501
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Miller EL, Greig D. Spore germination determines yeast inbreeding according to fitness in the local environment. Am Nat 2014; 185:291-301. [PMID: 25616146 DOI: 10.1086/679347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gene combinations conferring local fitness may be destroyed by mating with individuals that are adapted to a different environment. This form of outbreeding depression provides an evolutionary incentive for self-fertilization. We show that the yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus tends to self-fertilize when it is well adapted to its local environment but tends to outcross when it is poorly adapted. This behavior could preserve combinations of genes when they are beneficial and break them up when they are not, thereby helping adaptation. Haploid spores must germinate before mating, and we found that fitter spores had higher rates of germination across a 24-hour period, increasing the probability that they mate with germinated spores from the same meiotic tetrad. The ability of yeast spores to detect local conditions before germinating and mating suggests the novel possibility that these gametes directly sense their own adaptation and plastically adjust their breeding strategy accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Miller
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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502
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Tiffin P, Ross-Ibarra J. Advances and limits of using population genetics to understand local adaptation. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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503
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Williams CM, Chick WD, Sinclair BJ. A cross‐seasonal perspective on local adaptation: metabolic plasticity mediates responses to winter in a thermal‐generalist moth. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720‐3140 USA
| | - Wesley D. Chick
- Department of Biology, Biological and Geological Sciences Building University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Biological and Geological Sciences Building University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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504
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Fox JW, Harder LD. Using a "time machine" to test for local adaptation of aquatic microbes to temporal and spatial environmental variation. Evolution 2014; 69:136-45. [PMID: 25308325 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Local adaptation occurs when different environments are dominated by different specialist genotypes, each of which is relatively fit in its local conditions and relatively unfit under other conditions. Analogously, ecological species sorting occurs when different environments are dominated by different competing species, each of which is relatively fit in its local conditions. The simplest theory predicts that spatial, but not temporal, environmental variation selects for local adaptation (or generates species sorting), but this prediction is difficult to test. Although organisms can be reciprocally transplanted among sites, doing so among times seems implausible. Here, we describe a reciprocal transplant experiment testing for local adaptation or species sorting of lake bacteria in response to both temporal and spatial variation in water chemistry. The experiment used a -80°C freezer as a "time machine." Bacterial isolates and water samples were frozen for later use, allowing transplantation of older isolates "forward in time" and newer isolates "backward in time." Surprisingly, local maladaptation predominated over local adaptation in both space and time. Such local maladaptation may indicate that adaptation, or the analogous species sorting process, fails to keep pace with temporal fluctuations in water chemistry. This hypothesis could be tested with more finely resolved temporal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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505
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Kenney AM, McKay JK, Richards JH, Juenger TE. Direct and indirect selection on flowering time, water-use efficiency (WUE, δ (13)C), and WUE plasticity to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4505-21. [PMID: 25512847 PMCID: PMC4264900 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering time and water-use efficiency (WUE) are two ecological traits that are important for plant drought response. To understand the evolutionary significance of natural genetic variation in flowering time, WUE, and WUE plasticity to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana, we addressed the following questions: (1) How are ecophysiological traits genetically correlated within and between different soil moisture environments? (2) Does terminal drought select for early flowering and drought escape? (3) Is WUE plasticity to drought adaptive and/or costly? We measured a suite of ecophysiological and reproductive traits on 234 spring flowering accessions of A. thaliana grown in well-watered and season-ending soil drying treatments, and quantified patterns of genetic variation, correlation, and selection within each treatment. WUE and flowering time were consistently positively genetically correlated. WUE was correlated with WUE plasticity, but the direction changed between treatments. Selection generally favored early flowering and low WUE, with drought favoring earlier flowering significantly more than well-watered conditions. Selection for lower WUE was marginally stronger under drought. There were no net fitness costs of WUE plasticity. WUE plasticity (per se) was globally neutral, but locally favored under drought. Strong genetic correlation between WUE and flowering time may facilitate the evolution of drought escape, or constrain independent evolution of these traits. Terminal drought favored drought escape in these spring flowering accessions of A. thaliana. WUE plasticity may be favored over completely fixed development in environments with periodic drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Kenney
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Edward's University Austin, Texas
| | - John K McKay
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James H Richards
- Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas
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506
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Li XM, She DY, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. Life history trait differentiation and local adaptation in invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China. Oecologia 2014; 177:669-677. [PMID: 25362583 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Local adaptation has been suggested to play an important role in range expansion, particularly among invasive species. However, the extent to which local adaptation affects the success of an invasive species and the factors that contribute to local adaptation are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate a case of population divergence that may have contributed to the local adaptation of invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China. Common garden experiments in seven populations indicated clinal variations along latitudinal gradients, with plants from higher latitudes exhibiting earlier flowering and smaller sizes at flowering. In reciprocal transplant experiments, plants of a northern Beijing origin produced more seeds at their home site than plants of a southern Wuhan origin, and the Wuhan-origin plants had grown taller at flowering than the Beijing-origin plants in Wuhan, which is believed to facilitate pollen dispersal. These results suggest that plants of Beijing origin may be locally adapted through female fitness and plants from Wuhan possibly locally adapted through male fitness. Selection and path analysis suggested that the phenological and growth traits of both populations have been influenced by natural selection and that flowering time has played an important role through its direct and indirect effects on the relative fitness of each individual. This study evidences the life history trait differentiation and local adaptation during range expansion of invasive A. artemisiifolia in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Deng-Ying She
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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507
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Levy RA, Nufio CR. Dispersal potential impacts size clines of grasshoppers across an elevation gradient. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Levy
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Denver Botanic Gardens; Denver CO 80206 USA
| | - César R. Nufio
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
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508
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The role of population origin and microenvironment in seedling emergence and early survival in Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). PLoS One 2014; 9:e109132. [PMID: 25286410 PMCID: PMC4186868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding tree recruitment is needed to forecast future forest distribution. Many studies have reported the relevant ecological factors that affect recruitment success in trees, but the potential for genetic-based differences in recruitment has often been neglected. In this study, we established a semi-natural reciprocal sowing experiment to test for local adaptation and microenvironment effects (evaluated here by canopy cover) in the emergence and early survival of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), an emblematic Mediterranean forest tree. A novel application of molecular markers was also developed to test for family selection and, thus, for potential genetic change over generations. Overall, we did not find evidence to support local adaptation at the recruitment stage in our semi-natural experiment. Moreover, only weak family selection (if any) was found, suggesting that in stressful environments with low survival, stochastic processes and among-year climate variability may drive recruitment. Nevertheless, our study revealed that, at early stages of recruitment, microenvironments may favor the population with the best adapted life strategy, irrespectively of its (local or non-local) origin. We also found that emergence time is a key factor for seedling survival in stressful Mediterranean environments. Our study highlights the complexity of the factors influencing the early stages of establishment of maritime pine and provides insights into possible management actions aimed at environmental change impact mitigation. In particular, we found that the high stochasticity of the recruitment process in stressful environments and the differences in population-specific adaptive strategies may difficult assisted migration schemes.
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509
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Warschefsky E, Penmetsa RV, Cook DR, von Wettberg EJB. Back to the wilds: tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1791-800. [PMID: 25326621 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of our crop plants has been substantially reduced during the process of domestication and breeding. This reduction in diversity necessarily constrains our ability to expand a crop's range of cultivation into environments that are more extreme than those in which it was domesticated, including into "sustainable" agricultural systems with reduced inputs of pesticides, water, and fertilizers. Conversely, the wild progenitors of crop plants typically possess high levels of genetic diversity, which underlie an expanded (relative to domesticates) range of adaptive traits that may be of agricultural relevance, including resistance to pests and pathogens, tolerance to abiotic extremes, and reduced dependence on inputs. Despite their clear potential for crop improvement, wild relatives have rarely been used systematically for crop improvement, and in no cases, have full sets of wild diversity been introgressed into a crop. Instead, most breeding efforts have focused on specific traits and dealt with wild species in a limited and typically ad hoc manner. Although expedient, this approach misses the opportunity to test a large suite of traits and deploy the full potential of crop wild relatives in breeding for the looming challenges of the 21st century. Here we review examples of hybridization in several species, both intentionally produced and naturally occurring, to illustrate the gains that are possible. We start with naturally occurring hybrids, and then examine a range of examples of hybridization in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Warschefsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 12200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA Kushlan Center for Tropical Science, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - R Varma Penmetsa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Douglas R Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Eric J B von Wettberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 12200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA Kushlan Center for Tropical Science, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
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510
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Angert AL, Kimball S, Peterson M, Huxman TE, Venable DL. Phenotypic constraints and community structure: Linking trade-offs within and among species. Evolution 2014; 68:3149-65. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah Kimball
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Megan Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Travis E. Huxman
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - David L. Venable
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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511
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Zhang T, Victor TR, Rajkumar SS, Li X, Okoniewski JC, Hicks AC, Davis AD, Broussard K, LaDeau SL, Chaturvedi S, Chaturvedi V. Mycobiome of the bat white nose syndrome affected caves and mines reveals diversity of fungi and local adaptation by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus (Geomyces) destructans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108714. [PMID: 25264864 PMCID: PMC4181696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current investigations of bat White Nose Syndrome (WNS) and the causative fungus Pseudogymnoascus (Geomyces) destructans (Pd) are intensely focused on the reasons for the appearance of the disease in the Northeast and its rapid spread in the US and Canada. Urgent steps are still needed for the mitigation or control of Pd to save bats. We hypothesized that a focus on fungal community would advance the understanding of ecology and ecosystem processes that are crucial in the disease transmission cycle. This study was conducted in 2010–2011 in New York and Vermont using 90 samples from four mines and two caves situated within the epicenter of WNS. We used culture-dependent (CD) and culture-independent (CI) methods to catalogue all fungi (‘mycobiome’). CD methods included fungal isolations followed by phenotypic and molecular identifications. CI methods included amplification of DNA extracted from environmental samples with universal fungal primers followed by cloning and sequencing. CD methods yielded 675 fungal isolates and CI method yielded 594 fungal environmental nucleic acid sequences (FENAS). The core mycobiome of WNS comprised of 136 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recovered in culture and 248 OTUs recovered in clone libraries. The fungal community was diverse across the sites, although a subgroup of dominant cosmopolitan fungi was present. The frequent recovery of Pd (18% of samples positive by culture) even in the presence of dominant, cosmopolitan fungal genera suggests some level of local adaptation in WNS-afflicted habitats, while the extensive distribution of Pd (48% of samples positive by real-time PCR) suggests an active reservoir of the pathogen at these sites. These findings underscore the need for integrated disease control measures that target both bats and Pd in the hibernacula for the control of WNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Tanya R. Victor
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunanda S. Rajkumar
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Okoniewski
- Bureau of Wildlife, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan C. Hicks
- Bureau of Wildlife, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - April D. Davis
- Rabies Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly Broussard
- Rabies Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Shannon L. LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (VC)
| | - Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (VC)
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512
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Yates MC, Fraser DJ. Does source population size affect performance in new environments? Evol Appl 2014; 7:871-82. [PMID: 25469166 PMCID: PMC4211717 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Small populations are predicted to perform poorly relative to large populations when experiencing environmental change. To explore this prediction in nature, data from reciprocal transplant, common garden, and translocation studies were compared meta-analytically. We contrasted changes in performance resulting from transplantation to new environments among individuals originating from different sized source populations from plants and salmonids. We then evaluated the effect of source population size on performance in natural common garden environments and the relationship between population size and habitat quality. In 'home-away' contrasts, large populations exhibited reduced performance in new environments. In common gardens, the effect of source population size on performance was inconsistent across life-history stages (LHS) and environments. When transplanted to the same set of new environments, small populations either performed equally well or better than large populations, depending on life stage. Conversely, large populations outperformed small populations within native environments, but only at later life stages. Population size was not associated with habitat quality. Several factors might explain the negative association between source population size and performance in new environments: (i) stronger local adaptation in large populations and antagonistic pleiotropy, (ii) the maintenance of genetic variation in small populations, and (iii) potential environmental differences between large and small populations.
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513
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Lasky JR, Des Marais DL, Lowry DB, Povolotskaya I, McKay JK, Richards JH, Keitt TH, Juenger TE. Natural variation in abiotic stress responsive gene expression and local adaptation to climate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2283-96. [PMID: 24850899 PMCID: PMC4137704 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression varies widely in natural populations, yet the proximate and ultimate causes of this variation are poorly known. Understanding how variation in gene expression affects abiotic stress tolerance, fitness, and adaptation is central to the field of evolutionary genetics. We tested the hypothesis that genes with natural genetic variation in their expression responses to abiotic stress are likely to be involved in local adaptation to climate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we compared genes with consistent expression responses to environmental stress (expression stress responsive, "eSR") to genes with genetically variable responses to abiotic stress (expression genotype-by-environment interaction, "eGEI"). We found that on average genes that exhibited eGEI in response to drought or cold had greater polymorphism in promoter regions and stronger associations with climate than those of eSR genes or genomic controls. We also found that transcription factor binding sites known to respond to environmental stressors, especially abscisic acid responsive elements, showed significantly higher polymorphism in drought eGEI genes in comparison to eSR genes. By contrast, eSR genes tended to exhibit relatively greater pairwise haplotype sharing, lower promoter diversity, and fewer nonsynonymous polymorphisms, suggesting purifying selection or selective sweeps. Our results indicate that cis-regulatory evolution and genetic variation in stress responsive gene expression may be important mechanisms of local adaptation to climatic selective gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at AustinEarth Institute and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University
| | | | - David B Lowry
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Inna Povolotskaya
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John K McKay
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University
| | | | - Timothy H Keitt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
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514
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Urban MC, Lewis LA, Fučíková K, Cordone A. Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Urban
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Connecticut; 75 North Eagleville Rd. Unit 3043, Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Louise A. Lewis
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Connecticut; 75 North Eagleville Rd. Unit 3043, Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Karolina Fučíková
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Connecticut; 75 North Eagleville Rd. Unit 3043, Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Alexis Cordone
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Connecticut; 75 North Eagleville Rd. Unit 3043, Storrs CT 06269 USA
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515
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Oakley CG, Ågren J, Atchison RA, Schemske DW. QTL mapping of freezing tolerance: links to fitness and adaptive trade-offs. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4304-15. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Oakley
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824-1312 USA
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18 D SE-752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Rachel A. Atchison
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824-1312 USA
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology and W. K. Kellogg Biological Station; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
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516
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Ferris KG, Sexton JP, Willis JH. Speciation on a local geographic scale: the evolution of a rare rock outcrop specialist in Mimulus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20140001. [PMID: 24958929 PMCID: PMC4071529 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation can occur on both large and small geographical scales. In plants, local speciation, where small populations split off from a large-ranged progenitor species, is thought to be the dominant mode, yet there are still few examples to verify speciation has occurred in this manner. A recently described morphological species in the yellow monkey flowers, Mimulus filicifolius, is an excellent candidate for local speciation because of its highly restricted geographical range. Mimulus filicifolius was formerly identified as a population of M. laciniatus due to similar lobed leaf morphology and rocky outcrop habitat. To investigate whether M. filicifolius is genetically divergent and reproductively isolated from M. laciniatus, we examined patterns of genetic diversity in ten nuclear and eight microsatellite loci, and hybrid fertility in M. filicifolius and its purported close relatives: M. laciniatus, M. guttatus and M. nasutus. We found that M. filicifolius is genetically divergent from the other species and strongly reproductively isolated from M. laciniatus. We conclude that M. filicifolius is an independent rock outcrop specialist despite being morphologically and ecologically similar to M. laciniatus, and that its small geographical range nested within other wide-ranging members of the M. guttatus species complex is consistent with local speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Ferris
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jason P Sexton
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John H Willis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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517
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Kyle CJ, Rico Y, Castillo S, Srithayakumar V, Cullingham CI, White BN, Pond BA. Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2287-98. [PMID: 24655158 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Local adaptation is necessary for population survival and depends on the interplay between responses to selective forces and demographic processes that introduce or retain adaptive and maladaptive attributes. Host-parasite systems are dynamic, varying in space and time, where both host and parasites must adapt to their ever-changing environment in order to survive. We investigated patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations with varying temporal exposure to the raccoon rabies virus (RRV). RRV infects approximately 85% of the population when epizootic and has been presumed to be completely lethal once contracted; however, disease challenge experiments and varying spatial patterns of RRV spread suggest some level of immunity may exist. We first assessed patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations along the eastern seaboard of North America by contrasting spatial patterns of neutral (microsatellite loci) and functional, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic diversity and structure. We explored variation of MHC allele frequencies in the light of temporal population exposure to RRV (0-60 years) and specific RRV strains in infected raccoons. Our results revealed high levels of MHC variation (66 DRB exon 2 alleles) and pronounced genetic structure relative to neutral microsatellite loci, indicative of local adaptation. We found a positive association linking MHC genetic diversity and temporal RRV exposure, but no association with susceptibility and resistance to RRV strains. These results have implications for landscape epidemiology studies seeking to predict the spread of RRV and present an example of how population demographics influence the degree to which populations adapt to local selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kyle
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8; Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8
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518
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De Kort H, Mergeay J, Vander Mijnsbrugge K, Decocq G, Maccherini S, Kehlet Bruun HH, Honnay O, Vandepitte K. An evaluation of seed zone delineation using phenotypic and population genomic data on black alderAlnus glutinosa. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Gaverstraat 4 B-9500 Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Gaverstraat 4 B-9500 Geraardsbergen Belgium
- Agency for Nature and Forest; Koning Albert II laan 20 1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- Research unit of “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés”; Jules Vernes University of Picardy; 1 Rue des F-80037 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Simona Maccherini
- BIOCONNET; Biodiversity and Conservation Network; Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Via P.A. Mattioli 4 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Hans Henrik Kehlet Bruun
- Ecology and Evolution Section; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Katrien Vandepitte
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
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519
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Quintela M, Johansson MP, Kristjánsson BK, Barreiro R, Laurila A. AFLPs and mitochondrial haplotypes reveal local adaptation to extreme thermal environments in a freshwater gastropod. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101821. [PMID: 25007329 PMCID: PMC4090234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The way environmental variation shapes neutral and adaptive genetic variation in natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary biology. Genome scans allow the identification of the genetic basis of local adaptation without previous knowledge of genetic variation or traits under selection. Candidate loci for divergent adaptation are expected to show higher FST than neutral loci influenced solely by random genetic drift, migration and mutation. The comparison of spatial patterns of neutral markers and loci under selection may help disentangle the effects of gene flow, genetic drift and selection among populations living in contrasting environments. Using the gastropod Radix balthica as a system, we analyzed 376 AFLP markers and 25 mtDNA COI haplotypes for candidate loci and associations with local adaptation among contrasting thermal environments in Lake Mývatn, a volcanic lake in northern Iceland. We found that 2% of the analysed AFLP markers were under directional selection and 12% of the mitochondrial haplotypes correlated with differing thermal habitats. The genetic networks were concordant for AFLP markers and mitochondrial haplotypes, depicting distinct topologies at neutral and candidate loci. Neutral topologies were characterized by intense gene flow revealed by dense nets with edges connecting contrasting thermal habitats, whereas the connections at candidate loci were mostly restricted to populations within each thermal habitat and the number of edges decreased with temperature. Our results suggest microgeographic adaptation within Lake Mývatn and highlight the utility of genome scans in detecting adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Quintela
- Dept of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Magnus P. Johansson
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bjarni K. Kristjánsson
- Hólar University College, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Sauðarkrokur, Iceland
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- Dept of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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520
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Bower AD, St Clair JB, Erickson V. Generalized provisional seed zones for native plants. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 24:913-9. [PMID: 25154085 DOI: 10.1890/13-0285.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deploying well-adapted and ecologically appropriate plant materials is a core component of successful restoration projects. We have developed generalized provisional seed zones that can be applied to any plant species in the United States to help guide seed movement. These seed zones are based on the intersection of high-resolution climatic data for winter minimum temperature and aridity (as measured by annual heat : moisture index), each classified into discrete bands. This results in the delineation of 64 provisional seed zones for the continental United States. These zones represent areas of relative climatic similarity, and movement of seed within these zones should help to minimize maladaptation. Superimposing Omernik's level III ecoregions over these seed zones distinguishes areas that are similar climatically yet different ecologically. A quantitative comparison of provisional seed zones with level III ecoregions and provisional seed zones within ecoregions for three species showed that provisional seed zone within ecoregion often explained the greatest proportion of variation in a suite of traits potentially related to plant fitness. These provisional seed zones can be considered a starting point for guidelines for seed transfer, and should be utilized in conjunction with appropriate species-specific information as well as local knowledge of microsite differences.
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521
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Melo MC, Grealy A, Brittain B, Walter GM, Ortiz-Barrientos D. Strong extrinsic reproductive isolation between parapatric populations of an Australian groundsel. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:323-334. [PMID: 24684207 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Speciation with gene flow, or the evolution of reproductive isolation between interbreeding populations, remains a controversial problem in evolution. This is because gene flow erodes the adaptive differences that selection creates between populations. Here, we use a combination of common garden experiments in the field and in the glasshouse to investigate what ecological and genetic mechanisms prevent gene flow and maintain morphological and genetic differentiation between coastal parapatric populations of the Australian groundsel Senecio lautus. We discovered that in each habitat extrinsic reproductive barriers prevented gene flow, whereas intrinsic barriers in F1 hybrids were weak. In the field, herbivores played a major role in preventing gene flow, but glasshouse experiments demonstrated that soil type also created variable selective pressures both locally and on a greater geographic scale. Our experimental results demonstrate that interfertile plant populations adapting to contrasting environments may diverge as a consequence of concurrent natural selection acting against migrants and hybrids through multiple mechanisms. These results provide novel insights into the consequences of local adaptation in the origin of strong barriers to gene flow in plants, and suggest that herbivory may play an important role in the early stages of plant speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Melo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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522
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Adaptation to fluctuating temperatures in an RNA virus is driven by the most stringent selective pressure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100940. [PMID: 24963780 PMCID: PMC4071030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of change in the selective pressures is one of the main factors driving evolution. It is generally accepted that constant environments select specialist organisms whereas changing environments favour generalists. The particular outcome achieved in either case also depends on the relative strength of the selective pressures and on the fitness costs of mutations across environments. RNA viruses are characterized by their high genetic diversity, which provides fast adaptation to environmental changes and helps them evade most antiviral treatments. Therefore, the study of the adaptive possibilities of RNA viruses is highly relevant for both basic and applied research. In this study we have evolved an RNA virus, the bacteriophage Qβ, under three different temperatures that either were kept constant or alternated periodically. The populations obtained were analyzed at the phenotypic and the genotypic level to characterize the evolutionary process followed by the virus in each case and the amount of convergent genetic changes attained. Finally, we also investigated the influence of the pre-existent genetic diversity on adaptation to high temperature. The main conclusions that arise from our results are: i) under periodically changing temperature conditions, evolution of bacteriophage Qβ is driven by the most stringent selective pressure, ii) there is a high degree of evolutionary convergence between replicated populations and also among populations evolved at different temperatures, iii) there are mutations specific of a particular condition, and iv) adaptation to high temperatures in populations differing in their pre-existent genetic diversity takes place through the selection of a common set of mutations.
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523
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Patterns of spatio-temporal variation in the survival rates of a viviparous lizard: the interacting effects of sex, reproductive trade-offs, aridity, and human-induced disturbance. POPUL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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524
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Wilczek AM, Cooper MD, Korves TM, Schmitt J. Lagging adaptation to warming climate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7906-13. [PMID: 24843140 PMCID: PMC4050579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406314111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
If climate change outpaces the rate of adaptive evolution within a site, populations previously well adapted to local conditions may decline or disappear, and banked seeds from those populations will be unsuitable for restoring them. However, if such adaptational lag has occurred, immigrants from historically warmer climates will outperform natives and may provide genetic potential for evolutionary rescue. We tested for lagging adaptation to warming climate using banked seeds of the annual weed Arabidopsis thaliana in common garden experiments in four sites across the species' native European range: Valencia, Spain; Norwich, United Kingdom; Halle, Germany; and Oulu, Finland. Genotypes originating from geographic regions near the planting site had high relative fitness in each site, direct evidence for broad-scale geographic adaptation in this model species. However, genotypes originating in sites historically warmer than the planting site had higher average relative fitness than local genotypes in every site, especially at the northern range limit in Finland. This result suggests that local adaptive optima have shifted rapidly with recent warming across the species' native range. Climatic optima also differed among seasonal germination cohorts within the Norwich site, suggesting that populations occurring where summer germination is common may have greater evolutionary potential to persist under future warming. If adaptational lag has occurred over just a few decades in banked seeds of an annual species, it may be an important consideration for managing longer-lived species, as well as for attempts to conserve threatened populations through ex situ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity M Wilczek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;Department of Natural Sciences, Deep Springs College, Big Pine, CA 93513
| | - Martha D Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Tonia M Korves
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;Data Analytics Department, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730-1420; and
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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525
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Steane DA, Potts BM, McLean E, Prober SM, Stock WD, Vaillancourt RE, Byrne M. Genome-wide scans detect adaptation to aridity in a widespread forest tree species. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2500-13. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A. Steane
- School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7000 Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering and Collaborative Research Network; University of the Sunshine Coast; Locked Bag 4 Maroochydore QLD 4558 Australia
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7000 Australia
| | - Elizabeth McLean
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth WA 6983 Australia
| | | | - William D. Stock
- Centre for Ecosystem Management; School of Natural Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Perth WA Australia
| | - René E. Vaillancourt
- School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7000 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth WA 6983 Australia
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526
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Peterson DA, Hilborn R, Hauser L. Local adaptation limits lifetime reproductive success of dispersers in a wild salmon metapopulation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3696. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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527
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Pánková H, Raabová J, Münzbergová Z. Mycorrhizal symbiosis and local adaptation in Aster amellus: a field transplant experiment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93967. [PMID: 24709748 PMCID: PMC3977983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant populations have adapted to local soil conditions. However, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is often overlooked in this context. Only a few studies have used reciprocal transplant experiments to study the relationships between soil conditions, mycorrhizal colonisation and plant growth. Furthermore, most of the studies were conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. However, long-term field experiments can provide more realistic insights into this issue. We conducted a five-year field reciprocal transplant experiment to study the relationships between soil conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth in the obligate mycotrophic herb Aster amellus. We conducted this study in two regions in the Czech Republic that differ significantly in their soil nutrient content, namely Czech Karst (region K) and Ceske Stredohori (region S). Plants that originated from region S had significantly higher mycorrhizal colonisation than plants from region K, indicating that the percentage of mycorrhizal colonisation has a genetic basis. We found no evidence of local adaptation in Aster amellus. Instead, plants from region S outperformed the plants from region K in both target regions. Similarly, plants from region S showed more mycorrhizal colonisation in all cases, which was likely driven by the lower nutrient content in the soil from that region. Thus, plant aboveground biomass and mycorrhizal colonisation exhibited corresponding differences between the two target regions and regions of origin. Higher mycorrhizal colonisation in the plants from region with lower soil nutrient content (region S) in both target regions indicates that mycorrhizal colonisation is an adaptive trait. However, lower aboveground biomass in the plants with lower mycorrhizal colonisation suggests that the plants from region K are in fact maladapted by their low inherent mycorrhizal colonization. We conclude that including mycorrhizal symbiosis in local adaptation studies may increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Pánková
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Raabová
- Department of Botany, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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528
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Zuellig MP, Kenney AM, Sweigart AL. Evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation: insights from new model systems. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 18:44-50. [PMID: 24561539 PMCID: PMC7659028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time and mating system divergence are two of the most common adaptive transitions in plants. We review recent progress toward understanding the genetic basis of these adaptations in new model plant species. For flowering time, we find that individual crosses often reveal a simple genetic basis, but that the loci involved almost always vary within species and across environments, indicating a more complex genetic basis species-wide. Similarly, the transition to self-fertilization is often genetically complex, but this seems to depend on the amount of standing variation and time since species divergence. Recent population genomic studies also raise doubts about the long-term adaptive potential of self-fertilization, providing evidence that purifying selection is less effective in highly selfing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Zuellig
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Fred C. Davidson Life Sciences Complex, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Amanda M Kenney
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Fred C. Davidson Life Sciences Complex, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Andrea L Sweigart
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Fred C. Davidson Life Sciences Complex, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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529
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Weinig C, Ewers BE, Welch SM. Ecological genomics and process modeling of local adaptation to climate. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 18:66-72. [PMID: 24631846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Locally adapted genotypes have higher fitness in their native site in comparison to foreign genotypes. Recent studies have demonstrated both local adaptation to and genomic associations with a range of climate variables. For climate adaptation, the most common genomic pattern is conditional neutrality, as proven by weak across-environment correlations, frequent SNP×environment interactions, and the topology of some developmental and physiological pathways potentially involved in local adaptation. Genomic association approaches readily translate to non-model systems, and genetically explicit climate envelope models will predict future species' distributions under changing climates. Here, we review recent evidence for local adaptation to climate, focusing primarily on the model system, Arabidopsis thaliana, and on studies incorporating genomic tools into field studies or climate analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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530
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Watanabe K, Kazama S, Omura T, Monaghan MT. Adaptive genetic divergence along narrow environmental gradients in four stream insects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93055. [PMID: 24681871 PMCID: PMC3969376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question linking ecology with evolutionary biology is how environmental heterogeneity can drive adaptive genetic divergence among populations. We examined adaptive divergence of four stream insects from six adjacent catchments in Japan by combining field measures of habitat and resource components with genome scans of non-neutral Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) loci. Neutral genetic variation was used to measure gene flow and non-neutral genetic variation was used to test for adaptive divergence. We identified the environmental characteristics contributing to divergence by comparing genetic distances at non-neutral loci between sites with Euclidean distances for each of 15 environmental variables. Comparisons were made using partial Mantel tests to control for geographic distance. In all four species, we found strong evidence for non-neutral divergence along environmental gradients at between 6 and 21 loci per species. The relative contribution of these environmental variables to each species' ecological niche was quantified as the specialization index, S, based on ecological data. In each species, the variable most significantly correlated with genetic distance at non-neutral loci was the same variable along which each species was most narrowly distributed (i.e., highest S). These were gradients of elevation (two species), chlorophyll-a, and ammonia-nitrogen. This adaptive divergence occurred in the face of ongoing gene flow (Fst = 0.01-0.04), indicating that selection was strong enough to overcome homogenization at the landscape scale. Our results suggest that adaptive divergence is pronounced, occurs along different environmental gradients for different species, and may consistently occur along the narrowest components of species' niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Watanabe
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, Berlin, Germany
- Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - So Kazama
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-06, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NIChe), Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-04, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, Berlin, Germany
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531
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Lowry DB, Behrman KD, Grabowski P, Morris GP, Kiniry JR, Juenger TE. Adaptations between ecotypes and along environmental gradients in Panicum virgatum. Am Nat 2014; 183:682-92. [PMID: 24739200 DOI: 10.1086/675760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Determining the patterns and mechanisms of natural selection in the wild is of fundamental importance to understanding the differentiation of populations and the evolution of new species. However, it is often unknown the extent to which adaptive genetic variation is distributed among ecotypes between distinct habitats versus along large-scale geographic environmental gradients, such as those that track latitude. Classic studies of selection in the wild in switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, tested for adaptation at both of these levels of natural variation. Here we review what these field experiments and modern agronomic field trials have taught us about natural variation and selection at both the ecotype and environmental gradient levels in P. virgatum. With recent genome sequencing efforts in P. virgatum, it is poised to become an excellent system for understanding the adaptation of grassland species across the eastern half of North America. The identification of genetic loci involved in different types of adaptations will help to understand the evolutionary mechanisms of diversification within P. virgatum and provide useful information for the breeding of high-yielding cultivars for different ecoregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lowry
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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532
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Hereford J. Inbreeding depression does not increase in foreign environments: a field experimental study. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu009. [PMID: 24790130 PMCID: PMC4038437 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Early successional species often disperse to novel environments, and if they are selfing, this dispersal will frequently be carried out by inbred individuals. If inbred immigrants are less likely to successfully establish populations than outbred immigrants, dispersal will be less effective and mating system evolution will favour outcrossing. I performed a reciprocal transplant of inbred and outbred plants grown in native and foreign planting sites to test the hypothesis that inbred immigrants had lower fitness. Inbreeding within populations was estimated with allozyme loci to confirm that the populations were inbred. While inbred and outbred plants had significantly lower fitness in foreign habitats, inbreeding depression was of similar magnitude at native sites and foreign habitats. There was no significant difference between inbred and outbred plants at foreign sites of the native habitat. Populations appear to be highly selfing, yet there is an advantage to outcrossing in both the native environment and foreign environments. The implications of this advantage with respect to mating system evolution may depend on whether novel environments are occupied or unoccupied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hereford
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Present address: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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533
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Gustafson DJ, Major C, Jones D, Synovec J, Baer SG, Gibson DJ. Genetic sorting of subordinate species in grassland modulated by intraspecific variation in dominant species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91511. [PMID: 24637462 PMCID: PMC3956666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in a single species can have predictable and heritable effects on associated communities and ecosystem processes, however little is known about how genetic variation of a dominant species affects plant community assembly. We characterized the genetic structure of a dominant grass (Sorghastrum nutans) and two subordinate species (Chamaecrista fasciculata, Silphium integrifolium), during the third growing season in grassland communities established with genetically distinct (cultivated varieties or local ecotypes) seed sources of the dominant grasses. There were genetic differences between subordinate species growing in the cultivar versus local ecotype communities, indicating that intraspecific genetic variation in the dominant grasses affected the genetic composition of subordinate species during community assembly. A positive association between genetic diversity of S. nutans, C. fasciculata, and S. integrifolium and species diversity established the role of an intraspecific biotic filter during community assembly. Our results show that intraspecific variation in dominant species can significantly modulate the genetic composition of subordinate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny J. Gustafson
- Department of Biology, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Major
- Department of Biology, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dewitt Jones
- Department of Biology, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Synovec
- Department of Biology, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Baer
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Gibson
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
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534
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Räsänen K, Hendry AP. Asymmetric reproductive barriers and mosaic reproductive isolation: insights from Misty lake-stream stickleback. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1166-75. [PMID: 24772291 PMCID: PMC3997330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological speciation seems to occur readily but is clearly not ubiquitous - and the relative contributions of different reproductive barriers remain unclear in most systems. We here investigate the potential importance of selection against migrants in lake/stream stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the Misty Lake system, Canada. This system is of particular interest because one population contrast (Lake vs. Outlet stream) shows very low genetic and morphological divergence, whereas another population contrast (Lake vs. Inlet stream) shows dramatic genetic and morphological divergence apparently without strong and symmetric reproductive barriers. To test whether selection against migrants might solve this "conundrum of missing reproductive isolation", we performed a fully factorial reciprocal transplant experiment using 225 individually marked stickleback collected from the wild. Relative fitness of the different ecotypes (Lake, Inlet, and Outlet) was assessed based on survival and mass change in experimental enclosures. We found that Inlet fish performed poorly in the lake (selection against migrants in that direction), whereas Lake fish outperformed Inlet fish in all environments (no selection against migrants in the opposite direction). As predicted from their phenotypic and genetic similarity, Outlet and Lake fish performed similarly in all environments. These results suggest that selection against migrants is asymmetric and, together with previous work, indicates that multiple reproductive barriers contribute to reproductive isolation. Similar mosaic patterns of reproductive isolation are likely in other natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Räsänen
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
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535
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Richardson JL, Urban MC, Bolnick DI, Skelly DK. Microgeographic adaptation and the spatial scale of evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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536
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Egea-Serrano A, Hangartner S, Laurila A, Räsänen K. Multifarious selection through environmental change: acidity and predator-mediated adaptive divergence in the moor frog (Rana arvalis). Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133266. [PMID: 24552840 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change can simultaneously cause abiotic stress and alter biological communities, yet adaptation of natural populations to co-changing environmental factors is poorly understood. We studied adaptation to acid and predator stress in six moor frog (Rana arvalis) populations along an acidification gradient, where abundance of invertebrate predators increases with increasing acidity of R. arvalis breeding ponds. First, we quantified divergence among the populations in anti-predator traits (behaviour and morphology) at different rearing conditions in the laboratory (factorial combinations of acid or neutral pH and the presence or the absence of a caged predator). Second, we evaluated relative fitness (survival) of the populations by exposing tadpoles from the different rearing conditions to predation by free-ranging dragonfly larvae. We found that morphological defences (relative tail depth) as well as survival of tadpoles under predation increased with increasing pond acidity (under most experimental conditions). Tail depth and larval size mediated survival differences among populations, but the contribution of trait divergence to survival was strongly dependent on prior rearing conditions. Our results indicate that R. arvalis populations are adapted to the elevated predator pressure in acidified ponds and emphasize the importance of multifarious selection via both direct (here: pH) and indirect (here: predators) environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Egea-Serrano
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, , Murcia 30100, Spain, Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, and ETH-Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, , Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland, Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, , Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
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537
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Hancock N, Hughes L. Turning up the heat on the provenance debate: Testing the ‘local is best’ paradigm under heatwave conditions. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nola Hancock
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Lesley Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
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538
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Moore BD, Andrew RL, Külheim C, Foley WJ. Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:733-750. [PMID: 24117919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the mixture of chemicals can vary, such that chemodiversity can be partitioned within and among individuals. Plant ontogeny and environmental and genetic variation are recognized as sources of chemical variation, but recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of variation may allow the future deployment of isogenic mutants to test the specific adaptive function of variation in PSMs. An important consequence of high intraspecific variation is the capacity to evolve rapidly. It is becoming increasingly clear that trait variance linked to both macro- and micro-environmental variation can also evolve and may respond more strongly to selection than mean trait values. This research, which is in its infancy in plants, highlights what could be a missing piece of the picture of PSM evolution. PSM polymorphisms are probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across many spatial and temporal scales, but convincing examples that recognize the diversity of plant population structures are rare. We describe how diversity can be inherently beneficial for plants and suggest fruitful avenues for future research to untangle the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose L Andrew
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
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539
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Kettenring KM, Mercer KL, Reinhardt Adams C, Hines J. EDITOR'S CHOICE: Application of genetic diversity-ecosystem function research to ecological restoration. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Kettenring
- Ecology Center and Department of Watershed Sciences; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Edgewater MD USA
| | - Kristin L. Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | | | - Jes Hines
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Edgewater MD USA
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Neuglobsow Germany
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540
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Merilä J, Hendry AP. Climate change, adaptation, and phenotypic plasticity: the problem and the evidence. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1-14. [PMID: 24454544 PMCID: PMC3894893 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have recorded phenotypic changes in natural populations and attributed them to climate change. However, controversy and uncertainty has arisen around three levels of inference in such studies. First, it has proven difficult to conclusively distinguish whether phenotypic changes are genetically based or the result of phenotypic plasticity. Second, whether or not the change is adaptive is usually assumed rather than tested. Third, inferences that climate change is the specific causal agent have rarely involved the testing – and exclusion – of other potential drivers. We here review the various ways in which the above inferences have been attempted, and evaluate the strength of support that each approach can provide. This methodological assessment sets the stage for 11 accompanying review articles that attempt comprehensive syntheses of what is currently known – and not known – about responses to climate change in a variety of taxa and in theory. Summarizing and relying on the results of these reviews, we arrive at the conclusion that evidence for genetic adaptation to climate change has been found in some systems, but is still relatively scarce. Most importantly, it is clear that more studies are needed – and these must employ better inferential methods – before general conclusions can be drawn. Overall, we hope that the present paper and special issue provide inspiration for future research and guidelines on best practices for its execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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541
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Boberg E, Alexandersson R, Jonsson M, Maad J, Ågren J, Nilsson LA. Pollinator shifts and the evolution of spur length in the moth-pollinated orchid Platanthera bifolia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:267-75. [PMID: 24169591 PMCID: PMC3890388 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant-pollinator interactions are thought to have shaped much of floral evolution. Yet the relative importance of pollinator shifts and coevolutionary interactions for among-population variation in floral traits in animal-pollinated species is poorly known. This study examined the adaptive significance of spur length in the moth-pollinated orchid Platanthera bifolia. METHODS Geographical variation in the length of the floral spur of P. bifolia was documented in relation to variation in the pollinator fauna across Scandinavia, and a reciprocal translocation experiment was conducted in south-east Sweden between a long-spurred woodland population and a short-spurred grassland population. KEY RESULTS Spur length and pollinator fauna varied among regions and habitats, and spur length was positively correlated with the proboscis length of local pollinators. In the reciprocal translocation experiment, long-spurred woodland plants had higher pollination success than short-spurred grassland plants at the woodland site, while no significant difference was observed at the grassland site. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that optimal floral phenotype varies with the morphology of the local pollinators, and that the evolution of spur length in P. bifolia has been largely driven by pollinator shifts.
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542
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Shaw RG, Shaw FH. Quantitative genetic study of the adaptive process. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 112:13-20. [PMID: 23715015 PMCID: PMC3860163 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The additive genetic variance with respect to absolute fitness, VA(W), divided by mean absolute fitness, , sets the rate of ongoing adaptation. Fisher's key insight yielding this quantitative prediction of adaptive evolution, known as the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, is well appreciated by evolutionists. Nevertheless, extremely scant information about VA(W) is available for natural populations. Consequently, the capacity for fitness increase via natural selection is unknown. Particularly in the current context of rapid environmental change, which is likely to reduce fitness directly and, consequently, the size and persistence of populations, the urgency of advancing understanding of immediate adaptive capacity is extreme. We here explore reasons for the dearth of empirical information about VA(W), despite its theoretical renown and critical evolutionary role. Of these reasons, we suggest that expectations that VA(W) is negligible, in general, together with severe statistical challenges of estimating it, may largely account for the limited empirical emphasis on it. To develop insight into the dynamics of VA(W) in a changing environment, we have conducted individual-based genetically explicit simulations. We show that, as optimizing selection on a trait changes steadily over generations, VA(W) can grow considerably, supporting more rapid adaptation than would the VA(W) of the base population. We call for direct evaluation of VA(W) and in support of prediction of rates adaptive evolution, and we advocate for the use of aster modeling as a rigorous basis for achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - F H Shaw
- Department of Mathematics, Hamline University, St Paul, MN, USA
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543
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Boutin S, Lane JE. Climate change and mammals: evolutionary versus plastic responses. Evol Appl 2014; 7:29-41. [PMID: 24454546 PMCID: PMC3894896 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity and microevolution are the two primary means by which organisms respond adaptively to local conditions. While these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, their relative magnitudes will influence both the rate of, and ability to sustain, phenotypic responses to climate change. We review accounts of recent phenotypic changes in wild mammal populations with the purpose of critically evaluating the following: (i) whether climate change has been identified as the causal mechanism producing the observed change; (ii) whether the change is adaptive; and (iii) the relative influences of evolution and/or phenotypic plasticity underlying the change. The available data for mammals are scant. We found twelve studies that report changes in phenology, body weight or litter size. In all cases, the observed response was primarily due to plasticity. Only one study (of advancing parturition dates in American red squirrels) provided convincing evidence of contemporary evolution. Subsequently, however, climate change has been shown to not be the causal mechanism underlying this shift. We also summarize studies that have shown evolutionary potential (i.e. the trait is heritable and/or under selection) in traits with putative associations with climate change and discuss future directions that need to be undertaken before a conclusive demonstration of plastic or evolutionary responses to climate change in wild mammals can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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544
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Fialová M, Duchoslav M. Response to competition of bulbous geophyte Allium oleraceum differing in ploidy level. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:186-196. [PMID: 23731026 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies that explore the possible causes of ploidy distributions and niche differentiation are rare. Increased competitive ability may be advantageous for survival in dense vegetation and may strongly affect local and regional abundances of cytotypes and potentially contribute to invasion success. We compared survival, growth and reproduction of plants originating from bulbils of three cytotypes (2n = 4x, 5x, 6x) of Allium oleraceum growing with and without a competitor (Arrhenatherum elatius). There was a strong negative effect of competition but no effect of ploidy or ploidy × competition on survivorship, height and total dry mass of A. oleraceum, i.e. no support for different competitive abilities of the ploidy levels. However, slightly different responses of populations to competition treatments within all cytotypes suggest differentiation within cytotypes. Under competition, plant survivorship was low, surviving plants were small, had low dry mass and produced neither sexual nor asexual propagules. Without competition, plant survivorship was high, and cytotypes differed in three traits after 2 year's growth: dry mass of flowers, number of flowers and ratio of the dry mass of sexual to asexual propagules all decreased with increasing ploidy level. We additionally tested tetra- and pentaploids as to whether plants originating from different types of propagule (bulbils, seeds) differ in survivorship, growth and reproduction when growing with and without a competitor. Plants originating from bulbils had higher survivorship, were more robust, flowered earlier and produced more propagules when compared to plants originating from seeds and grown without competition. Under competition, differences in performance between plants originating from seeds and bulbils mostly disappeared, with higher survivorship only for plants originating from bulbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fialová
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology RG, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Duchoslav
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology RG, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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545
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Moeller DA. Floral and mating system divergence in secondary sympatry: testing an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement in Clarkia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:223-35. [PMID: 24081279 PMCID: PMC3890389 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive character displacement (RCD) is often an important signature of reinforcement when partially cross-compatible taxa meet in secondary sympatry. In this study, floral evolution is examined during the Holocene range expansion of Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora from eastern Pleistocene refugia to a western zone of sympatry with its sister taxon, subsp. xantiana. Floral divergence between the two taxa is greater in sympatry than allopatry. The goal was to test an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement - that floral divergence of sympatric genotypes is simply a by-product of adaptation to pollination environments that differ between the allopatric and sympatric portions of the subspecies' range. METHODS Floral trait data from two common garden studies were used to examine floral divergence between sympatric and allopatric regions and among phylogeographically defined lineages. In natural populations of C. x. parviflora, the magnitude of pollen limitation and reproductive assurance were quantified across its west-to-east range. Potted sympatric and allopatric genotypes were also reciprocally translocated between geographical regions to distinguish between the effects of floral phenotype versus contrasting pollinator environments on reproductive ecology. KEY RESULTS Sympatric populations are considerably smaller flowered with reduced herkogamy. Pollen limitation and the reproductive assurance value of selfing are greater in sympatric than in allopatric populations. Most significantly, reciprocal translocation experiments showed these differences in reproductive ecology cannot be attributed to contrasting pollinator environments between the sympatric and allopatric regions, but instead reflect the effects of flower size on pollinator attraction. CONCLUSIONS Floral evolution occurred during the westward range expansion of parviflora, particularly in the zone of sympatry with xantiana. No evidence was found that strongly reduced flower size in sympatric parviflora (and RCD between parviflora and xantiana) is due to adaptation to limited pollinator availability. Rather, floral divergence appears to have been driven by other factors, such as interactions with congenerics in secondary sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Moeller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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546
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Anderson JT, Lee CR, Mitchell-Olds T. Strong selection genome-wide enhances fitness trade-offs across environments and episodes of selection. Evolution 2014; 68:16-31. [PMID: 24102539 PMCID: PMC3928097 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fitness trade-offs across episodes of selection and environments influence life-history evolution and adaptive population divergence. Documenting these trade-offs remains challenging as selection can vary in magnitude and direction through time and space. Here, we evaluate fitness trade-offs at the levels of the whole organism and the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in a multiyear field study of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a genetically tractable mustard native to the Rocky Mountains. Reciprocal local adaptation was pronounced for viability, but not for reproductive components of fitness. Instead, local genomes had a fecundity advantage only in the high latitude garden. By estimating realized selection coefficients from individual-level data on viability and reproductive success and permuting the data to infer significance, we examined the genetic basis of fitness trade-offs. This analytical approach (Conditional Neutrality-Antagonistic Pleiotropy, CNAP) identified genetic trade-offs at a flowering phenology QTL (costs of adaptation) and revealed genetic trade-offs across fitness components (costs of reproduction). These patterns would not have emerged from traditional ANOVA-based QTL mapping. Our analytical framework can be applied to other systems to investigate fitness trade-offs. This task is becoming increasingly important as climate change may alter fitness landscapes, potentially disrupting fitness trade-offs that took many generations to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208.
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547
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Franks SJ, Weber JJ, Aitken SN. Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations. Evol Appl 2014; 7:123-39. [PMID: 24454552 PMCID: PMC3894902 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As climate change progresses, we are observing widespread changes in phenotypes in many plant populations. Whether these phenotypic changes are directly caused by climate change, and whether they result from phenotypic plasticity or evolution, are active areas of investigation. Here, we review terrestrial plant studies addressing these questions. Plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change are clearly occurring. Of the 38 studies that met our criteria for inclusion, all found plastic or evolutionary responses, with 26 studies showing both. These responses, however, may be insufficient to keep pace with climate change, as indicated by eight of 12 studies that examined this directly. There is also mixed evidence for whether evolutionary responses are adaptive, and whether they are directly caused by contemporary climatic changes. We discuss factors that will likely influence the extent of plastic and evolutionary responses, including patterns of environmental changes, species' life history characteristics including generation time and breeding system, and degree and direction of gene flow. Future studies with standardized methodologies, especially those that use direct approaches assessing responses to climate change over time, and sharing of data through public databases, will facilitate better predictions of the capacity for plant populations to respond to rapid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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548
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DeFaveri J, Merilä J. Local adaptation to salinity in the three-spined stickleback? J Evol Biol 2013; 27:290-302. [PMID: 24330503 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different lines of evidence suggest that the occurrence and extent of local adaptation in high gene flow marine environments - even in mobile and long-lived vertebrates with complex life cycles - may be more widespread than earlier thought. We conducted a common garden experiment to test for local adaptation to salinity in Baltic Sea sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Fish from three different native salinity regimes (high, mid and low) were subjected to three salinity treatments (high, mid and low) in a full-factorial experimental design. Irrespective of their origin, fish subjected to low (and mid) salinity treatments exhibited higher juvenile survival, grew to largest sizes and were in better condition than fish subjected to the high salinity treatment. However, a significant interaction between native and treatment salinities - resulting mainly from the poor performance of fish native to low salinity in the high salinity treatment - provided clear cut evidence for adaptation to local variation in salinity. Additional support for this inference was provided by the fact that the results concur with an earlier demonstration of significant differentiation in a number of genes with osmoregulatory functions across the same populations and that the population-specific responses to salinity treatments exceeded that to be expected by random genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DeFaveri
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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549
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Abstract
It is increasingly important to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation because of its relevance to climate change, crop and animal production, and conservation of genetic resources. Phenotypic patterns that are generated by spatially varying selection have long been observed, and both genetic mapping and field experiments provided initial insights into the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Genomic tools are now allowing genome-wide studies, and recent theoretical advances can help to design research strategies that combine genomics and field experiments to examine the genetics of local adaptation. These advances are also allowing research in non-model species, the adaptation patterns of which may differ from those of traditional model species.
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550
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Genetic mapping of adaptation reveals fitness tradeoffs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:21077-82. [PMID: 24324156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316773110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms inhabiting different environments are often locally adapted, and yet despite a considerable body of theory, the genetic basis of local adaptation is poorly understood. Unanswered questions include the number and effect sizes of adaptive loci, whether locally favored loci reduce fitness elsewhere (i.e., fitness tradeoffs), and whether a lack of genetic variation limits adaptation. To address these questions, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for total fitness in 398 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between locally adapted populations of the highly selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana from Sweden and Italy and grown for 3 consecutive years at the parental sites (>40,000 plants monitored). We show that local adaptation is controlled by relatively few genomic regions of small to modest effect. A third of the 15 fitness QTL we detected showed evidence of tradeoffs, which contrasts with the minimal evidence for fitness tradeoffs found in previous studies. This difference may reflect the power of our multiyear study to distinguish conditionally neutral QTL from those that reflect fitness tradeoffs. In Sweden, but not in Italy, the local genotype underlying fitness QTL was often maladaptive, suggesting that adaptation there is constrained by a lack of adaptive genetic variation, attributable perhaps to genetic bottlenecks during postglacial colonization of Scandinavia or to recent changes in selection regime caused by climate change. Our results suggest that adaptation to markedly different environments can be achieved through changes in relatively few genomic regions, that fitness tradeoffs are common, and that lack of genetic variation can limit adaptation.
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