501
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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502
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Anderson SR, Vetter ML. Developmental roles of microglia: A window into mechanisms of disease. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:98-117. [PMID: 30444278 PMCID: PMC6328295 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are engineers of the central nervous system (CNS) both in health and disease. In addition to the canonical immunological roles of clearing damaging entities and limiting the spread of toxicity and death, microglia remodel the CNS throughout life. While they have been extensively studied in disease and injury, due to their highly variable functions, their precise role in these contexts still remains uncertain. Over the past decade, we have greatly expanded our understanding of microglial function, including their essential homeostatic roles during development. Here, we review these developmental roles, identify parallels in disease, and speculate whether developmental mechanisms re-emerge in disease and injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:98-117, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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503
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Valles SL, Iradi A, Aldasoro M, Vila JM, Aldasoro C, de la Torre J, Campos-Campos J, Jorda A. Function of Glia in Aging and the Brain Diseases. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1473-1479. [PMID: 31673239 PMCID: PMC6818212 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.37769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells during aging, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation show different morphological and transcriptional profiles (related to axonal direction and cell adhesion). Furthermore, expressions of the receptors on the surface and actin formation compared to young are also different. This review delves into the role of glia during aging and the development of the diseases. The susceptibility of different regions of the brain to disease are linked to the overstimulation of signals related to the immune system during aging, as well as the damaging impact of these cascades on the functionality of different populations of microglia present in each region of the brain. Furthermore, a decrease in microglial phagocytosis has been related to many diseases and also has been detected during aging. In this paper we also describe the role of glia in different illness, such as AD, ALS, pain related disorders, cancer, developmental disorders and the problems produced by opening of the blood brain barrier. Future studies will clarify many points planted by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya L Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Iradi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M Vila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Campos-Campos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Jorda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Spain
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504
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Abstract
Sample barcoding is a powerful method for harmonizing mass cytometry data. By assigning a unique combination of barcode labels to each cell sample, a set of individual samples can be pooled and further processed and acquired as a large, single sample. For assays that require uncompromised profiling of cell-surface markers on live cells, barcoding by metal-labeled antibodies targeting cell-surface epitopes is the barcoding approach of choice. Here we provide an optimized and validated protocol for cell-surface barcoding of ten PBMC samples with palladium-labeled β2-microglobulin (B2M) antibodies used in a 5-choose-2 barcoding scheme, for subsequent immune phenotyping by mass cytometry. We further provide details on the generation of palladium-labeled antibodies utilizing amine-reactive isothiocyanobenzyl-EDTA (ITCB-EDTA) that permits the implementation of antibody-based barcoding not interfering with lanthanide channels typically used for analyte detection in mass cytometry assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Ronald Schulz
- Mass Cytometry Lab, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik E Mei
- Mass Cytometry Lab, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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505
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Shukla AK, McIntyre LL, Marsh SE, Schneider CA, Hoover EM, Walsh CM, Lodoen MB, Blurton-Jones M, Inlay MA. CD11a expression distinguishes infiltrating myeloid cells from plaque-associated microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2018; 67:844-856. [PMID: 30588668 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related neurodegeneration and is characterized neuropathologically by the accumulation of insoluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. In AD brains, plaque-associated myeloid (PAM) cells cluster around Aβ plaques but fail to effectively clear Aβ by phagocytosis. PAM cells were originally thought to be brain-resident microglia. However, several studies have also suggested that Aβ-induced inflammation causes peripheral monocytes to enter the otherwise immune-privileged brain. The relationship between AD progression and inflammation in the brain remains ambiguous because microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are extremely difficult to distinguish from one another in an inflamed brain. Whether PAM cells are microglia, peripheral macrophages, or a mixture of both remains unclear. CD11a is a component of the β2 integrin LFA1. We have determined that CD11a is highly expressed on peripheral immune cells, including macrophages, but is not expressed by mouse microglia. These expression patterns remain consistent in LPS-treated inflamed mice, as well as in two mouse models of AD. Thus, CD11a can be used as a marker to distinguish murine microglia from infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Using CD11a, we show that PAM cells in AD transgenic brains are comprised entirely of microglia. We also demonstrate a novel fluorescence-assisted quantification technique (FAQT), which reveals a significant increase in T lymphocytes, especially in the brains of female AD mice. Our findings support the notion that microglia are the lead myeloid players in AD and that rejuvenating their phagocytic potential may be an important therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita K Shukla
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Laura L McIntyre
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Christine A Schneider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Evelyn M Hoover
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Matthew A Inlay
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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506
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Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:112-123. [PMID: 30578090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have important physiological functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis but also contribute to CNS pathology. Microglia respond to changes in the microenvironment, and the resulting reactive phenotype can be very diverse, with both neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective properties, illustrating the plasticity of these cells. Recent progress in understanding the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis suggests major roles for microglia in the disease, which have drastically changed our view on the function of microglia in MS.
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507
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Yeh H, Ikezu T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:96-111. [PMID: 30578089 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells that maintain brain homeostasis and contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Recent studies of microglia at transcriptomic and epigenetic levels revealed specific molecular pathways that regulate microglia development, maturation, and reactive states. The transcription factor PU.1 plays a key role in regulating several microglial functions. Environmental factors such as microbiota, early life stress, and maternal immune activation can dysregulate PU.1 and innate immune response. This review discusses the epigenetic regulation of key transcriptional factors in human and murine microglia, highlighting their networks for shaping the microglial function. PU.1 and other microglia-specific transcriptional factors can be further studied to determine their therapeutic applications in neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Yeh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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508
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O'Connell P, Pepelyayeva Y, Blake MK, Hyslop S, Crawford RB, Rizzo MD, Pereira-Hicks C, Godbehere S, Dale L, Gulick P, Kaminski NE, Amalfitano A, Aldhamen YA. SLAMF7 Is a Critical Negative Regulator of IFN-α-Mediated CXCL10 Production in Chronic HIV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:228-238. [PMID: 30530590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in combined antiretroviral therapy have rendered HIV infection a chronic, manageable disease; however, the problem of persistent immune activation still remains despite treatment. The immune cell receptor SLAMF7 has been shown to be upregulated in diseases characterized by chronic immune activation. In this study, we studied the function of the SLAMF7 receptor in immune cells of HIV patients and the impacts of SLAMF7 signaling on peripheral immune activation. We observed increased frequencies of SLAMF7+ PBMCs in HIV+ individuals in a clinical phenotype-dependent manner, with discordant and long-term nonprogressor patients showing elevated SLAMF7 levels, and elite controllers showing levels comparable to healthy controls. We also noted that SLAMF7 was sensitive to IFN-⍺ stimulation, a factor elevated during HIV infection. Further studies revealed SLAMF7 to be a potent inhibitor of the monocyte-derived proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10) and other CXCR3 ligands, except in a subset of HIV+ patients termed SLAMF7 silent (SF7S). Studies utilizing small molecule inhibitors revealed that the mechanism of CXCL10 inhibition is independent of known SLAMF7 binding partners. Furthermore, we determined that SLAMF7 activation on monocytes is able to decrease their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro via downregulation of CCR5 and upregulation of the CCL3L1 chemokine. Finally, we discovered that neutrophils do not express SLAMF7, are CXCL10+ at baseline, are able to secrete CXCL10 in response to IFN-⍺ and LPS, and are nonresponsive to SLAMF7 signaling. These findings implicate the SLAMF7 receptor as an important regulator of IFN-⍺-driven innate immune responses during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Yuliya Pepelyayeva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Maja K Blake
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Sean Hyslop
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Michael D Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Cristiane Pereira-Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Linda Dale
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Peter Gulick
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; .,College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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509
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Bhattacharya A, Jones DNC. Emerging role of the P2X7-NLRP3-IL1β pathway in mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:95-100. [PMID: 30121550 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The science of neuroimmunopsychiatry has evolved rapidly in the last few years with the hope of tackling the unmet need in mood disorders. This article focuses on an inflammatory pathway, highly conserved in myeloid cells that may play a role in neuroinflammatory disorders including depression. Within the brain tissue, microglia are the myeloid cells that express the P2X7 ion channel that is connected through the NLRP3 inflammasome complex leading to release of IL-1β and IL-18. We present, in the way of reviewing relevant literature, the preclinical data and scientific rationale supporting the role of the P2X7-NLRP3-IL-1β pathway in mood disorders. We also highlight recent advances in drug discovery and development of P2X7 small molecule antagonists and P2X7 PET ligands which provide optimism that clinical tools are availableto address critical proof-of-concept experiments in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research & Development, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Declan N C Jones
- Neuroscience External Innovation, Johnson & Johnson Innovation Centre, One Chapel Place, London, W1G 0BG, United Kingdom
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510
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Abstract
The central nervous system undergoes extensive postnatal synapse remodeling that is critical for the formation of mature neural circuits. In a recent issue of Science, Vainchtein et al. (2018) describe an additional role for astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 (IL-33) in promoting synapse refinement by microglia in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Delmas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
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511
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Groh J, Klein D, Berve K, West BL, Martini R. Targeting microglia attenuates neuroinflammation-related neural damage in mice carrying human PLP1
mutations. Glia 2018; 67:277-290. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Kristina Berve
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
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512
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Gajera CR, Fernandez R, Postupna N, Montine KS, Fox EJ, Tebaykin D, Angelo M, Bendall SC, Keene CD, Montine TJ. Mass synaptometry: High-dimensional multi parametric assay for single synapses. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 312:73-83. [PMID: 30465796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic alterations, especially presynaptic changes, are cardinal features of neurodegenerative diseases and strongly correlate with cognitive decline. NEW METHOD We report "Mass Synaptometry" for the high-dimensional analysis of individual human synaptosomes, enriched nerve terminals from brain. This method was adapted from cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CyTOF), which is commonly used for single-cell analysis of immune and blood cells. RESULT Here we overcome challenges for single synapse analysis by optimizing synaptosome preparations, generating a 'SynTOF panel,' recalibrating acquisition settings, and applying computational analyses. Through the analysis of 390,000 individual synaptosomes, we also provide proof-of principle validation by characterizing changes in synaptic diversity in Lewy Body Disease (LBD), Alzheimer's disease and normal brain. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Current imaging methods to study synapses in humans are capable of analyzing a limited number of synapses, and conventional flow cytometric techniques are typically restricted to fewer than 6 parameters. Our method allows for the simultaneous detection of 34 parameters from tens of thousands of individual synapses. CONCLUSION We applied Mass Synaptometry to analyze 34 parameters simultaneously on more than 390,000 synaptosomes from 13 human brain samples. This new approach revealed regional and disease-specific changes in synaptic phenotypes, including validation of this method with the expected changes in the molecular composition of striatal dopaminergic synapses in Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease. Mass synaptometry enables highly parallel molecular profiling of individual synaptic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh R Gajera
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rosemary Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edward J Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dmitry Tebaykin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States.
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513
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Central Nervous System Responses to Simulated Galactic Cosmic Rays. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113669. [PMID: 30463349 PMCID: PMC6275046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors, including ionizing radiation, gravitational changes during flight and in orbit, other aspects of the space environment such as high level of carbon dioxide, and psychological stress from confined environment and social isolation. It remains unclear how these stressors individually or in combination impact the central nervous system (CNS), presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Although human spaceflight research only within the last decade has started to include the effects of radiation transmitted by galactic cosmic rays to the CNS, radiation is currently considered to be one of the main stressors for prolonged spaceflight and deep space exploration. Here we will review the current knowledge of CNS damage caused by simulated space radiation with an emphasis on neuronal and glial responses along with cognitive functions. Furthermore, we will present novel experimental approaches to integrate the knowledge into more comprehensive studies, including multiple stressors at once and potential translation to human functions. Finally, we will discuss the need for developing biomarkers as predictors for cognitive decline and therapeutic countermeasures to prevent CNS damage and the loss of cognitive abilities.
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514
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Romero-Molina C, Navarro V, Sanchez-Varo R, Jimenez S, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Sanchez-Mico MV, Muñoz-Castro C, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J, Vizuete M. Distinct Microglial Responses in Two Transgenic Murine Models of TAU Pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:421. [PMID: 30487735 PMCID: PMC6246744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are crucial players in the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microglial response in AD has been principally studied in relation to amyloid-beta pathology but, comparatively, little is known about inflammatory processes associated to tau pathology. In the hippocampus of AD patients, where tau pathology is more prominent than amyloid-beta pathology, a microglial degenerative process has been reported. In this work, we have directly compared the microglial response in two different transgenic tau mouse models: ThyTau22 and P301S. Surprisingly, these two models showed important differences in the microglial profile and tau pathology. Where ThyTau22 hippocampus manifested mild microglial activation, P301S mice exhibited a strong microglial response in parallel with high phospho-tau accumulation. This differential phospho-tau expression could account for the different microglial response in these two tau strains. However, soluble (S1) fractions from ThyTau22 hippocampus presented relatively high content of soluble phospho-tau (AT8-positive) and were highly toxic for microglial cells in vitro, whereas the correspondent S1 fractions from P301S mice displayed low soluble phospho-tau levels and were not toxic for microglial cells. Therefore, not only the expression levels but the aggregation of phospho-tau should differ between both models. In fact, most of tau forms in the P301S mice were aggregated and, in consequence, forming insoluble tau species. We conclude that different factors as tau mutations, accumulation, phosphorylation, and/or aggregation could account for the distinct microglial responses observed in these two tau models. For this reason, deciphering the molecular nature of toxic tau species for microglial cells might be a promising therapeutic approach in order to restore the deficient immunological protection observed in AD hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Mico
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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515
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Ryu JK, Rafalski VA, Meyer-Franke A, Adams RA, Poda SB, Rios Coronado PE, Pedersen LØ, Menon V, Baeten KM, Sikorski SL, Bedard C, Hanspers K, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Davalos D, Machado MR, Chan JP, Plastira I, Petersen MA, Pfaff SJ, Ang KK, Hallenbeck KK, Syme C, Hakozaki H, Ellisman MH, Swanson RA, Zamvil SS, Arkin MR, Zorn SH, Pico AR, Mucke L, Freedman SB, Stavenhagen JB, Nelson RB, Akassoglou K. Fibrin-targeting immunotherapy protects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1212-1223. [PMID: 30323343 PMCID: PMC6317891 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity and deposition of blood-derived fibrin in the central nervous system (CNS) occur in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms that link disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to neurodegeneration are poorly understood, and exploration of fibrin as a therapeutic target has been limited by its beneficial clotting functions. Here we report the generation of monoclonal antibody 5B8, targeted against the cryptic fibrin epitope γ377-395, to selectively inhibit fibrin-induced inflammation and oxidative stress without interfering with clotting. 5B8 suppressed fibrin-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation and the expression of proinflammatory genes. In animal models of MS and AD, 5B8 entered the CNS and bound to parenchymal fibrin, and its therapeutic administration reduced the activation of innate immunity and neurodegeneration. Thus, fibrin-targeting immunotherapy inhibited autoimmunity- and amyloid-driven neurotoxicity and might have clinical benefit without globally suppressing innate immunity or interfering with coagulation in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan A Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shoana L Sikorski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Pfaff
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenny K Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth K Hallenbeck
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Hakozaki
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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516
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Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, Healy LM, Baskar Jesudasan SJ, Jhelum P, Salmon CK, Formanek A, Russo MV, Antel JP, McGavern DB, McColl BW, David S. Peripherally derived macrophages modulate microglial function to reduce inflammation after CNS injury. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005264. [PMID: 30332405 PMCID: PMC6205650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and resident microglia dominate central nervous system (CNS) injury sites. Differential roles for these cell populations after injury are beginning to be uncovered. Here, we show evidence that MDMs and microglia directly communicate with one another and differentially modulate each other's functions. Importantly, microglia-mediated phagocytosis and inflammation are suppressed by infiltrating macrophages. In the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), preventing such communication increases microglial activation and worsens functional recovery. We suggest that macrophages entering the CNS provide a regulatory mechanism that controls acute and long-term microglia-mediated inflammation, which may drive damage in a variety of CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Greenhalgh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan G. Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M. Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sam J. Baskar Jesudasan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Salmon
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Formanek
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew V. Russo
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barry W. McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
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517
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Duan L, Zhang XD, Miao WY, Sun YJ, Xiong G, Wu Q, Li G, Yang P, Yu H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Hu LY, Tong X, Zhou WH, Yu X. PDGFRβ Cells Rapidly Relay Inflammatory Signal from the Circulatory System to Neurons via Chemokine CCL2. Neuron 2018; 100:183-200.e8. [PMID: 30269986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute infection, if not kept in check, can lead to systemic inflammatory responses in the brain. Here, we show that within 2 hr of systemic inflammation, PDGFRβ mural cells of blood vessels rapidly secrete chemokine CCL2, which in turn increases total neuronal excitability by promoting excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons of multiple brain regions. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified Col1a1 and Rgs5 subgroups of PDGFRβ cells as the main source of CCL2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or Poly(I:C)-treated pericyte culture medium induced similar effects in a CCL2-dependent manner. Importantly, in Pdgfrb-Cre;Ccl2fl/fl mice, LPS-induced increase in excitatory synaptic transmission was significantly attenuated. These results demonstrate in vivo that PDGFRβ cells function as initial sensors of external insults by secreting CCL2, which relays the signal to the central nervous system. Through their gateway position in the brain, PDGFRβ cells are ideally positioned to respond rapidly to environmental changes and to coordinate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Di Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun-Jun Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuzi Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Humingzhu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Yuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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518
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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519
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Song WM, Colonna M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1048-1058. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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520
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Mrdjen et al. (2018) use high-dimensional single-cell proteomics and high parametric mass cytometry to provide insight into the long-lasting issue of how to identify and characterize both resident and recruited leukocyte populations in healthy, aged, and diseased CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nàdia Villacampa
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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521
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Tay TL, Sagar, Dautzenberg J, Grün D, Prinz M. Unique microglia recovery population revealed by single-cell RNAseq following neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:87. [PMID: 30185219 PMCID: PMC6123921 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain immune cells that constantly survey their environment to maintain homeostasis. Enhanced microglial reactivity and proliferation are typical hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Whether specific disease-linked microglial subsets exist during the entire course of neurodegeneration, including the recovery phase, is currently unclear. Taking a single-cell RNA-sequencing approach in a susceptibility gene-free model of nerve injury, we identified a microglial subpopulation that upon acute neurodegeneration shares a conserved gene regulatory profile compared to previously reported chronic and destructive neurodegeneration transgenic mouse models. Our data also revealed rapid shifts in gene regulation that defined microglial subsets at peak and resolution of neurodegeneration. Finally, our discovery of a unique transient microglial subpopulation at the onset of recovery may provide novel targets for modulating microglia-mediated restoration of brain health.
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522
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Lanskey JH, McColgan P, Schrag AE, Acosta-Cabronero J, Rees G, Morris HR, Weil RS. Can neuroimaging predict dementia in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2018; 141:2545-2560. [PMID: 30137209 PMCID: PMC6113860 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia in Parkinson's disease affects 50% of patients within 10 years of diagnosis but there is wide variation in severity and timing. Thus, robust neuroimaging prediction of cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease is important: (i) to identify at-risk individuals for clinical trials of potential new treatments; (ii) to provide reliable prognostic information for individuals and populations; and (iii) to shed light on the pathophysiological processes underpinning Parkinson's disease dementia. To date, neuroimaging has not made major contributions to predicting cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease. This is perhaps unsurprising considering conventional methods rely on macroscopic measures of topographically distributed neurodegeneration, a relatively late event in Parkinson's dementia. However, new technologies are now emerging that could provide important insights through detection of other potentially relevant processes. For example, novel MRI approaches can quantify magnetic susceptibility as a surrogate for tissue iron content, and increasingly powerful mathematical approaches can characterize the topology of brain networks at the systems level. Here, we present an up-to-date overview of the growing role of neuroimaging in predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease. We discuss the most relevant findings to date, and consider the potential of emerging technologies to detect the earliest signs of cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette H Lanskey
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter McColgan
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anette E Schrag
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus UCL Institute of Neurology, UK
| | | | - Geraint Rees
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus UCL Institute of Neurology, UK
- Department of Movement Disorders, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- UCL Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square, London, UK
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523
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Williams GP, Schonhoff AM, Jurkuvenaite A, Thome AD, Standaert DG, Harms AS. Targeting of the class II transactivator attenuates inflammation and neurodegeneration in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:244. [PMID: 30165873 PMCID: PMC6117927 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Disruption of immune signaling between the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, such as through targeting the chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) or the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), is neuroprotective in rodent models of PD, suggesting a key role for innate and adaptive immunity in disease progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether genetic knockout or RNA silencing of the class II transactivator (CIITA), a transcriptional co-activator required for MHCII induction, is effective in reducing the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in an α-syn mouse model of PD. METHODS In vitro, we utilized microglia cultures from WT or CIITA -/- mice treated with α-syn fibrils to investigate inflammatory iNOS expression and antigen processing via immunocytochemistry (ICC). In vivo, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to overexpress α-syn in WT and CIITA -/- mice as a model for PD. Concurrently with AAV-mediated overexpression of α-syn, WT mice received CIITA-targeted shRNAs packaged in lentiviral constructs. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to assess inflammation and peripheral cell infiltration at 4 weeks post transduction, and unbiased stereology was used 6 months post transduction to assess neurodegeneration. RESULTS Using ICC and DQ-ovalbumin, we show that CIITA -/- microglial cultures failed to upregulate iNOS and MHCII expression, and had decreased antigen processing in response to α-syn fibrils when compared to WT microglia. In vivo, global knock-out of CIITA as well as local knockdown using lentiviral shRNAs targeting CIITA attenuated MHCII expression, peripheral immune cell infiltration, and α-syn-induced neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that CIITA is required for α-syn-induced MHCII induction and subsequent infiltration of peripheral immune cells in an α-syn mouse model of PD. Additionally, we demonstrate that CIITA in the CNS drives neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. These data provide further support that the disruption or modulation of antigen processing and presentation via CIITA is a promising target for therapeutic development in preclinical animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Williams
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Aubrey M Schonhoff
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Asta Jurkuvenaite
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Aaron D Thome
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA.
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524
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Silvin A, Ginhoux F. Microglia heterogeneity along a spatio-temporal axis: More questions than answers. Glia 2018; 66:2045-2057. [PMID: 30144321 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system; they arise during early embryonic development and persist throughout adulthood. These unique cells provide developmental support, contribute to adult brain homeostasis and impart immune protection during infection. Dysregulated microglia are implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer disease, and as such, a better understanding of their regulation and function is required for rational therapeutic design. Recent studies have highlighted the various heterogeneous aspects of microglia, such as their wide differentiation spectrum from early embryogenesis to adulthood, their location in different brain regions and their responses to ageing, infection and inflammation. In this review, we discuss microglial heterogeneity in time and space and highlight the remaining questions arising from such heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, 138648, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, 138648, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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525
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Matt SM, Allen JM, Lawson MA, Mailing LJ, Woods JA, Johnson RW. Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated With Aging in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1832. [PMID: 30154787 PMCID: PMC6102557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging results in chronic systemic inflammation that can alter neuroinflammation of the brain. Specifically, microglia shift to a pro-inflammatory phenotype predisposing them to hyperactivation upon stimulation by peripheral immune signals. It is proposed that certain nutrients can delay brain aging by preventing or reversing microglial hyperactivation. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced primarily by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, has been extensively studied pharmacologically as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and serves as an attractive therapeutic candidate, as butyrate has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory and improve memory in animal models. In this study, we demonstrate that butyrate can attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in microglia in aged mice. It is still not fully understood, however, if an increase in butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut as a consequence of a diet high in soluble fiber could affect microglial activation during aging. Adult and aged mice were fed either a 1% cellulose (low fiber) or 5% inulin (high fiber) diet for 4 weeks. Findings indicate that mice fed inulin had an altered gut microbiome and increased butyrate, acetate, and total SCFA production. In addition, histological scoring of the distal colon demonstrated that aged animals on the low fiber diet had increased inflammatory infiltrate that was significantly reduced in animals consuming the high fiber diet. Furthermore, gene expression of inflammatory markers, epigenetic regulators, and the microglial sensory apparatus (i.e., the sensome) were altered by both diet and age, with aged animals exhibiting a more anti-inflammatory microglial profile on the high fiber diet. Taken together, high fiber supplementation in aging is a non-invasive strategy to increase butyrate levels, and these data suggest that an increase in butyrate through added soluble fiber such as inulin could counterbalance the age-related microbiota dysbiosis, potentially leading to neurological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Matt
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jacob M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lucy J. Mailing
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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526
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Pedragosa J, Salas-Perdomo A, Gallizioli M, Cugota R, Miró-Mur F, Briansó F, Justicia C, Pérez-Asensio F, Marquez-Kisinousky L, Urra X, Gieryng A, Kaminska B, Chamorro A, Planas AM. CNS-border associated macrophages respond to acute ischemic stroke attracting granulocytes and promoting vascular leakage. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:76. [PMID: 30092836 PMCID: PMC6083589 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contains several types of immune cells located in specific anatomic compartments. Macrophages reside at the CNS borders surrounding the brain vessels, in leptomeningeal spaces and the choroid plexus, where they interact with the vasculature and play immunological surveillance and scavenging functions. We investigated the phenotypic changes and role of these macrophages in response to acute ischemic stroke. Given that CD163 expression is a hallmark of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in the rat and human brain, we isolated CD163+ brain macrophages by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We obtained CD163+ cells from control rats and 16 h following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, after verifying that infiltration of CD163+ peripheral myeloid cells is negligible at this acute time point. Transcriptome analysis of the sorted CD163+ cells identified ischemia-induced upregulation of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 pathway and induction of genes encoding for extracellular matrix components and leukocyte chemoattractants, amongst others. Using a cell depletion strategy, we found that CNS border-associated macrophages participate in granulocyte recruitment, promote the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), increase the permeability of pial and cortical blood vessels, and contribute to neurological dysfunction in the acute phase of ischemia/reperfusion. We detected VEGF expression surrounding blood vessels and in some CD163+ perivascular macrophages in the brain tissue of ischemic stroke patients deceased one day after stroke onset. These findings show ischemia-induced reprogramming of the gene expression profile of CD163+ macrophages that has a rapid impact on leukocyte chemotaxis and blood-brain barrier integrity, and promotes neurological impairment in the acute phase of stroke.
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527
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Natoli R, Mason E, Jiao H, Chuah A, Patel H, Fernando N, Valter K, Wells CA, Provis J, Rutar M. Dynamic Interplay of Innate and Adaptive Immunity During Sterile Retinal Inflammation: Insights From the Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1666. [PMID: 30073000 PMCID: PMC6058037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many retinal degenerations, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is punctuated by an ill-defined network of sterile inflammatory responses. The delineation of innate and adaptive immune milieu among the broad leukocyte infiltrate, and the gene networks, which construct these responses, are poorly described in the eye. Using photo-oxidative damage in a rodent model of subretinal inflammation, we employed a novel RNA-sequencing framework to map the global gene network signature of retinal leukocytes. This revealed a previously uncharted interplay of adaptive immunity during subretinal inflammation, including prolonged enrichment of myeloid and lymphocyte migration, antigen presentation, and the alternative arm of the complement cascade involving Factor B. We demonstrate Factor B-deficient mice are protected against macrophage infiltration and subretinal inflammation. Suppressing the drivers of retinal leukocyte proliferation, or their capacity to elicit complement responses, may help preserve retinal structure and function during sterile inflammation in diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip Patel
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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528
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Hartmann FJ, Simonds EF, Bendall SC. A Universal Live Cell Barcoding-Platform for Multiplexed Human Single Cell Analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10770. [PMID: 30018331 PMCID: PMC6050312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell barcoding enables the combined processing and acquisition of multiple individual samples as one. This maximizes assay efficiency and eliminates technical variability in both sample preparation and analysis. Remaining challenges are the barcoding of live, unprocessed cells to increase downstream assay performance combined with the flexibility of the approach towards a broad range of cell types. To that end, we developed a novel antibody-based platform that allows the robust barcoding of live human cells for mass cytometry (CyTOF). By targeting both the MHC class I complex (beta-2-microglobulin) and a broadly expressed sodium-potassium ATPase-subunit (CD298) with platinum-conjugated antibodies, human immune cells, stem cells as well as tumor cells could be multiplexed in the same single-cell assay. In addition, we present a novel palladium-based covalent viability reagent compatible with this barcoding strategy. Altogether, this platform enables mass cytometry-based, live-cell barcoding across a multitude of human sample types and provides a scheme for multiplexed barcoding of human single-cell assays in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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529
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Kalyuzhny A. Atlas of Immune Cell Populations of the Inflamed Mammalian CNS. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050039. [PMID: 29738476 PMCID: PMC5981263 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kalyuzhny
- Department of Neuroscience, UMN Twin Cities, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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530
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Disease-Associated Microglia: A Universal Immune Sensor of Neurodegeneration. Cell 2018; 173:1073-1081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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531
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Simoni Y, Chng MHY, Li S, Fehlings M, Newell EW. Mass cytometry: a powerful tool for dissecting the immune landscape. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:187-196. [PMID: 29655022 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in methodologies for single cell analysis has historically been a major driver of progress in immunology. Currently, high dimensional flow cytometry, mass cytometry and various forms of single cell sequencing-based analysis methods are being widely adopted to expose the staggering heterogeneity of immune cells in many contexts. Here, we focus on mass cytometry, a form of flow cytometry that allows for simultaneous interrogation of more than 40 different marker molecules, including cytokines and transcription factors, without the need for spectral compensation. We argue that mass cytometry occupies an important niche within the landscape of single-cell analysis platforms that enables the efficient and in-depth study of diverse immune cell subsets with an ability to zoom-in on myeloid and lymphoid compartments in various tissues in health and disease. We further discuss the unique features of mass cytometry that are favorable for combining multiplex peptide-MHC multimer technology and phenotypic characterization of antigen specific T cells. By referring to recent studies revealing the complexities of tumor immune infiltrates, we highlight the particular importance of this technology for studying cancer in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we provide thoughts on current technical limitations and how we imagine these being overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simoni
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - Shamin Li
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | | | - Evan W Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore.
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532
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Sevenich L. Brain-Resident Microglia and Blood-Borne Macrophages Orchestrate Central Nervous System Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:697. [PMID: 29681904 PMCID: PMC5897444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. It has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders as well as primary and metastatic brain tumors. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, are emerging as a central player in regulating key pathways in CNS inflammation. Recent insights into neuroinflammation indicate that blood-borne immune cells represent an additional critical cellular component in mediating CNS inflammation. The lack of experimental systems that allow for discrimination between brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells has previously halted functional analysis of microglia and their blood-borne counterparts in brain malignancies. However, recent conceptual and technological advances, such as the generation of lineage tracing models and the identification of cell type-specific markers provide unprecedented opportunities to study the cellular functions of microglia and macrophages by functional interference. The use of different “omic” strategies as well as imaging techniques has significantly increased our knowledge of disease-associated gene signatures and effector functions under pathological conditions. In this review, recent developments in evaluating functions of brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells in neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancers will be discussed and unique or shared cellular traits of microglia and macrophages in different CNS disorders will be highlighted. Insight from these studies will shape our understanding of disease- and cell-type-specific effector functions of microglia or macrophages and will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention that target aberrant functions of myeloid cells in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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533
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Zöller T, Attaai A, Potru PS, Ruß T, Spittau B. Aged Mouse Cortical Microglia Display an Activation Profile Suggesting Immunotolerogenic Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E706. [PMID: 29494550 PMCID: PMC5877567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in physiological and pathological processes. Their unique developmental nature suggests age-dependent structural and functional impairments that might contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we addressed the age-dependent changes in cortical microglia gene expression patterns and the expression of M1- and M2-like activation markers. Iba1 immunohistochemistry, isolation of cortical microglia followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA isolation to analyze transcriptional changes in aged cortical microglia was performed. We provide evidence that aging is associated with decreased numbers of cortical microglia and the establishment of a distinct microglia activation profile including upregulation of Ifi204, Lilrb4, Arhgap, Oas1a, Cd244 and Ildr2. Moreover, flow cytometry revealed that aged cortical microglia express increased levels of Cd206 and Cd36. The data presented in the current study indicate that aged mouse cortical microglia adopt a distinct activation profile, which suggests immunosuppressive and immuno-tolerogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zöller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | | | - Tamara Ruß
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany.
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