501
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Sui G, Yang C, Wang L, Xiong X, Guo M, Chen Z, Wang F. Exogenous IGF-1 improves tau pathology and neuronal pyroptosis in high-fat diet mice with cognitive dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2079-2088. [PMID: 34269982 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction, but its mechanism is not fully clarified. The aim of the study was to reveal whether IGF-1 treated cognitive dysfunction by improving tau pathology and neuronal pyroptosis in high-fat diet mice. During in vitro experiment, C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet, and were treated with PEG-IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor blocker AXL1717, HO-1 blocker Znpp IX or their combinations. Cognitive function was evaluated using Morris water maze. Expression of Nrf2, HO-1, p-tau, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in hippocampus was determined using western blotting. Pyroptosis rate in hippocampus was measured using flow cytometry. During in vivo experiment, HN-h cells were treated with palmitic acid, pyroptosis blocker nonecrosulfonamide or their combinations. The expression of the proteins and rate of pyroptosis were also measured using western blotting and flow cytometry. During in vitro experiment, high-fat diet mice showed cognitive dysfunction, significant hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and neuronal pyroptosis in hippocampus compared with the sham mice. After exogenous IGF-1 treatment, these abnormalities were reversed and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was activated. Inhibition of the signaling pathway using AXL1717 or Znpp IX re-deteriorated cognitive function, tau pathology and neuronal pyroptosis in hippocampus. During in vivo experiment, inhibition of pyroptosis using nonecrosulfonamide improved tau pathology in palmitic acid-treated HN-h cells. Exogenous IGF-1 improved tau pathology induced by high-fat diet through inhibition of neuronal pyroptosis and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Sui
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychology, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Mengtian Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, Tianjin Anding Hospital, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Department of Psychology, Tianjin Anding Hospital, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China.
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502
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O'Sullivan D, Moore M, Byrne S, Reiff AO, Felsenstein S. Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Encephalomyelitis and Extensive Longitudinal Transverse Myelitis Associated with Compound Heterozygous NLRP3 Missense Mutations in a Young Child. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis in association with extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis is reported in a young child with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody with heterozygous NLRP3 missense mutations; p.(Arg488Lys) and p.(Ser159Ile). This case may well present an exceptional coincidence, but may describe a yet unrecognized feature of the spectrum of childhood onset cryopyrinopathies that contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis for anti-MOG antibody positive encephalomyelitis. Based on this observation, a larger scale study investigating the role of NLRP3 and other inflammasomes in this entity would provide important pathophysiological insights and potentially novel avenues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre O'Sullivan
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric BST Trainee RCPI, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Moore
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan Byrne
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas O. Reiff
- Department of Inflammation/Immunology, PAREXEL International, Global Medical Services, United States
| | - Susanna Felsenstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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503
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Serrano-Pozo A, Li Z, Noori A, Nguyen HN, Mezlini A, Li L, Hudry E, Jackson RJ, Hyman BT, Das S. Effect of APOE alleles on the glial transcriptome in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:919-931. [PMID: 36199750 PMCID: PMC9531903 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The roles of APOEε4 and APOEε2-the strongest genetic risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease-in glial responses remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that APOE alleles differentially impact glial responses by investigating their effects on the glial transcriptome from elderly control brains with no neuritic amyloid plaques. We identified a cluster of microglial genes that are upregulated in APOEε4 and downregulated in APOEε2 carriers relative to APOEε3 homozygotes. This microglia-APOE cluster is enriched in phagocytosis-including TREM2 and TYROBP-and proinflammatory genes, and is also detectable in brains with frequent neuritic plaques. Next, we tested these findings in APOE knock-in mice exposed to acute (lipopolysaccharide challenge) and chronic (cerebral β-amyloidosis) insults and found that these mice partially recapitulate human APOE-linked expression patterns. Thus, the APOEε4 allele might prime microglia towards a phagocytic and proinflammatory state through an APOE-TREM2-TYROBP axis in normal aging as well as in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Huong N. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Mezlini
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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504
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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Brown CE, Weaver DF, Reed MA. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:579-598. [PMID: 34569958 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Although AD is one of the most socioeconomically devastating diseases confronting humanity, no "curative" disease modifying drug has been identified. Recent decades have witnessed repeated failures of drug trials and have called into question the utility of the amyloid hypothesis approach to AD therapeutics design. Accordingly, new neurochemical processes are being evaluated and explored as sources of alternative druggable targets. Among these newly identified targets, neuroinflammation is emerging as a front-runner, and within the realm of neuroinflammation, the inflammasome, particularly the NLRP3 complex, is garnering focussed attention. This review summarizes current data and approaches to understanding the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and AD, and systematically identifies and evaluates multiple targets within the NLRP3 inflammasome cascade as putative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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505
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Manifestations and mechanisms of central nervous system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:155-163. [PMID: 34571039 PMCID: PMC8462004 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its threat to humans have drawn worldwide attention. The acute and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system pose major public health challenges. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 present diverse symptoms of the central nervous system. Exploring the mechanism of coronavirus damage to the nervous system is essential for reducing the long-term neurological complications of COVID-19. Despite rapid progress in characterizing SARS-CoV-2, the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the brain remain unclear. The possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 injury to the central nervous system include: 1) direct injury of nerve cells, 2) activation of the immune system and inflammatory cytokines caused by systemic infection, 3) a high affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein for the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2, 4) cerebrovascular disease caused by hypoxia and coagulation dysfunction, and 5) a systemic inflammatory response that promotes cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. Although we do not fully understand the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 causes nerve injury, we hope to provide a framework by reviewing the clinical manifestations, complications, and possible mechanisms of neurological damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. With hope, this will facilitate the early identification, diagnosis, and treatment of possible neurological sequelae, which could contribute toward improving patient prognosis and preventing transmission.
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506
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Zhang L, Qian Y, Li J, Zhou X, Xu H, Yan J, Xiang J, Yuan X, Sun B, Sisodia SS, Jiang YH, Cao X, Jing N, Lin A. BAD-mediated neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology. iScience 2021; 24:102942. [PMID: 34430820 PMCID: PMC8369003 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is incompletely understood. Here we report that the pro-apoptotic protein BAD as a key regulator for neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation and Aβ clearance in AD. BAD pro-apoptotic activity is significantly increased in neurons of AD patients and 5XFAD mice. Conversely, genetic disruption of Bad alleles restores spatial learning and memory deficits in 5XFAD mice. Mechanistically, phosphorylation and inactivation of BAD by neurotropic factor-activated Akt is abrogated in neurons under AD condition. Through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-oxidized mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) axis, BAD also promotes microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation, thereby skewing microglia toward neuroinflammatory microglia to inhibit microglial phagocytosis of Aβ in AD mice. Our results support a model in which BAD contributes to AD pathologies by driving neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation but suppressing microglial phagocytosis of Aβ, suggesting that BAD is a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yun Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - He Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allery & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Jialing Xiang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Xiang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sangram S. Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Center of Cell Lineage and Atlas, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Anning Lin
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Haman Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
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507
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Fernando KKM, Wijayasinghe YS. Sirtuins as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Mitigating Neuroinflammation Associated With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:746631. [PMID: 34630044 PMCID: PMC8492950 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.746631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is associated with memory deficit and global cognitive decline. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD and, in recent years, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that aging-related neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. The presence of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the primary pathological hallmarks of AD; defects which can then activate a cascade of molecular inflammatory pathways in glial cells. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), are the major triggers of inflammation; a response which is typically intended to prevent further damage to the CNS. However, persistent microglial activation (i.e., neuroinflammation) is toxic to both neurons and glia, which then leads to neurodegeneration. Growing evidence supports a central role for sirtuins in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases that modulate a number of cellular processes associated with inflammation. This review examines the latest findings regarding AD-associated neuroinflammation, mainly focusing on the connections among the microglial molecular pathways of inflammation. Furthermore, we highlight the biology of sirtuins, and their role in neuroinflammation. Suppression of microglial activity through modulation of the sirtuin activity has now become a key area of research, where progress in therapeutic interventions may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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508
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Zhao Y, Tan SW, Huang ZZ, Shan FB, Li P, Ning YL, Ye SY, Zhao ZA, Du H, Xiong RP, Yang N, Peng Y, Chen X, Zhou YG. NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Increases in High Mobility Group Box 1 Involved in the Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Tau-Overexpression. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:721474. [PMID: 34539383 PMCID: PMC8446370 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.721474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau hyperphosphorylation is a characteristic alteration present in a range of neurological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurodegenerative diseases. Treatments targeting high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) induce neuroprotective effects in these neuropathologic conditions. However, little is known about the interactions between hyperphosphorylated tau and HMGB1 in neuroinflammation. We established a model of TBI with controlled cortical impacts (CCIs) and a tau hyperphosphorylation model by injecting the virus encoding human P301S tau in mice, and immunofluorescence, western blotting analysis, and behavioral tests were performed to clarify the interaction between phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and HMGB1 levels. We demonstrated that p-tau and HMGB1 were elevated in the spatial memory-related brain regions in mice with TBI and tau-overexpression. Animals with tau-overexpression also had significantly increased nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, which manifested as increases in apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), activating caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels. In addition, NLRP3–/– mice and the HMGB1 inhibitor, glycyrrhizin, were used to explore therapeutic strategies for diseases with p-tau overexpression. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice with tau-overexpression, downregulation of p-tau and HMGB1 was observed in NLRP3–/– mice, indicating that HMGB1 alterations were NLRP3-dependent. Moreover, treatment with glycyrrhizin at a late stage markedly reduced p-tau levels and improved performance in the Y- and T-mazes and the ability of tau-overexpressing mice to build nests, which revealed improvements in spatial memory and advanced hippocampal function. The findings identified that p-tau has a triggering role in the modulation of neuroinflammation and spatial memory in an NLRP3-dependent manner, and suggest that treatment with HMGB1 inhibitors may be a better therapeutic strategy for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Wei Tan
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Huang
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fa-Bo Shan
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Lei Ning
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Ye
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Ai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Du
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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509
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Jiang S, Maphis NM, Binder J, Chisholm D, Weston L, Duran W, Peterson C, Zimmerman A, Mandell MA, Jett SD, Bigio E, Geula C, Mellios N, Weick JP, Rosenberg GA, Latz E, Heneka MT, Bhaskar K. Proteopathic tau primes and activates interleukin-1β via myeloid-cell-specific MyD88- and NLRP3-ASC-inflammasome pathway. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109720. [PMID: 34551296 PMCID: PMC8491766 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau (pTau) and neuroinflammation, driven by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are the major hallmarks of tauopathies. Here, we show that pTau primes and activates IL-1β. First, RNA-sequence analysis suggests paired-helical filaments (PHFs) from human tauopathy brain primes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), chemokine, and IL-1β signaling clusters in human primary microglia. Treating microglia with pTau-containing neuronal media, exosomes, or PHFs causes IL-1β activation, which is NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 dependent. Suppression of pTau or ASC reduces tau pathology and inflammasome activation in rTg4510 and hTau mice, respectively. Although the deletion of MyD88 prevents both IL-1β expression and activation in the hTau mouse model of tauopathy, ASC deficiency in myeloid cells reduces pTau-induced IL-1β activation and improves cognitive function in hTau mice. Finally, pTau burden co-exists with elevated IL-1β and ASC in autopsy brains of human tauopathies. Together, our results suggest pTau activates IL-1β via MyD88- and NLRP3-ASC-dependent pathways in myeloid cells, including microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanya Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nicole M Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jessica Binder
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Devon Chisholm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lea Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Walter Duran
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Crina Peterson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Amber Zimmerman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Stephen D Jett
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eileen Bigio
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (CNADC), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (CNADC), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason P Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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510
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NAD + supplementation reduces neuroinflammation and cell senescence in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via cGAS-STING. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011226118. [PMID: 34497121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011226118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Impaired neuronal bioenergetics and neuroinflammation are thought to play key roles in the progression of AD, but their interplay is not clear. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important metabolite in all human cells in which it is pivotal for multiple processes including DNA repair and mitophagy, both of which are impaired in AD neurons. Here, we report that levels of NAD+ are reduced and markers of inflammation increased in the brains of APP/PS1 mutant transgenic mice with beta-amyloid pathology. Treatment of APP/PS1 mutant mice with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) for 5 mo increased brain NAD+ levels, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and decreased activation of microglia and astrocytes. NR treatment also reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression, DNA damage, apoptosis, and cellular senescence in the AD mouse brains. Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are associated with DNA damage and senescence. cGAS-STING elevation was observed in the AD mice and normalized by NR treatment. Cell culture experiments using microglia suggested that the beneficial effects of NR are, in part, through a cGAS-STING-dependent pathway. Levels of ectopic (cytoplasmic) DNA were increased in APP/PS1 mutant mice and human AD fibroblasts and down-regulated by NR. NR treatment induced mitophagy and improved cognitive and synaptic functions in APP/PS1 mutant mice. Our findings suggest a role for NAD+ depletion-mediated activation of cGAS-STING in neuroinflammation and cellular senescence in AD.
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511
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P2X7 receptor blockade reduces tau induced toxicity, therapeutic implications in tauopathies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102173. [PMID: 34516970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of aberrant intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Recent studies suggest that associated chronic neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathological Tau dissemination. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Since purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7) can sense the rise of extracellular ATP levels associated with neuroinflammation, its involvement in neurodegeneration-associated inflammation was suggested. We found a P2X7 upregulation in patients diagnosed with different tauopathies and in a tauopathy mouse model, P301S mice. In vivo pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7 reverted microglial activation in P301S mice leading to a reduction in microglial migratory, secretory, and proliferative capacities, and promoting phagocytic function. Furthermore, it reduced the intraneuronal phosphorylated Tau levels in a GSK3-dependent way and increased extracellular phosphorylated Tau levels by reducing the expression of ectoenzyme TNAP. Accordingly, pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7 improved the cellular survival, motor and memory deficits and anxiolytic profile in P301S mice. Contrary, P2X7 overexpression caused a significant worsening of Tau-induced toxicity and aggravated the deteriorated motor and memory deficits in P301S mice. Our results indicate that P2X7 plays a deleterious role in tauopathies and suggest that its blockade may be a promising approach to treat Tauopathies.
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512
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Mahdiabadi S, Momtazmanesh S, Perry G, Rezaei N. Immune modulations and immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:365-381. [PMID: 34506700 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment ensued from neuronal dysfunction and eventual death. Intraneuronal deposition of tau proteins and extracellular senile amyloid-β plaques have ruled as the supreme postulations of AD for a relatively long time, and accordingly, a wide range of therapeutics, especially immunotherapies have been implemented. However, none of them resulted in significant positive cognitive outcomes. Especially, the repetitive failure of anti-amyloid therapies proves the inefficiency of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, suggesting that it is time to reconsider this hypothesis. Thus, for the time being, the focus is being shifted to neuroinflammation as a third core pathology in AD. Neuroinflammation was previously considered a result of the two aforementioned phenomena, but new studies suggest that it might play a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation can act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of AD, and the activation of glial cells is indispensable for mediating such attenuating or detrimental effects. The association of immune-related genes polymorphisms with the clinical phenotype of AD as well as the protective effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs supports the possible causal role of neuroinflammation in AD. Here, we comprehensively review immune-based therapeutic approaches toward AD, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. We also discuss their efficacy and underlying reasons for shortcomings. Lastly, we highlight the capacity of modulating the neuroimmune interactions and targeting neuroinflammation as a promising opportunity for finding optimal treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mahdiabadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Children's Medical Center, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
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513
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Heller A, Coffman SS, Jarvis K. Potentially Pathogenic Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate and Titanium Dioxide Crystals in the Alzheimer's Disease Entorhinal Cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:547-550. [PMID: 32804151 PMCID: PMC7592648 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowing that Alzheimer's disease (AD) nucleates in the entorhinal cortex (EC), samples of 12 EC specimens were probed for crystals by a protocol detecting fewer than 1/5000th of those present. Of the 61 crystals found, 31 were expected and 30 were novel. Twenty-one crystals of iron oxides and 10 atherosclerosis-associated calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals were expected and found. The 30 unexpected crystals were NLRP3-inflammasome activating calcium oxalate dihydrate (12) and titanium dioxide (18). Their unusual distribution raises the possibility that some were of AD origination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sheryl S Coffman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karalee Jarvis
- Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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514
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Xu H, Jia J. Immune-Related Hub Genes and the Competitive Endogenous RNA Network in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1255-1265. [PMID: 32925027 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves various immune-related phenomena; however, the mechanisms underlying these immune phenomena and the potential hub genes involved therein are unclear. An understanding of AD-related immune hub genes and regulatory mechanisms would help develop new immunotherapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the hub genes and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in immune-related phenomena in AD pathogenesis. METHODS We used the GSE48350 data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and identified AD immune-related differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs). We constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for differentially expressed mRNAs and determined the degree for screening hub genes. By determining Pearson's correlation coefficient and using StarBase, DIANA-LncBase, and Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD), the AD immune-related ceRNA network was generated. Furthermore, we assessed the upregulated and downregulated ceRNA subnetworks to identify key lncRNAs. RESULTS In total, 552 AD immune-related DERNAs were obtained. Twenty hub genes, including PIK3R1, B2M, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQB1, PIK3CA, APP, CDC42, PPBP, C3AR1, HRAS, PTAFR, RAB37, FYN, PSMD1, ACTR10, HLA-E, ARRB2, GGH, ALDOA, and VAMP2 were identified on PPI network analysis. Furthermore, upon microRNAs (miRNAs) inhibition, we identified LINC00836 and DCTN1-AS1 as key lncRNAs regulating the aforementioned hub genes. CONCLUSION AD-related immune hub genes include B2M, FYN, PIK3R1, and PIK3CA, and lncRNAs LINC00836 and DCTN1-AS1 potentially contribute to AD immune-related phenomena by regulating AD-related hub genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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515
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A 2A Adenosine Receptor as a Potential Biomarker and a Possible Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092344. [PMID: 34571993 PMCID: PMC8469578 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative pathologies. Its incidence is in dramatic growth in Western societies and there is a need of both biomarkers to support the clinical diagnosis and drugs for the treatment of AD. The diagnostic criteria of AD are based on clinical data. However, it is necessary to develop biomarkers considering the neuropathology of AD. The A2A receptor, a G-protein coupled member of the P1 family of adenosine receptors, has different functions crucial for neurodegeneration. Its activation in the hippocampal region regulates synaptic plasticity and in particular glutamate release, NMDA receptor activation and calcium influx. Additionally, it exerts effects in neuroinflammation, regulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In AD patients, its expression is increased in the hippocampus/entorhinal cortex more than in the frontal cortex, a phenomenon not observed in age-matched control brains, indicating an association with AD pathology. It is upregulated in peripheral blood cells of patients affected by AD, thus reflecting its increase at central neuronal level. This review offers an overview on the main AD biomarkers and the potential role of A2A adenosine receptor as a new marker and therapeutic target.
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516
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Li S, Qu L, Wang X, Kong L. Novel insights into RIPK1 as a promising target for future Alzheimer's disease treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107979. [PMID: 34480965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intractable neurodegenerative disease showing a clinical manifestation with memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral dysfunction. The predominant pathological characteristics of AD include neuronal loss, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and hyperphosphorylated Tau induced neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), while considerable studies proved these could be triggered by neuronal death and neuroinflammation. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a serine/threonine kinase existed at the cross-point of cell death and inflammatory signaling pathways. Emerging investigations have shed light on RIPK1 for its potential role in AD progression. The present review makes a bird's eye view on the functions of RIPK1 and mainly focus on the underlying linkages between RIPK1 and AD from comprehensive aspects including neuronal death, Aβ and Tau, inflammasome activation, BBB rupture, AMPK/mTOR, mitochondrial dysfunction and O-glcNAcylation. Moreover, the discovery of RIPK1 inhibitors, ongoing clinical trials along with future RIPK1-targeted therapeutics are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lailiang Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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517
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Wu KM, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101409. [PMID: 34273589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder where the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau tangles are the prominent pathological hallmarks. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that different components of the immune system may act as important contributors to AD etiology and pathogenesis. The recognition of misfolded Aβ and tau by immune cells can trigger a series of complex immune responses in AD, and then lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In parallel, genome-wide association studies have also identified several immune related loci associated with increased - risk of AD by interfering with the function of immune cells. Other immune related factors, such as impaired immunometabolism, defective meningeal lymphatic vessels and autoimmunity might also be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the data showing the alterations of immune cells in the AD trajectory and seek to demonstrate the crosstalk between the immune cell dysfunction and AD pathology. We then discuss the most relevant research findings in regards to the influences of gene susceptibility of immune cells for AD. We also consider impaired meningeal lymphatics, immunometabolism and autoimmune mechanisms in AD. In addition, immune related biomarkers and immunotherapies for AD are also mentioned in order to offer novel insights for future research.
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518
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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519
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Pascoal TA, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Kang MS, Therriault J, Chamoun M, Savard M, Lussier FZ, Tissot C, Karikari TK, Ottoy J, Mathotaarachchi S, Stevenson J, Massarweh G, Schöll M, de Leon MJ, Soucy JP, Edison P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Microglial activation and tau propagate jointly across Braak stages. Nat Med 2021; 27:1592-1599. [PMID: 34446931 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compelling experimental evidence suggests that microglial activation is involved in the spread of tau tangles over the neocortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that the spatial propagation of microglial activation and tau accumulation colocalize in a Braak-like pattern in the living human brain. We studied 130 individuals across the aging and AD clinical spectrum with positron emission tomography brain imaging for microglial activation ([11C]PBR28), amyloid-β (Aβ) ([18F]AZD4694) and tau ([18F]MK-6240) pathologies. We further assessed microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations and brain gene expression patterns. We found that [11C]PBR28 correlated with CSF soluble TREM2 and showed regional distribution resembling TREM2 gene expression. Network analysis revealed that microglial activation and tau correlated hierarchically with each other following Braak-like stages. Regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal tau propagation pathways depended on the baseline microglia network rather than the tau network circuits. The co-occurrence of Aβ, tau and microglia abnormalities was the strongest predictor of cognitive impairment in our study population. Our findings support a model where an interaction between Aβ and activated microglia sets the pace for tau spread across Braak stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharick A Pascoal
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Departments of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa Savard
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julie Ottoy
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulantha Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Radiology Weill Medical Center Brain Health Imaging Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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520
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Vandendriessche C, Balusu S, Van Cauwenberghe C, Brkic M, Pauwels M, Plehiers N, Bruggeman A, Dujardin P, Van Imschoot G, Van Wonterghem E, Hendrix A, Baeke F, De Rycke R, Gevaert K, Vandenbroucke RE. Importance of extracellular vesicle secretion at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid interface in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:143. [PMID: 34425919 PMCID: PMC8381545 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We previously reported that the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface, formed by the choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cells, releases an increased amount of EVs into the CSF in response to peripheral inflammation. Here, we studied the importance of CP-mediated EV release in AD pathogenesis. We observed increased EV levels in the CSF of young transgenic APP/PS1 mice which correlated with high amyloid beta (Aβ) CSF levels at this age. The intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of Aβ oligomers (AβO) in wild-type mice revealed a significant increase of EVs in the CSF, signifying that the presence of CSF-AβO is sufficient to induce increased EV secretion. Using in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo approaches, we identified the CP as a major source of the CSF-EVs. Interestingly, AβO-induced, CP-derived EVs induced pro-inflammatory effects in mixed cortical cultures. Proteome analysis of these EVs revealed the presence of several pro-inflammatory proteins, including the complement protein C3. Strikingly, inhibition of EV production using GW4869 resulted in protection against acute AβO-induced cognitive decline. Further research into the underlying mechanisms of this EV secretion might open up novel therapeutic strategies to impact the pathogenesis and progression of AD. ![]()
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521
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Kuwar R, Rolfe A, Di L, Blevins H, Xu Y, Sun X, Bloom GS, Zhang S, Sun D. A Novel Inhibitor Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Reduces Neuropathology and Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1769-1783. [PMID: 34219728 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and the most common type of dementia. A growing body of evidence has implicated neuroinflammation as an essential player in the etiology of AD. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes and essential components of innate immunity in response to pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns. Among the known inflammasomes, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE We recently developed a novel class of small molecule inhibitors that selectively target the NLRP3 inflammasome. One of the lead compounds, JC124, has shown therapeutic efficacy in a transgenic animal model of AD. In this study we tested the preventative efficacy of JC124 in another strain of transgenic AD mice. METHODS In this study, 5-month-old female APP/PS1 and matched wild type mice were treated orally with JC124 for 3 months. After completion of treatment, cognitive functions and AD pathologies, as well as protein expression levels of synaptic proteins, were assessed. RESULTS We found that inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with JC124 significantly decreased multiple AD pathologies in APP/PS1 mice, including amyloid-β (Aβ) load, neuroinflammation, and neuronal cell cycle re-entry, accompanied by preserved synaptic plasticity with higher expression of pre- and post-synaptic proteins, increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and improved cognitive functions. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD pathological development, and pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with small molecule inhibitors represents a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kuwar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Rolfe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Long Di
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hallie Blevins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xuehan Sun
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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522
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NLRP3 Ubiquitination-A New Approach to Target NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168780. [PMID: 34445484 PMCID: PMC8395773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to diverse pathogenic and danger signals, the cytosolic activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing (3)) inflammasome complex is a critical event in the maturation and release of some inflammatory cytokines in the state of an inflammatory response. After activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a series of cellular events occurs, including caspase 1-mediated proteolytic cleavage and maturation of the IL-1β and IL-18, followed by pyroptotic cell death. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome has become a prime target for the resolution of many inflammatory disorders. Since NLRP3 inflammasome activation can be triggered by a wide range of stimuli and the activation process occurs in a complex, it is difficult to target the NLRP3 inflammasome. During the activation process, various post-translational modifications (PTM) of the NLRP3 protein are required to form a complex with other components. The regulation of ubiquitination and deubiquitination of NLRP3 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for NLRP3 inflammasome-associated inflammatory disorders. In this review, we discuss the ubiquitination and deubiquitination system for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the inhibitors that can be used as potential therapeutic agents to modulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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523
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Ibanez L, Cruchaga C, Fernández MV. Advances in Genetic and Molecular Understanding of Alzheimer's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1247. [PMID: 34440421 PMCID: PMC8394321 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a common disease of the elderly for which no cure currently exists. After over 30 years of intensive research, we have gained extensive knowledge of the genetic and molecular factors involved and their interplay in disease. These findings suggest that different subgroups of AD may exist. Not only are we starting to treat autosomal dominant cases differently from sporadic cases, but we could be observing different underlying pathological mechanisms related to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, immune dysfunction, and a tau-dependent pathology. Genetic, molecular, and, more recently, multi-omic evidence support each of these scenarios, which are highly interconnected but can also point to the different subgroups of AD. The identification of the pathologic triggers and order of events in the disease processes are key to the design of treatments and therapies. Prevention and treatment of AD cannot be attempted using a single approach; different therapeutic strategies at specific disease stages may be appropriate. For successful prevention and treatment, biomarker assays must be designed so that patients can be more accurately monitored at specific points during the course of the disease and potential treatment. In addition, to advance the development of therapeutic drugs, models that better mimic the complexity of the human brain are needed; there have been several advances in this arena. Here, we review significant, recent developments in genetics, omics, and molecular studies that have contributed to the understanding of this disease. We also discuss the implications that these contributions have on medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (L.I.); (C.C.)
- Neurogenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (L.I.); (C.C.)
- Neurogenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (L.I.); (C.C.)
- Neurogenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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524
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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525
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Hartnell IJ, Blum D, Nicoll JAR, Dorothee G, Boche D. Glial cells and adaptive immunity in frontotemporal dementia with tau pathology. Brain 2021; 144:724-745. [PMID: 33527991 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the aetiology of many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and motor neuron disease. Whether neuroinflammation also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia is less well known. Frontotemporal dementia is a heterogeneous classification that covers many subtypes, with the main pathology known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The disease can be categorized with respect to the identity of the protein that causes the frontotemporal lobar degeneration in the brain. The most common subgroup describes diseases caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tau aggregation, also known as primary tauopathies. Evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may play a role in primary tauopathies with genome-wide association studies finding enrichment of genetic variants associated with specific inflammation-related gene loci. These loci are related to both the innate immune system, including brain resident microglia, and the adaptive immune system through possible peripheral T-cell involvement. This review discusses the genetic evidence and relates it to findings in animal models expressing pathogenic tau as well as to post-mortem and PET studies in human disease. Across experimental paradigms, there seems to be a consensus regarding the involvement of innate immunity in primary tauopathies, with increased microglia and astrocyte density and/or activation, as well as increases in pro-inflammatory markers. Whilst it is less clear as to whether inflammation precedes tau aggregation or vice versa; there is strong evidence to support a microglial contribution to the propagation of hyperphosphorylated in tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tau aggregation. Experimental evidence-albeit limited-also corroborates genetic data pointing to the involvement of cellular adaptive immunity in primary tauopathies. However, it is still unclear whether brain recruitment of peripheral immune cells is an aberrant result of pathological changes or a physiological aspect of the neuroinflammatory response to the tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Hartnell
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, France
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Guillaume Dorothee
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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526
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Lee MJ, Bhattarai D, Jang H, Baek A, Yeo IJ, Lee S, Miller Z, Lee S, Hong JT, Kim DE, Lee W, Kim KB. Macrocyclic Immunoproteasome Inhibitors as a Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10934-10950. [PMID: 34309393 PMCID: PMC10913540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that immunoproteasome (iP)-targeting linear peptide epoxyketones improve cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a manner independent of amyloid β. However, these compounds' clinical prospect for AD is limited due to potential issues, such as poor brain penetration and metabolic instability. Here, we report the development of iP-selective macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones prepared by a ring-closing metathesis reaction between two terminal alkenes attached at the P2 and P3/P4 positions of linear counterparts. We show that a lead macrocyclic compound DB-60 (20) effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of iP in ABCB1-overexpressing cells (IC50: 105 nM) and has metabolic stability superior to its linear counterpart. DB-60 (20) also lowered the serum levels of IL-1α and ameliorated cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. The results collectively suggest that macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones have improved CNS drug properties than their linear counterparts and offer promising potential as an AD drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Deepak Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Hyeryung Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sukyeong Lee
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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527
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P2X7-deficiency improves plasticity and cognitive abilities in a mouse model of Tauopathy. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 206:102139. [PMID: 34391810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia characterized by intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. We previously demonstrated that the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7) plays a major role in Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration but the relationship between P2X7 and Tau remained overlooked. Such a link was supported by cortical upregulation of P2X7 in patients with various type of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, including mutation in the Tau-coding gene, MAPT, as well as in the brain of a Tauopathy mouse model (THY-Tau22). Subsequent phenotype analysis of P2X7-deficient Tau mice revealed the instrumental impact of this purinergic receptor. Indeed, while P2X7-deficiency had a moderate effect on Tau pathology itself, we observed a significant reduction of microglia activation and of Tau-related inflammatory mediators, particularly CCL4. Importantly, P2X7 deletion ultimately rescued synaptic plasticity and memory impairments of Tau mice. Altogether, the present data support a contributory role of P2X7 dysregulation on processes governing Tau-induced brain anomalies. Due to the convergent role of P2X7 blockade in both Aβ and Tau background, P2X7 inhibitors might prove to be ideal candidate drugs to curb the devastating cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and Tauopathies.
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528
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No Metagenomic Evidence of Causative Viral Pathogens in Postencephalitic Parkinsonism Following Encephalitis Lethargica. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081716. [PMID: 34442795 PMCID: PMC8398509 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is a disease of unknown etiology and pathophysiology following encephalitis lethargica (EL), an acute-onset polioencephalitis of cryptic cause in the 1920s. PEP is a tauopathy with multisystem neuronal loss and gliosis, clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor, and oculogyric crises. Though a viral cause of EL is likely, past polymerase chain reaction-based investigations in the etiology of both PEP and EL were negative. PEP might be caused directly by an unknown viral pathogen or the consequence of a post-infectious immunopathology. The development of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in conjunction with bioinformatic techniques has generated a broad-range tool for the detection of unknown pathogens in the recent past. Retrospective identification and characterization of pathogens responsible for past infectious diseases can be successfully performed with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. In this study, we analyzed 24 FFPE brain samples from six patients with PEP by unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Our results show that no evidence for the presence of a specific or putative (novel) viral pathogen was found, suggesting a likely post-infectious immune-mediated etiology of PEP.
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529
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Xu Y, Zhao L, Qiu H, Qian T, Sang S, Zhong C. The impact of thiamine deficiency and benfotiamine treatment on Nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome in microglia. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1041-1048. [PMID: 34232130 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine-dependent processes are critical in cerebral glucose metabolism, it is abnormity induces oxidative stress, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Nod-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated inflammation is closely related to neurologic diseases and can be activated by oxidative stress. However, the impact of thiamine deficiency on NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unknown. In this study, we found that NLRP3 inflammasomes were significantly activated in the microglia of thiamine deficiency mice model. In contrast, benfotiamine dampened inflammation NLRP3 mediated in BV2 cells stimulated with LPS and ATP through reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels and mitigating autophagy flux defect. These data identify an important role of thiamine metabolism in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and correcting thiamine metabolism through benfotiamine provides a new therapeutic strategy for NLRP3 inflammasome related neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan university
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan university
| | - Ting Qian
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan university
| | - Shaoming Sang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan university
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan university
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530
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Cheng J, Dong Y, Ma J, Pan R, Liao Y, Kong X, Li X, Li S, Chen P, Wang L, Yu Y, Yuan Z. Microglial Calhm2 regulates neuroinflammation and contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabe3600. [PMID: 34433553 PMCID: PMC8386937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Neuronal calcium dysfunction and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation are closely associated with the development of AD. However, it remains unknown whether calcium dysfunction contributes to microglial activation and, in turn, AD pathology in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of calcium homeostasis modulator family protein 2 (Calhm2) is increased in an AD mouse model. In 5×FAD mice carrying five familial AD gene mutations, both conventional knockout of Calhm2 and conditional microglial knockout of Calhm2 significantly reduced amyloid β deposition, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments. Mechanistically, knockout of Calhm2 inhibited microglial proinflammatory activity but increased phagocytic activity, leading to restoration of the balance between inflammation and phagocytosis. In addition, knockout of Calhm2 reduced acute LPS-induced neuroinflammation. These results highlight an important role for Calhm2 in microglial activation and provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun Ma
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyuan Pan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiangxi Kong
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pingfang Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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531
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Ashrafizadeh M, Najafi M, Kavyiani N, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Melatonin: a Focus on the Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Inflammation 2021; 44:1207-1222. [PMID: 33651308 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone of the pineal gland that contributes to the regulation of physiological activities, such as sleep, circadian rhythm, and neuroendocrine processes. Melatonin is found in several plants and has pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. It also has shown therapeutic efficacy in treatment of cancer and diabetes. Melatonin affects several molecular pathways to exert its protective effects. The NLRP3 inflammasome is considered a novel target of melatonin. This inflammasome contributes to enhanced level of IL-1β, caspase-1 activation, and pyroptosis stimulation. The function of NLRP3 inflammasome has been explored in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. By inhibiting NLRP3, melatonin diminishes inflammation and influences various molecular pathways, such as SIRT1, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and Wnt/β-catenin. Here, we discuss these molecular pathways and suggest that melatonin-induced inhibition of NLRP3 should be advanced in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasim Kavyiani
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Islamic Azad Branch, University of Shushtar, Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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532
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Liang X, Wu H, Colt M, Guo X, Pluimer B, Zeng J, Dong S, Zhao Z. Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:676-688. [PMID: 34749609 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211105140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world. While its discovery and pathological manifestations are centered on protein aggregations of amyloid- beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation has emerged in the last decade as a main component of the disease in terms of both pathogenesis and progression. As the main innate immune cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a very important role in regulating neuroinflammation, which occurs commonly in neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Under inflammatory response, microglia undergo morphological changes and status transition from homeostatic to activated forms. Different microglia subtypes displaying distinct genetic profiles have been identified in AD, and these signatures often link to AD risk genes identified from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, many AD risk genes are highly enriched in microglia and specifically influence the functions of microglia in pathogenesis, e.g. releasing inflammatory cytokines and clearing Aβ. Therefore, building up a landscape of these risk genes in microglia, based on current preclinical studies and in the context of their pathogenic or protective effects, would largely help us to understand the complex etiology of AD and provide new insight into the unmet need for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Shupeng Dong
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
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533
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Nizami S, Millar V, Arunasalam K, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Brough D, Tresadern G, Brennan PE, Davis JB, Ebner D, Di Daniel E. A phenotypic high-content, high-throughput screen identifies inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15319. [PMID: 34321581 PMCID: PMC8319173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target for several inflammatory diseases. After priming and activation by inflammation triggers, NLRP3 forms a complex with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain (ASC) followed by formation of the active inflammasome. Identification of inhibitors of NLRP3 activation requires a well-validated primary high-throughput assay followed by the deployment of a screening cascade of assays enabling studies of structure–activity relationship, compound selectivity and efficacy in disease models. We optimized a NLRP3-dependent fluorescent tagged ASC speck formation assay in murine immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages and utilized it to screen a compound library of 81,000 small molecules. Our high-content screening assay yielded robust assay metrics and identified a number of inhibitors of NLRP3-dependent ASC speck formation, including compounds targeting HSP90, JAK and IKK-β. Additional assays to investigate inflammasome priming or activation, NLRP3 downstream effectors such as caspase-1, IL-1β and pyroptosis form the basis of a screening cascade to identify NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Nizami
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Val Millar
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,National Phenotypic Screening Centre, Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Kanisa Arunasalam
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - John B Davis
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK. .,National Phenotypic Screening Centre, Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Elena Di Daniel
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK. .,Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
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534
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Bai H, Zhang Q. Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701282. [PMID: 34381452 PMCID: PMC8350495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is an important pattern recognition receptor in human innate immunity. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Theories explaining activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome include the reactive oxygen species theory, the lysosomal damage theory and the mitochondrial DNA theory. The NLRP3 activation promotes occurrence of AD by producing IL-1β, IL-18 and other cytokines, and then by affecting the deposition of Aβ and tau proteins. Over-activated NLRP3 inflammasome often impair cell function and induces immune-related diseases. Some mechanisms have been found to negatively regulate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be through receptor binding blocking mechanism, autophagy related mechanism, abnormal cytokine secretion mechanism, or interference related gene expression regulation mechanism. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms by which the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes affects the pathogenesis of AD, and the recent advances in the prevention and treatment of AD by controlling the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. By researching the activation or inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome, it is possible to reveal the pathogenesis of AD from a new perspective and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Medical Experimental Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, China
| | - Qifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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535
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Gaikwad S, Puangmalai N, Bittar A, Montalbano M, Garcia S, McAllen S, Bhatt N, Sonawane M, Sengupta U, Kayed R. Tau oligomer induced HMGB1 release contributes to cellular senescence and neuropathology linked to Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109419. [PMID: 34289368 PMCID: PMC8341760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging, pathological tau oligomers (TauO), and chronic inflammation in the brain play a central role in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, the underlying mechanism of TauO-induced aging-related neuroinflammation remains unclear. Here, we show that TauO-associated astrocytes display a senescence-like phenotype in the brains of patients with AD and FTD. TauO exposure triggers astrocyte senescence through high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which mediates paracrine senescence in adjacent cells. HMGB1 release inhibition using ethyl pyruvate (EP) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) prevents TauO-induced senescence through inhibition of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-the essential signaling pathways for SASP development. Despite the developed tauopathy in 12-month-old hTau mice, EP+GA treatment significantly decreases TauO and senescent cell loads in the brain, reduces neuroinflammation, and thus ameliorates cognitive functions. Collectively, TauO-induced HMGB1 release promotes cellular senescence and neuropathology, which could represent an important common pathomechanism in tauopathies including AD and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Gaikwad
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicha Puangmalai
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alice Bittar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mauro Montalbano
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Stephanie Garcia
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Salome McAllen
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nemil Bhatt
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Minal Sonawane
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Urmi Sengupta
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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536
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Goldstein MR, Cheslock M. On the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Control the promoters and look beyond the brain. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110645. [PMID: 34315048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive incurable neurodegenerative disease of the brain afflicting a third of the population aged 85 and older. Pathologic hallmarks include extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta (Aß), intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, synaptic destruction, neuronal death, and brain atrophy. Neuroinflammation, mediated by microglia, is a central component of the disease, and is intricately connected with peripheral inflammation. The clinical manifestations include progressive memory loss and eventual death. The present treatment of AD is largely ineffective. Nearly all AD is late-onset and presents age 65 or older, and the most common genetic risk factor is carriage of an apolipoprotein (APO) E4 allele, seen in about 25% of the general population. Individuals carrying an APOE4 allele produce more Aß and clear it less efficiently from the brain throughout life. There has been accumulating pathologic and clinical evidence that microbes, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HSV), is a causative factor for AD, most notable in carriers of the APOE4 allele. Eighty percent of the adult population harbors HSV and it resides in the trigeminal ganglion in latent state throughout life, but periodically reactivates, traveling antegrade resulting in herpes labialis and traveling retrograde into the brain leading to neuroinflammation. Functioning as an antimicrobial peptide, Aß inactivates HSV and the recurring process culminates in a buildup of Aß plaque and other hallmarks of AD over time. Periodontal disease exists in 20-50% of the adult population and is also a causative factor for AD. Accordingly, bacteria causing periodontal disease and their byproducts can enter the brain directly via the trigeminal nerve or indirectly through the bloodstream, resulting in AD pathology over time. There are many other promoters of AD, particularly inflammatory conditions outside of the brain, that can be mitigated. Small trials are finally in progress testing antimicrobial drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD. In the meantime, a more proactive approach to the prevention and treatment of AD is posited, with an emphasis on prevention, since the pathologic underpinnings of the disease start decades before the clinical manifestations. Individuals can be stratified in risk categories using family history, periodontal disease presence, APOE4 carriage, and HSV IgG positivity. Moderate- and high-risk individuals can be treated safely with various preventive measures and appropriate antimicrobial agents as discussed. Importantly, the proposed treatments are concordant with the accepted practice of medicine, and if utilized, could significantly decrease AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Cheslock
- Harvard Medical School Multi-Campus Geriatric Fellowship, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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537
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Weston LL, Jiang S, Chisholm D, Jantzie LL, Bhaskar K. Interleukin-10 deficiency exacerbates inflammation-induced tau pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:161. [PMID: 34275478 PMCID: PMC8286621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau is strongly correlated with cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. However, the role of inflammation and anti-inflammatory interventions in tauopathies is unclear. Our goal was to determine if removing anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) during an acute inflammatory challenge has any effect on neuronal tau pathology. METHODS We induce systemic inflammation in Il10-deficient (Il10-/-) versus Il10+/+ (Non-Tg) control mice using a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to examine microglial activation and abnormal hyperphosphorylation of endogenous mouse tau protein. Tau phosphorylation was quantified by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Microglial morphology was quantified by skeleton analysis. Cytokine expression was determined by multiplex electro chemiluminescent immunoassay (MECI) from Meso Scale Discovery (MSD). RESULTS Our findings show that genetic deletion of Il10 promotes enhanced neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation. First, LPS-induced tau hyperphosphorylation was significantly increased in Il10-/- mice compared to controls. Second, LPS-treated Il10-/- mice showed signs of neurodegeneration. Third, LPS-treated Il10-/- mice showed robust IL-6 upregulation and direct treatment of primary neurons with IL-6 resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation on Ser396/Ser404 site. CONCLUSIONS These data support that loss of IL-10 activates microglia, enhances IL-6, and leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau on AD-relevant epitopes in response to acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea L Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shanya Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Devon Chisholm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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538
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Lünemann JD, Malhotra S, Shinohara ML, Montalban X, Comabella M. Targeting Inflammasomes to Treat Neurological Diseases. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:177-188. [PMID: 34219266 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that can sense a plethora of microbe- and damage-associated molecular signals. They play important roles in innate immunity and are key regulators of inflammation in health and disease. Inflammasome-mediated processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of cell death, have been associated with the development and progression of common immune-mediated and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing number of pharmacological compounds inhibiting inflammasome activation and signaling show therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of the aforementioned disease conditions. Here, we illustrate regulatory mechanisms of inflammasome activation during CNS homeostasis and tissue injury. We highlight the evidence for inflammasome activation as a mechanistic underpinning in a wide range of CNS diseases and critically discuss the promise and potential limitations of therapeutic strategies that aim to inhibit the inflammasome components in neurological disorders. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:177-188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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539
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Xu Y, Propson NE, Du S, Xiong W, Zheng H. Autophagy deficiency modulates microglial lipid homeostasis and aggravates tau pathology and spreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023418118. [PMID: 34187889 PMCID: PMC8271658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023418118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays a critical role in intracellular clearance and metabolic homeostasis. While neuronal autophagy is known to participate in the degradation of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated and misfolded tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, how microglial-specific autophagy regulates microglial intrinsic properties and neuronal tau pathology is not well understood. We report here that Atg7, a key mediator of autophagosome biogenesis, plays an essential role in the regulation of microglial lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Microglia-specific deletion of Atg7 leads to the transition of microglia to a proinflammatory status in vivo and to inflammasome activation in vitro. Activation of ApoE and lipid efflux attenuates the lipid droplets accumulation and inhibits cytokine production in microglial cells with Atg7 deficiency. Functionally, we show that the absence of microglial Atg7 enhances intraneuronal tau pathology and its spreading. Our results reveal an essential role for microglial autophagy in regulating lipid homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shuqi Du
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wen Xiong
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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540
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Qian XH, Song XX, Liu XL, Chen SD, Tang HD. Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease mediated by gut microbiota. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101317. [PMID: 33711509 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism is still unclear. Both the neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation serve as the key hubs to accelerate the process of AD by promoting pathology and damaging neuron. What's more, the gut microbiota is also crucial for the regulation of inflammation. Therefore, this review focused on the role of gut microbiota in AD through inflammatory pathways. Firstly, this review summarized the relationship and interaction among gut microbiota, inflammation, and AD. Secondly, the direct and indirect regulatory effects of gut microbiota on AD through inflammatory pathways were described. These effects were mainly mediated by the component of the gut microbiota (lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and amyloid peptides), the metabolites of bacteria (short-chain fatty acids, branched amino acids, and neurotransmitters) and functional by-products (bile acids). In addition, potential treatments (fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions) for AD were also discussed through these mechanisms. Finally, according to the current research status, the key problems to be solved in the future studies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Xuan Song
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201406, China.
| | - Sheng-di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hui-Dong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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541
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Byrns CN, Saikumar J, Bonini NM. Glial AP1 is activated with aging and accelerated by traumatic brain injury. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:585-597. [PMID: 34723199 PMCID: PMC8553014 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of degenerative disease after traumatic brain injury is often described as an acceleration of normal age-related processes. Whether similar molecular processes occur after injury and in age is unclear. Here we identify a functionally dynamic and lasting transcriptional response in glia, mediated by the conserved transcription factor AP1. In the early post-TBI period, glial AP1 is essential for recovery, ensuring brain integrity and animal survival. In sharp contrast, chronic AP1 activation promotes human tau pathology, tissue loss, and mortality. We show a similar process activates in healthy fly brains with age. In humans, AP1 activity is detected after moderate TBI and correlates with microglial activation and tau pathology. Our data provide key molecular insight into glia, highlighting that the same molecular process drives dynamic and contradictory glia behavior in TBI, and possibly age, first acting to protect but chronically promoting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- China N Byrns
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janani Saikumar
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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542
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Carbamylated Erythropoietin-Fc (CEPO-Fc) ameliorates Aβ25-35 induced neurotoxicity by modulating autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease model rats. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.26.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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543
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Zhang PF, Hu H, Tan L, Yu JT. Microglia Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3388-3404. [PMID: 33713018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have become an extremely important link in the prevention and treatment of AD. Because of the occult onset, the diagnosis and treatment of AD based on clinical symptoms are increasingly challenged by current severe situations. Therefore, molecular diagnosis models based on early AD pathological markers have received more attention. Among the possible pathological mechanisms, microglia which are necessary for normal brain function are highly expected and have been continuously studied in various models. Several AD biomarkers already exist, but currently there is a paucity of specific and sensitive microglia biomarkers which can accurately measure preclinical AD. Bringing microglia biomarkers into the molecular diagnostic system which is based on fluid and neuroimaging will play an important role in future scientific research and clinical practice. Furthermore, developing novel, more specific, and sensitive microglia biomarkers will make it possible to pharmaceutically target chemical pathways that preserve beneficial microglial functions in response to AD pathology. This review discusses microglia biomarkers in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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544
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Aggregated Tau-PHF6 (VQIVYK) Potentiates NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression and Autophagy in Human Microglial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071652. [PMID: 34209408 PMCID: PMC8304967 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-neuronal misfolding of monomeric tau protein to toxic β-sheet rich neurofibrillary tangles is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau pathology correlates not only with progressive dementia but also with microglia-mediated inflammation in AD. Amyloid-beta (Aβ), another pathogenic peptide involved in AD, has been shown to activate NLRP3 inflammasome (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3), triggering the secretion of proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL1β) and interleukin-18 (IL18). However, the effect of tau protein on microglia concerning inflammasome activation, microglial polarization, and autophagy is poorly understood. In this study, human microglial cells (HMC3) were stimulated with the unaggregated and aggregated forms of the tau-derived PHF6 peptide (VQIVYK). Modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome was examined by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. We demonstrate that fibrillar aggregates of VQIVYK upregulated the NLRP3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, leading to increased expression of IL1β and IL18 in HMC3 cells. Aggregated PHF6-peptide also activated other related inflammation and microglial polarization markers. Furthermore, we also report a time-dependent effect of the aggregated PHF6 on BECN1 (Beclin-1) expression and autophagy. Overall, the PHF6 model system-based study may help to better understand the complex interconnections between Alzheimer’s PHF6 peptide aggregation and microglial inflammation, polarization, and autophagy.
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545
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Sita G, Graziosi A, Hrelia P, Morroni F. NLRP3 and Infections: β-Amyloid in Inflammasome beyond Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136984. [PMID: 34209586 PMCID: PMC8268482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced abnormal neuroinflammation is recognized as a major pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which results in memory impairment. Research exploring low-grade systemic inflammation and its impact on the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease has increased. A particular research focus has been whether systemic inflammation arises only as a secondary effect of disease, or it is also a cause of pathology. The inflammasomes, and more specifically the NLRP3 inflammasome, are crucial components of the innate immune system and are usually activated in response to infection or tissue damage. Although inflammasome activation plays critical roles against various pathogens in host defense, overactivation of inflammasome contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including acute central nervous system (CNS) injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. This review summarizes the current literature on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of AD, and its involvement in infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2. NLRP3 might represent the crossroad between the hypothesized neurodegeneration and the primary COVID-19 infection.
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546
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Tautou M, Eddarkaoui S, Descamps F, Larchanché PE, El Bakali J, Goveas LM, Dumoulin M, Lamarre C, Blum D, Buée L, Melnyk P, Sergeant N. A ß-Secretase Modulator Decreases Tau Pathology and Preserves Short-Term Memory in a Mouse Model of Neurofibrillary Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679335. [PMID: 34267657 PMCID: PMC8276176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying which among several in cellulo pharmacological activities is necessary for the proper in vivo activity is essential for further drug development against Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiological processes. An in-depth structure–activity relationship–based study has been carried out, and two molecules, named MAGS02-14 and PEL24-199, that share a ß-secretase modulatory effect associated or not to a lysosomotropic activity in cellulo have been identified. In terms of chemical formulas, MAGS02-14 and PEL24-199 only differ from each other by a single nitrogen atom. The study aimed to elucidate the in vivo pharmacological effects of lysosomotropic and/or the ß-secretase modulatory activity in a tau pathology mouse model. To address this question, the THY-Tau22 transgenic model of tauopathy was treated with both compounds for 6 weeks in a curative paradigm. Short-term memory, tau burden, and inflammatory processes were analyzed using orthogonal methods, and PEL24-199, but not MAGS02-14, was shown to restore the short-term memory and reduce the neurofibrillary degenerating process. These effects were associated with a reduced phosphorylation of tau, an increased phosphatase expression, and decreased astrogliosis. Our results, therefore, suggest that the lysosomotropic activity may be nonessential for the effect on tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tautou
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Florian Descamps
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Larchanché
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jamal El Bakali
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Liesel Mary Goveas
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mélanie Dumoulin
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Lamarre
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
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547
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Milligan Armstrong A, Porter T, Quek H, White A, Haynes J, Jackaman C, Villemagne V, Munyard K, Laws SM, Verdile G, Groth D. Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: the interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics and microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2209-2228. [PMID: 34159699 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is increasingly being recognised as a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is the major stress response pathway in the body and tightly regulates the production of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone. Dysregulation of the HPA axis and increased levels of cortisol are commonly found in AD patients and make a major contribution to the disease process. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In addition, within the general population there are interindividual differences in sensitivities to glucocorticoid and stress responses, which are thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These differences could ultimately impact an individuals' risk of AD. The purpose of this review is first to summarise the literature describing environmental and genetic factors that can impact an individual's HPA axis reactivity and function and ultimately AD risk. Secondly, we propose a mechanism by which genetic factors that influence HPA axis reactivity may also impact inflammation, a key driver of neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that these factors can mediate glucocorticoid priming of the immune cells of the brain, microglia, to become pro-inflammatory and promote a neurotoxic environment resulting in neurodegeneration. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying these genetic factors has implications for evaluating stress-related risk/progression to neurodegeneration, informing the success of interventions based on stress management and potential risks associated with the common use of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Hazel Quek
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - John Haynes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Victor Villemagne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie Munyard
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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548
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Saponins from Panax japonicus alleviate HFD-induced impaired behaviors through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome to upregulate AMPA receptors. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105098. [PMID: 34129896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a condition of low-grade chronic inflammation that facilitates development of numerous comorbidities and dysregulation of brain homeostasis. It is reported that obesity can lead to behavioral alterations such as cognitive decline and depression-like behaviors both in humans and rodents. Saponins from panax japonicus (SPJ) have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory action in mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We evaluated the neuroprotection of SPJ on high fat diet (HFD) induced impaired behaviors such as memory deficit and depressive-like behaviors, and explored the underlying mechanisms. 6-week male Balb/c mice were divided into normal control group (NC, 17% total calories from fat), HFD group (60% total calories from fat), and HFD treated with SPJ groups (orally gavaged with dosages of 15 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg), respectively. After treatment for 16 weeks, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the cognition and depression-like behaviors of the mice. The underling mechanisms of SPJ on HFD-induced impaired behaviors were investigated through histopathological observation, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that HFD-fed mice caused behavioral disorders, neuronal degeneration as well as elevated neuroinflammation, which was partly involved in NLRP3 inflammasome that finally resulted in decreased protein levels of AMPA receptors and down-regulated phosphorylated levels of CaMKII and CREB in cortex and hippocampus. All the above changes in cortex and hippocampus induced by HFD were mitigated by SPJ treatment. SPJ treatment alleviated HFD-induced recognitive impairment and depression-like behaviors of mice, which could be partly due to the capacity of SPJ to mitigate neuroinflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and upregulation of AMPA receptors signaling pathway.
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549
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Sun XY, Li LJ, Dong QX, Zhu J, Huang YR, Hou SJ, Yu XL, Liu RT. Rutin prevents tau pathology and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:131. [PMID: 34116706 PMCID: PMC8196535 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau pathology is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. During disease progression, abnormally phosphorylated forms of tau aggregate and accumulate into neurofibrillary tangles, leading to synapse loss, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Thus, targeting of tau pathology is expected to be a promising strategy for AD treatment. METHODS The effect of rutin on tau aggregation was detected by thioflavin T fluorescence and transmission electron microscope imaging. The effect of rutin on tau oligomer-induced cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay. The effect of rutin on tau oligomer-mediated the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in vitro was measured by ELISA. The uptake of extracellular tau by microglia was determined by immunocytochemistry. Six-month-old male Tau-P301S mice were treated with rutin or vehicle by oral administration daily for 30 days. The cognitive performance was determined using the Morris water maze test, Y-maze test, and novel object recognition test. The levels of pathological tau, gliosis, NF-kB activation, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and synaptic proteins including synaptophysin and PSD95 in the brains of the mice were evaluated by immunolabeling, immunoblotting, or ELISA. RESULTS We showed that rutin, a natural flavonoid glycoside, inhibited tau aggregation and tau oligomer-induced cytotoxicity, lowered the production of proinflammatory cytokines, protected neuronal morphology from toxic tau oligomers, and promoted microglial uptake of extracellular tau oligomers in vitro. When applied to Tau-P301S mouse model of tauopathy, rutin reduced pathological tau levels, regulated tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing PP2A level, suppressed gliosis and neuroinflammation by downregulating NF-kB pathway, prevented microglial synapse engulfment, and rescued synapse loss in mouse brains, resulting in a significant improvement of cognition. CONCLUSION In combination with the previously reported therapeutic effects of rutin on Aβ pathology, rutin is a promising drug candidate for AD treatment based its combinatorial targeting of tau and Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quan-Xiu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ya-Ru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Rui-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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550
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Corcoran SE, Halai R, Cooper MA. Pharmacological Inhibition of the Nod-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Inflammasome with MCC950. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:968-1000. [PMID: 34117094 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome drives release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and induces pyroptosis (lytic cell death). These events drive chronic inflammation, and as such, NLRP3 has been implicated in a large number of human diseases. These range from autoimmune conditions, the simplest of which is NLRP3 gain-of-function mutations leading to an orphan disease, cryopyrin-associated period syndrome, to large disease burden indications, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, asthma, ulcerative colitis, and arthritis. The potential clinical utility of NLRP3 inhibitors is substantiated by an expanding list of indications in which NLRP3 activation has been shown to play a detrimental role. Studies of pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 in nonclinical models of disease using MCC950 in combination with human genetics, epigenetics, and analyses of the efficacy of biologic inhibitors of IL-1β, such as anakinra and canakinumab, can help to prioritize clinical trials of NLRP3-directed therapeutics. Although MCC950 shows excellent (nanomolar) potency and high target selectivity, its pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic properties limited its therapeutic development in the clinic. Several improved, next-generation inhibitors are now in clinical trials. Hence the body of research in a plethora of conditions reviewed herein may inform analysis of the potential translational value of NLRP3 inhibition in diseases with significant unmet medical need. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the most widely studied and best validated biological targets in innate immunity. Activation of NLRP3 can be inhibited with MCC950, resulting in efficacy in more than 100 nonclinical models of inflammatory diseases. As several next-generation NLRP3 inhibitors are entering proof-of-concept clinical trials in 2020, a review of the pharmacology of MCC950 is timely and significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Corcoran
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (S.E.C.); Inflazome, D6 Grain House, Mill Court, Great Shelford, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.H., M.A.C.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (M.A.C.)
| | - Reena Halai
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (S.E.C.); Inflazome, D6 Grain House, Mill Court, Great Shelford, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.H., M.A.C.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (M.A.C.)
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (S.E.C.); Inflazome, D6 Grain House, Mill Court, Great Shelford, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.H., M.A.C.); and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (M.A.C.)
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