601
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Leidal AM, Levine B, Debnath J. Autophagy and the cell biology of age-related disease. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1338-1348. [PMID: 30482941 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a conserved lysosomal degradation process essential for cellular homeostasis and adaption to stress. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy declines with age and that impaired autophagy predisposes individuals to age-related diseases, whereas interventions that stimulate autophagy often promote longevity. In this Review, we examine how the autophagy pathway restricts cellular damage and degeneration, and the impact of these functions towards tissue health and organismal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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602
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Guo X, Ni J, Liang Z, Xue J, Fenech MF, Wang X. The molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of micronuclei: New insights into an age-old problem. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:1-35. [PMID: 31097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN), the small nucleus-like bodies separated from the primary nucleus, can exist in cells with numerical and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in apparently normal tissues and more so in tumors in humans. While MN have been observed for over 100 years, they were merely and constantly considered as passive indicators of chromosome instability (CIN) for a long time. Relatively little is known about the molecular origins and biological consequences of MN. Rapid technological advances are helping to close these gaps. Very recent studies provide exciting evidence that MN act as key platform for chromothripsis and a trigger of innate immune response, suggesting that MN could affect cellular functions by both genetic and nongenetic means. These previously unappreciated findings have reawakened widespread interests in MN. In this review, the diverse mechanisms leading to MN generation and the complex fate profiles of MN are discussed, together with the evidence for their contribution to CIN, inflammation, senescence and cell death. Moreover, we put this knowledge together into a speculative perspective on how MN may be responsible for cancer development and how their presence may influence the choice of treatment. We suggest that the heterogeneous responses to MN may function physiological to ensure the arrestment, elimination and immune clearance of damaged cells, but pathologically, may enable the survival and oncogenic transformation of cells bearing CIN. These insights not only underscore the complexity of MN biology, but also raise a host of new questions and provide fertile ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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603
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Khoo LT, Chen LY. Role of the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer development and oncotherapeutic approaches. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846935. [PMID: 30446584 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway mediates anti-microbial innate immunity by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines upon recognition of microbial DNA. Recent studies reveal that self-DNA from tumors and by-products of genomic instability also activates the cGAS-STING pathway and either promotes or inhibits tumor development. This has led to the development of cancer therapeutics using STING agonists alone and in combination with conventional cancer treatment or immune checkpoint targeting. On the other hand, for cancers lacking the cGAS-STING pathway and thus a regular innate immunity response, oncolytic virus therapy has been shown to have therapeutic potential. We here review and discuss the dichotomous roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer development and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Teng Khoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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604
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Mukherjee S, Sinha D, Bhattacharya S, Srinivasan K, Abdisalaam S, Asaithamby A. Werner Syndrome Protein and DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113442. [PMID: 30400178 PMCID: PMC6274846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the premature development of aging features. Individuals with WS also have a greater predisposition to rare cancers that are mesenchymal in origin. Werner Syndrome Protein (WRN), the protein mutated in WS, is unique among RecQ family proteins in that it possesses exonuclease and 3' to 5' helicase activities. WRN forms dynamic sub-complexes with different factors involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair. WRN binding partners either facilitate its DNA metabolic activities or utilize it to execute their specific functions. Furthermore, WRN is phosphorylated by multiple kinases, including Ataxia telangiectasia mutated, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, c-Abl, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, in response to genotoxic stress. These post-translational modifications are critical for WRN to function properly in DNA repair, replication and recombination. Accumulating evidence suggests that WRN plays a crucial role in one or more genome stability maintenance pathways, through which it suppresses cancer and premature aging. Among its many functions, WRN helps in replication fork progression, facilitates the repair of stalled replication forks and DNA double-strand breaks associated with replication forks, and blocks nuclease-mediated excessive processing of replication forks. In this review, we specifically focus on human WRN's contribution to replication fork processing for maintaining genome stability and suppressing premature aging. Understanding WRN's molecular role in timely and faithful DNA replication will further advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Debapriya Sinha
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Souparno Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kalayarasan Srinivasan
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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605
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Verrier ER, Yim SA, Heydmann L, El Saghire H, Bach C, Turon-Lagot V, Mailly L, Durand SC, Lucifora J, Durantel D, Pessaux P, Manel N, Hirsch I, Zeisel MB, Pochet N, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Hepatitis B Virus Evasion From Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase Sensing in Human Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2018; 68:1695-1709. [PMID: 29679386 PMCID: PMC6195855 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and cancer worldwide. The mechanisms of viral genome sensing and the evasion of innate immune responses by HBV infection are still poorly understood. Recently, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) was identified as a DNA sensor. In this study, we investigated the functional role of cGAS in sensing HBV infection and elucidate the mechanisms of viral evasion. We performed functional studies including loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments combined with cGAS effector gene expression profiling in an infectious cell culture model, primary human hepatocytes, and HBV-infected human liver chimeric mice. Here, we show that cGAS is expressed in the human liver, primary human hepatocytes, and human liver chimeric mice. While naked relaxed-circular HBV DNA is sensed in a cGAS-dependent manner in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes, host cell recognition of viral nucleic acids is abolished during HBV infection, suggesting escape from sensing, likely during packaging of the genome into the viral capsid. While the hepatocyte cGAS pathway is functionally active, as shown by reduction of viral covalently closed circular DNA levels in gain-of-function studies, HBV infection suppressed cGAS expression and function in cell culture models and humanized mice. Conclusion: HBV exploits multiple strategies to evade sensing and antiviral activity of cGAS and its effector pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R. Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
| | - Seung-Ae Yim
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Houssein El Saghire
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Turon-Lagot
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mailly
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah C. Durand
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France,Inserm, U932, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Biocev, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, IOCB & Gilead Research Center, 16610 Prague
| | - Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
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606
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Abstract
In mammals, cytosolic detection of nucleic acids is critical in initiating innate antiviral responses against invading pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites). These programs are mediated by multiple cytosolic and endosomal sensors and adaptor molecules (c-GAS/STING axis and TLR9/MyD88 axis, respectively) and lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. While the identity and role of multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been elucidated, such immune surveillance systems must be tightly regulated to limit collateral damage and prevent aberrant responses to self- and non-self-nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how cytosolic sensing of DNA is controlled during inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sagi D Shapira
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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607
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Kamal Y, Cheng C, Frost HR, Amos CI. Predictors of disease aggressiveness influence outcome from immunotherapy treatment in renal clear cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1500106. [PMID: 30546942 PMCID: PMC6287778 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and has a high propensity for metastasis. While treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1, have shown modest improvements in survival for RCC, it is difficult to identify responders from non-responders. Attempts to elucidate the mechanisms associated with differential response to checkpoint inhibitors have been limited by small sample size making it difficult to detect meaningful associations. We utilized existing large datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to first find predictors of disease aggressiveness in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and hypothesized that these same predictors may influence response to immunotherapy. We found primary metastatic (M1-stage IV) tumors exhibit high immune infiltration, and high TP53-inactivation induced senescence activity compared to non-metastatic (M0-Stage I/II) tumors. Moreover, some TME features inferred from deconvolution algorithms, which differ between M0 and M1 tumors, also influence overall survival. A focused analysis identified interactions between tumor TP53-inactivation induced senescence activity and expression of inflammatory molecules in pre-treatment RCC tumors, which predict both change in tumor size and response to checkpoint blockade therapy. We also noted frequency of inactivating mutations in the protein polybromo-1 (PBRM1) gene was found to be negatively associated with TP53-inactivation induced senescence enrichment. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which tumor TP53-inactivation induced senescence can modulate the TME and thereby influence outcome from checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kamal
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H. Robert Frost
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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608
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Marcus A, Mao AJ, Lensink-Vasan M, Wang L, Vance RE, Raulet DH. Tumor-Derived cGAMP Triggers a STING-Mediated Interferon Response in Non-tumor Cells to Activate the NK Cell Response. Immunity 2018; 49:754-763.e4. [PMID: 30332631 PMCID: PMC6488306 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of cytosolic DNA by the enzyme cGAS triggers the production of cGAMP, a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING, which leads to interferon (IFN) production. Here, we found that in vivo natural killer (NK) cell killing of tumor cells, but not of normal cells, depends on STING expression in non-tumor cells. Experiments using transplantable tumor models in STING- and cGAS-deficient mice revealed that cGAS expression by tumor cells was critical for tumor rejection by NK cells. In contrast, cGAS expression by host cells was dispensable, suggesting that tumor-derived cGAMP is transferred to non-tumor cells, where it activates STING. cGAMP administration triggered STING activation and IFN-β production in myeloid cells and B cells but not NK cells. Our results reveal that the anti-tumor response of NK cells critically depends on the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, similar to its role in defense against pathogens, and identify tumor-derived cGAMP as a major determinant of tumor immunogenicity with implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amy J Mao
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Monisha Lensink-Vasan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - LeeAnn Wang
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - David H Raulet
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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609
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Hooy RM, Sohn J. The allosteric activation of cGAS underpins its dynamic signaling landscape. eLife 2018; 7:39984. [PMID: 30295605 PMCID: PMC6211831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic G/AMP synthase (cGAS) initiates type-1 interferon responses against cytosolic double-stranded (ds)DNA, which range from antiviral gene expression to apoptosis. The mechanism by which cGAS shapes this diverse signaling landscape remains poorly defined. We find that substrate-binding and dsDNA length-dependent binding are coupled to the intrinsic dimerization equilibrium of cGAS, with its N-terminal domain potentiating dimerization. Notably, increasing the dimeric fraction by raising cGAS and substrate concentrations diminishes duplex length-dependent activation, but does not negate the requirement for dsDNA. These results demonstrate that reaction context dictates the duplex length dependence, reconciling competing claims on the role of dsDNA length in cGAS activation. Overall, our study reveals how ligand-mediated allostery positions cGAS in standby, ready to tune its signaling pathway in a switch-like fashion. The human immune system protects the body from various threats such as damaged cells or invading microbes. Many of these threats can move molecules of DNA, which are usually only found within a central compartment in the cell known as the nucleus, to the surrounding area, the cytoplasm. An enzyme called cGAS searches for DNA in the cytoplasm of human cells. When DNA binds to cGAS it activates the enzyme to convert certain molecules (referred to as ‘substrates’) into another molecule (the ‘signal’) that triggers various immune responses to protect the body against the threat. To produce the signal, two cGAS enzymes need to work together as a single unit called a dimer. The length of DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of cells can vary widely. It was initially thought that DNA molecules of any length binding to cGAS could activate the enzyme to a similar degree, but later studies demonstrated that this is not the case. However, it remains unclear how the length of the DNA could affect the activity of the enzyme, or why some of the earlier studies reported different findings. Hooy and Sohn used biochemical approaches to study the human cGAS enzyme. The experiments show that cGAS can form dimers even when no DNA is present. However, when DNA bound to cGAS, the enzyme was more likely to form dimers. Longer DNA molecules were better at promoting cGAS dimers to form than shorter DNA molecules. The binding of substrates to cGAS also made it more likely that the enzyme would form dimers. These findings suggest that inside cells cGAS is primed to trigger a switch-like response when it detects DNA in the cytoplasm. The work of Hooy and Sohn establishes a simple set of rules to predict how cGAS might respond in a given situation. Such information may aid in designing and tailoring efforts to regulate immune responses in human patients, and may provide insight into why the body responds to biological threats in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hooy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jungsan Sohn
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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610
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Coquel F, Neumayer C, Lin YL, Pasero P. SAMHD1 and the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA during DNA replication. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:24-30. [PMID: 30292848 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA of endogenous or exogenous origin is sensed by the cGAS-STING pathway to activate innate immune responses. Besides microbial DNA, this pathway detects self-DNA in the cytoplasm of damaged or abnormal cells and plays a central role in antitumor immunity. The mechanism by which cytosolic DNA accumulates under genotoxic stress conditions is currently unclear, but recent studies on factors mutated in the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome cells, such as SAMHD1, RNase H2 and TREX1, are shedding new light on this key process. In particular, these studies indicate that the rupture of micronuclei and the release of ssDNA fragments during the processing of stalled replication forks and chromosome breaks represent potent inducers of the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Coquel
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France.
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France.
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611
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Kritsilis M, V Rizou S, Koutsoudaki PN, Evangelou K, Gorgoulis VG, Papadopoulos D. Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2937. [PMID: 30261683 PMCID: PMC6213570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for developing many neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular senescence is a homeostatic biological process that has a key role in driving ageing. There is evidence that senescent cells accumulate in the nervous system with ageing and neurodegenerative disease and may predispose a person to the appearance of a neurodegenerative condition or may aggravate its course. Research into senescence has long been hindered by its variable and cell-type specific features and the lack of a universal marker to unequivocally detect senescent cells. Recent advances in senescence markers and genetically modified animal models have boosted our knowledge on the role of cellular senescence in ageing and age-related disease. The aim now is to fully elucidate its role in neurodegeneration in order to efficiently and safely exploit cellular senescence as a therapeutic target. Here, we review evidence of cellular senescence in neurons and glial cells and we discuss its putative role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis and we provide, for the first time, evidence of senescence in neurons and glia in multiple sclerosis, using the novel GL13 lipofuscin stain as a marker of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Kritsilis
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Sophia V Rizou
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi N Koutsoudaki
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Histology & Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 115-27 Athens, Greece.
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612
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Lahaye X, Gentili M, Silvin A, Conrad C, Picard L, Jouve M, Zueva E, Maurin M, Nadalin F, Knott GJ, Zhao B, Du F, Rio M, Amiel J, Fox AH, Li P, Etienne L, Bond CS, Colleaux L, Manel N. NONO Detects the Nuclear HIV Capsid to Promote cGAS-Mediated Innate Immune Activation. Cell 2018; 175:488-501.e22. [PMID: 30270045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of viruses by innate immune sensors induces protective antiviral immunity. The viral DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is necessary for detection of HIV by human dendritic cells and macrophages. However, synthesis of HIV DNA during infection is not sufficient for immune activation. The capsid protein, which associates with viral DNA, has a pivotal role in enabling cGAS-mediated immune activation. We now find that NONO is an essential sensor of the HIV capsid in the nucleus. NONO protein directly binds capsid with higher affinity for weakly pathogenic HIV-2 than highly pathogenic HIV-1. Upon infection, NONO is essential for cGAS activation by HIV and cGAS association with HIV DNA in the nucleus. NONO recognizes a conserved region in HIV capsid with limited tolerance for escape mutations. Detection of nuclear viral capsid by NONO to promote DNA sensing by cGAS reveals an innate strategy to achieve distinction of viruses from self in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lahaye
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Conrad
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Picard
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; LBBE-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS UMR 5558, Universite Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elina Zueva
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gavin J Knott
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fenglei Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marlène Rio
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Archa H Fox
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lucie Etienne
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Laurence Colleaux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France.
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613
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NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammaging. Semin Immunol 2018; 40:61-73. [PMID: 30268598 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging is associated with the appearance of low-grade subclinical inflammation, termed inflammaging, that can accelerate age-related diseases. In Western societies the age-related inflammatory response can additionally be aggravated by an inflammatory response related to modern lifestyles and excess calorie consumption, a pathophysiologic inflammatory response that was coined metaflammation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of mechanisms that drive both of these processes and focus our discussion the emerging concept that a key innate immune pathway, the NLRP3 inflammasome, is centrally involved in the recognition of triggers that appear during physiological aging and during metabolic stress. We further discuss how these processes are involved in the pathogenesis of common age-related pathologies and highlight potential strategies by which the detrimental inflammatory responses could be pharmacologically addressed.
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614
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Vanpouille-Box C, Demaria S, Formenti SC, Galluzzi L. Cytosolic DNA Sensing in Organismal Tumor Control. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:361-378. [PMID: 30216189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides constituting a first layer of defense against microbial challenges, the detection of cytosolic DNA is fundamental for mammalian organisms to control malignant transformation and tumor progression. The accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm can initiate the proliferative inactivation (via cellular senescence) or elimination (via regulated cell death) of neoplastic cell precursors. Moreover, cytosolic DNA sensing is intimately connected to the secretion of cytokines that support innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms whereby cytosolic DNA enables cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic oncosuppression, and their relevance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that reinstate anticancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
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615
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Bakhoum SF, Cantley LC. The Multifaceted Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Its Microenvironment. Cell 2018; 174:1347-1360. [PMID: 30193109 PMCID: PMC6136429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. CIN results from errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis, leading to structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities. In addition to generating genomic heterogeneity that acts as a substrate for natural selection, CIN promotes inflammatory signaling by introducing double-stranded DNA into the cytosol, engaging the cGAS-STING anti-viral pathway. These multipronged effects distinguish CIN as a central driver of tumor evolution and as a genomic source for the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment, in the course of immune editing and evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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616
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Sun Y, Coppé JP, Lam EWF. Cellular Senescence: The Sought or the Unwanted? Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:871-885. [PMID: 30153969 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a process that results in irreversible cell-cycle arrest, and is thought to be an autonomous tumor-suppressor mechanism. During senescence, cells develop distinctive metabolic and signaling features, together referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is implicated in several aging-related pathologies, including various malignancies. Accumulating evidence argues that cellular senescence acts as a double-edged sword in human cancer, and new agents and innovative strategies to tackle senescent cells are in development pipelines to counter the adverse effects of cellular senescence in the clinic. We focus on recent discoveries in senescence research and SASP biology, and highlight the potential of SASP suppression and senescent cell clearance in advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care Systems (VAPSHCS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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617
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Colombo AR, Elias HK, Ramsingh G. Senescence induction universally activates transposable element expression. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1846-1857. [PMID: 30080431 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1502576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells constitutively secrete inflammatory cytokines, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Previous work has implicated SASP in immune-mediated clearance of senescent cells; however, its regulation remains unknown. Our recent transcriptome profiling study has shown that human senescent human stem and progenitors (s-HSPCs) robustly express genomic transposable elements (TEs) and pathways of inflammation. Furthermore, hypomethylating agents have been previously shown to induce expression of TEs and activate the dsRNA recognition pathway and downstream interferon-stimulated genes, leading to immune mediated cell death. Therefore, to examine whether activation of TEs occurred universally, independent of their modality of senescence induction, we performed transcriptomic analysis in artificially-induced senescent cell-lines and observed a robust activation of TEs. Hence we propose that the expression of TEs might play a role in immune mediated clearance of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Colombo
- a Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases , Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Harold K Elias
- b Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Giridharan Ramsingh
- a Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases , Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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618
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Myrianthopoulos V, Evangelou K, Vasileiou PVS, Cooks T, Vassilakopoulos TP, Pangalis GA, Kouloukoussa M, Kittas C, Georgakilas AG, Gorgoulis VG. Senescence and senotherapeutics: a new field in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 193:31-49. [PMID: 30121319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stress response mechanism ensuring homeostasis. Its temporal activation during embryonic development or normal adult life is linked with beneficial properties. In contrast, persistent (chronic) senescence seems to exert detrimental effects fostering aging and age-related disorders, such as cancer. Due to the lack of a reliable marker able to detect senescence in vivo, its precise impact in age-related diseases is to a large extent still undetermined. A novel reagent termed GL13 (SenTraGorTM) that we developed, allowing senescence recognition in any type of biological material, emerges as a powerful tool to study the phenomenon of senescence in vivo. Exploiting the advantages of this novel methodological approach, scientists will be able to detect and connect senescence with aggressive behavior in human malignancies, such as tolerance to chemotherapy in classical Hodgkin Lymphoma and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. The latter depicts the importance of developing the new and rapidly expanding field of senotherapeutic agents targeting and driving to cell death senescent cells. We discuss in detail the current progress of this exciting area of senotherapeutics and suggest its future perspectives and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Myrianthopoulos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; PharmaInformatics Unit, Athena Research Center, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis V S Vasileiou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomer Cooks
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Theodoros P Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Myrsini Kouloukoussa
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Museum of Anthropology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kittas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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619
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Wei W, Ji S. Cellular senescence: Molecular mechanisms and pathogenicity. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9121-9135. [PMID: 30078211 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is the arrest of normal cell division. Oncogenic genes and oxidative stress, which cause genomic DNA damage and generation of reactive oxygen species, lead to cellular senescence. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype is a distinct feature of senescence. Senescence is normally involved in the embryonic development. Senescent cells can communicate with immune cells to invoke an immune response. Senescence emerges during the aging process in several tissues and organs. In fact, increasing evidence shows that cellular senescence is implicated in aging-related diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, and tumorigenesis. Cellular senescence can also be induced by microbial infection. During cellular senescence, several signaling pathways, including those of p53, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin, and transforming growth factor-beta, play important roles. Accumulation of senescent cells can trigger chronic inflammation, which may contribute to the pathological changes in the elderly. Given the variety of deleterious effects caused by cellular senescence in humans, strategies have been proposed to control senescence. In this review, we will focus on recent studies to provide a brief introduction to cellular senescence, including associated signaling pathways and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Basic Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Basic Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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620
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Meade N, Furey C, Li H, Verma R, Chai Q, Rollins MG, DiGiuseppe S, Naghavi MH, Walsh D. Poxviruses Evade Cytosolic Sensing through Disruption of an mTORC1-mTORC2 Regulatory Circuit. Cell 2018; 174:1143-1157.e17. [PMID: 30078703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses employ elaborate strategies to coopt the cellular processes they require to replicate while simultaneously thwarting host antiviral responses. In many instances, how this is accomplished remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a protein, F17 encoded by cytoplasmically replicating poxviruses, that binds and sequesters Raptor and Rictor, regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. This disrupts mTORC1-mTORC2 crosstalk that coordinates host responses to poxvirus infection. During infection with poxvirus lacking F17, cGAS accumulates together with endoplasmic reticulum vesicles around the Golgi, where activated STING puncta form, leading to interferon-stimulated gene expression. By contrast, poxvirus expressing F17 dysregulates mTOR, which localizes to the Golgi and blocks these antiviral responses in part through mTOR-dependent cGAS degradation. Ancestral conservation of Raptor/Rictor across eukaryotes, along with expression of F17 across poxviruses, suggests that mTOR dysregulation forms a conserved poxvirus strategy to counter cytosolic sensing while maintaining the metabolic benefits of mTOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rita Verma
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qingqing Chai
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Madeline G Rollins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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621
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The three-dimensional organization of the genome in cellular senescence and age-associated diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 90:154-160. [PMID: 30031215 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics and imaging technologies have increased our ability to interrogate the 3D conformation of chromosomes and to better understand principles of organization and dynamics, as well as how their alteration can lead to disease. In this review we describe how these technologies have shed new light into the role of the 3D organization of the genome in defining cellular states in aging and age-associated diseases. We compare the genomic organization in cellular senescence and cancer, discuss the role of the lamina in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the genome, and we highlight the recent findings on how this organization breaks down in disease states.
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622
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Jakhar R, Luijten MN, Wong AX, Cheng B, Guo K, Neo SP, Au B, Kulkarni M, Lim KJ, Maimaiti J, Chong HC, Lim EH, Tan TB, Ong KW, Sim Y, Wong JS, Khoo JB, Ho JT, Chua BT, Sinha I, Wang X, Connolly JE, Gunaratne J, Crasta KC. Autophagy Governs Protumorigenic Effects of Mitotic Slippage–induced Senescence. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1625-1640. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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623
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Macedo JC, Vaz S, Bakker B, Ribeiro R, Bakker PL, Escandell JM, Ferreira MG, Medema R, Foijer F, Logarinho E. FoxM1 repression during human aging leads to mitotic decline and aneuploidy-driven full senescence. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2834. [PMID: 30026603 PMCID: PMC6053425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number, has been linked to aging and age-associated diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show, through direct live-cell imaging of young, middle-aged, and old-aged primary human dermal fibroblasts, that aneuploidy increases with aging due to general dysfunction of the mitotic machinery. Increased chromosome mis-segregation in elderly mitotic cells correlates with an early senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and repression of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1), the transcription factor that drives G2/M gene expression. FoxM1 induction in elderly and Hutchison–Gilford progeria syndrome fibroblasts prevents aneuploidy and, importantly, ameliorates cellular aging phenotypes. Moreover, we show that senescent fibroblasts isolated from elderly donors’ cultures are often aneuploid, and that aneuploidy is a key trigger into full senescence phenotypes. Based on this feedback loop between cellular aging and aneuploidy, we propose modulation of mitotic efficiency through FoxM1 as a potential strategy against aging and progeria syndromes. Evidence for mitotic decline in aged cells and for aneuploidy-driven progression into full senescence is limited. Here, the authors find that in aged cells, mitotic gene repression leads to increased chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy that triggers permanent cell cycle arrest and full senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Catarina Macedo
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Vaz
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Petra Lammigje Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Miguel Escandell
- Telomere and Genome Stability Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Godinho Ferreira
- Telomere and Genome Stability Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Telomere Shortening and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), UMR7284, U1081, UNS, 06107, Nice, France
| | - René Medema
- Division of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa Logarinho
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Cell Division Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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624
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Zhou W, Whiteley AT, de Oliveira Mann CC, Morehouse BR, Nowak RP, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Mekalanos JJ, Kranzusch PJ. Structure of the Human cGAS-DNA Complex Reveals Enhanced Control of Immune Surveillance. Cell 2018; 174:300-311.e11. [PMID: 30007416 PMCID: PMC6084792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognition of cytosolic DNA is critical for immune responses to pathogen replication, cellular stress, and cancer. Existing structures of the mouse cGAS-DNA complex provide a model for enzyme activation but do not explain why human cGAS exhibits severely reduced levels of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthesis compared to other mammals. Here, we discover that enhanced DNA-length specificity restrains human cGAS activation. Using reconstitution of cGAMP signaling in bacteria, we mapped the determinant of human cGAS regulation to two amino acid substitutions in the DNA-binding surface. Human-specific substitutions are necessary and sufficient to direct preferential detection of long DNA. Crystal structures reveal why removal of human substitutions relaxes DNA-length specificity and explain how human-specific DNA interactions favor cGAS oligomerization. These results define how DNA-sensing in humans adapted for enhanced specificity and provide a model of the active human cGAS-DNA complex to enable structure-guided design of cGAS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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625
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Abstract
This review by Levine and Holland reviews the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. They discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy and survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically. Mitosis is a delicate event that must be executed with high fidelity to ensure genomic stability. Recent work has provided insight into how mitotic errors shape cancer genomes by driving both numerical and structural alterations in chromosomes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Here, we review the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. We discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy. Finally, we survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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626
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Mitchison TJ, Pineda J, Shi J, Florian S. Is inflammatory micronucleation the key to a successful anti-mitotic cancer drug? Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170182. [PMID: 29142107 PMCID: PMC5717346 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a successful anti-cancer drug that kills cancer cells in two-dimensional culture through perturbation of mitosis, but whether it causes tumour regression by anti-mitotic actions is controversial. Drug candidates that specifically target mitosis, including inhibitors of kinesin-5, AurkA, AurkB and Plk1, disappointed in the clinic. Current explanations for this discrepancy include pharmacokinetic differences and hypothetical interphase actions of paclitaxel. Here, we discuss post-mitotic micronucleation as a special activity of taxanes that might explain their higher activity in solid tumours. We review data showing that cells which exit mitosis in paclitaxel are highly micronucleated and suffer post-mitotic DNA damage, and that these effects are much stronger for paclitaxel than kinesin-5 inhibitors. We propose that post-mitotic micronucleation promotes inflammatory signalling via cGAS–STING and other pathways. In tumours, this signalling may recruit cytotoxic leucocytes, damage blood vessels and prime T-cell responses, leading to whole-tumour regression. We discuss experiments that are needed to test the micronucleation hypothesis, and its implications for novel anti-mitotic targets and enhancement of taxane-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Pineda
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Shi
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, HK, Hong Kong
| | - S Florian
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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627
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Suramin potently inhibits cGAMP synthase, cGAS, in THP1 cells to modulate IFN-β levels. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1301-1317. [PMID: 29558821 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Persistent activation of STING pathway is the basis for several autoimmune diseases. STING is activated by cGAMP, which is produced by cGAS in the presence of DNA. Results/methodology: HPLC-based medium throughput screening for inhibitors of cGAS identified suramin as a potent inhibitor. Unlike other reported cGAS inhibitors, which bind to the ATP/GTP binding site, suramin displaced the bound DNA from cGAS. Addition of suramin to THP1 cells reduced the levels of IFN-β mRNA and protein. Suramin did not inhibit lipopolysaccharide- or Pam3CSK4-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Suramin inhibits STING pathway via the inhibition of cGAS enzymatic activity. Suramin or analogs thereof that displace DNA from cGAS could be used as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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628
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Chong M, Yin T, Chen R, Xiang H, Yuan L, Ding Y, Pan CC, Tang Z, Alexander PB, Li QJ, Wang XF. CD36 initiates the secretory phenotype during the establishment of cellular senescence. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45274. [PMID: 29777051 PMCID: PMC5989758 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a unique cell fate characterized by stable proliferative arrest and the extensive production and secretion of various inflammatory proteins, a phenomenon known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The molecular mechanisms responsible for generating a SASP in response to senescent stimuli remain largely obscure. Here, using unbiased gene expression profiling, we discover that the scavenger receptor CD36 is rapidly upregulated in multiple cell types in response to replicative, oncogenic, and chemical senescent stimuli. Moreover, ectopic CD36 expression in dividing mammalian cells is sufficient to initiate the production of a large subset of the known SASP components via activation of canonical Src-p38-NF-κB signaling, resulting in the onset of a full senescent state. The secretome is further shown to be ligand-dependent, as amyloid-beta (Aβ) is sufficient to drive CD36-dependent NF-κB and SASP activation. Finally, loss-of-function experiments revealed a strict requirement for CD36 in secretory molecule production during conventional senescence reprogramming. Taken together, these results uncover the Aβ-CD36-NF-κB signaling axis as an important regulator of the senescent cell fate via induction of the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Chong
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Handan Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lifeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher C Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter B Alexander
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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629
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Shannon JL, Murphy MS, Kantheti U, Burnett JM, Hahn MG, Dorrity TJ, Bacas CJ, Mattice EB, Corpuz KD, Barker BR. Polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1) inhibits innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:182-190. [PMID: 29807326 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of immune sensing of cytosolic DNA of both pathogen and host origin. We aimed to examine the role of DNA sensors interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in responding to cytosolic DNA. We show IFI16 and cGAS can synergistically induce IFNb transcriptional activity in response to cytoplasmic DNA. We also examined the role of polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1), a protein predominantly expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells that has been shown to lead to type I interferon production in response to retroviral infection. We show PQBP1 associates with cGAS and IFI16 in THP-1 cells. Unexpectedly, knockout of PQBP1 in THP-1 cells causes significantly increased type I IFN production in response to transfected cytosolic nucleic acids or DNA damage, unlike what is seen in response to retroviral infection. Overexpression of PQBP1 in HEK293 T cells impairs IFI16/cGAS-induced IFNb transcriptional activity. In human cancer patients, low expression of PQBP1 is correlated with improved survival, the opposite correlation of that seen with cGAS or IFI16 expression. Our findings suggest that PQBP1 inhibits IFI16/cGAS-induced signaling in response to cytosolic DNA, in contrast to the role of this protein in response to retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Shannon
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Molly S Murphy
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Uma Kantheti
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Jordan M Burnett
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Marina G Hahn
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Constantinos J Bacas
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Ethan B Mattice
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Kathryna D Corpuz
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Brianne R Barker
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States.
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630
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Liu ZS, Zhang ZY, Cai H, Zhao M, Mao J, Dai J, Xia T, Zhang XM, Li T. RINCK-mediated monoubiquitination of cGAS promotes antiviral innate immune responses. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:35. [PMID: 29760876 PMCID: PMC5944131 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an important danger signal, the presence of DNA in cytoplasm triggers potent immune responses. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a recently characterized key sensor for cytoplasmic DNA. The engagement of cGAS with DNA leads to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds and activates the downstream adaptor protein STING to promote type I interferon production. Although cGAS has been shown to play a pivotal role in innate immunity, the exact regulation of cGAS activation is not fully understood. Results We report that an E3 ubiquitin ligase, RING finger protein that interacts with C kinase (RINCK, also known as tripartite motif protein 41, TRIM41), is critical for cGAS activation by mediating the monoubiquitination of cGAS. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated RINCK-deletion cells and showed that the deficiency of RINCK resulted in dampened interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA. Consistently, the RINCK-deletion cells also exhibited insufficient interferon production upon herpes simplex virus 1, a DNA virus, infection. As a result, the viral load in RINCK-deficient cells was significantly higher than that in wild-type cells. We also found that RINCK deficiency inhibited the up-stream signaling of DNA-triggered interferon production pathway, which was reflected by the phosphorylation of the TANK-binding kinase 1 and the interferon regulatory factor 3. Interestingly, we found that RINCK binds to cGAS and promotes the monoubiquitination of cGAS, thereby positively regulating the cGAS-mediated cGAMP synthesis. Conclusions Our study reveals that monoubiquitination is an important regulation for cGAS activation and uncovers a critical role of RINCK in the cGAS-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Hong Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Ming Zhao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Jie Mao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Jiang Dai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Tian Xia
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Tao Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Rd., Beijing, 100850 China
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631
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Burton DG, Stolzing A. Cellular senescence: Immunosurveillance and future immunotherapy. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:17-25. [PMID: 29427795 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to persistent DNA damage, induction into cell senescence promotes an immunogenic program which facilitates immune clearance of these damaged cells. Under physiological conditions, senescent cells can activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, functioning to maintain tissue homeostasis. In addition, emerging findings suggest that programmed induction of cell senescence may be important for regulating reproductive processes, partly facilitated by immune clearance. However, likely owing to ageing of the immune system, a failure to eliminate senescent cells can contribute to their persistence in tissues, leading to the development and progression of age-related diseases. Such immune failure may in part be due to activation of the senescence program in immune cells, leading to their dysfunction. Furthermore, senescent cells under certain biological contexts have been shown to instead promote immune suppression, a response that may reflect differences between an acute verses chronic senescent phenotype. In this review, we provide an overview of the research to date concerning senescence immunosurviellance, including a focused discussion on the mechanisms by which macrophages may recognise senescent cells. Senescence immunotherapy strategies as an alternative to senolytics for the removal of senescent cells will also be discussed.
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632
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Konno H, Chinn IK, Hong D, Orange JS, Lupski JR, Mendoza A, Pedroza LA, Barber GN. Pro-inflammation Associated with a Gain-of-Function Mutation (R284S) in the Innate Immune Sensor STING. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1112-1123. [PMID: 29694889 PMCID: PMC6092751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular sensor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) initiates type I interferon (IFN) and cytokine production following association with cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) generated from intracellular bacteria or via a cellular synthase, cGAS, after binding microbial or self-DNA. Although essential for protecting the host against infection, unscheduled STING signaling is now known to be responsible for a variety of autoinflammatory disorders. Here, we report a gain-of-function mutation in STING (R284S), isolated from a patient who did not require CDNs to augment activity and who manifested a constitutively active phenotype. Control of the Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway, which has previously been shown to influence STING function, was potently able to suppress STING (R284S) activity to alleviate cytokine production. Our findings add to the growing list of inflammatory syndromes associated with spontaneous STING signaling and provide a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of STING-induced inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Immunology/Allergy/Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Immunology/Allergy/Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Immunology/Allergy/Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra Mendoza
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud-Hospital de los Valles, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis A Pedroza
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud-Hospital de los Valles, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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633
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Kalvakolanu DV. Twenty five years of Cytokine: on a forward path to exciting discoveries of pathological mechanisms and therapeutics. Cytokine 2018; 98:1-3. [PMID: 28863832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, myokines, and other hematopoietic growth factors constitute the largest network of intercellular signaling proteins that shape organismal development, survival, tissue repair and host defenses. Cytokine has been established for reporting the original research studies in these burgeoning areas. A special issue dedicated to celebrate the quarter century of Cytokine as a journal is here. This review summarizes the contents of several articles published in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, and University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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634
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Koch PD, Miller HR, Yu G, Tallarico JA, Sorger PK, Wang Y, Feng Y, Thomas JR, Ross NT, Mitchison T. A High Content Screen in Macrophages Identifies Small Molecule Modulators of STING-IRF3 and NFkB Signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1066-1081. [PMID: 29553248 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We screened a library of bioactive small molecules for activators and inhibitors of innate immune signaling through IRF3 and NFkB pathways with the goals of advancing pathway understanding and discovering probes for immunology research. We used high content screening to measure the translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus of IRF3 and NFkB in primary human macrophages; these transcription factors play a critical role in the activation of STING and other pro-inflammatory pathways. Our pathway activator screen yielded a diverse set of hits that promoted nuclear translocation of IRF3 and/or NFkB, but the majority of these compounds did not cause activation of downstream pathways. Screening for antagonists of the STING pathway yielded multiple kinase inhibitors, some of which inhibit kinases not previously known to regulate the activity of this pathway. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and subsequent chemical proteomics experiments suggested that MAPKAPK5 (PRAK) is a kinase that regulates IRF3 translocation in human macrophages. Our work establishes a high content screening approach for measuring pro-inflammatory pathways in human macrophages and identifies novel ways to inhibit such pathways; among the targets of the screen are several molecules that may merit further development as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Koch
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Howard R. Miller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary Yu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yan Feng
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason R. Thomas
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan T. Ross
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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635
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Li T, Chen ZJ. The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1287-1299. [PMID: 29622565 PMCID: PMC5940270 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS–cGAMP–STING pathway mediates immune and inflammatory responses to cytosolic DNA. This review summarizes recent findings on how genomic instability leads to cGAS activation and how this pathway critically connects DNA damage to autoinflammatory diseases, cellular senescence, and cancer. Detection of microbial DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that alerts the host immune system to mount a defense response to microbial infections. However, this detection mechanism also poses a challenge to the host as to how to distinguish foreign DNA from abundant self-DNA. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)–adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) is a DNA sensor that triggers innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds and activates the adaptor protein STING. However, cGAS can be activated by double-stranded DNA irrespective of the sequence, including self-DNA. Although how cGAS is normally kept inactive in cells is still not well understood, recent research has provided strong evidence that genomic DNA damage leads to cGAS activation to stimulate inflammatory responses. This review summarizes recent findings on how genomic instability and DNA damage trigger cGAS activation and how cGAS serves as a link from DNA damage to inflammation, cellular senescence, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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636
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a highly stable cell cycle arrest that is elicited in response to different stresses. By imposing a growth arrest, senescence limits the replication of old or damaged cells. Besides exiting the cell cycle, senescent cells undergo many other phenotypic alterations such as metabolic reprogramming, chromatin rearrangement, or autophagy modulation. In addition, senescent cells produce and secrete a complex combination of factors, collectively referred as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, that mediate most of their non-cell-autonomous effects. Because senescent cells influence the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cancer and age-related diseases, pro-senescent and anti-senescent therapies are actively being explored. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms regulating different aspects of the senescence phenotype and their functional implications. This knowledge is essential to improve the identification and characterization of senescent cells in vivo and will help to develop rational strategies to modulate the senescence program for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Herranz
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Gil
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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637
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Konno H, Yamauchi S, Berglund A, Putney RM, Mulé JJ, Barber GN. Suppression of STING signaling through epigenetic silencing and missense mutation impedes DNA damage mediated cytokine production. Oncogene 2018; 37:2037-2051. [PMID: 29367762 PMCID: PMC6029885 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of cytokines in response to DNA-damage events may be an important host defense response to help prevent the escape of pre-cancerous cells. The innate immune pathways involved in these events are known to be regulated by cellular molecules such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which controls type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to the presence of microbial DNA or cytosolic DNA that has escaped from the nucleus. STING signaling has been shown to be defective in a variety of cancers, such as colon cancer and melanoma, actions that may enable damaged cells to escape the immunosurveillance system. Here, we report through examination of databases that STING signaling may be commonly suppressed in a greater variety of tumors due to loss-of-function mutation or epigenetic silencing of the STING/cGAS promoter regions. In comparison, RNA activated innate immune pathways controlled by RIG-I/MDA5 were significantly less affected. Examination of reported missense STING variants confirmed that many exhibited a loss-of-function phenotype and could not activate cytokine production following exposure to cytosolic DNA or DNA-damage events. Our data imply that the STING signaling pathway may be recurrently suppressed by a number of mechanisms in a considerable variety of malignant disease and be a requirement for cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shota Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryan M Putney
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James J Mulé
- Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Immunology Programs, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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638
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a cellular program that prevents the proliferation of cells at risk of neoplastic transformation. On the other hand, age-related accumulation of senescent cells promotes aging at least partially due to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, whereby cells secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. Emerging evidence, however, indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of the effects of senescent cells on their microenvironment. Senescent cells secrete more EphA2 and DNA via EVs, which can promote cancer cell proliferation and inflammation, respectively. Extracellular vesicles secreted from DNA-damaged cells can also affect telomere regulation. Furthermore, it has now become clear that EVs actually play important roles in many aspects of aging. This review is intended to summarize these recent progresses, with emphasis on relationships between cellular senescence and EVs.
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639
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Takahashi A, Loo TM, Okada R, Kamachi F, Watanabe Y, Wakita M, Watanabe S, Kawamoto S, Miyata K, Barber GN, Ohtani N, Hara E. Downregulation of cytoplasmic DNases is implicated in cytoplasmic DNA accumulation and SASP in senescent cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29593264 PMCID: PMC5871854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contributes to many aspects of physiology and disease. Thus, controlling the SASP will have tremendous impacts on our health. However, our understanding of SASP regulation is far from complete. Here, we show that cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA plays key roles in the onset of SASP. Although both DNase2 and TREX1 rapidly remove the cytoplasmic DNA fragments emanating from the nucleus in pre-senescent cells, the expression of these DNases is downregulated in senescent cells, resulting in the cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA. This causes the aberrant activation of cGAS-STING cytoplasmic DNA sensors, provoking SASP through induction of interferon-β. Notably, the blockage of this pathway prevents SASP in senescent hepatic stellate cells, accompanied by a decline of obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development in mice. These findings provide valuable new insights into the roles and mechanisms of SASP and possibilities for their control. Activation of DNA damage response induces the acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in senescent cells, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors show that the cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA activated cytoplasmic DNA sensors to provoke SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takahashi
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tze Mun Loo
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kamachi
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sugiko Watanabe
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kawamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Miyata
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan. .,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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640
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Xiong M, Wang S, Wang YY, Ran Y. The Regulation of cGAS. Virol Sin 2018; 33:117-124. [PMID: 29546673 PMCID: PMC5934468 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-MITA pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing plays essential roles in immune response against pathogens that contain DNA or with DNA production in their life cycles. The cGAS-MITA pathway also detects leaked or aberrant accumulated self DNA in the cytoplasm under certain pathological conditions, such as virus induced cell death, DNA damage, mitochondria damage, gene mutations, which results in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the cGAS-MITA pathway must be tightly controlled to ensure proper immune response against pathogens and to avoid autoimmune diseases. The regulation of cGAS-MITA pathway at MITA-level have been extensively explored and reviewed elsewhere, here we provide a summary and perspective on recent advances in understanding of the cGAS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiguang Xiong
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Suyun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yong Ran
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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641
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Haschka M, Karbon G, Fava LL, Villunger A. Perturbing mitosis for anti-cancer therapy: is cell death the only answer? EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45440. [PMID: 29459486 PMCID: PMC5836099 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfering with mitosis for cancer treatment is an old concept that has proven highly successful in the clinics. Microtubule poisons are used to treat patients with different types of blood or solid cancer since more than 20 years, but how these drugs achieve clinical response is still unclear. Arresting cells in mitosis can promote their demise, at least in a petri dish. Yet, at the molecular level, this type of cell death is poorly defined and cancer cells often find ways to escape. The signaling pathways activated can lead to mitotic slippage, cell death, or senescence. Therefore, any attempt to unravel the mechanistic action of microtubule poisons will have to investigate aspects of cell cycle control, cell death initiation in mitosis and after slippage, at single-cell resolution. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling cell death in mitosis or after escape from mitotic arrest, as well as secondary consequences of mitotic errors, particularly sterile inflammation, and finally address the question how clinical efficacy of anti-mitotic drugs may come about and could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Haschka
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Karbon
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca L Fava
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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642
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Franz KM, Neidermyer WJ, Tan YJ, Whelan SPJ, Kagan JC. STING-dependent translation inhibition restricts RNA virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2058-E2067. [PMID: 29440426 PMCID: PMC5834695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716937115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, IFN responses that occur during RNA and DNA virus infections are activated by distinct signaling pathways. The RIG-I-like-receptors (RLRs) bind viral RNA and engage the adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) to promote IFN expression, whereas cGAS (cGMP-AMP synthase) binds viral DNA and activates an analogous pathway via the protein STING (stimulator of IFN genes). In this study, we confirm that STING is not necessary to induce IFN expression during RNA virus infection but also find that STING is required to restrict the replication of diverse RNA viruses. The antiviral activities of STING were not linked to its ability to regulate basal expression of IFN-stimulated genes, activate transcription, or autophagy. Using vesicular stomatitis virus as a model, we identified a requirement of STING to inhibit translation during infection and upon transfection of synthetic RLR ligands. This inhibition occurs at the level of translation initiation and restricts the production of viral and host proteins. The inability to restrict translation rendered STING-deficient cells 100 times more likely to support productive viral infections than wild-type counterparts. Genetic analysis linked RNA sensing by RLRs to STING-dependent translation inhibition, independent of MAVS. Thus, STING has dual functions in host defense, regulating protein synthesis to prevent RNA virus infection and regulating IFN expression to restrict DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Franz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William J Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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643
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Hernandez-Segura A, Nehme J, Demaria M. Hallmarks of Cellular Senescence. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:436-453. [PMID: 29477613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1405] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that promotes tissue remodeling during development and after injury, but can also contribute to the decline of the regenerative potential and function of tissues, to inflammation, and to tumorigenesis in aged organisms. Therefore, the identification, characterization, and pharmacological elimination of senescent cells have gained attention in the field of aging research. However, the nonspecificity of current senescence markers and the existence of different senescence programs strongly limit these tasks. Here, we describe the molecular regulators of senescence phenotypes and how they are used for identifying senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. We also highlight the importance that these levels of regulations have in the development of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernandez-Segura
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jamil Nehme
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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644
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Hatch EM. Nuclear envelope rupture: little holes, big openings. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:66-72. [PMID: 29459181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE), which is a critical barrier between the DNA and the cytosol, is capable of extensive dynamic membrane remodeling events in interphase. One of these events, interphase NE rupture and repair, can occur in both normal and disease states and results in the loss of nucleus compartmentalization. NE rupture is not lethal, but new research indicates that it could have broad impacts on genome stability and activate innate immune responses. These observations suggest a new model for how changes in NE structure could be pathogenic in cancer, laminopathies, and autoinflammatory syndromes, and redefine the functions of nucleus compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hatch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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645
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Yuan Y, DiCiaccio B, Li Y, Elshikha AS, Titov D, Brenner B, Seifer L, Pan H, Karic N, Akbar MA, Lu Y, Song S, Zhou L. Anti-inflammaging effects of human alpha-1 antitrypsin. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12694. [PMID: 29045001 PMCID: PMC5770780 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging plays an important role in most age-related diseases. However, the mechanism of inflammaging is largely unknown, and therapeutic control of inflammaging is challenging. Human alpha-1 antitrypsin (hAAT) has immune-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties as demonstrated in several disease models including type 1 diabetes, arthritis, lupus, osteoporosis, and stroke. To test the potential anti-inflammaging effect of hAAT, we generated transgenic Drosophila lines expressing hAAT. Surprisingly, the lifespan of hAAT-expressing lines was significantly longer than that of genetically matched controls. To understand the mechanism underlying the anti-aging effect of hAAT, we monitored the expression of aging-associated genes and found that aging-induced expressions of Relish (NF-ĸB orthologue) and Diptericin were significantly lower in hAAT lines than in control lines. RNA-seq analysis revealed that innate immunity genes regulated by NF-kB were significantly and specifically inhibited in hAAT transgenic Drosophila lines. To confirm this anti-inflammaging effect in human cells, we treated X-ray-induced senescence cells with hAAT and showed that hAAT treatment significantly decreased the expression and maturation of IL-6 and IL-8, two major factors of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Consistent with results from Drosophila,RNA-seq analysis also showed that hAAT treatment significantly inhibited inflammation related genes and pathways. Together, our results demonstrated that hAAT significantly inhibited inflammaging in both Drosophila and human cell models. As hAAT is a FDA-approved drug with a confirmed safety profile, this novel therapeutic potential may make hAAT a promising candidate to combat aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Benedetto DiCiaccio
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Denis Titov
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Brian Brenner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lee Seifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Hope Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Nurdina Karic
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Yuanqing Lu
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Sihong Song
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- University of Florida Genetics InstituteGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics & MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- University of Florida Genetics InstituteGainesvilleFLUSA
- UF Health Cancer CenterGainesvilleFLUSA
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646
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Bakhoum SF, Ngo B, Laughney AM, Cavallo JA, Murphy CJ, Ly P, Shah P, Sriram RK, Watkins TBK, Taunk NK, Duran M, Pauli C, Shaw C, Chadalavada K, Rajasekhar VK, Genovese G, Venkatesan S, Birkbak NJ, McGranahan N, Lundquist M, LaPlant Q, Healey JH, Elemento O, Chung CH, Lee NY, Imielenski M, Nanjangud G, Pe’er D, Cleveland DW, Powell SN, Lammerding J, Swanton C, Cantley LC. Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response. Nature 2018; 553:467-472. [PMID: 29342134 PMCID: PMC5785464 DOI: 10.1038/nature25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 940] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of cancer that results from ongoing errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis. Although chromosomal instability is a major driver of tumour evolution, its role in metastasis has not been established. Here we show that chromosomal instability promotes metastasis by sustaining a tumour cell-autonomous response to cytosolic DNA. Errors in chromosome segregation create a preponderance of micronuclei whose rupture spills genomic DNA into the cytosol. This leads to the activation of the cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and downstream noncanonical NF-κB signalling. Genetic suppression of chromosomal instability markedly delays metastasis even in highly aneuploid tumour models, whereas continuous chromosome segregation errors promote cellular invasion and metastasis in a STING-dependent manner. By subverting lethal epithelial responses to cytosolic DNA, chromosomally unstable tumour cells co-opt chronic activation of innate immune pathways to spread to distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Bakhoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Bryan Ngo
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ashley M. Laughney
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Julie-Ann Cavallo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Charles J. Murphy
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Peter Ly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Pragya Shah
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Roshan K Sriram
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Neil K. Taunk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mercedes Duran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Christine Shaw
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kalyani Chadalavada
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | - Nicolai J. Birkbak
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark Lundquist
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Quincey LaPlant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John H. Healey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Nancy Y. Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Marcin Imielenski
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Gouri Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dana Pe’er
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Don W. Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Simon N. Powell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
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647
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Mitochondrial (Dys) Function in Inflammaging: Do MitomiRs Influence the Energetic, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Status of Senescent Cells? Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2309034. [PMID: 29445253 PMCID: PMC5763118 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2309034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A relevant feature of aging is chronic low-grade inflammation, termed inflammaging, a key process promoting the development of all major age-related diseases. Senescent cells can acquire the senescence-associated (SA) secretory phenotype (SASP), characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory factors fuelling inflammaging. Cellular senescence is also accompanied by a deep reshaping of microRNA expression and by the modulation of mitochondria activity, both master regulators of the SASP. Here, we synthesize novel findings regarding the role of mitochondria in the SASP and in the inflammaging process and propose a network linking nuclear-encoded SA-miRNAs to mitochondrial gene regulation and function in aging cells. In this conceptual structure, SA-miRNAs can translocate to mitochondria (SA-mitomiRs) and may affect the energetic, oxidative, and inflammatory status of senescent cells. We discuss the potential role of several of SA-mitomiRs (i.e., let-7b, miR-1, miR-130a-3p, miR-133a, miR-146a-5p, miR-181c-5p, and miR-378-5p), using miR-146a as a proof-of-principle model. Finally, we propose a comprehensive, metabolic, and epigenetic view of the senescence process, in order to amplify the range of possible approaches to target inflammaging, with the ultimate goal of decelerating the aging rate, postponing or blunting the development of age-related diseases.
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648
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Cytosolic sensing of immuno-stimulatory DNA, the enemy within. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 50:82-87. [PMID: 29247853 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the cytoplasm, DNA is sensed as a universal danger signal by the innate immune system. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor/enzyme that catalyzes formation of 2'-5'-cGAMP, an atypical cyclic di-nucleotide second messenger that binds and activates the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING), resulting in recruitment of Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1), activation of the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3), and trans-activation of innate immune response genes, including type I Interferon cytokines (IFN-I). Activation of the pro-inflammatory cGAS-STING-IRF3 response is triggered by direct recognition of the DNA genomes of bacteria and viruses, but also during RNA virus infection, neoplastic transformation, tumor immunotherapy and systemic auto-inflammatory diseases. In these circumstances, the source of immuno-stimulatory DNA has often represented a fundamental yet poorly understood aspect of the response. This review focuses on recent findings related to cGAS activation by an array of self-derived DNA substrates, including endogenous retroviral elements, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and micronuclei generated as a result of genotoxic stress and DNA damage. These findings emphasize the role of the cGAS axis as a cell-intrinsic innate immune response to a wide variety of genomic insults.
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649
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Kretschmer S, Lee-Kirsch MA. Type I interferon-mediated autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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650
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Abstract
Two recent papers report the activation of a pro-inflammatory response by cytoplasmic DNA from aberrant nuclear structures called micronuclei. The findings have implications for tumor immunity, immunotherapy biomarker discovery, and possibly the many-sided effects of senescence-associated secretory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Spektor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pellman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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