that enables SOX2 to achieve the capacity to participate in a broad variety of functions. The information about the involvement of SOX2 with gene regulatory elements, signaling networks, and microRNA is gradually emerging, and the higher expression of SOX2 is functionally relevant to various cancer types. SOX2 facilitates the oncogenic phenotype via cellular proliferation and enhancement of invasive tumor properties. Evidence are accumulating in favor of three dimensional (higher order) folding of chromatin and epigenetic control of the SOX2 gene by chromatin modifications, which implies that the expression level of SOX2 can be modulated by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, specifically, via DNA methylation and histone H3 modification. In view of this, and to focus further insights into the roles SOX2 plays in physiological functions, involvement of SOX2 during development, precisely, the advances of our knowledge in pre- and post-embryonic development, and interactions of SOX2 in this scenario with various signaling pathways in tumor development and cancer progression, its potential as a therapeutic target against many cancers are summarized and discussed in this article.

Chemical composition's effect on Solanum nigrum Linn.'s antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protection: Bioactive components and molecular docking analysis

Oxidative stress has been widely believed to be the mechanism responsible for developing diseases such as arthritis, asthma, dementia, and aging. Solanum nigrum Linn. is a common edible medicinal herb that belongs to the family Solanaceae which has more than 180 chemical components that have so far been discovered. The main bioactive components of these are steroidal saponins, alkaloids, phenols, and polysaccharides. This article presents comparative phytochemical profiling including total phenolic, total flavonoid, alkaloid, proanthocyanidins, tannin, and vitamin C contents of three Algerian S. nigrum samples collected from three different locations in the Algerian desert. Additionally, the potential antioxidant activity of the three samples was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay. Moreover, the correlation between the major phenolic phytoconstituents previously reported and isolated from the plant and antioxidant activity has also been done by in silico molecular docking. Ten bioactive compounds were docked with selected proteins, arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (PDB: 6n2w) and cytochrome c peroxidase (PDB: 2x08), to check their affinity with binding sites of these proteins for the possible mechanism of action. The docking scores suggest that S. nigrum's quercetin and kaempferol may play a significant role in its antioxidant action.

Optimization of transplantation methods using isolated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: clinical trials of inflammatory bowel diseases as an example

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are distributed in various tissues and are used in clinical applications as a source of transplanted cells because of their easy harvestability. Although MSCs express numerous cell-surface antigens, single-cell analyses have revealed a highly heterogeneous cell population depending on the original tissue and donor conditions, including age and interindividual differences. This heterogeneity leads to differences in their functions, such as multipotency and immunomodulatory effects, making it challenging to effectively treat targeted diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of MSCs is controversial and depends on the implantation site. Thus, there is no established recipe for the transplantation of MSCs (including the type of disease, type of origin, method of cell culture, form of transplanted cells, and site of delivery). Our recent preclinical study identified appropriate MSCs and their suitable transplantation routes in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of MSCs have been demonstrated to enhance their properties and sustain engraftment at the lesion site. In this note, we explore the methods of MSC transplantation for treating IBDs, especially Crohn's disease, from clinical trials published over the past decade. Given the functional changes in MSCs in 3D culture, we also investigate the clinical trials using 3D constructs of MSCs and explore suitable diseases that might benefit from this approach. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages of the prospective isolation of MSCs in terms of interindividual variability. This note highlights the need to define the method of MSC transplantation, including interindividual variability, the culture period, and the transplantation route.

Dynamic cell culture modulates colon cancer cell migration in a novel 3D cell culture system

The progression of cancer cell migration, invasion and subsequent metastasis is the main cause of mortality in cancer patients. Through creating more accurate cancer models, we can achieve more precise results, which will lead to a better understanding of the invasion process. This holds promise for more effective prevention and treatment strategies. Although numerous 2D and 3D cell culture systems have been developed, they poorly reflect the in vivo situation and many questions have remained unanswered. This work describes a novel dynamic 3D cell culture system aimed at advancing our comprehension of cancer cell migration. With the newly designed cultivation chamber, 3D tumor spheroids were cultivated within a collagen I matrix in the presence of fluid flow to study the migration of cancer cells from spheroids in the matrix. Using light sheet microscopy and histology, we demonstrated that the morphology of spheroids is influenced by dynamic culture and that, in contrast to static culture, spheroids in dynamic culture are characterized by the absence of a large necrotic core. Additionally, this influence extends to an increase in the size of migration area, coupled with an increase in expression of some genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results here highlight the importance of dynamic culture in cancer research. Although the dynamic 3D cell culture system in this study was used to investigate migration of one cell type into a matrix, it has the potential to be further developed and used for more complex models consisting of different cell types or to analyze other steps of metastasis development such as transendothelial migration or extravasation.

Master Regulators of Causal Networks in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer and the Relation to the RNA Virus Infection Pathway

Causal networks are important for understanding disease signaling alterations. To reveal the network pathways affected in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are related to the poor prognosis of cancer, the molecular networks and gene expression in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC) were analyzed. The network pathways in GC were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The analysis of the probe sets in which the gene expression had significant differences between diffuse- and intestinal-type GC in RNA sequencing of the publicly available data identified 1099 causal networks in diffuse- and intestinal-type GC. Master regulators of the causal networks included lenvatinib, pyrotinib, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), mir-196, and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2). The analysis of the HDAC1-interacting network identified the involvement of EMT regulation via the growth factors pathway, the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway, and vorinostat. The network had RNA-RNA interactions with microRNAs such as mir-10, mir-15, mir-17, mir-19, mir-21, mir-223, mir-25, mir-27, mir-29, and mir-34. The molecular networks revealed in the study may lead to identifying drug targets for GC.

Prognostic analysis of patients with gastric cancer based on N6-methyladenosine modification patterns and tumor microenvironment characterization

Background

Cancers arise from genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that affect oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, compounded by gene mutations. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification, regulated by methylation regulators, has been implicated in tumor proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. However, the role of m6A modification patterns in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer (GC) remains poorly understood.

Materials and methods

In this study, we analyzed m6A modification patterns in 267 GC samples utilizing 31 m6A regulators. Using consensus clustering, we identified two unique subgroups of GC. Patients with GC were segregated into high- and low-infiltration cohorts to evaluate the infiltration proportions of the five prognostically significant immune cell types. Leveraging the differential genes in GC, we identified a "green" module via Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. A risk prediction model was established using the LASSO regression method.

Results

The "green" module was connected to both the m6A RNA methylation cluster and immune infiltration patterns. Based on "Module Membership" and "Gene Significance", 37 hub genes were identified, and a risk prediction model incorporating nine hub genes was established. Furthermore, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that YTHDF1 elevated the expression of DNMT3B, which synergistically promoted the initiation and development of GC. We elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of DNMT3B by YTHDF1 and explored the crosstalk between m6A and 5mC modification.

Conclusion

m6A RNA methylation regulators are instrumental in malignant progression and the dynamics of tumor microenvironment infiltration of GC. Assessing m6A modification patterns and tumor microenvironment infiltration characteristics in patients with GC holds promise as a valuable prognostic biomarker.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Protein Complex Regulates Cancer Stem Cells and is Associated with Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic targets. This study aimed to elucidate the role of endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex subunit 1 (EMC1) in HCC progression and its therapeutic potential.

Methods

Publicly available sequencing data and biopsy specimens were analyzed to assess EMC's clinical value and functions in HCC. In vitro experiments validated EMC functions, and multiplex immunofluorescence analysis examined EMC-associated sorafenib resistance mechanisms. EMC1 expression was knocked down in HCC cell lines, followed by cell viability, wound healing, and transwell migration assays. Tumor growth and response to sorafenib treatment were evaluated in mouse models. Metabolomic analysis assessed changes in the TCA cycle.

Results

EMC genes were aberrantly expressed in HCC, and high EMC1 expression correlated with poorer survival rates. EMC1 disruption enhanced HCC cells' sensitivity to sorafenib, reducing cell viability, increasing apoptosis, and decreasing tumor size and weight. EMC1 maintained cancer cell stemness and promoted M2 macrophage infiltration. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in the TCA cycle, indicating EMC1's role in HCC metabolic reprogramming. Importantly, EMC1 is highly associated with sorafenib resistance, potentially linked to CTNNB1 mutation or activation.

Conclusion

EMC1 plays a critical role in regulating the sorafenib resistance in HCC. Targeting EMC1 may improve HCC treatment efficacy.

Revealing the crucial roles of suppressive immune microenvironment in cardiac myxoma progression

Cardiac myxoma is a commonly encountered tumor within the heart that has the potential to be life-threatening. However, the cellular composition of this condition is still not well understood. To fill this gap, we analyzed 75,641 cells from cardiac myxoma tissues based on single-cell sequencing. We defined a population of myxoma cells, which exhibited a resemblance to fibroblasts, yet they were distinguished by an increased expression of phosphodiesterases and genes associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion. The clinical relevance of the cell populations indicated a higher proportion of myxoma cells and M2-like macrophage infiltration, along with their enhanced spatial interaction, were found to significantly contribute to the occurrence of embolism. The immune cells surrounding the myxoma exhibit inhibitory characteristics, with impaired function of T cells characterized by the expression of GZMK and TOX, along with a substantial infiltration of tumor-promoting macrophages expressed growth factors such as PDGFC. Furthermore, in vitro co-culture experiments showed that macrophages promoted the growth of myxoma cells significantly. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive single-cell atlas of cardiac myxoma, highlighting the heterogeneity of myxoma cells and their collaborative impact on immune cells. These findings shed light on the complex pathobiology of cardiac myxoma and present potential targets for intervention.

Synthesis and Systematic Investigation of Lepidiline A and Its Gold(I), Silver(I), and Copper(I) Complexes Using In Vitro Cancer Models and Multipotent Stem Cells

The imidazole alkaloid lepidiline A from the root of Lepidium meyenii has a moderate to low in vitro anticancer effect. Our aim was to extend cytotoxicity investigations against a panel of cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant cancer cells, and multipotent stem cells. Lepidiline A is a N-heterocyclic carbene precursor, therefore a suitable ligand source for metal complexes. Thus, we synthesized lepidiline A and its copper(I), gold(I), and silver(I) complexes and tested them against ovarian, gastrointestinal, breast, and uterine cancer cells and bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Lepidiline A and its copper complex demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity, while silver and gold complexes exhibited significantly enhanced and consistent cytotoxicity against both cancer and stem cell lines. ABCB1 in the multidrug-resistant uterine sarcoma line conferred significant resistance against lepidiline A and the copper-lepidiline A complex, but not against the silver and gold complexes. Our results indicate that only the copper complex induced a significant and universal increase in the production of reactive oxygen species within cells. In summary, binding of metal ions to lepidiline A results in enhanced cytotoxicity with the nature of the metal ion playing a critical role in determining its properties.

Bridging the Gap Between Human Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Under One Health Perspective by a Cross-Species Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Reproductive Toxicity

Although ecotoxicological and toxicological risk assessments are performed separately from each other, recent efforts have been made in both disciplines to reduce animal testing and develop predictive approaches instead, for example, via conserved molecular markers, and in vitro and in silico approaches. Among them, adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been proposed to facilitate the prediction of molecular toxic effects at larger biological scales. Thus, more toxicological data are used to inform on ecotoxicological risks and vice versa. An AOP has been previously developed to predict reproductive toxicity of silver nanoparticles via oxidative stress on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (AOPwiki ID 207). Following this previous study, our present study aims to extend the biologically plausible taxonomic domain of applicability (tDOA) of AOP 207. Various types of data, including in vitro human cells, in vivo, and molecular to individual, from previous studies have been collected and structured into a cross-species AOP network that can inform both human toxicology and ecotoxicology risk assessments. The first step was the collection and analysis of literature data to fit the AOP criteria and build a first AOP network. Then, key event relationships were assessed using a Bayesian network modeling approach, which gave more confidence in our overall AOP network. Finally, the biologically plausible tDOA was extended using in silico approaches (Genes-to-Pathways Species Conservation Analysis and Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility), which led to the extrapolation of our AOP network across over 100 taxonomic groups. Our approach shows that various types of data can be integrated into an AOP framework, and thus facilitates access to knowledge and prediction of toxic mechanisms without the need for further animal testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-14. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Innovative Strategies to Combat 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: The Role of Phytochemicals and Extracellular Vesicles

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health challenge, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance being a major obstacle to effective treatment. Despite advancements, resistance to 5-FU remains formidable due to complex mechanisms such as alterations in drug transport, evasion of apoptosis, dysregulation of cell cycle dynamics, tumor microenvironment (TME) interactions, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated resistance pathways. Traditional chemotherapy often results in high toxicity, highlighting the need for alternative approaches with better efficacy and safety. Phytochemicals (PCs) and EVs offer promising CRC therapeutic strategies. PCs, derived from natural sources, often exhibit lower toxicity and can target multiple pathways involved in cancer progression and drug resistance. EVs can facilitate targeted drug delivery, modulate the immune response, and interact with the TME to sensitize cancer cells to treatment. However, the potential of PCs and engineered EVs in overcoming 5-FU resistance and reshaping the immunosuppressive TME in CRC remains underexplored. Addressing this gap is crucial for identifying innovative therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicities. This review explores the multifaceted mechanisms of 5-FU resistance in CRC and evaluates the synergistic effects of combining PCs with 5-FU to improve treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Additionally, it investigates engineered EVs in overcoming 5-FU resistance by serving as drug delivery vehicles and modulating the TME. By synthesizing the current knowledge and addressing research gaps, this review enhances the academic understanding of 5-FU resistance in CRC, highlighting the potential of interdisciplinary approaches involving PCs and EVs for revolutionizing CRC therapy. Further research and clinical validation are essential for translating these findings into improved patient outcomes.

Mechanism of DAPK1 for Regulating Cancer Stem Cells in Thyroid Cancer

Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-dependent serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase and is characteristically downregulated in metastatic cancer. Several studies showed that DAPK1 is involved in both the early and late stages of cancer. DAPK1 downregulation is elaborately controlled by epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational processes. DAPK1 is known to regulate not only cancer cells but also stromal cells. Recent studies showed that DAPK1 was involved not only in tumor suppression but also in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) formation in colon and thyroid cancers. CSCs are major factors in determining cancer aggressiveness in cancer metastasis and treatment prognosis by influencing EMT. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of cancer cells by DAPK1 remains unclear. In particular, little is known about the existence of CSCs and how they are regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) among thyroid cancers. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanism of CSC regulation by DAPK1 in PTC progression.

Bio-Nano Toolbox for Precision Alzheimer's Disease Gene Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most burdensome aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder, and its treatment encounters numerous failures during drug development. Although there are newly approved in-market β-amyloid targeting antibody solutions, pathological heterogeneity among patient populations still challenges the treatment outcome. Emerging advances in gene therapies offer opportunities for more precise personalized medicine; while, major obstacles including the pathological heterogeneity among patient populations, the puzzled mechanism for druggable target development, and the precision delivery of functional therapeutic elements across the blood-brain barrier remain and limit the use of gene therapy for central neuronal diseases. Aiming for "precision delivery" challenges, nanomedicine provides versatile platforms that may overcome the targeted delivery challenges for AD gene therapy. In this perspective, to picture a toolbox for AD gene therapy strategy development, the most recent advances from benchtop to clinics are highlighted, possibly available gene therapy targets, tools, and delivery platforms are outlined, their challenges as well as rational design elements are addressed, and perspectives in this promising research field are discussed.

Clinicopathological Impact of FOXM1 and MMP-9 Immunohistochemical Expression in Different Grades of Intracranial Meningioma

OBJECTIVES

To find predictive biomarkers for recurrence and progression of meningioma.

BACKGROUND

Despite great advances in meningioma treatment, the prognosis remained unfavorable due to the high recurrence rate.

METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of FOXM1, MMP-9, and Ki67 in 50 cases of intracranial meningioma to detect its potential role in meningioma progression, recurrence, and patients' survival.

RESULTS

Strong FOXM1 expression was detected in 20% of the cases and was significantly associated with meningioma grade ( P = 0.002) and peritumoral brain edema (PTBE; P <0.001). Strong MMP-9 expression was noted in 32% of the cases and was significantly associated with meningioma grade and PTBE ( P <0.001, P <0.001, respectively). High Ki67 was noted in 50% and significantly associated with tumor grade and PTBE ( P <0.001, P = 0.002, respectively). The follow-up period revealed that meningiomas with strong FOXM1, strong MMP-9, and high Ki67 expression were associated with tumor recurrence, shorter OS, and recurrence-free survival. Furthermore, up-regulation of FOXM1 and MMP-9 expression had a significant relation with poor clinical response to the therapy ( P = 0.010, P = 0. 001, respectively). However, high Ki67 cases were more sensitive to clinical therapy ( P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Strong FOXM1, strong MMP-9, and high Ki67 in meningiomas indicate highly aggressive tumors with a shortened survival rate, dismal outcome, and high risk of recurrence after the standard protocol of therapy.

Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on brain renin angiotensin system related signaling and its subsequent complications on brain: A theoretical perspective

Cellular ACE2 (cACE2), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), possesses catalytic activity to maintain AngII and Ang 1-7 balance, which is necessary to prevent harmful effects of AngII/AT2R and promote protective pathways of Ang (1-7)/MasR and Ang (1-7)/AT2R. Hemostasis of the brain-RAS is essential for maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral disease that causes multi-organ dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 mainly uses cACE2 to enter the cells and cause its downregulation. This, in turn, prevents the conversion of Ang II to Ang (1-7) and disrupts the normal balance of brain-RAS. Brain-RAS disturbances give rise to one of the pathological pathways in which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses neuroprotective pathways and induces inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Finally, these impairments lead to neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and neurological complications. In conclusion, the influence of RAS on various processes within the brain has significant implications for the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. These effects include sensory disturbances, such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, as well as cerebrovascular and brain stem-related disorders, all of which are intertwined with disruptions in the RAS homeostasis of the brain.

Influence of expression and purification protocols on Gα biochemical activity: kinetics of plant and mammalian G protein cycles

Heterotrimeric G proteins are a class of signal transduction complexes with broad roles in human health and agriculturally important plant traits. In the classic paradigm, guanine nucleotide binding to the Gα subunit regulates the activation status of the complex. Using the Arabidopsis thaliana Gα subunit, GPA1, we developed a rapid StrepII-tag mediated purification method that facilitates isolation of protein with increased enzymatic activities as compared to conventional methods, and is demonstrably also applicable to mammalian Gα subunits. We subsequently utilized domain swaps of GPA1 and human GNAO1 to demonstrate the instability of recombinant GPA1 is a function of the interaction between the Ras and helical domains, and can be partially uncoupled from the rapid nucleotide binding kinetics displayed by GPA1.

E-cadherin re-expression: Its potential in combating TRAIL resistance and reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

The major limitation of conventional chemotherapy drugs is their lack of specificity for cancer cells. As a selective apoptosis-inducing agent, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has emerged as an attractive alternative. However, most of the cancer cells are found to be either intrinsically resistant to the TRAIL protein or may develop resistance after multiple treatments, and TRAIL resistance can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at a later stage, promoting cancer invasion and migration. Interestingly, E-cadherin loss has been linked to TRAIL resistance and initiation of EMT, making E-cadherin re-expression a potential target to overcome these obstacles. Recent research suggests that re-expressing E-cadherin may reduce TRAIL resistance by enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis and preventing EMT by modulating EMT signalling factors. This reversal of EMT, can also aid in improving TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Therefore, this review provides remarkable insights into the mechanisms underlying E-cadherin re-expression, clinical implications, and potentiation, as well as the research gaps of E-cadherin re-expression in the current cancer treatment.

3D Bioprinted Tumor-Stroma Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Stem Cells for Preclinical Targeted Therapy Evaluation

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in therapy resistance and tumor relapse, emphasizing the need for reliable in vitro models that recapitulate the complexity of the CSC tumor microenvironment to accelerate drug discovery. We present a bioprinted breast CSC tumor-stroma model incorporating triple-negative breast CSCs (TNB-CSCs) and stromal cells (human breast fibroblasts), within a breast-derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink. Comparison of molecular signatures in this model with different clinical subtypes of bioprinted tumor-stroma models unveils a unique molecular profile for artificial CSC tumor models. We additionally demonstrate that the model can recapitulate the invasive potential of TNB-CSC. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging allowed us to monitor the invasive potential of tumor cells in deep z-axis planes, thereby overcoming the depth-imaging limitations of confocal fluorescence microscopy. As a proof-of-concept application, we conducted high-throughput drug testing analysis to assess the efficacy of CSC-targeted therapy in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic compounds. The results highlight the usefulness of tumor-stroma models as a promising drug-screening platform, providing insights into therapeutic efficacy against CSC populations resistant to conventional therapies.

Expression and potential molecular mechanism of TOP2A in metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer

DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) expression, gene alterations, and enzyme activity have been studied in various malignant tumors. Abnormal elevation of TOP2A expression is considered to be related to the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its association with tumor metastasis and its mode of action remains unclear. Bioinformatics, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to detect TOP2A expression in NSCLC tissues and cells. Cell migration and invasion assays as well as cytoskeletal staining were performed to analyze the effects of TOP2A on the motility, migration and invasion ability of NSCLC cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis assays were used to verify the effects of TOP2A on apoptosis as well as cycle distribution in NSCLC. TOP2A expression was considerably upregulated in NSCLC and significantly correlated with tumor metastasis and the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC. Additionally, by interacting with the classical ligand Wnt3a, TOP2A may trigger the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in NSCLC. These observations suggest that TOP2A promotes EMT in NSCLC by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and positively regulates malignant events in NSCLC, in addition to its significant association with tumor metastasis. TOP2A promotes the metastasis of NSCLC by stimulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and inducing EMT. This study further elucidates the mechanism of action of TOP2A, suggesting that it might be a potential therapeutic target for anti-metastatic therapy.

Brain-targeted drug delivery - nanovesicles directed to specific brain cells by brain-targeting ligands

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by extensive loss of function or death of brain cells, hampering the life quality of patients. Brain-targeted drug delivery is challenging, with a low success rate this far. Therefore, the application of targeting ligands in drug vehicles, such as lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, holds the promise to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and direct therapies to the brain, in addition to protect their cargo from degradation and metabolization. In this review, we discuss the barriers to brain delivery and the different types of brain-targeting ligands currently in use in brain-targeted nanoparticles, such as peptides, proteins, aptamers, small molecules, and antibodies. Moreover, we present a detailed review of the different targeting ligands used to direct nanoparticles to specific brain cells, like neurons (C4-3 aptamer, neurotensin, Tet-1, RVG, and IKRG peptides), astrocytes (Aquaporin-4, D4, and Bradykinin B2 antibodies), oligodendrocytes (NG-2 antibody and the biotinylated DNA aptamer conjugated to a streptavidin core Myaptavin-3064), microglia (CD11b antibody), neural stem cells (QTRFLLH, VPTQSSG, and NFL-TBS.40-63 peptides), and to endothelial cells of the BBB (transferrin and insulin proteins, and choline). Reports demonstrated enhanced brain-targeted delivery with improved transport to the specific cell type targeted with the conjugation of these ligands to nanoparticles. Hence, this strategy allows the implementation of high-precision medicine, with reduced side effects or unwanted therapy clearance from the body. Nevertheless, the accumulation of some of these nanoparticles in peripheral organs has been reported indicating that there are still factors to be improved to achieve higher levels of brain targeting. This review is a collection of studies exploring targeting ligands for the delivery of nanoparticles to the brain and we highlight the advantages and limitations of this type of approach in precision therapies.

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of global research on microRNAs in gastric cancer: from 2013 to 2023

Gastric cancer (GC) imposes a heavy burden on global public health, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the hotspots and frontiers in the field of miRNAs in GC to guide future research. A total of 2,051 publications related to miRNAs in GC from January 2013 to December 2023 were searched from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace was used to identify research hotspots and delineate developmental trends. In the past decade, China, Nanjing Medical University, and Ba Yi were the most contributing research country, institute, and author in this field, respectively. The role of miRNAs as biomarkers in GC, the mechanism of miRNAs in the progression of GC, and the impact of the mutual effects between miRNAs and Helicobacter pylori on GC have been regarded as the research hotspots. The mechanisms of miRNAs on glucose metabolism and the application of the roles of circular RNAs as miRNA sponges in GC treatment will likely be frontiers. Overall, this study called for strengthened cooperation to identify targets and therapeutic regimes for local specificity and high-risk GC types, and to promote the translation of research results into clinical practice.

MicroRNA-34 and gastrointestinal cancers: a player with big functions

It is commonly assumed that gastrointestinal cancer is the most common form of cancer across the globe and is the leading contributor to cancer-related death. The intricate mechanisms underlying the growth of GI cancers have been identified. It is worth mentioning that both non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and certain types of RNA, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), can have considerable impact on the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. As a tumour suppressor, in the group of short non-coding regulatory RNAs is miR-34a. miR-34a silences multiple proto-oncogenes at the post-transcriptional stage by targeting them, which inhibits all physiologically relevant cell proliferation pathways. However, it has been discovered that deregulation of miR-34a plays important roles in the growth of tumors and the development of cancer, including invasion, metastasis, and the tumor-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further understanding of miR-34a's molecular pathways in cancer is also necessary for the development of precise diagnoses and effective treatments. We outlined the most recent research on miR-34a functions in GI cancers in this review. Additionally, we emphasize the significance of exosomal miR-34 in gastrointestinal cancers.

Radiation Adverse Outcome pathways (AOPs): examining priority questions from an international horizon-style exercise

PURPOSE

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Development Programme is being explored in the radiation field, as an overarching framework to identify and prioritize research needs that best support strengthening of radiation risk assessment and risk management strategies. To advance the use of AOPs, an international horizon-style exercise (HSE) was initiated through the Radiation/Chemical AOP Joint Topical Group (JTG) formed by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) High-Level Group on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) under the auspices of the Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health (CRPPH). The intent of the HSE was to identify key research questions for consideration in AOP development that would help to reduce uncertainties in estimating the health risks following exposures to low dose and low dose-rate ionizing radiation. The HSE was conducted in several phases involving the solicitation of relevant questions, a collaborative review of open-ended candidate questions and an elimination exercise that led to the selection of 25 highest priority questions for the stated purpose. These questions were further ranked by over 100 respondents through an international survey. This final set of questions was judged to provide insights into how the OECD's AOP approach can be put into practice to meet the needs of hazard and risk assessors, regulators, and researchers. This paper examines the 25 priority questions in the context of hazard/risk assessment framework for ionizing radiation.

CONCLUSION

By addressing the 25 priority questions, it is anticipated that constructed AOPs will have a high level of specificity, making them valuable tools for simplifying and prioritizing complex biological processes for use in developing revised radiation hazard and risk assessment strategies.

The role of the master cancer regulator Pin1 in the development and treatment of cancer

This review examines the complex role of Pin1 in the development and treatment of cancer. Pin1 is the only peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) that can recognize and isomerize phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bonds. Pin1 catalyzes a structural change in phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs that can modulate protein function and thereby impact cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms by which Pin1 contributes to oncogenesis are reviewed, including Pin1 overexpression and its correlation with poor cancer prognosis, and the contribution of Pin1 to aggressive tumor phenotypes involved in therapeutic resistance is discussed, with an emphasis on cancer stem cells, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immunosuppression. The therapeutic potential of Pin1 inhibition in cancer is discussed, along with the promise and the difficulties in identifying potent, drug-like, small-molecule Pin1 inhibitors. The available evidence supports the efficacy of targeting Pin1 as a novel cancer therapeutic by analyzing the role of Pin1 in a complex network of cancer-driving pathways and illustrating the potential of synergistic drug combinations with Pin1 inhibitors for treating aggressive and drug-resistant tumors.

G Protein Activation Occurs via a Largely Universal Mechanism

Understanding how signaling proteins like G proteins are allosterically activated is a long-standing challenge with significant biological and medical implications. Because it is difficult to directly observe such dynamic processes, much of our understanding is based on inferences from a limited number of static snapshots of relevant protein structures, mutagenesis data, and patterns of sequence conservation. Here, we use computer simulations to directly interrogate allosteric coupling in six G protein α-subunit isoforms covering all four G protein families. To analyze this data, we introduce automated methods for inferring allosteric networks from simulation data and assessing how allostery is conserved or diverged among related protein isoforms. We find that the allosteric networks in these six G protein α subunits are largely conserved and consist of two pathways, which we call pathway-I and pathway-II. This analysis predicts that pathway-I is generally dominant over pathway-II, which we experimentally corroborate by showing that mutations to pathway-I perturb nucleotide exchange more than mutations to pathway-II. In the future, insights into unique elements of each G protein family could inform the design of isoform-specific drugs. More broadly, our tools should also be useful for studying allostery in other proteins and assessing the extent to which this allostery is conserved in related proteins.

Evodiamine potentiates cisplatin-induced cell death and overcomes cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer by targeting SOX9-β-catenin axis

BACKGROUND

In recent decades, phytotherapy has remained as a key therapeutic option for the treatment of various cancers. Evodiamine, an excellent phytocompound from Evodia fructus, exerts anticancer activity in several cancers by modulating drug resistance. However, the role of evodiamine in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells is not clear till now. Therefore, we have used evodiamine as a chemosensitizer to overcome cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.

METHODS

Here, we looked into SOX9 expression and how it affects the cisplatin sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. MTT and clonogenic assays were performed to check the cell proliferation. AO/EtBr and DAPI staining, ROS measurement assay, transfection, Western blot analysis, RT-PCR, Scratch & invasion, and comet assay were done to check the role of evodiamine in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells.

RESULTS

SOX9 levels were observed to be higher in cisplatin-resistant A549 (A549CR) and NCI-H522 (NCI-H522CR) compared to parental A549 and NCI-H522. It was found that SOX9 promotes cisplatin resistance by regulating β-catenin. Depletion of SOX9 restores cisplatin sensitivity by decreasing cell proliferation and cell migration and inducing apoptosis in A549CR and NCI-H522CR. After evodiamine treatment, it was revealed that evodiamine increases cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in A549CR and NCI-H522CR cells through increasing intracellular ROS generation. The combination of both drugs also significantly inhibited cell migration by inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistic investigation revealed that evodiamine resensitizes cisplatin-resistant cells toward cisplatin by decreasing the expression of SOX9 and β-catenin.

CONCLUSION

The combination of evodiamine and cisplatin may be a novel strategy for combating cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.

A toxicological perspective on climate change and the exposome

Climate change is accompanied by changes in the exposome, including increased heat, ground-level ozone, and other air pollutants, infectious agents, pollens, and psychosocial stress. These exposures alter the internal component of the exposome and account for some of the health effects of climate change. The adverse outcome pathways describe biological events leading to an unfavorable health outcome. In this perspective study, I propose to use this toxicological framework to better describe the biological steps linking a stressor associated with climate change to an adverse outcome. Such a framework also allows for better identification of possible interactions between stressors related to climate change and others, such as chemical pollution. More generally, I call for the incorporation of climate change as part of the exposome and for improved identification of the biological pathways involved in its health effects.

Unravelling the role of Silibinin in targeting CD44+ cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications, effective strategies and approaches

CD44+ cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to account for drug resistance and tumour recurrence due to their potential to self-renew and differentiate into heterogeneous lineages. Therefore, efficient treatment strategies targeting and eliminating these CSCs are required. The flavonolignan, Silibinin, has gained immense attention in targeting CD44+ CSCs as it alters functional properties like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and metastasis and also inhibits a range of molecular pathways. However, its limited bioavailability is a major hurdle in asserting Silibinin as a translational therapeutic agent. Combinatorial therapy of Silibinin with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs is an alternative approach in targeting CD44+ CSCs as it increases the efficacy and reduces the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, thus preventing drug resistance. Certain Silibinin-conjugated nano-formulations have also been successfully developed, through which there is improved absorptivity/bioavailability of Silibinin and a decrease in the concentration of therapeutic drugs leading to reduced cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarise the effectiveness of the synergistic therapeutic approach for Silibinin in targeting the molecular mechanisms of CD44+ CSCs and emphasise the potential role of Silibinin as a novel therapeutic agent.

KDM4B down-regulation facilitated breast cancer cell stemness via PHGDH upregulation in H3K36me3-dependent manner

Despite recent advances have been made in clinical treatments of breast cancer, the general prognosis of patients remains poor. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a more effective therapeutic strategy. Lysine demethylase 4B (KDM4B) has been reported to participate in breast cancer development recently, but its exact biological role in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we observed that KDM4B was down-regulated in human primary BRCA tissues and the low levels of KDM4B expression were correlated with poor survival. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that KDM4B inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Besides, knockdown of KDM4B promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell stemness in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, KDM4B down-regulates PHGDH by decreasing the enrichment of H3K36me3 on the promoter region of PHGDH. Knockdown of PHGDH could significantly reversed proliferation, migration, EMT, and cell stemness induced by KDM4B silencing in breast cancer cells. Collectively, we propose a model for a KDM4B/PHGDH axis that provides novel insight into breast cancer development, which may serve as a potential factor for predicting prognosis and a therapeutic target for breast cancer.

Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz against Human Gastric Cancer

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) is a traditional herbal medicine used for thousands of years in East Asia to improve a variety of illnesses and conditions, including cancers. This study explored the effect of AMK extract on apoptosis and tumor-grafted mice using AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. We investigated the compounds, target genes, and associated diseases of AMK using the Traditional Chinese Medical Systems Pharmacy (TCMSP) database platform. Cell viability assay, cell cycle and mitochondrial depolarization analysis, caspase activity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and wound healing and spheroid formation assay were used to investigate the anti-cancer effects of AMK extract on AGS cells. Also, in vivo studies were conducted using subcutaneous xenografts. AMK extract reduced the viability of AGS cells and increased the sub-G1 cell fraction and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Also, AMK extract increased the production of ROS. AMK extract induced the increased caspase activities and modulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In addition, AMK extract effectively inhibited AGS cell migration and led to a notable reduction in the growth of AGS spheroids. Moreover, AMK extract hindered the growth of AGS xenograft tumors in NSG mice. Our results suggest that AMK has anti-cancer effects by promoting cell cycle arrest and inhibiting the proliferation of AGS cancer cells and a xenograft model through apoptosis. This study could provide a novel approach to treat gastric cancer.

Oxidative Stress in Sepsis: A Focus on Cardiac Pathology

This study aims to analyze post-mortem human cardiac specimens, to verify and evaluate the existence or extent of oxidative stress in subjects whose cause of death has been traced to sepsis, through immunohistological oxidative/nitrosative stress markers. Indeed, in the present study, i-NOS, NOX2, and nitrotyrosine markers were higher expressed in the septic death group when compared to the control group, associated with also a significant increase in 8-OHdG, highlighting the pivotal role of oxidative stress in septic etiopathogenesis. In particular, 70% of cardiomyocyte nuclei from septic death specimens showed positivity for 8-OHdG. Furthermore, intense and massive NOX2-positive myocyte immunoreaction was noticed in the septic group, as nitrotyrosine immunostaining intense reaction was found in the cardiac cells. These results demonstrated a correlation between oxidative and nitrosative stress imbalance and the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction documented in cases of sepsis. Therefore, subsequent studies will focus on the expression of oxidative stress markers in other organs and tissues, as well as on the involvement of the intracellular pattern of apoptosis, to better clarify the complex pathogenesis of multi-organ failure, leading to support the rationale for including therapies targeting redox abnormalities in the management of septic patients.

DDX27 regulates oral squamous cell carcinoma development through targeting CSE1L

THE HEADINGS AIMS

DEAD-box helicase 27 (DDX27), a member of the DEAD-Box nucleic acid helicase family, holds an elusive role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to unravel the regulatory functions of DDX27 in OSCC and explore its downstream targets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A commercial oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue microarray (TMA) was utilized. We analyzed differentially expressed genes in OSCC through the GEO database. Target gene silencing was achieved using the shRNA-mediated lentivirus method. Coexpedia analysis identified co-expressed genes associated with DDX27. Additionally, a Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiment confirmed the protein interaction between DDX27 and CSE1L. Xenograft tumor models were employed to evaluate DDX27's role in OSCC tumor formation.

KEY FINDINGS

Elevated DDX27 expression in OSCC correlated with a higher pathological grade. DDX27 knockdown resulted in decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, inhibited cell migration, and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, as well as impaired tumor outgrowth. Coexpedia analysis identified STAU1, NELFCD, and CSE1L as top co-expressed genes. Lentiviral vectors targeting STAU1, NELFCD, and CSE1L revealed that silencing CSE1L significantly impaired cell growth, indicating it as a downstream target of DDX27. Cell rescue experiments demonstrated that increased DDX27 levels ameliorated cell proliferation, attenuated apoptosis, and CSE1L depletion blocked cell development induced by DDX27 overexpression.

SIGNIFICANCES

This study highlighted DDX27 as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment, shedding light on its crucial role in OSCC development. Targeting DDX27 or its downstream effector, CSE1L, holds promise for innovative OSCC therapies.

Cancer cell plasticity, stem cell factors, and therapy resistance: how are they linked?

Cellular plasticity can occur naturally in an organism and is considered an adapting mechanism during the developmental stage. However, abnormal cellular plasticity is observed in different diseased conditions, including cancer. Cancer cell plasticity triggers the stimuli of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), abnormal epigenetic changes, expression of stem cell factors and implicated signaling pathways, etc., and helps in the maintenance of CSC phenotype. Conversely, CSC maintains the cancer cell plasticity, EMT, and epigenetic plasticity. EMT contributes to increased cell migration and greater diversity within tumors, while epigenetic changes, stem cell factors (OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2), and various signaling pathways allow cancer cells to maintain various phenotypes, giving rise to intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. The intricate relationships between cancer cell plasticity and stem cell factors help the tumor cells adopt drug-tolerant states, evade senescence, and successfully acquire drug resistance with treatment dismissal. Inhibiting molecules/signaling pathways involved in promoting CSCs, cellular plasticity, EMT, and epigenetic plasticity might be helpful for successful cancer therapy management. This review discussed the role of cellular plasticity, EMT, and stem cell factors in tumor initiation, progression, reprogramming, and therapy resistance. Finally, we discussed how the intervention in this axis will help better manage cancers and improve patient survivability.

The role of long noncoding RNA DGCR5 in cancers: Focus on molecular targets

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are major components of cellular transcripts that are emerging as important players in various biological pathways. Due to their specific expression and functional diversity in a variety of cancers, lncRNAs have promising applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Studies have shown that lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) with high specificity and accuracy has the potential to become biomarkers in cancers. LncRNA DGCR5 can be noninvasively extracted from body fluids, tissues, and cells, and can be used as independent or auxiliary biomarkers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis or prognosis. Now, the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs such as DGCR5 were explored as therapeutic targets, which have been investigated in clinical trials of several cancers. The DGCR5 lacks an appropriate animal model, which is necessary to gain greater knowledge of their functions. While some studies on the uses of DGCR5 have been carried out, the small sample size makes them unreliable. In this review, we presented a compilation of recent publications addressing the potential of lncRNA DGCR5 that could be considered as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, with the hopes of providing promised implications for future cancer therapy.

Achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 activation promotes hepatoblastoma progression

Achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 (ASCL2) is highly expressed in hepatoblastoma (HB) tissues, but its role remains unclear. Thus, biological changes in the HB cell line HepG2 in response to induced ASCL2 expression were assessed. ASCL2 expression was induced in HepG2 cells using the Tet-On 3G system, which includes doxycycline. Cell viability, proliferation activity, mobility, and stemness were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony-formation, migration, invasion, and sphere-formation assays. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of markers for proliferation (CCND1 and MYC), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT; SNAI1, TWIST1, and ZEB1), mesenchymal-epithelial transition (CDH1), and stemness (KLF4, POU5F1, and SOX9). Compared with the non-induced HepG2 cells, cells with induced ASCL2 expression showed significant increases in viability, colony number, migration area (%), and sphere number on days 7, 14, 8, and 7, respectively, and invasion area (%) after 90 h. Furthermore, induction of ASCL2 expression significantly upregulated CCND1, MYC, POU5F1, SOX9, and KLF4 expression on days 2, 2, 3, 3, and 5, respectively, and increased the ratios of SNAI1, TWIST1, and ZEB1 to CDH1 on day 5. ASCL2 promoted the formation of malignant phenotypes in HepG2 cells, which may be correlated with the upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway-, EMT-, and stemness-related genes. ASCL2 activation may therefore be involved in the progression of HB.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities

Mitochondrial dysfunction, a feature of heart failure, leads to a progressive decline in bioenergetic reserve capacity, consisting in a shift of energy production from mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation to glycolytic pathways. This adaptive process of cardiomyocytes does not represent an effective strategy to increase the energy supply and to restore the energy homeostasis in heart failure, thus contributing to a vicious circle and to disease progression. The increased oxidative stress causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, damage of proteins and lipids, leakage of mitochondrial DNA, and inflammatory responses, finally stimulating different signaling pathways which lead to cardiac remodeling and failure. Furthermore, the parallel neurohormonal dysregulation with angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and sympatho-adrenergic overactivation, which occurs in heart failure, stimulates ventricular cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and aggravates the cellular damage. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction, which are mainly dependent on increased oxidative stress and perturbation of the dynamics of membrane potential and are associated with heart failure development and progression. We will also provide an overview of the potential implication of mitochondria as an attractive therapeutic target in the management and recovery process in heart failure.

Targeted Sequencing in Gastric Cancer: Association with Tumor Molecular Characteristics and FLOT Therapy Effectiveness

Heterogeneity of gastric cancer (GC) is the main trigger of the disease's relapse. The aim of this study was to investigate the connections between targeted genes, cancer clinical features, and the effectiveness of FLOT chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients with gastric cancers (GCs) were included in this study. Tumor-targeted sequencing was conducted, and real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of molecular markers in tumors. Seven patients with stabilization had mutations that were related to their response to therapy and were relevant to the tumor phenotype. Two patients had two mutations. The number of patients with TP53 mutations increased in HER2-positive tumor status. PD-L1-positive cancers had mutations in KRAS, TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, and ERBB, which resulted in an increase in PD-1 expression. TP53 mutation and PTEN mutation are associated with changes in factors associated with neoangiogenesis. In concusion, patients who did not have aggressive growth markers that were verified by molecular features had the best response to treatment, including complete morphologic regression.

Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in β2 -adrenoceptor-mediated glucose uptake

Truncation of the C-terminal tail of the β2 -AR, transfection of βARKct or over-expression of a kinase-dead GRK mutant reduces isoprenaline-stimulated glucose uptake, indicating that GRK is important for this response. We explored whether phosphorylation of the β2 -AR by GRK2 has a role in glucose uptake or if this response is related to the role of GRK2 as a scaffolding protein. CHO-GLUT4myc cells expressing wild-type and mutant β2 -ARs were generated and receptor affinity for [3 H]-CGP12177A and density of binding sites determined together with the affinity of isoprenaline and BRL37344. Following receptor activation by β2 -AR agonists, cAMP accumulation, GLUT4 translocation, [3 H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake, and β2 -AR internalization were measured. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer was used to investigate interactions between β2 -AR and β-arrestin2 or between β2 -AR and GRK2. Glucose uptake after siRNA knockdown or GRK inhibitors was measured in response to β2 -AR agonists. BRL37344 was a poor partial agonist for cAMP generation but displayed similar potency and efficacy to isoprenaline for glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. These responses to β2 -AR agonists occurred in CHO-GLUT4myc cells expressing β2 -ARs lacking GRK or GRK/PKA phosphorylation sites as well as in cells expressing the wild-type β2 -AR. However, β2 -ARs lacking phosphorylation sites failed to recruit β-arrestin2 and did not internalize. GRK2 knock-down or GRK2 inhibitors decreased isoprenaline-stimulated glucose uptake in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. Thus, GRK phosphorylation of the β2 -AR is not associated with isoprenaline- or BRL37344-stimulated glucose uptake. However, GRKs acting as scaffold proteins are important for glucose uptake as GRK2 knock-down or GRK2 inhibition reduces isoprenaline-stimulated glucose uptake.

Transcending frontiers in prostate cancer: the role of oncometabolites on epigenetic regulation, CSCs, and tumor microenvironment to identify new therapeutic strategies

Prostate cancer, as one of the most prevalent malignancies in males, exhibits an approximate 5-year survival rate of 95% in advanced stages. A myriad of molecular events and mutations, including the accumulation of oncometabolites, underpin the genesis and progression of this cancer type. Despite growing research demonstrating the pivotal role of oncometabolites in supporting various cancers, including prostate cancer, the root causes of their accumulation, especially in the absence of enzymatic mutations, remain elusive. Consequently, identifying a tangible therapeutic target poses a formidable challenge. In this review, we aim to delve deeper into the implications of oncometabolite accumulation in prostate cancer. We center our focus on the consequential epigenetic alterations and impacts on cancer stem cells, with the ultimate goal of outlining novel therapeutic strategies.

Generation of Mature Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites in Human Immortalized Myogenic KD3 Cells

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite and one of the most successful foodborne pathogens. Upon infection and dissemination, the parasites convert into the persisting, chronic form called bradyzoites, which reside within cysts in muscle and brain tissue. Despite their importance, bradyzoites remain difficult to investigate directly, owing to limited in vitro models. In addition, the need for new drugs targeting the chronic stage, which is underlined by the lack of eradicating treatment options, remains difficult to address since in vitro access to drug-tolerant bradyzoites remains limited. We recently published the use of a human myotube-based bradyzoite cell culture system and demonstrated its applicability to investigate the biology of T. gondii bradyzoites. Encysted parasites can be functionally matured during long-term cultivation in these immortalized cells and possess many in vivo-like features, including pepsin resistance, oral infectivity, and antifolate resistance. In addition, the system is scalable, enabling experimental approaches that rely on large numbers, such as metabolomics. In short, we detail the cultivation of terminally differentiated human myotubes and their subsequent infection with tachyzoites, which then mature to encysted bradyzoites within four weeks at ambient CO2 levels. We also discuss critical aspects of the procedure and suggest improvements. Key features • This protocol describes a scalable human myotube-based in vitro system capable of generating encysted bradyzoites featuring in vivo hallmarks. • Bradyzoite differentiation is facilitated through CO2 depletion but without additional artificial stress factors like alkaline pH. • Functional maturation occurs over four weeks.

ROS scavenging enzyme-encoding genes play important roles in the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis response to extreme cold and desiccation stresses

Abiotic stress is one of the major environmental constraints limiting plant growth. Syntrichia caninervis is one of the unique plant models that can cope with harsh environments. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a vital signaling molecule for protecting plants from oxidative stress, but research on ROS in S. caninervis is limited. Here, we identified 112 ROS genes in S. caninervis, including 40 GSTs, 51 PODs, 9 SODs, 6 CATs, 3 GPXs and 3 APXs families. GO and KEGG analyses showed that ROS genes are involved in responses to various stimuli and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. ROS genes contain many stress-responsive and hormonal cis-elements in their promoter regions. More ROS genes were induced by cold stress than desiccation stress, and both conditions changed the transcript abundances of several ROS genes. CAT and POD, H2O2, MDA, and GSH were also induced under biotic stress, specifically CAT activity. The results indicated that the ScCAT genes and their activities could be strongly associated with the regulation of ROS production. This is the first systematic identification of ROS genes in S. caninervis and our findings contribute to further research into the roles of ScROS adjustment under abiotic stress while also providing excellent genetic resources for plant breeding.

The Multifunctional TRPC6 Protein: Significance in the Field of Cardiovascular Studies

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death, medical complications, and healthcare costs. Although recent advances have been in treating cardiovascular disorders linked with a reduced ejection fraction, acutely decompensate cardiac failure remains a significant medical problem. The transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPC6) family responds to neurohormonal and mechanical stress, playing critical roles in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, TRP C6 channels have great promise as therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have investigated the roles of TRP C6 channels in pain neurons, highlighting their significance in cardiovascular research. The TRPC6 protein exhibits a broad distribution in various organs and tissues, including the brain, nerves, heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and other bodily structures. Its activation can be triggered by alterations in osmotic pressure, mechanical stimulation, and diacylglycerol. Consequently, TRPC6 plays a significant role in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diverse diseases within living organisms. A recent study has indicated a strong correlation between the disorder known as TRPC6 and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, investigations into the association between TRPC6 and cardiovascular diseases have gained significant attention in the scientific community. This review explores the most recent developments in the recognition and characterization of TRPC6. Additionally, it considers the field's prospects while examining how TRPC6 might be altered and its clinical applications.

Periostin facilitates ovarian cancer recurrence by enhancing cancer stemness

The lethality of epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) is largely due to a high rate of recurrence and development of chemoresistance, which requires synergy between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) and is thought to involve cancer stem cells. Our analysis of gene expression microarray data from paired primary and recurrent OC tissues revealed significantly elevated expression of the gene encoding periostin (POSTN) in recurrent OC compared to matched primary tumors (p = 0.015). Secreted POSTN plays a role in the extracellular matrix, facilitating epithelial cell migration and tissue regeneration. We therefore examined how elevated extracellular POSTN, as we found is present in recurrent OC, impacts OC cell functions and phenotypes, including stemness. OC cells cultured with conditioned media with high levels of periostin (CMPOSTNhigh) exhibited faster migration (p = 0.0044), enhanced invasiveness (p = 0.006), increased chemoresistance (p < 0.05), and decreased apoptosis as compared to the same cells cultured with control medium (CMCTL). Further, CMPOSTNhigh-cultured OC cells exhibited an elevated stem cell side population (p = 0.027) along with increased expression of cancer stem cell marker CD133 relative to CMCTL-cultured cells. POSTN-transfected 3T3-L1 cells that were used to generate CMPOSTNhigh had visibly enhanced intracellular and extracellular lipids, which was also linked to increased OC cell expression of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) that functions as a central regulator of lipid metabolism and plays a critical role in the growth and survival of tumors. Additionally, POSTN functions in the TME were linked to AKT pathway activities. The mean tumor volume in mice injected with CMPOSTNhigh-cultured OC cells was larger than that in mice injected with CMCTL-cultured OC cells (p = 0.0023). Taken together, these results show that elevated POSTN in the extracellular environment leads to more aggressive OC cell behavior and an increase in cancer stemness, suggesting that increased levels of stromal POSTN during OC recurrence contribute to more rapid disease progression and may be a novel therapeutic target. Furthermore, they also demonstrate the utility of having matched primary-recurrent OC tissues for analysis and support the need for better understanding of the molecular changes that occur with OC recurrence to develop ways to undermine those processes.

Transcriptomic profile of the mechanosensitive ion channelome in human cardiac fibroblasts

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) have mRNA transcripts that encode different mechanosensitive ion channels and channel regulatory proteins whose functions are not known yet. The primary goal of this work was to define the mechanosensitive ion channelome of HCFs. The most common type of cationic channel is the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, which is followed by the TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK), transmembrane protein 63 (TMEM63), and PIEZO channel (PIEZO) families. In the sodium-dependent NON-voltage-gated channel (SCNN) subfamily, only SCNN1D was shown to be highly expressed. Particular members of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) (ASIC1 and ASIC3) subfamilies were also significantly expressed. The transcripts per kilobase million (TPMs) for Piezo 2 were almost 100 times less abundant than those for Piezo 1. The tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-2 channel, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)-5, TASK-1, and the TWIK-related K1 (TREK-1) channel were the four most prevalent types in the K2P subfamily. The highest expression in the TRPP subfamily was found for PKD2 and PKD1, while in the TRPM subfamily, it was found for TRPM4, TRPM7, and TRPM3. TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPV3, and TRPV6 (all members of the TRPV subfamily) were also substantially expressed. A strong expression of the TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPC6, and TRPC2 channels and all members of the TRPML subfamily (MCOLN1, MCOLN2, and MCOLN3) was also shown. In terms of the transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family, the HCFs demonstrated significant expression of the TMEM16H, TMEM16F, TMEM16J, TMEM16A, and TMEM16G channels. TMC3 is the most expressed channel in HCFs of all known members of the transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC) family. This analysis of the mechanosensitive ionic channel transcriptome in HCFs: (1) agrees with previously documented findings that all currently identified mechanosensitive channels play a significant and well recognized physiological function in elucidating the mechanosensitive characteristics of HCFs; (2) supports earlier preliminary reports that point to the most common expression of the TRP mechanosensitive family in HCFs; and (3) points to other new mechanosensitive channels (TRPC1, TRPC2, TWIK-2, TMEM16A, ASIC1, and ASIC3).

The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment

Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.

A perspective on the role of physiological stresses in cancer, diabetes and cognitive disease as environmental diseases

With rapid industrialization, urbanization, and climate change, the impact of environmental factors on human health is becoming increasingly evident and understanding the complex mechanisms involved is vital from a healthcare perspective. Nevertheless, the relationship between physiological stress resulting from environmental stressors and environmental disease is complex and not well understood. Chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as air and water contaminants, pesticides, and toxic metals, has been recognized as a potent elicitor of physiological responses ranging from systemic inflammation to immune system dysregulation causing or progressing environmental diseases. Conversely, physiological stress can exacerbate susceptibility to environmental diseases. Stress-induced alterations in immune function and hormonal balance may impair the ability to detoxify harmful substances and combat pathogens. Additionally, prolonged stress can impact lifestyle choices, leading to harmful behaviors. Understanding the link between physiological stress and environmental disease requires a systematic, multidisciplinary approach. Addressing this complex relationship necessitates the establishment of a global research network. This perspective discusses the intricate interplay between physiological stress and environmental disease, focusing on common environmental diseases, cancer, diabetes, and cognitive degeneration. Furthermore, we highlight the intricate and reciprocal nature of the connection between physiological stress and these environmental diseases giving a perspective on the current state of knowledge as well as identifying where further information is necessary. Recognizing the role of physiological stress in environmental health outcomes will aid in the development of comprehensive strategies to safeguard public health and promote ecological balance.