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Cahill CM, Walwyn W, Taylor AMW, Pradhan AAA, Evans CJ. Allostatic Mechanisms of Opioid Tolerance Beyond Desensitization and Downregulation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:963-976. [PMID: 27670390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of opioid tolerance have focused on adaptive modifications within cells containing opioid receptors, defined here as cellular allostasis, emphasizing regulation of the opioid receptor signalosome. We review additional regulatory and opponent processes involved in behavioral tolerance, and include mechanistic differences both between agonists (agonist bias), and between μ- and δ-opioid receptors. In a process we will refer to as pass-forward allostasis, cells modified directly by opioid drugs impute allostatic changes to downstream circuitry. Because of the broad distribution of opioid systems, every brain cell may be touched by pass-forward allostasis in the opioid-dependent/tolerant state. We will implicate neurons and microglia as interactive contributors to the cumulative allostatic processes creating analgesic and hedonic tolerance to opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, 837 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wendy Walwyn
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amynah A A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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552
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) is one of the 'privileged scaffolds', commonly found in nature. Initially, this class of compounds was known for its neurotoxicity. Later on, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was proved as an endogeneous Parkinsonism-preventing agent in mammals. The fused THIQs have been studied for their role as anticancer antibiotics. The US FDA approval of the trabectedin for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, is a milestone in the anticancer drug discovery. Areas covered: This review covers the patents on various therapeutic activities of the THIQ derivatives in the years between 2010 and 2015. Patents were collected using a thorough search of Espacenet and WIPO databases. The therapeutic areas covered include cancer, malaria, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, and so on. This also includes several patents on specific THIQs of clinical importance. Expert opinion: A large number of the THIQ derivatives have been synthesised for various therapeutic activities, with noticeable success in the area of drug discovery for cancer and CNS. They may also prove to be promising candidates for various infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV-infection, HSV-infection, leishmaniasis, etc. They can also be developed as novel class of drugs for various therapeutic activities with unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Pal Singh
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
| | - Purvi Shah
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
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553
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Wei YC, Zhang B, Li X, Liu XM, Zhang J, Lei B, Li B, Zhai R, Chen Q, Li Y. Upregulation and activation of δ‑opioid receptors promotes the progression of human breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2579-2586. [PMID: 27665747 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
δ‑opioid receptor (DOR) belongs to the family of G protein‑coupled receptors (GPCRs). Numerous studies have shown that DOR is widely distributed in human peripheral tissues and is closely related to the development and progression of certain malignant tumours. However, there is controversy in the literature regarding whether DOR has an impact on the development and progression of human breast cancer. The present study comprehensively elaborates on the biological functions of DOR by determining the distribution of DOR expression in breast cancer tissues and cells and by further verifying the effects of DOR on breast cancer progression. DOR was found to be highly expressed in human breast cancer tissues and cells. In addition, the high expression level of DOR positively correlated with tumour grade and clinical stage and negatively correlated with breast cancer metastasis and prognosis. Upregulating and activating DOR promoted the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in a concentration‑dependent manner within a specific concentration range, whereas downregulating or inhibiting DOR activation significantly suppressed cell proliferation. The majority of tumour cells were arrested in G1 phase, and some cells exhibited apoptosis. DOR upregulation and activation induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation, resulting in increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal‑regulated kinases (ERKs). After inhibition of the PKC/ERK signalling pathway, the effects of DOR on breast cancer were significantly attenuated in vivo and in vitro. In summary, DOR is highly expressed in breast cancer and is closely related to its progression. These results suggest that DOR may serve as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of breast cancer and may be a viable molecular target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chao Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Meng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250017, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Biao Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Run Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
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554
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Shenoy PA, Kuo A, Vetter I, Smith MT. The Walker 256 Breast Cancer Cell- Induced Bone Pain Model in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:286. [PMID: 27630567 PMCID: PMC5005431 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with terminal breast cancer show signs of bone metastasis, the most common cause of pain in cancer. Clinically available drug treatment options for the relief of cancer-associated bone pain are limited due to either inadequate pain relief and/or dose-limiting side-effects. One of the major hurdles in understanding the mechanism by which breast cancer causes pain after metastasis to the bones is the lack of suitable preclinical models. Until the late twentieth century, all animal models of cancer induced bone pain involved systemic injection of cancer cells into animals, which caused severe deterioration of animal health due to widespread metastasis. In this mini-review we have discussed details of a recently developed and highly efficient preclinical model of breast cancer induced bone pain: Walker 256 cancer cell- induced bone pain in rats. The model involves direct localized injection of cancer cells into a single tibia in rats, which avoids widespread metastasis of cancer cells and hence animals maintain good health throughout the experimental period. This model closely mimics the human pathophysiology of breast cancer induced bone pain and has great potential to aid in the process of drug discovery for treating this intractable pain condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank A Shenoy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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555
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Baba H, Petrenko AB, Fujiwara N. Clinically relevant concentration of pregabalin has no acute inhibitory effect on excitation of dorsal horn neurons under normal or neuropathic pain conditions: An intracellular calcium-imaging study in spinal cord slices from adult rats. Brain Res 2016; 1648:445-458. [PMID: 27543338 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pregabalin is thought to exert its therapeutic effect in neuropathic pain via binding to α2δ-1 subunits of voltage-gated calcium (Ca(2+)) channels. However, the exact analgesic mechanism after its binding to α2δ-1 subunits remains largely unknown. Whether a clinical concentration of pregabalin (≈10μM) can cause acute inhibition of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord is controversial. To address this issue, we undertook intracellular Ca(2+)-imaging studies using spinal cord slices with an intact attached L5 dorsal root, and examined if pregabalin acutely inhibits the primary afferent stimulation-evoked excitation of dorsal horn neurons in normal rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced painful diabetic neuropathy. Under normal conditions, stimulation of a dorsal root evoked Ca(2+) signals predominantly in the superficial dorsal horn. Clinically relevant (10μM) and a very high concentration of pregabalin (100μM) did not affect the intensity or spread of dorsal root stimulation-evoked Ca(2+) signals, whereas an extremely high dose of pregabalin (300μM) slightly but significantly attenuated Ca(2+) signals in normal rats and in diabetic neuropathic (DN) rats. There was no difference between normal rats and DN rats with regard to the extent of signal attenuation at all concentrations tested. These results suggest that the activity of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord is not inhibited acutely by clinical doses of pregabalin under normal or DN conditions. It is very unlikely that an acute inhibitory action in the dorsal horn is the main analgesic mechanism of pregabalin in neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Andrey B Petrenko
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2-746 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8518, Japan
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556
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Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:760-773. [PMID: 27475769 PMCID: PMC6135092 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1846] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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557
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Ventilation and the Response to Hypercapnia after Morphine in Opioid-naive and Opioid-tolerant Rats. Anesthesiology 2016; 124:945-57. [PMID: 26734964 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid-related deaths are a leading cause of accidental death, with most occurring in patients receiving chronic pain therapy. Respiratory arrest is the usual cause of death, but mechanisms increasing that risk with increased length of treatment remain unclear. Repeated administration produces tolerance to opioid analgesia, prompting increased dosing, but depression of ventilation may not gain tolerance to the same degree. This study addresses differences in the degree to which chronic morphine (1) produces tolerance to ventilatory depression versus analgesia and (2) alters the magnitude and time course of ventilatory depression. METHODS Juvenile rats received subcutaneous morphine for 3 days (n = 116) or vehicle control (n = 119) and were then tested on day 4 following one of a range of morphine doses for (a) analgesia by paw withdraw from heat or (b) respiratory parameters by plethysmography-respirometry. RESULTS Rats receiving chronic morphine showed significant tolerance to morphine sedation and analgesia (five times increased ED50). When sedation was achieved for all animals in a dose group (lowest effective doses: opioid-tolerant, 15 mg/kg; opioid-naive, 3 mg/kg), the opioid-tolerant showed similar magnitudes of depressed ventilation (-41.4 ± 7.0%, mean ± SD) and hypercapnic response (-80.9 ± 15.7%) as found for morphine-naive (-35.5 ± 16.9% and -67.7 ± 15.1%, respectively). Ventilation recovered due to tidal volume without recovery of respiratory rate or hypercapnic sensitivity and more slowly in morphine-tolerant. CONCLUSIONS In rats, gaining tolerance to morphine analgesia does not reduce ventilatory depression effects when sedated and may inhibit recovery of ventilation.
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558
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Gozani SN. Fixed-site high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic low back and lower extremity pain. J Pain Res 2016; 9:469-79. [PMID: 27418854 PMCID: PMC4935001 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine if fixed-site high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (FS-TENS) is effective in treating chronic low back and lower extremity pain. Background Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is widely used for treatment of chronic pain. General-purpose transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation devices are designed for stimulation anywhere on the body and often cannot be used while the user is active or sleeping. FS-TENS devices are designed for placement at a pre-determined location, which enables development of a wearable device for use over extended time periods. Methods Study participants with chronic low back and/or lower extremity pain self-administered an FS-TENS device for 60 days. Baseline, 30-, and 60-day follow-up data were obtained through an online questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was the patient global impression of change. Pain intensity and interference were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory. Changes in use of concomitant pain medications were evaluated with a single-item global self-rating. Results One hundred and thirty participants were enrolled, with 88 completing the 60-day follow-up questionnaire. Most participants (73.9%) were 50 years of age or older. At baseline, low back pain was identified by 85.3%, lower extremity pain by 71.6%, and upper extremity pain by 62.5%. Participants reported widespread pain, at baseline, with a mean of 3.4 (standard deviation 1.1) pain sites. At the 60-day follow-up, 80.7% of participants reported that their chronic pain had improved and they were classified as responders. Baseline characteristics did not differentiate non-responders from responders. There were numerical trends toward reduced pain interference with walking ability and sleep, and greater pain relief in responders. There was a large difference in use of concomitant pain medications, with 80.3% of responders reporting a reduction compared to 11.8% of non-responders. Conclusion FS-TENS is a safe and effective option for treating chronic low back and lower extremity pain. These results motivate the use of FS-TENS in development of wearable analgesic devices.
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559
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Albert-Vartanian A, Boyd MR, Hall AL, Morgado SJ, Nguyen E, Nguyen VPH, Patel SP, Russo LJ, Shao AJ, Raffa RB. Will peripherally restricted kappa-opioid receptor agonists (pKORAs) relieve pain with less opioid adverse effects and abuse potential? J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:371-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. R. Boyd
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - A. L. Hall
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - S. J. Morgado
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - E. Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - S. P. Patel
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - L. J. Russo
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - A. J. Shao
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - R. B. Raffa
- School of Pharmacy; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
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560
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Patton MH, Roberts BM, Lovinger DM, Mathur BN. Ethanol Disinhibits Dorsolateral Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons Through Activation of A Presynaptic Delta Opioid Receptor. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1831-40. [PMID: 26758662 PMCID: PMC4869052 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum mediates habit formation, which is expedited by exposure to alcohol. Across species, alcohol exposure disinhibits the DLS by dampening GABAergic transmission onto this structure's principal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs), providing a potential mechanistic basis for habitual alcohol drinking. However, the molecular and circuit components underlying this disinhibition remain unknown. To examine this, we used a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and optogenetics to demonstrate that ethanol potently depresses both MSN- and fast-spiking interneuron (FSI)-MSN GABAergic synaptic transmission in the DLS. Concentrating on the powerfully inhibitory FSI-MSN synapse, we further show that acute exposure of ethanol (50 mM) to striatal slices activates delta opioid receptors that reside on FSI axon terminals and negatively couple to adenylyl cyclase to induce a long-term depression of GABA release onto both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. These findings elucidate a mechanism through which ethanol may globally disinhibit the DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Patton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bradley M Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB RM 4011, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel: +410 706 8239, Fax: +410 706 8341, E-mail:
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561
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Abstract
Personal social network size exhibits considerable variation in the human population and is associated with both physical and mental health status. Much of this inter-individual variation in human sociality remains unexplained from a biological perspective. According to the brain opioid theory of social attachment, binding of the neuropeptide β-endorphin to μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key neurochemical mechanism involved in social bonding, particularly amongst primates. We hypothesise that a positive association exists between activity of the μ-opioid system and the number of social relationships that an individual maintains. Given the powerful analgesic properties of β-endorphin, we tested this hypothesis using pain tolerance as an assay for activation of the endogenous μ-opioid system. We show that a simple measure of pain tolerance correlates with social network size in humans. Our results are in line with previous studies suggesting that μ-opioid receptor signalling has been elaborated beyond its basic function of pain modulation to play an important role in managing our social encounters. The neuroplasticity of the μ-opioid system is of future research interest, especially with respect to psychiatric disorders associated with symptoms of social withdrawal and anhedonia, both of which are strongly modulated by endogenous opioids.
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562
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Kubica J, Kubica A, Jilma B, Adamski P, Hobl EL, Navarese EP, Siller-Matula JM, Dąbrowska A, Fabiszak T, Koziński M, Gurbel PA. Impact of morphine on antiplatelet effects of oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:201-8. [PMID: 27128531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kubica
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aldona Kubica
- Department of Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Piotr Adamski
- Department of Principles of Clinical Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Eva-Luise Hobl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliano Pio Navarese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Anita Dąbrowska
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Science and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Fabiszak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Koziński
- Department of Principles of Clinical Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paul Alfred Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
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563
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564
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Toll L, Bruchas MR, Calo' G, Cox BM, Zaveri NT. Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptor Structure, Signaling, Ligands, Functions, and Interactions with Opioid Systems. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:419-57. [PMID: 26956246 PMCID: PMC4813427 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand, N/OFQ, make up the fourth members of the opioid receptor and opioid peptide family. Because of its more recent discovery, an understanding of the cellular and behavioral actions induced by NOP receptor activation are less well developed than for the other members of the opioid receptor family. All of these factors are important because NOP receptor activation has a clear modulatory role on mu opioid receptor-mediated actions and thereby affects opioid analgesia, tolerance development, and reward. In addition to opioid modulatory actions, NOP receptor activation has important effects on motor function and other physiologic processes. This review discusses how NOP pharmacology intersects, contrasts, and interacts with the mu opioid receptor in terms of tertiary structure and mechanism of receptor activation; location of receptors in the central nervous system; mechanisms of desensitization and downregulation; cellular actions; intracellular signal transduction pathways; and behavioral actions with respect to analgesia, tolerance, dependence, and reward. This is followed by a discussion of the agonists and antagonists that have most contributed to our current knowledge. Because NOP receptors are highly expressed in brain and spinal cord and NOP receptor activation sometimes synergizes with mu receptor-mediated actions and sometimes opposes them, an understanding of NOP receptor pharmacology in the context of these interactions with the opioid receptors will be crucial to the development of novel therapeutics that engage the NOP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Brian M Cox
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Nurulain T Zaveri
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
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565
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Szűcs E, Büki A, Kékesi G, Horváth G, Benyhe S. Mu-Opioid (MOP) receptor mediated G-protein signaling is impaired in specific brain regions in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:29-33. [PMID: 26946106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder. Clinical reports suggest that many patients with schizophrenia are less sensitive to pain than other individuals. Animal models do not interpret schizophrenia completely, but they can model a number of symptoms of the disease, including decreased pain sensitivities and increased pain thresholds of various modalities. Opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides have a substantial role in analgesia. In this biochemical study we investigated changes in the signaling properties of the mu-opioid (MOP) receptor in different brain regions, which are involved in the pain transmission, i.e., thalamus, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Our goal was to compare the transmembrane signaling mediated by MOP receptors in control rats and in a recently developed rat model of schizophrenia. Regulatory G-protein activation via MOP receptors were measured in [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays in the presence of a highly selective MOP receptor peptide agonist, DAMGO. It was found that the MOP receptor mediated activation of G-proteins was substantially lower in membranes prepared from the 'schizophrenic' model rats than in control animals. The potency of DAMGO to activate MOP receptor was also decreased in all brain regions studied. Taken together in our rat model of schizophrenia, MOP receptor mediated G-proteins have a reduced stimulatory activity compared to membrane preparations taken from control animals. The observed distinct changes of opioid receptor functions in different areas of the brain do not explain the augmented nociceptive threshold described in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kékesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary.
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566
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Lee CWS, Muo CH, Liang JA, Lin MC, Kao CH. Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Morphine Treatment in Female Breast Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Population-Based Time-Dependent Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3102. [PMID: 26986153 PMCID: PMC4839934 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between morphine treatment and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in female patients with breast cancer. We identified a malignancy cohort of 73,917 female breast cancer patients without an AF history before the date of breast cancer diagnosis between 2000 and 2010 by using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for Catastrophic Illness Patients in Taiwan. This malignancy cohort was divided into morphine and comparison cohorts comprising 18,671 and 55,246 patients, respectively, and the incidences of newly diagnosed AF were calculated. We used the Cox proportional hazard model with time-dependent exposure covariates to estimate the risk of AF. The effect of morphine was assessed through multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression controlling for age, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, and the use of bisphosphonates and paclitaxel. Compared with nonmorphine users, patients who received morphine exhibited a 4.37-fold (95% CI = 3.56-5.36) increase in the risk of developing AF. The risk of AF increased as the CCI score increased, but decreased in patients with tamoxifen treatment. This risk is especially significant in current morphine users of all ages and with low CCI score. AF risk increased as the duration of morphine use lengthened (P for trend <0.0001). The incidence of AF in female breast cancer patients in Taiwan is associated with morphine, but prevented by tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
- From the Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction (CW-SL), China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University; Management Office for Health Data (C-HM), China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science (J-AL, C-HK), College of Medicine, China Medical University; Department of Radiation Oncology (J-AL), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M-CL), I-Shou University, Kaohsiung; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center (C-HK), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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567
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Huroy S, Kanawaty A, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, George SR, van der Kooy D, Henderson JT. EphB2 reverse signaling regulates learned opiate tolerance via hippocampal function. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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568
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Brust A, Croker DE, Colless B, Ragnarsson L, Andersson Å, Jain K, Garcia-Caraballo S, Castro J, Brierley SM, Alewood PF, Lewis RJ. Conopeptide-Derived κ-Opioid Agonists (Conorphins): Potent, Selective, and Metabolic Stable Dynorphin A Mimetics with Antinociceptive Properties. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2381-95. [PMID: 26859603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptor screening of a conopeptide library led to a novel selective κ-opioid agonist peptide (conorphin T). Intensive medicinal chemistry, guided by potency, selectivity, and stability assays generated a pharmacophore model supporting rational design of highly potent and selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists (conorphins) with exceptional plasma stability. Conorphins are defined by a hydrophobic benzoprolyl moiety, a double arginine sequence, a spacer amino acid followed by a hydrophobic residue and a C-terminal vicinal disulfide moiety. The pharmacophore model was supported by computational docking studies, revealing receptor-ligand interactions similar to KOR agonist dynorphin A (1-8). A conorphin agonist inhibited colonic nociceptors in a mouse tissue model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity, suggesting the potential of KOR agonists for the treatment of chronic abdominal pain. This new conorphine KOR agonist class and pharmacophore model provide opportunities for future rational drug development and probes for exploring the role of the κ-opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brust
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel E Croker
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Barbara Colless
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Kapil Jain
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI , Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI , Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI , Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Xenome Limited , Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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569
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Halls ML, Yeatman HR, Nowell CJ, Thompson GL, Gondin AB, Civciristov S, Bunnett NW, Lambert NA, Poole DP, Canals M. Plasma membrane localization of the μ-opioid receptor controls spatiotemporal signaling. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra16. [PMID: 26861044 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac9177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Differential regulation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), a G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor, contributes to the clinically limiting effects of opioid analgesics, such as morphine. We used biophysical approaches to quantify spatiotemporal MOR signaling in response to different ligands. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressing MOR, morphine caused a Gβγ-dependent increase in plasma membrane-localized protein kinase C (PKC) activity, which resulted in a restricted distribution of MOR within the plasma membrane and induced sustained cytosolic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In contrast, the synthetic opioid peptide DAMGO ([d-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin) enabled receptor redistribution within the plasma membrane, resulting in transient increases in cytosolic and nuclear ERK activity, and, subsequently, receptor internalization. When Gβγ subunits or PKCα activity was inhibited or when the carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation sites of MOR were mutated, morphine-activated MOR was released from its restricted plasma membrane localization and stimulated a transient increase in cytosolic and nuclear ERK activity in the absence of receptor internalization. Thus, these data suggest that the ligand-induced redistribution of MOR within the plasma membrane, and not its internalization, controls its spatiotemporal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Holly R Yeatman
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Georgina L Thompson
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arisbel Batista Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Srgjan Civciristov
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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570
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Treatment with a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM-2) inhibits neuropathic pain and enhances opioid effectiveness in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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571
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Morphine Inhibited the Rat Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Rate by Increasing Neuro Steroid Genesis. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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572
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Maubert ME, Pirrone V, Rivera NT, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Interaction between Tat and Drugs of Abuse during HIV-1 Infection and Central Nervous System Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1512. [PMID: 26793168 PMCID: PMC4707230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In many individuals, drug abuse is intimately linked with HIV-1 infection. In addition to being associated with one-third of all HIV-1 infections in the United States, drug abuse also plays a role in disease progression and severity in HIV-1-infected patients, including adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Specific systems within the brain are known to be damaged in HIV-1-infected individuals and this damage is similar to that observed in drug abuse. Even in the era of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), CNS pathogenesis occurs with HIV-1 infection, with a broad range of cognitive impairment observed, collectively referred to as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). A number of HIV-1 proteins (Tat, gp120, Nef, Vpr) have been implicated in the etiology of pathogenesis and disease as a result of the biologic activity of the extracellular form of each of the proteins in a number of tissues, including the CNS, even in ART-suppressed patients. In this review, we have made Tat the center of attention for a number of reasons. First, it has been shown to be synthesized and secreted by HIV-1-infected cells in the CNS, despite the most effective suppression therapies available to date. Second, Tat has been shown to alter the functions of several host factors, disrupting the molecular and biochemical balance of numerous pathways contributing to cellular toxicity, dysfunction, and death. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of ART suppression with regard to controlling the genesis and progression of neurocognitive impairment are currently under debate in the field and are yet to be fully determined. In this review, we discuss the individual and concerted contributions of HIV-1 Tat, drug abuse, and ART with respect to damage in the CNS, and how these factors contribute to the development of HAND in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Maubert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nina T Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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573
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Linares OA, Tod M, Daly AL, Boston RC. Response: Is It Truly the Answer? Personalized Oxycodone Dosing Based on Pharmacogenetic Testing and Corresponding Pharmacokinetics. PAIN MEDICINE 2016; 17:616-619. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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574
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Hughes
- Assistant professor in Physiology, University of Nottingham
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575
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Chartoff EH, Mavrikaki M. Sex Differences in Kappa Opioid Receptor Function and Their Potential Impact on Addiction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:466. [PMID: 26733781 PMCID: PMC4679873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral, biological, and social sequelae that lead to drug addiction differ between men and women. Our efforts to understand addiction on a mechanistic level must include studies in both males and females. Stress, anxiety, and depression are tightly linked to addiction, and whether they precede or result from compulsive drug use depends on many factors, including biological sex. The neuropeptide dynorphin (DYN), an endogenous ligand at kappa opioid receptors (KORs), is necessary for stress-induced aversive states and is upregulated in the brain after chronic exposure to drugs of abuse. KOR agonists produce signs of anxiety, fear, and depression in laboratory animals and humans, findings that have led to the hypothesis that drug withdrawal-induced DYN release is instrumental in negative reinforcement processes that drive addiction. However, these studies were almost exclusively conducted in males. Only recently is evidence available that there are sex differences in the effects of KOR activation on affective state. This review focuses on sex differences in DYN and KOR systems and how these might contribute to sex differences in addictive behavior. Much of what is known about how biological sex influences KOR systems is from research on pain systems. The basic molecular and genetic mechanisms that have been discovered to underlie sex differences in KOR function in pain systems may apply to sex differences in KOR function in reward systems. Our goals are to discuss the current state of knowledge on how biological sex contributes to KOR function in the context of pain, mood, and addiction and to explore potential mechanisms for sex differences in KOR function. We will highlight evidence that the function of DYN-KOR systems is influenced in a sex-dependent manner by: polymorphisms in the prodynorphin (pDYN) gene, genetic linkage with the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), heterodimerization of KORs and mu opioid receptors (MORs), and gonadal hormones. Finally, we identify several gaps in our understanding of “if” and “how” DYN and KORs modulate addictive behavior in a sex-dependent manner. Future work may address these gaps by building on the mechanistic studies outlined in this review. Ultimately this will enable the development of novel and effective addiction treatments tailored to either males or females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Maria Mavrikaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA
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576
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Repeated Mu-Opioid Exposure Induces a Novel Form of the Hyperalgesic Priming Model for Transition to Chronic Pain. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12502-17. [PMID: 26354917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary afferent nociceptor was used as a model system to study mechanisms of pain induced by chronic opioid administration. Repeated intradermal injection of the selective mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO induced mechanical hyperalgesia and marked prolongation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, a key feature of hyperalgesic priming. However, in contrast to prior studies of priming induced by receptor-mediated (i.e., TNFα, NGF, or IL-6 receptor) or direct activation of protein kinase Cε (PKCε), the pronociceptive effects of PGE2 in DAMGO-treated rats demonstrated the following: (1) rapid induction (4 h compared with 3 d); (2) protein kinase A (PKA), rather than PKCε, dependence; (3) prolongation of hyperalgesia induced by an activator of PKA, 8-bromo cAMP; (4) failure to be reversed by a protein translation inhibitor; (5) priming in females as well as in males; and (6) lack of dependence on the isolectin B4-positive nociceptor. These studies demonstrate a novel form of hyperalgesic priming induced by repeated administration of an agonist at the Gi-protein-coupled MOR to the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor. Significance statement: The current study demonstrates the molecular mechanisms involved in the sensitization of nociceptors produced by repeated activation of mu-opioid receptors and contributes to our understanding of the painful condition observed in patients submitted to chronic use of opioids.
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577
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Thomas SA. Neuromodulatory signaling in hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2015; 25:415-31. [PMID: 25475876 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made toward understanding the molecular signaling events that underlie memory acquisition and consolidation. In contrast, less is known about memory retrieval, despite its necessity for utilizing learned information. This review focuses on neuromodulatory and intracellular signaling events that underlie memory retrieval mediated by the hippocampus, for which the most information is currently available. Among neuromodulators, adrenergic signaling is required for the retrieval of various types of hippocampus-dependent memory. Although they contribute to acquisition and/or consolidation, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling are generally not required for retrieval. Interestingly, while not required for retrieval, serotonergic and opioid signaling may actually constrain memory retrieval. Roles for histamine and non-opioid neuropeptides are currently unclear but possible. A critical effector of adrenergic signaling in retrieval is reduction of the slow afterhyperpolarization mediated by β1 receptors, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, Epac, and possibly ERK. In contrast, stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval by decreasing cyclic AMP, mediated in part by the activation of β2 -adrenergic receptors. Clinically, alterations in neuromodulatory signaling and in memory retrieval occur in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent evidence has begun to link changes in neuromodulatory signaling with effects on memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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578
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Dynamic Regulation of Delta-Opioid Receptor in Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons by Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Pulpitis. J Endod 2015; 41:2014-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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579
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mahbuba
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, (Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - D G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, (Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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580
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Xu P, Zhang P, Sun Z, Wang Y, Chen J, Miao C. Surgical trauma induces postoperative T-cell dysfunction in lung cancer patients through the programmed death-1 pathway. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1383-92. [PMID: 26183035 PMCID: PMC11028497 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway have been shown to be involved in tumor-induced and sepsis-induced immunosuppression. However, whether this pathway is involved in the surgery-induced dysfunction of T lymphocytes is not known. Here, we analyzed expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on human peripheral mononuclear cells during the perioperative period. We found that surgery increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression on immune cells, which was correlated with the severity of surgical trauma. The count of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells reduced after surgery, probably due to the increased activity of caspase-3. Caspase-3 level was positively correlated with PD-1 expression. Profile of perioperative cytokines and hormones in plasma showed a significantly increased level of interferon-α, as well as various inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones. In ex vivo experiments, administration of anti-PD-1 antibody significantly ameliorated T-cell proliferation and partially reversed the T-cell apoptosis induced by surgical trauma. We provide evidences that surgical trauma can induce immunosuppression through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. This pathway could be a target for preventing postoperative cellular immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingbo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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581
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Tian H, Xu Y, Liu F, Wang G, Hu S. Effect of acute fentanyl treatment on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:251. [PMID: 26578961 PMCID: PMC4626754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), mainly characterized by short-term decline of learning and memory, occurs after operations under anesthesia. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are highly expressed in interneurons of hippocampus, and is believed to be critical for the dysfunction of synaptic plasticity between hippocampal neurons. Therefore, we investigated the effect of fentanyl, a strong agonist of MOR and often used for anesthesia and analgesia in clinical settings, on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the Schaffer-collateral CA1 pathway during acute exposure and washout in vitro. Our results revealed that acute fentanyl exposure (0.01, 0.1, 1 μM) dose-dependently increased the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), which was prevented by pre-administration of picrotoxin (50 μM) or MOR antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH2 (CTOP, 10 μM). While fentanyl exposure-increased fEPSPs amplitude was prevented by picrotoxin [an inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR)] treatment or fentanyl washout, pretreatment of picrotoxin failed to prevent the fentanyl-impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength as well as the fentanyl-enhanced long-term depression (LTD). These results demonstrated that fentanyl acute exposure and washout increases hippocampal excitability in the Schaffer-collateral CA1 pathway, depending on disinhibiting interneurons after MOR activation. In addition, fentanyl acute exposure and washout modulated synaptic plasticity, but the inhibitory activation was not critical. Elucidating the detailed mechanisms for synaptic dysfunction after fentanyl exposure and washout may provide insights into POCD generation after fentanyl anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Tian
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, No. 324 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chongqing, China
| | - Yueming Xu
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, No. 324 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chongqing, China
| | - Fucun Liu
- Clinic of Pharmacology, No. 324 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chongqing, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Medical Affairs, No. 324 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chongqing, China
| | - Sanjue Hu
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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582
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Berecki G, Motin L, Adams DJ. Voltage-Gated R-Type Calcium Channel Inhibition via Human μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid Receptors Is Voltage-Independently Mediated by Gβγ Protein Subunits. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:187-96. [PMID: 26490245 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that modulate calcium channels via opioid receptor activation is fundamental to our understanding of both pain perception and how opioids modulate pain. Neuronal voltage-gated N-type calcium channels (Cav2.2) are inhibited by activation of G protein-coupled opioid receptors (ORs). However, inhibition of R-type (Cav2.3) channels by μ- or κ-ORs is poorly defined and has not been reported for δ-ORs. To investigate such interactions, we coexpressed human μ-, δ-, or κ-ORs with human Cav2.3 or Cav2.2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and measured depolarization-activated Ba(2+) currents (IBa). Selective agonists of μ-, δ-, and κ-ORs inhibited IBa through Cav2.3 channels by 35%. Cav2.2 channels were inhibited to a similar extent by κ-ORs, but more potently (60%) via μ- and δ-ORs. Antagonists of δ- and κ-ORs potentiated IBa amplitude mediated by Cav2.3 and Cav2.2 channels. Consistent with G protein βγ (Gβγ) interaction, modulation of Cav2.2 was primarily voltage-dependent and transiently relieved by depolarizing prepulses. In contrast, Cav2.3 modulation was voltage-independent and unaffected by depolarizing prepulses. However, Cav2.3 inhibition was sensitive to pertussis toxin and to intracellular application of guanosine 5'-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt and guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate tetralithium salt. Coexpression of Gβγ-specific scavengers-namely, the carboxyl terminus of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 or membrane-targeted myristoylated-phosducin-attenuated or abolished Cav2.3 modulation. Our study reveals the diversity of OR-mediated signaling at Cav2 channels and identifies neuronal Cav2.3 channels as potential targets for opioid analgesics. Their novel modulation is dependent on pre-existing OR activity and mediated by membrane-delimited Gβγ subunits in a voltage-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza Berecki
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonid Motin
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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583
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Treatment of Cancer Pain by Targeting Cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:984570. [PMID: 26538839 PMCID: PMC4619962 DOI: 10.1155/2015/984570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the most important causes of the majority of cancer symptoms, including pain, fatigue, cachexia, and anorexia. Cancer pain affects 17 million people worldwide and can be caused by different mediators which act in primary efferent neurons directly or indirectly. Cytokines can be aberrantly produced by cancer and immune system cells and are of particular relevance in pain. Currently, there are very few strategies to control the release of cytokines that seems to be related to cancer pain. Nevertheless, in some cases, targeted drugs are available and in use for other diseases. In this paper, we aim to review the importance of cytokines in cancer pain and targeted strategies that can have an impact on controlling this symptom.
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584
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Ibeas Bih C, Chen T, Nunn AVW, Bazelot M, Dallas M, Whalley BJ. Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:699-730. [PMID: 26264914 PMCID: PMC4604182 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has a long history of anecdotal medicinal use and limited licensed medicinal use. Until recently, alleged clinical effects from anecdotal reports and the use of licensed cannabinoid medicines are most likely mediated by tetrahydrocannabinol by virtue of: 1) this cannabinoid being present in the most significant quantities in these preparations; and b) the proportion:potency relationship between tetrahydrocannabinol and other plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis. However, there has recently been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential for the plant cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), in neurological disorders but the current evidence suggests that CBD does not directly interact with the endocannabinoid system except in vitro at supraphysiological concentrations. Thus, as further evidence for CBD's beneficial effects in neurological disease emerges, there remains an urgent need to establish the molecular targets through which it exerts its therapeutic effects. Here, we conducted a systematic search of the extant literature for original articles describing the molecular pharmacology of CBD. We critically appraised the results for the validity of the molecular targets proposed. Thereafter, we considered whether the molecular targets of CBD identified hold therapeutic potential in relevant neurological diseases. The molecular targets identified include numerous classical ion channels, receptors, transporters, and enzymes. Some CBD effects at these targets in in vitro assays only manifest at high concentrations, which may be difficult to achieve in vivo, particularly given CBD's relatively poor bioavailability. Moreover, several targets were asserted through experimental designs that demonstrate only correlation with a given target rather than a causal proof. When the molecular targets of CBD that were physiologically plausible were considered for their potential for exploitation in neurological therapeutics, the results were variable. In some cases, the targets identified had little or no established link to the diseases considered. In others, molecular targets of CBD were entirely consistent with those already actively exploited in relevant, clinically used, neurological treatments. Finally, CBD was found to act upon a number of targets that are linked to neurological therapeutics but that its actions were not consistent withmodulation of such targets that would derive a therapeutically beneficial outcome. Overall, we find that while >65 discrete molecular targets have been reported in the literature for CBD, a relatively limited number represent plausible targets for the drug's action in neurological disorders when judged by the criteria we set. We conclude that CBD is very unlikely to exert effects in neurological diseases through modulation of the endocannabinoid system. Moreover, a number of other molecular targets of CBD reported in the literature are unlikely to be of relevance owing to effects only being observed at supraphysiological concentrations. Of interest and after excluding unlikely and implausible targets, the remaining molecular targets of CBD with plausible evidence for involvement in therapeutic effects in neurological disorders (e.g., voltage-dependent anion channel 1, G protein-coupled receptor 55, CaV3.x, etc.) are associated with either the regulation of, or responses to changes in, intracellular calcium levels. While no causal proof yet exists for CBD's effects at these targets, they represent the most probable for such investigations and should be prioritized in further studies of CBD's therapeutic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementino Ibeas Bih
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | | | - Michaël Bazelot
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- GW Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Sovereign House, Vision Park, Chivers Way, Histon, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, UK
| | - Mark Dallas
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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585
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Damez-Werno DM, Kenny PJ. Using opioid receptors to expand the chemogenetic and optogenetic toolbox. Neuron 2015; 86:853-855. [PMID: 25996128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, innovative new modifications to opioid receptors are used to expand the tools available to modulate neuronal activity. Vardy et al. (2015) describe a new "DREADD" chemogenetic tool based on the inhibitory κ opioid receptor (KORD) that can be used in conjunction with already-available DREADDs. Siuda et al. (2015) report the development of "opto-MOR," a light-activatable μ opioid receptor (MOR) chimera that can be used to better understand the complexities of MOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Damez-Werno
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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586
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Frankowski KJ, Slauson SR, Lovell KM, Phillips AM, Streicher JM, Zhou L, Whipple DA, Schoenen FJ, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM, Aubé J. Potency enhancement of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist probe ML140 through sulfonamide constraint utilizing a tetrahydroisoquinoline motif. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3948-56. [PMID: 25593096 PMCID: PMC4468036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the sulfonamide-based kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist probe molecule ML140 through constraint of the sulfonamide nitrogen within a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety afforded a marked increase in potency. This strategy, when combined with additional structure-activity relationship exploration, has led to a compound only six-fold less potent than norBNI, a widely utilized KOR antagonist tool compound, but significantly more synthetically accessible. The new optimized probe is suitably potent for use as an in vivo tool to investigate the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Frankowski
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Stephen R Slauson
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Angela M Phillips
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John M Streicher
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David A Whipple
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA.
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587
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Eftekhar-Vaghefi S, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Elyasi L, Abbasnejad M. Involvement of Mu Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Protective Effect of Opioid against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells Apoptosis. Basic Clin Neurosci 2015; 6:171-8. [PMID: 26904174 PMCID: PMC4656990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuroprotective role of opioid morphine against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death has been demonstrated. However, the exact mechanism(s) underlying such neuroprotection, especially the role of subtype receptors, has not yet been fully clarified. METHODS Here, we investigated the effects of different opioid agonists on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Cell damage was induced by 150 μM 6-OHDA and the cells viability was examined by MTT assay. Intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed by fluorescence spectrophotometry method. Immunoblot technique was used to evaluate cytochrome-c and activated caspase-3 as biochemical markers of apoptosis induction. RESULTS The data showed that 6-OHDA caused significant cell damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium levels as well as activated caspase-3 and cytochrome-c release. Incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with μ-opioid agonists, morphine and DAMGO, but not with δ-opioid agonist, DADLE, elicited protective effect and reduced biochemical markers of cell damage and death. DISCUSSION The results suggest that μ-opioid receptors signaling participate in the opioid neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Eftekhar-Vaghefi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani, PhD, Address: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Tel.: +98 (34) 33222032 E-mail:,
| | - Leila Elyasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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588
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Pradhan AA, Tawfik VL, Tipton AF, Scherrer G. In vivo techniques to investigate the internalization profile of opioid receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1230:87-104. [PMID: 25293318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1708-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate a remarkable diversity of biological functions, and are thus often targeted for drug therapies. Receptor internalization is commonly observed following agonist binding and activation. Receptor trafficking events have been well characterized in cell systems, but the in vivo significance of GPCR internalization is still poorly understood. To address this issue, we have developed an innovative knock-in mouse model, where an opioid receptor is directly visible in vivo. These knockin mice express functional fluorescent delta opioid receptors (DOR-eGFP) in place of the endogenous receptor, and these receptors are expressed at physiological levels within their native environment. DOR-eGFP mice have proven to be an extraordinary tool in studying receptor neuroanatomy, real-time receptor trafficking in live neurons, and in vivo receptor internalization. We have used this animal model to determine the relationship between receptor trafficking in neurons and receptor function at a behavioral level. Here, we describe in detail the construction and characterization of this knockin mouse. We also outline how to use these mice to examine the behavioral consequences of agonist-specific trafficking at the delta opioid receptor. These techniques are potentially applicable to any GPCR, and highlight the powerful nature of this imaging tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA,
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589
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Kim YJ, Byun JH, Choi IS. Effect of Exercise on µ-Opioid Receptor Expression in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla in Neuropathic Pain Rat Model. Ann Rehabil Med 2015; 39:331-9. [PMID: 26161338 PMCID: PMC4496503 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on neuropathic pain and verify whether regular treadmill exercise alters opioid receptor expression in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) in a neuropathic pain rat model. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. All rats were divided into 3 groups, i.e., group A, sham group (n=10); group B, chronic constriction injury (CCI) group (n=11); and group C, CCI+exercise group (n=11). Regular treadmill exercise was performed for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks at the speed of 8 m/min for 5 minutes, 11 m/min for 5 minutes, and 22 m/min for 20 minutes. Withdrawal threshold and withdrawal latency were measured before and after the regular exercise program. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots analyses were performed using antibodies against µ-opioid receptor (MOR). RESULTS Body weight of group C was the lowest among all groups. Withdrawal thresholds and withdrawal latencies were increased with time in groups B and C. There were significant differences of withdrawal thresholds between group B and group C at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks after exercise. There were significant differences of withdrawal latencies between group B and group C at 3rd and 4th weeks after exercise. MOR expression of group C was significantly decreased, as compared to that of group B in the RVM and spinal cord. CONCLUSION In neuropathic pain, exercise induced analgesia could be mediated by desensitization of central MOR by endogenous opioids, leading to the shift of RVM circuitry balance to pain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Byun
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In-Sung Choi
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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590
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Orchestration of membrane receptor signaling by membrane lipids. Biochimie 2015; 113:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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591
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Thompson GL, Lane JR, Coudrat T, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Canals M. Biased Agonism of Endogenous Opioid Peptides at the μ-Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:335-46. [PMID: 26013541 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism is having a major impact on modern drug discovery, and describes the ability of distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands to activate different cell signaling pathways, and to result in different physiologic outcomes. To date, most studies of biased agonism have focused on synthetic molecules targeting various GPCRs; however, many of these receptors have multiple endogenous ligands, suggesting that "natural" bias may be an unappreciated feature of these GPCRs. The μ-opioid receptor (MOP) is activated by numerous endogenous opioid peptides, remains an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of pain, and exhibits biased agonism in response to synthetic opiates. The aim of this study was to rigorously assess the potential for biased agonism in the actions of endogenous opioids at the MOP in a common cellular background, and compare these to the effects of the agonist d-Ala2-N-MePhe4-Gly-ol enkephalin (DAMGO). We investigated activation of G proteins, inhibition of cAMP production, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 phosphorylation, β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment, and MOP trafficking, and applied a novel analytical method to quantify biased agonism. Although many endogenous opioids displayed signaling profiles similar to that of DAMGO, α-neoendorphin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, and the putatively endogenous peptide endomorphin-1 displayed particularly distinct bias profiles. These may represent examples of natural bias if it can be shown that they have different signaling properties and physiologic effects in vivo compared with other endogenous opioids. Understanding how endogenous opioids control physiologic processes through biased agonism can reveal vital information required to enable the design of biased opioids with improved pharmacological profiles and treat diseases involving dysfunction of the endogenous opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Thompson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
| | - J Robert Lane
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T., J.R.L., T.C., P.M.S., A.C., M.C.); and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia (G.L.T.)
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592
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Siuda ER, Copits BA, Schmidt MJ, Baird MA, Al-Hasani R, Planer WJ, Funderburk SC, McCall JG, Gereau RW, Bruchas MR. Spatiotemporal control of opioid signaling and behavior. Neuron 2015; 86:923-935. [PMID: 25937173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is now a widely accepted tool for spatiotemporal manipulation of neuronal activity. However, a majority of optogenetic approaches use binary on/off control schemes. Here, we extend the optogenetic toolset by developing a neuromodulatory approach using a rationale-based design to generate a Gi-coupled, optically sensitive, mu-opioid-like receptor, which we term opto-MOR. We demonstrate that opto-MOR engages canonical mu-opioid signaling through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of MAPK and G protein-gated inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and internalizes with kinetics similar to that of the mu-opioid receptor. To assess in vivo utility, we expressed a Cre-dependent viral opto-MOR in RMTg/VTA GABAergic neurons, which led to a real-time place preference. In contrast, expression of opto-MOR in GABAergic neurons of the ventral pallidum hedonic cold spot led to real-time place aversion. This tool has generalizable application for spatiotemporal control of opioid signaling and, furthermore, can be used broadly for mimicking endogenous neuronal inhibition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Siuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Madison A Baird
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William J Planer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel C Funderburk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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593
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Headrick JP, See Hoe LE, Du Toit EF, Peart JN. Opioid receptors and cardioprotection - 'opioidergic conditioning' of the heart. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 25521834 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13042.pubmed:25521834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) remains a major cause of morbidity/mortality globally, firmly established in Westernized or 'developed' countries and rising in prevalence in developing nations. Thus, cardioprotective therapies to limit myocardial damage with associated ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R), during infarction or surgical ischaemia, is a very important, although still elusive, clinical goal. The opioid receptor system, encompassing the δ (vas deferens), κ (ketocyclazocine) and μ (morphine) opioid receptors and their endogenous opioid ligands (endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins), appears as a logical candidate for such exploitation. This regulatory system may orchestrate organism and organ responses to stress, induces mammalian hibernation and associated metabolic protection, triggers powerful adaptive stress resistance in response to ischaemia/hypoxia (preconditioning), and mediates cardiac benefit stemming from physical activity. In addition to direct myocardial actions, central opioid receptor signalling may also enhance the ability of the heart to withstand I-R injury. The δ- and κ-opioid receptors are strongly implicated in cardioprotection across models and species (including anti-infarct and anti-arrhythmic actions), with mixed evidence for μ opioid receptor-dependent protection in animal and human tissues. A small number of clinical trials have provided evidence of cardiac benefit from morphine or remifentanil in cardiopulmonary bypass or coronary angioplasty patients, although further trials of subtype-specific opioid receptor agonists are needed. The precise roles and utility of this GPCR family in healthy and diseased human myocardium, and in mediating central and peripheral survival responses, warrant further investigation, as do the putative negative influences of ageing, IHD co-morbidities, and relevant drugs on opioid receptor signalling and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute Griffith University, Southport, Qld., Australia
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594
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595
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Headrick JP, See Hoe LE, Du Toit EF, Peart JN. Opioid receptors and cardioprotection - 'opioidergic conditioning' of the heart. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2026-50. [PMID: 25521834 PMCID: PMC4386979 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) remains a major cause of morbidity/mortality globally, firmly established in Westernized or 'developed' countries and rising in prevalence in developing nations. Thus, cardioprotective therapies to limit myocardial damage with associated ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R), during infarction or surgical ischaemia, is a very important, although still elusive, clinical goal. The opioid receptor system, encompassing the δ (vas deferens), κ (ketocyclazocine) and μ (morphine) opioid receptors and their endogenous opioid ligands (endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins), appears as a logical candidate for such exploitation. This regulatory system may orchestrate organism and organ responses to stress, induces mammalian hibernation and associated metabolic protection, triggers powerful adaptive stress resistance in response to ischaemia/hypoxia (preconditioning), and mediates cardiac benefit stemming from physical activity. In addition to direct myocardial actions, central opioid receptor signalling may also enhance the ability of the heart to withstand I-R injury. The δ- and κ-opioid receptors are strongly implicated in cardioprotection across models and species (including anti-infarct and anti-arrhythmic actions), with mixed evidence for μ opioid receptor-dependent protection in animal and human tissues. A small number of clinical trials have provided evidence of cardiac benefit from morphine or remifentanil in cardiopulmonary bypass or coronary angioplasty patients, although further trials of subtype-specific opioid receptor agonists are needed. The precise roles and utility of this GPCR family in healthy and diseased human myocardium, and in mediating central and peripheral survival responses, warrant further investigation, as do the putative negative influences of ageing, IHD co-morbidities, and relevant drugs on opioid receptor signalling and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute Griffith UniversitySouthport, Qld., Australia
| | - Louise E See Hoe
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute Griffith UniversitySouthport, Qld., Australia
| | - Eugene F Du Toit
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute Griffith UniversitySouthport, Qld., Australia
| | - Jason N Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute Griffith UniversitySouthport, Qld., Australia
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596
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Abstract
The human μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), due to its genetic and structural variation, has been a target of interest in several pharmacogenetic studies. The μ-opioid receptor (MOR), encoded by OPRM1, contributes to regulate the analgesic response to pain and also controls the rewarding effects of many drugs of abuse, including opioids, nicotine, and alcohol. Genetic polymorphisms of opioid receptors are candidates for the variability of clinical opioid effects. The non-synonymous polymorphism A118G of the OPRM1 has been repeatedly associated with the efficacy of opioid treatments for pain and various types of dependence. Genetic analysis of human opioid receptors has evidenced the presence of numerous polymorphisms either in exonic or in intronic sequences as well as the presence of synonymous coding variants that may have important effects on transcription, mRNA stability, and splicing, thus affecting gene function despite not directly disrupting any specific residue. Genotyping of opioid receptors is still in its infancy and a relevant progress in this field can be achieved by using advanced gene sequencing techniques described in this review that allow the researchers to obtain vast quantities of data on human genomes and transcriptomes in a brief period of time and with affordable costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi M Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy,
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597
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Abstract
Patients requiring chronic opioid therapy may not respond to or tolerate the first opioid prescribed to them, necessitating rotation to another opioid. They may also require dose increases for a number of reasons, including worsening disease and increased pain. Dose escalation to restore analgesia using the primary opioid may lead to increased adverse events. In these patients, rotation to a different opioid at a lower-than-equivalent dose may be sufficient to maintain adequate tolerability and analgesia. In published trials and case series, opioid rotation is performed either using a predetermined substitute opioid with fixed conversion methods, or in a manner that appears to be no more systematic than trial and error. In clinical practice, opioid rotation must be performed with consideration of individual patient characteristics, comorbidities (eg, concurrent psychiatric, pulmonary, renal, or hepatic illness), and concurrent medications, using flexible dosing protocols that take into account incomplete opioid cross-tolerance. References cited in this review were identified via a search of PubMed covering all English language publications up to May 21, 2013 pertaining to opioid rotation, excluding narrative reviews, letters, and expert opinion. The search yielded a total of 129 articles, 92 of which were judged to provide relevant information and subsequently included in this review. Through a review of this literature and from the authors’ empiric experience, this review provides practical information on performing opioid rotation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - John F Peppin
- Global Scientific Affairs, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, St Louis, MO, USA ; Center for Bioethics, Pain Management and Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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598
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Lamberts JT, Traynor JR. Opioid receptor interacting proteins and the control of opioid signaling. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:7333-47. [PMID: 23448476 DOI: 10.2174/138161281942140105160625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that couple to intracellular signaling molecules by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. However, the receptor and G protein do not function in isolation but their activities are modulated by several accessory and scaffolding proteins. Examples include arrestins, kinases, and regulators of G protein signaling proteins. Accessory proteins contribute to the observed potency and efficacy of agonists, but also to the direction of signaling and the phenomenon of biased agonism. This review will present current knowledge of such proteins and how they may provide targets for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA.
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599
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Egleton RD, Abbruscato T. Drug abuse and the neurovascular unit. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:451-80. [PMID: 25307226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse continues to create a major international epidemic affecting society. A great majority of past drug abuse research has focused mostly on the mechanisms of addiction and the specific effects of substance use disorders on brain circuits and pathways that modulate reward, motivation, craving, and decision making. Few studies have focused on the neurobiology of acute and chronic substance abuse as it relates to the neurovascular unit (brain endothelial cell, neuron, astrocyte, microglia, and pericyte). Increasing research indicates that all cellular components of the neurovascular unit play a pivotal role in both the process of addiction and how drug abuse affects the brain response to diseases. This review will focus on the specific effects of opioids, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine on the neurovascular unit and its role in addiction and adaption to brain diseases. Elucidation of the role of the neurovascular unit on the neurobiology associated with drug addiction will help to facilitate the development of better therapeutic approaches for drug-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Egleton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
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600
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Kobayashi Y, Mizusawa K, Arai Y, Chiba H, Takahashi A. Inhibitory effects of β-endorphin on cortisol release from goldfish (Carassius auratus) head kidney: an in vitro study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:126-34. [PMID: 24837496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Endorphin (β-END) is an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the common precursor proopiomelanocortin, together with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Although the roles of ACTH and MSH in fish are well known, the roles of circulating β-END have not been elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the biological roles of β-END in the goldfish. First, we cloned the cDNAs of the delta opioid receptor (DOR), kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and mu opioid receptor (MOR) from the brain of the goldfish. Second, we analyzed the tissues that expressed these genes by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Among the several tissues that contained the opioid gene transcripts, the mRNAs of DOR, KOR, and MOR were detected in interrenal cells of the head kidney, which produce cortisol. On the basis of these results, the effects of β-END on cortisol release were examined in vitro. β-END alone suppressed the basal release of cortisol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, β-END inhibited the cortisol-releasing activity of ACTH1-24. Therefore, it is probable that the role of β-END in the interrenal cells is the suppression of cortisol release. Interestingly, the suppression of cortisol release was not observed with N-acetyl-β-END, indicating that acetylation decreases the activity of β-END in interrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuta Arai
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Chiba
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
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