651
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Vandivier RW, Voelkel NF. The challenges of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)--a perspective. COPD 2007; 2:177-84. [PMID: 17136979 DOI: 10.1081/copd-200050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease, primarily caused by cigarette smoke, which will soon become the third leading cause of death globally. Despite the importance of the problem, our real understanding of the biological underpinnings of COPD remains incomplete. Consequently, our first-line therapies, while helpful, are not yet as effective as they need to be. In this review, we will focus on these challenges and more, including the role of impaired tissue repair and adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis, determining who may be at risk, describing COPD phenotypes and potential biomarkers. New ideas for chronic disease management and prevention of exacerbations will also be discussed. While much remains to be accomplished, meeting these challenges will bring rewards because what we learn will have implications for the understanding and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases beyond COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William Vandivier
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, C272, Denver, Colorado 80220, USA.
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652
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653
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Soler Cataluña JJ. [The role played by exacerbations in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Arch Bronconeumol 2007; 43:55-8. [PMID: 17288892 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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654
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Dahl M, Vestbo J, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. C-reactive Protein As a Predictor of Prognosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:250-5. [PMID: 17053205 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200605-713oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an ongoing systemic inflammation, which can be assessed by measuring serum C-reactive protein (CRP). OBJECTIVE To determine whether increased serum CRP in individuals with airway obstruction predicts future hospitalization and death from COPD. METHODS We performed a cohort study with a median of 8-yr follow-up of 1,302 individuals with airway obstruction selected from the ongoing Copenhagen City Heart Study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured serum CRP at baseline, and recorded COPD admissions and deaths as outcomes. During follow-up, 185 (14%) individuals were hospitalized due to COPD and 83 (6%) died of COPD. Incidences of COPD hospitalization and COPD death were increased in individuals with baseline CRP > 3 mg/L versus < or = 3 mg/L (log rank: p < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, FEV(1)% predicted, tobacco consumption, and ischemic heart disease, the hazard ratios for hospitalization and death due to COPD were increased at 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.0) and 2.2 (1.2-3.9) in individuals with baseline CRP > 3 mg/L versus < or = 3 mg/L. After close matching for FEV(1)% predicted and adjusting for potential confounders, baseline CRP was, on average, increased by 1.2 mg/L (analysis of variance: p = 0.002) and 4.1 mg/L (p = 0.001) in those who were subsequently hospitalized or died of COPD, respectively. The absolute 10-yr risks for COPD hospitalization and death in individuals with CRP above 3 mg/L were 54 and 57%, respectively, among those older than 70 yr with a tobacco consumption above 15 g/d and an FEV(1)% predicted of less than 50. CONCLUSIONS CRP is a strong and independent predictor of future COPD outcomes in individuals with airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Dahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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655
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Danese A, Pariante CM, Caspi A, Taylor A, Poulton R. Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1319-24. [PMID: 17229839 PMCID: PMC1783123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610362104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in early life has been associated with insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in adulthood, possibly affecting inflammation processes. Childhood maltreatment has been linked to increased risk of adult disease with potential inflammatory origin. However, the impact of early life stress on adult inflammation is not known in humans. We tested the life-course association between childhood maltreatment and adult inflammation in a birth cohort followed to age 32 years as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of maltreatment on inflammation, adjusting for co-occurring risk factors and potential mediating variables. Maltreated children showed a significant and graded increase in the risk for clinically relevant C-reactive protein levels 20 years later, in adulthood [risk ratio (RR)=1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26-2.58]. The effect of childhood maltreatment on adult inflammation was independent of the influence of co-occurring early life risks (RR=1.58, 95% CI=1.08-2.31), stress in adulthood (RR=1.64, 95% CI=1.12-2.39), and adult health and health behavior (RR=1.76, 95% CI=1.23-2.51). More than 10% of cases of low-grade inflammation in the population, as indexed by high C-reactive protein, may be attributable to childhood maltreatment. The association between maltreatment and adult inflammation also generalizes to fibrinogen and white blood cell count. Childhood maltreatment is a previously undescribed, independent, and preventable risk factor for inflammation in adulthood. Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Danese
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
| | - Carmine M. Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, and Institute of Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086; and
| | - Alan Taylor
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand
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656
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Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wouters EFM. Systemic inflammation in COPD: is genetic susceptibility a key factor? COPD 2007; 3:51-61. [PMID: 17175665 DOI: 10.1080/15412550500493436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
COPD is a multicomponent disease characterized by abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles that is accompanied by systemic effects like weight loss, muscle wasting, reduced functional capacity and impaired health status. A persistent low-grade systemic inflammatory response reflected by enhanced levels of acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, is present in part of the COPD population. The production of inflammatory proteins is partly genetically determined. Several studies have shown that polymorphisms within genes coding for these inflammatory mediators may modulate systemic inflammatory responses. Among all of these genes, the TNF family (TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin (LT)-alph and their receptors TNF-R55 and TNF-R75), interleukin (IL)-6 and CRP gene polymorphisms are the most prominent candidates. However, large carefully designed studies in well-characterized COPD cohorts are required to unravel the exact role of genetic background in the systemic component of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyara G Yanbaeva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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657
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658
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Sin DD, Man SFP. Systemic inflammation and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:141-7. [PMID: 17487253 DOI: 10.1139/y06-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and cancer (especially lung cancer) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Some have implicated systemic inflammation, which is commonly observed in COPD, as the potential mechanistic bridge between COPD and these disorders. This concept has been supported by animal studies especially in rabbits, which have clearly demonstrated the effect of local lung inflammation on systemic inflammation and on the progression of atherosclerosis and by cross-sectional population-based studies, which have shown a significant relationship between systemic inflammation, as measured by circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in COPD patients. These data have been further extended by a recent study that has elucidated the temporal nature of the relationship between systemic inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular events and cancer in COPD patients. This study showed that baseline CRP levels predicted the incidence of cardiovascular events and cancer-specific mortality over 7 to 8 years of follow-up. CRP levels also predicted all-cause mortality. Collectively, these data indicate that systemic inflammation may play an important role in mediating the extra-pulmonary complications of COPD. Systemic inflammation may contribute substantially to the overall morbidity and mortality of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don D Sin
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul,s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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659
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Rahman MM, Elmi S, Chang TKH, Bai N, Sallam NA, Lemos VS, Moien-Afshari F, Laher I. Increased vascular contractility in isolated vessels from cigarette smoking rats is mediated by basal endothelin release. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:35-42. [PMID: 16901763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic cigarette smoking on endothelin modulation of vascular contraction, and CYP enzyme levels was studied in 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided equally into smoking and non-smoking groups. The smoking group was exposed to 6 research cigarettes per rat per day 5 days a week for 16 weeks. The control group was sham smoked. Functional contractile studies were performed in aortas and carotid arteries to determine the regulation of vascular tone by basal release of endothelin. Liver samples were analyzed for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 gene expression by RT-PCR. Plasma samples were assessed for endothelin-1 (ET-1) level by enzyme immuno assay (EIA). Treatment of aortas and carotid arteries with bosentan, the dual endothelin receptor antagonist, caused a significant reduction in constrictor responses of smoking rats, indicating, increase greater regulation of tone by endothelin in smoker rats compared to controls. There was a greater expression of the cytochrome P450-liver enzymes (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) in smoker rats. Body weight gain was also significantly decreased in smoker rats. We conclude that increased endothelin release in smoker rats significantly contributes to increased arterial tone and so contribute to the cardiovascular pathophysiology associated with cigarette smoking, such as increased vascular muscularization, increased contraction, decreased dilation and possibly vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Rahman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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660
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Le Jemtel TH, Padeletti M, Jelic S. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in patients with coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 49:171-80. [PMID: 17222727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (CHF) are common conditions. The prevalence of COPD ranges from 20% to 30% in patients with CHF. The diagnosis of CHF can remain unsuspected in patients with COPD, because shortness of breath is attributed to COPD. Measurement of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels helps to uncover unsuspected CHF in patients with COPD and clinical deterioration. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac function may be preferable to BNP to uncover unsuspected left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in patients with stable COPD. Patients with COPD or CHF develop skeletal muscle alterations that are strikingly similar. Functional intolerance correlates with severity of skeletal muscle alterations but not with severity of pulmonary or cardiac impairment in COPD and CHF, respectively. Improvement of pulmonary or cardiac function does not translate into relief of functional intolerance in patients with COPD or CHF unless skeletal muscle alterations concomitantly regress. The mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle alterations are incompletely understood in COPD and in CHF. Disuse and low-level systemic inflammation leading to protein synthesis/degradation imbalance are likely to contribute. The presence of COPD impacts on the treatment of CHF, as COPD is still viewed as a contraindication to beta-blockade. Therefore, COPD often deprives patients with CHF due to LV systolic dysfunction of the most beneficial pharmacologic intervention. A large body of data indicates that patients with COPD tolerate well selective beta-blockade that should not be denied to CHF patients with concomitant COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry H Le Jemtel
- Division of Cardiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699, USA.
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661
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Kunter E, Ilvan A, Ozmen N, Demirer E, Ozturk A, Avsar K, Sayan O, Kartaloğlu Z. Effect of corticosteroids on hemostasis and pulmonary arterial pressure during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Respiration 2006; 75:145-54. [PMID: 17143000 DOI: 10.1159/000097748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic and hemostatic abnormalities are reportedly frequent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES We investigated the changes in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs) and hemostatic status and the effects of systemic steroid treatment (SST) during COPD exacerbation. METHODS Consecutive 26 male and 4 female patients as well as 10 controls were enrolled. The nonsteroid treatment (NST) group received standard treatment without steroids, and the other group received additional SST. Initial values of blood gases, spirometry and PAPs, P-selectin, D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, activities of thrombocyte aggregation, antithrombin III (AT III), protein C (PC), protein S, activated PC resistance (APCR), prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were obtained and compared with values at day 10. RESULTS Improvement in spirometry and blood gases was more prominent with SST. At presentation, patients had higher PAPs, P-selectin, D-dimer and fibrinogen but lower AT III levels than controls. PAPs and fibrinogen levels significantly decreased in the SST group while P-selectin levels further increased in the NST group. The D-dimer level significantly decreased in both groups. Means of AT III, PC and protein S increased in the SST and decreased in the NST group, but only the decrease in PC in the NST group was meaningful. Compared with the controls, AT III levels in the NST group and activated PC resistance in the SST group were significantly decreased. Thrombocyte aggregation tests suggested an incline after 10 days in both groups. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that in patients with COPD exacerbation, addition of systemic corticosteroids to treatment results in better outcome in normalization of PAPs, hemostasis, pulmonary functions and blood gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Kunter
- Department of Chest Diseases, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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662
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Engström G, Hedblad B, Janzon L. Reduced lung function predicts increased fatality in future cardiac events. A population-based study. J Intern Med 2006; 260:560-7. [PMID: 17116007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moderately reduced lung function in apparently healthy subjects has been associated with incidence of coronary events. However, whether lung function is related to the fatality of the future events is unknown. This study explored whether reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) in initially healthy men is related to the fatality of the future coronary events. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Population-based study from Malmö, Sweden. SUBJECTS A total of 5452 healthy men, 28-61 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of first coronary events was monitored over a mean follow-up of 19 years. The fatality of the future events was studied in relation to FEV and FVC. RESULTS A total of 589 men suffered a coronary event during follow-up, 165 of them were fatal during the first day. After risk factors adjustment, low FEV or FVC were associated with incidence of coronary events (fatal or nonfatal) and this relationship was most pronounced for the fatal events. Amongst men who subsequently had a coronary event, the case-fatality rates were higher in men with low FEV or FVC. Adjusted for risk factors, the odds ratio for death during the first day was 1.00 (reference), 1.63 (95% CI: 0.9-3.1), 1.86 (1.0-3.5) and 2.06 (1.1-3.9), respectively, for men with FVC in the 4th, 3rd, 2nd, and lowest quartiles (trend: P < 0.05). FEV showed similar relationships with the fatality rates. CONCLUSION Apparently healthy men with moderately reduced lung function have higher fatality in future coronary events, with a higher proportion of coronary heart disease deaths and less nonfatal myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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663
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Sista RR, Ernst KV, Ashley EA. Perioperative cardiac risk: pathophysiology, assessment and management. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 4:731-43. [PMID: 17081095 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac complications are the leading cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality following noncardiac surgery. The annual cost of perioperative cardiovascular events exceeds 20 billion US dollars. A strategic preoperative evaluation holds the potential to reduce perioperative cardiac events and healthcare costs; however, our current understanding of the pathophysiological basis of postoperative acute coronary syndromes is limited. Although significant advances continue to facilitate early and reliable noninvasive detection of high-risk coronary anatomy, the most appropriate interventions remain unclear. Pharmacotherapy, revascularization, safer anesthesia and early detection of perioperative heart failure may all reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality, although the evidence base is incomplete and controversial. A close working relationship between the primary care physician, cardiologist, surgeon and anesthesiologist will facilitate rational, tailored and optimized management decisions that constitute our best opportunity to reduce perioperative cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandra R Sista
- Stanford University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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664
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Curkendall SM, Lanes S, de Luise C, Stang MR, Jones JK, She D, Goehring E. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and cardiovascular outcomes. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21:803-13. [PMID: 17106760 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-006-9066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity and assess the relation between COPD severity and risk of cardiovascular outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A cohort of patients with diagnosed and treated COPD was compiled from the Saskatchewan Health longitudinal databases. We used multivariate modeling to identify predictors of hospitalization for COPD as an indicator of COPD severity, and we used the model to characterize patients according to quintiles of COPD severity. These severity levels were used as independent variables in multivariate models of cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS Determinants of COPD severity included emphysema, recent nebulizer use, home oxygen services, corticosteroid use, frequent bronchodilator use, pneumonia and prior COPD exacerbation. The 20% of patients with the highest COPD severity were 1.27 (CI: 1.07-1.50) times more likely to have arrhythmia, 1.25 (CI: 1.07-1.46) times more likely to have ischemic heart disease, 1.38 (CI: 1.11-1.71) times more likely to have angina, 2.28 (CI: 1.95-2.66) times more likely to have congestive heart failure, and 1.63 (CI: 1.22-2.16) times more likely to die of cardiovascular causes than the least severe 20% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with more severe COPD, as defined by our model, had higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than patients with less severe COPD.
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666
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general and the musculoskeletal effects and cachexia in particular. RECENT FINDINGS Shift in muscle fiber type from I to II, reduction of capillary/mitochondria ratio, reduction of oxidative enzymes and oxidative capacity, alteration in amino acid profile, changes in respiratory muscle dynamics, activation of the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway with loss of contractile proteins are some of the factors found to cause muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chemotaxis and capability to produce more reactive oxygen species and to cause extracellular proteolysis are enhanced in neutrophils of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is shown to cause loss of myosin chains in a time and dose-dependent fashion and to induce production of reactive oxygen species through activation of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Inflammation and oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species fuel each other. Weight loss due to muscle wasting (cachexia) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not solely related to malnutrition and is an independent predictor of mortality. Causative factors for cachexia include cytokine effects, protein degradation enhanced by increased ubiquination, upregulation of mRNA for key enzymes, increased energy expenditure and neurohormonal effects such as leptin production and an imbalance in anabolic and catabolic hormone homeostasis. SUMMARY The findings noted above may well have the common link of inflammation in and beyond the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Balasubramanian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
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667
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Aronson D, Roterman I, Yigla M, Kerner A, Avizohar O, Sella R, Bartha P, Levy Y, Markiewicz W. Inverse Association between Pulmonary Function and C-Reactive Protein in Apparently Healthy Subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:626-32. [PMID: 16778162 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200602-243oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Increased levels of systemic markers of inflammation have been reported in patients with impaired lung function due to obstructive or restrictive lung disease. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that a decline in lung function within the normal range may be associated with a systemic subclinical inflammation. METHODS Pulmonary function tests, cardiorespiratory fitness, components of the metabolic syndrome, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in 1,131 subjects without known pulmonary disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ninety-six of the study participants (8.5%) had FEV(1) of less than 80% of predicted values. There was a strong inverse association between CRP levels and quartiles of FEV(1). The median CRP levels in nonsmoking participants were 2.5, 1.8, 1.7, and 1.3 mg/L in the first, second, third, and forth FEV(1) quartiles, respectively (p < 0.0001). A similar inverse association was present in smoking subjects (median CRP levels were 3.8, 2.3, 2.0, and 1.9 mg/L in the first, second, third, and fourth FEV(1) quartiles, respectively; p < 0.0001). These associations remained highly significant after adjustment for age, sex, components of the metabolic syndrome, and fitness level (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS An inverse linear relationship exists between CRP concentrations and measures of pulmonary function in subjects without pulmonary disease and in never-smokers. These results indicate that systemic inflammation may be linked to early perturbations of pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center, POB 9602, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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668
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669
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Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med 2006; 100:115-22. [PMID: 15893923 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a modified Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD) classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) predicts mortality in a cohort of subjects followed for up to 11 years. METHODS We analyzed data from 15,759 adult participants, aged 43-66 years at baseline, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. All baseline and follow-up data were available for 15,440 (97.9%) of the initial participants. We classified subjects using a modification of the GOLD criteria for COPD (prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)) stratification of disease severity), and added a "restricted" category (FEV(1)/FVC>70% and FVC<80% predicted). We used Cox proportional hazard models to determine the risk of impaired lung function on subsequent mortality, after adjusting for age, race, sex and smoking status. RESULTS 1242 (8.0%) subjects died by the end of 1997. The overall rate of death was 8.9 per 1000 person years, but varied from 5.4/1000 among normal subjects to 42.9/1000 among subjects with GOLD Stage 3 or 4 COPD. After adjusting for covariates, all GOLD categories, along with the restricted category, predicted a higher risk of death: GOLD Stage 3 or 4, hazard ratio (HR) 5.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4, 7.3; GOLD Stage 2 HR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0, 2.9; GOLD Stage 1 HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1, 1.6; GOLD Stage 0 HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3, 1.8; and restricted HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.9, 2.8. CONCLUSION The modified GOLD classification system of COPD predicts mortality in this cohort of middle-aged Americans followed for up to 11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mannino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky Medicial Center, 800 Rose Street, MN 614, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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670
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Canavan J, Robson-Ansley P, Garrod R, Jewell A. Inflammatory response to exercise in COPD. Respir Med 2006; 100:1125-6; author reply 1127. [PMID: 16616482 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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671
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Man SFP, Connett JE, Anthonisen NR, Wise RA, Tashkin DP, Sin DD. C-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2006; 61:849-53. [PMID: 16738034 PMCID: PMC2104755 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.059808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it is not certain whether they are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. METHODS Serum CRP levels were measured in 4803 participants in the Lung Health Study with mild to moderate COPD. The risk of all-cause and disease specific causes of mortality was determined as well as cardiovascular event rates, adjusting for important covariates such as age, sex, cigarette smoking, and lung function. Cardiovascular events were defined as death from coronary heart disease or stroke, or non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke requiring admission to hospital. RESULTS CRP levels were associated with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer specific causes of mortality. Individuals in the highest quintile of CRP had a relative risk (RR) for all-cause mortality of 1.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 2.56) compared with those in the lowest quintile of CRP. For cardiovascular events and cancer deaths the corresponding RRs were 1.51 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.90) and 1.85 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.13), respectively. CRP levels were also associated with an accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p < 0.001). The discriminative property of CRP was greatest during the first year of measurement and decayed over time. Comparing the highest and lowest CRP quintiles, the RR was 4.03 (95% CI 1.23 to 13.21) for 1 year mortality, 3.30 (95% CI 1.38 to 7.86) for 2 year mortality, and 1.82 (95% CI 1.22 to 2.68) for > or =5 year mortality. CONCLUSIONS CRP measurements provide incremental prognostic information beyond that achieved by traditional markers of prognosis in patients with mild to moderate COPD, and may enable more accurate detection of patients at a high risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F P Man
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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672
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Marquis K, Maltais F, Duguay V, Bezeau AM, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Poirier P. The metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:226-32; discussion 233-4. [PMID: 16056071 DOI: 10.1097/00008483-200507000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of the metabolic syndrome in COPD patients who participated in a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, presence of insulin resistance, and prothrombotic and inflammatory states that predispose to cardiovascular diseases. METHODS Thirty-eight COPD patients (age: 66 +/- 7 years, [mean +/- SD], FEV1: 43 +/- 16% predicted) and 34 control participants matched for age and gender are included in this study. The criteria for the identification of the metabolic syndrome include 3 or more of the following features: abdominal obesity (waist circumference: > 102 cm in men, > 88 cm in women), triglycerides levels (>or= 1.69 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (< 1.0 mmol/L in men, < 1.3 mmol/L in women), blood pressure (>or= 130/ >or= 85 mm Hg), and fasting glucose levels (>or= 6.1 mmol/L). RESULTS Forty-seven percent of COPD patients and 21% of control participants presented 3 or more determinants of the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The presence of metabolic syndrome is frequent in patients with COPD who participated in a cardiopulmonary program. Hence, this population should be considered for screening for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Marquis
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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673
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Ochs-Balcom HM, Grant BJB, Muti P, Sempos CT, Freudenheim JL, Trevisan M, Cassano PA, Iacoviello L, Schünemann HJ. Pulmonary function and abdominal adiposity in the general population. Chest 2006; 129:853-62. [PMID: 16608930 DOI: 10.1378/chest.129.4.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity is increasing, and there is evidence that obesity, in particular abdominal obesity as a marker of insulin resistance, is negatively associated with pulmonary function. The mechanism for this association and the best marker of abdominal adiposity in relation to pulmonary function is not known. STUDY OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between pulmonary function and weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and abdominal height as markers of adiposity and body fat distribution. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the association of pulmonary function (ie, FEV(1) and FVC) [with maneuvers performed in the sitting position] with overall adiposity markers (ie, weight and BMI) and abdominal adiposity markers, stratified by gender, and adjusted for height, age, race, smoking, and other covariates. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A random sample of individuals (n = 2,153) from the general population living in western New York state, 35 to 79 years of age. RESULTS In women, abdominal height and waist circumference were negatively associated with FEV(1) percent predicted, while all five adiposity markers were negatively associated with FVC percent predicted. In men, all overall and abdominal adiposity markers were inversely associated with FEV(1) percent predicted and FVC percent predicted. CONCLUSION These results suggest that abdominal adiposity is a better predictor of pulmonary function than weight or BMI, and investigators should consider it when investigating the determinants of pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- INFORMA, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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674
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Schneider A, Dinant GJ, Maag I, Gantner L, Meyer JF, Szecsenyi J. The added value of C-reactive protein to clinical signs and symptoms in patients with obstructive airway disease: results of a diagnostic study in primary care. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2006; 7:28. [PMID: 16670014 PMCID: PMC1479349 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms, C-reactive protein (CRP) and spirometric parameters and determine their interrelation in patients suspected to have an obstructive airway disease (OAD) in primary care. Methods In a cross sectional diagnostic study, 60 adult patients coming to the general practitioner (GP) for the first-time with complaints suspicious for obstructive airway disease (OAD) underwent spirometry. Peak expiratory flow (PEF)-variability within two weeks was determined in patients with inconspicuous spirometry. Structured medical histories were documented and CRP was measured. The reference standard was the Tiffeneau ratio (FEV1/VC) in spirometry and the PEF-variability. OAD was diagnosed when FEV1/VC ≤ 70% or PEF-variability > 20%. Results 37 (62%) patients had OAD. The best cut-off value for CRP was found at 2 mg/l with a diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of 4.4 (95% CI 1.4–13.8). Self-reported wheezing was significantly related with OAD (OR 3.4; CI 1.1–10.3), whereas coughing was inversely related (OR 0.2; CI 0.1–0.7). The diagnostic OR of CRP increased when combined with dyspnea (OR 8.5; 95% CI 1.7–42.3) or smoking history (OR 8.4; 95% CI 1.5–48.9). CRP (p = 0.004), FEV1 (p = 0.001) and FIV1 (p = 0.023) were related with the severity of dyspnea. CRP increased with the number of cigarettes, expressed in pack years (p = 0.001). Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms was low. The diagnostic accuracy of CRP improved in combination with dyspnea and smoking history. Due to their coherence with the severity of dyspnea and number of cigarettes respectively, CRP and spirometry might allow risk stratification of patients with OAD in primary care. Further studies need to be done to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius Schneider
- University Medical Hospital Heidelberg, Dept. of General Practice and Health Services Research; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Dinant
- University Maastricht, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Dept. of General Practice, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Inko Maag
- University Medical Hospital Heidelberg, Dept. of General Practice and Health Services Research; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gantner
- University Medical Hospital Heidelberg, Dept. of General Practice and Health Services Research; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Franz Meyer
- University Medical Hospital Heidelberg, Dept. of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Szecsenyi
- University Medical Hospital Heidelberg, Dept. of General Practice and Health Services Research; Heidelberg, Germany
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675
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Sevenoaks MJ, Stockley RA. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, inflammation and co-morbidity--a common inflammatory phenotype? Respir Res 2006; 7:70. [PMID: 16669999 PMCID: PMC1479815 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is and will remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The severity of airflow obstruction is known to relate to overall health status and mortality. However, even allowing for common aetiological factors, a link has been identified between COPD and other systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. COPD is known to be an inflammatory condition and neutrophil elastase has long been considered a significant mediator of the disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α (Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha), may be the driving force behind the disease process. However, the roles of inflammation and these pro-inflammatory cytokines may extend beyond the lungs and play a part in the systemic effects of the disease and associated co-morbidities. This article describes the mechanisms involved and proposes a common inflammatory TNF-α phenotype that may, in part, account for the associations.
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676
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Shaaban R, Kony S, Driss F, Leynaert B, Soussan D, Pin I, Neukirch F, Zureik M. Change in C-reactive protein levels and FEV1 decline: a longitudinal population-based study. Respir Med 2006; 100:2112-20. [PMID: 16650972 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced pulmonary function is an important predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown but may involve systemic inflammation. We assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and its decline in the general population, over a period of 8.5 years. The analyzes were based on 531 subjects (mean age at baseline: 37+/-7 years, 50% women and 42% non-smokers), recruited at two French centers participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Lung function was expressed as a percentage of predicted FEV1. CRP was measured centrally, by means of a highly sensitive assay. In cross-sectional analysis, FEV1 as a % of predicted values was negatively associated with serum CRP concentration (P=0.002). Multivariate adjustment did not alter these results (P=0.002). In longitudinal analysis, annual FEV1 decline tended to increase from the lower to the upper tertile for baseline CRP concentration but the association was borderline significant (P=0.14). Mean values of annual FEV1 decline were 26+/-32, 31+/-32, and 34+/-32 ml/year for the lower, middle and upper tertiles of baseline CRP concentration, respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders (P=0.09). Changes in CRP levels during follow-up were associated with annual FEV1 decline. The mean annual FEV1 declines in subjects with increasing CRP, in those with stable CRP and in those with decreasing CRP were 36+/-31, 30+/-31 and 24+/-31 ml/year, respectively (P<0.001). These findings were not affected by adjustment for potential confounders (P=0.002). In conclusion, increases in CRP levels over time were associated with a steeper FEV1 decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafea Shaaban
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 700, Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Faculté Xavier Bichat, BP 416, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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677
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Mancini GBJ, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2554-60. [PMID: 16781387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if statins (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors [HMG-CoA]), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce cardiovascular (CV) events and pulmonary morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. BACKGROUND Few current COPD therapies alter prognosis. Although statins, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs improve outcomes in CV populations, their benefits in COPD patients both with and without concomitant heart disease has not previously been studied. METHODS A time-matched nested case-control study of two population-based retrospective cohorts was undertaken: 1) COPD patients having undergone coronary revascularization (high CV risk cohort); and 2) COPD patients without previous myocardial infarction (MI) and newly treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (low CV risk cohort). Prespecified outcomes were COPD hospitalization, MI, and total mortality. RESULTS These drugs reduced both CV and pulmonary outcomes, with the largest benefits occurring with the combination of statins and either ACE inhibitors or ARBs. This combination was associated with a reduction in COPD hospitalization (risk ratio [RR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51 to 0.85) and total mortality (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.52) not only in the high CV risk cohort but also in the low CV risk cohort (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87, and RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.45, respectively). The combination also reduced MI in the high CV risk cohort (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.49). Benefits were similar when steroid users were included. CONCLUSIONS These agents may have dual cardiopulmonary protective properties, thereby substantially altering prognosis of patients with COPD. These findings need confirmation in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B John Mancini
- Division of Cardiology, Vancouver Hospital, Jack Bell Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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678
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Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC, Drapeau V, Sériès F, Boulet LP, Tremblay A, Maltais F. The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. CMAJ 2006; 174:1293-9. [PMID: 16636330 PMCID: PMC1435949 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.051299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles and increased pollution brought about by industrialization pose major challenges to the prevention of both obesity and chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Obesity has emerged as an important risk factor for these respiratory diseases, and in many instances weight loss is associated with important symptomatic improvement. Moreover, obesity may influence the development and presentation of these diseases. In this article, we review the current understanding of the influence of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases and the clinical management of obesity concurrent with asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea or obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Poulain
- Division de kinésiologie, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Qué
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679
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Sin DD, Man SFP. Commentary: fuelling the fire--systemic inflammation and development of lung disease in the general community. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:1008-10. [PMID: 16641128 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Don D Sin
- The James Hogg Icapture Center For Cardiovascular, Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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680
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Covelli H, Bhattacharya S, Cassino C, Conoscenti C, Kesten S. Absence of electrocardiographic findings and improved function with once-daily tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 25:1708-18. [PMID: 16305289 DOI: 10.1592/phco.2005.25.12.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine electrocardiographic findings after short- and long-term tiotropium therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to establish previously reported symptomatic efficacy. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. SETTING Twelve outpatient investigational centers in the United States. PATIENTS One hundred ninety-six patients with COPD. INTERVENTIONS Patients received either tiotropium 18 mug once/day or placebo, delivered by the HandiHaler device. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Electrocardiography (predose and 5 min postdose) and 24-hour Holter monitoring were performed at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with tiotropium 18 microg once/day or placebo. Efficacy measures (spirometry, global COPD ratings, scores on the EuroQol Health Questionnaire [EQ-5D], albuterol inhaler as needed) were included to demonstrate that the study population exhibited the characteristic improvements observed in previous tiotropium studies. Mean baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 1.03 L. Mean changes in heart rate from baseline were similar in both groups. No differences were noted in the percentage of patients developing rhythm or conduction abnormalities detected with electrocardiography or Holter monitoring. Frequency of premature beats and mean maximal changes in PR, QRS, QT, QTcB, and QTcF intervals were similar in both groups. No patients developed new-onset QT or QTc intervals greater than 500 msec, and no differences were noted in the percentage of patients developing new QT prolongation less than 30 msec, 30-60 msec, or greater than 60 msec. At 12 weeks, predose and postdose improvements in FEV1 were 184 and 265 ml, respectively, with tiotropium versus placebo (p<0.001). Physician and patient global COPD ratings and the EQ-5D visual analog scale scores were improved with tiotropium (p<0.05); as-needed albuterol was reduced by 25% relative to placebo (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Tiotropium provided spirometric and symptomatic benefits in patients with COPD and was not associated with evidence of electrocardiographic changes in heart rate, rhythm, QT intervals, or conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Covelli
- Pulmonary Consultants of North Idaho, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho 83814, USA.
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681
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682
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Pons J, Sauleda J, Regueiro V, Santos C, López M, Ferrer J, Agustí AGN, Bengoechea JA. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 is up-regulated in monocytes from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2006; 7:64. [PMID: 16606450 PMCID: PMC1458333 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by pulmonary and systemic inflammation which flare-up during episodes of acute exacerbation (AECOPD). Given the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the induction of inflammatory responses we investigated the involvement of TLRs in COPD pathogenesis. METHODS The expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 and CD14 in monocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. To study the functional responses of these receptors, monocytes were stimulated with peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide and the amounts of TNFalpha and IL-6 secreted were determined by ELISA. RESULTS We found that the expression of TLR-2 was up-regulated in peripheral blood monocytes from COPD patients, either clinically stable or during AECOPD, as compared to never smokers or smokers with normal lung function. Upon stimulation with TLR-2 ligand monocytes from COPD patients secreted increased amounts of cytokines than similarly stimulated monocytes from never smokers and smokers. In contrast, the expressions of TLR-4 and CD14 were not significantly different between groups, and the response to lipopolysaccharide (a TLR-4 ligand) stimulation was not significantly different either. At discharge from hospital TLR-2 expression was down-regulated in peripheral blood monocytes from AECOPD patients. This could be due to the treatment with systemic steroids because, in vitro, steroids down-regulated TLR-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-6, whose plasma levels are elevated in patients, up-regulated in vitro TLR-2 expression in monocytes from never smokers. CONCLUSION Our results reveal abnormalities in TLRs expression in COPD patients and highlight its potential relationship with systemic inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Pons
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Dureta, Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma Mallorca, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jaume Sauleda
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- Program Infection and Immunity, Fundació Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Carmen Santos
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Dureta, Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Meritxell López
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joana Ferrer
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alvar GN Agustí
- Program Infection and Immunity, Fundació Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, Bunyola, Spain
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - José A Bengoechea
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Dureta, Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma Mallorca, Spain
- Program Infection and Immunity, Fundació Caubet-CIMERA Illes Balears, Bunyola, Spain
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683
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Dourado VZ, Tanni SE, Vale SA, Faganello MM, Sanchez FF, Godoy I. Manifestações sistêmicas na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. J Bras Pneumol 2006; 32:161-71. [PMID: 17273586 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132006000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é progressiva e está relacionada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões à inalação de partículas e/ou gases tóxicos, sobretudo a fumaça de cigarro. Embora acometa primariamente os pulmões, diversas manifestações extrapulmonares relacionadas a esta enfermidade têm sido descritas. O aumento do número de células inflamatórias, que resulta em produção anormal de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, e o desequilíbrio entre a formação de radicais livres e a capacidade antioxidante, resultando em sobrecarga oxidativa, provavelmente são mecanismos envolvidos na inflamação local e sistêmica. Além disso, a diminuição do condicionamento físico secundária às limitações ventilatórias pode estar envolvida no desenvolvimento de alterações musculares. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresenta diversas manifestações sistêmicas que incluem a depleção nutricional, a disfunção dos músculos esqueléticos, que contribui para a intolerância ao exercício, e as manifestações relacionadas a co-morbidades comumente observadas nestes pacientes. Essas manifestações têm sido relacionadas à sobrevida e ao estado geral de saúde dos pacientes. Nesse sentido, esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir os achados da literatura relacionados às manifestações sistêmicas da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, ressaltando o papel da inflação sistêmica, e algumas perspectivas de tratamento.
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684
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Gan WQ, Man SFP, Postma DS, Camp P, Sin DD. Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res 2006; 7:52. [PMID: 16571126 PMCID: PMC1435894 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports indicate that over the next decade rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women will exceed those in men in the western world, though in most jurisdictions, women continue to smoke less compared with men. Whether female adult smokers are biologically more susceptible to COPD is unknown. This study reviewed the available evidence to determine whether female adult smokers have a faster decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared with male adult smokers and whether age modifies the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung function decline. METHODS A systematic review and a meta-analysis was performed of population-based cohort studies that had a follow-up period of at least 3 years, measured FEV1 on at least two different time points, and presented FEV1 data stratified by gender and smoking status in adults. RESULTS Of the 646 potentially relevant articles, 11 studies met these criteria and were included in the analyses (N = 55,709 participants). There was heterogeneity in gender-related results across the studies. However, on average current smokers had a faster annual decline rate in FEV1% predicted compared with never and former smokers. Female current smokers had with increasing age a significantly faster annual decline in FEV1% predicted than male current smokers (linear regression analysis, R2 = 0.56; p = 0.008). Age did not materially affect the rate of decline in FEV1% predicted in male and female former and never smokers (p = 0.775 and p = 0.326, respectively). CONCLUSION As female smokers age, they appear to experience an accelerated decline in FEV1% predicted compared with male smokers. Future research powered specifically on gender-related changes in lung function is needed to confirm these early findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qi Gan
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - SF Paul Man
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Camp
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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Thyagarajan B, Jacobs DR, Apostol GG, Smith LJ, Lewis CE, Williams OD. Plasma fibrinogen and lung function: the CARDIA Study. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:1001-8. [PMID: 16554379 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that fibrinogen, as a marker of chronic inflammation, is inversely associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) in healthy persons. METHODS The CARDIA cohort started in 1985 and included black and white men and women, aged 18-30, from the general population. Spirometry testing conducted at years 5 and 10 [FVC, FEV(1), and their ratio (FEV(1)/FVC)] was studied relative to plasma fibrinogen levels measured at year 5 (cross-sectional n = 4,040) and at year 7 (longitudinal n = 3,001), controlling for race, sex, age, height, smoking, asthma, body mass index, physical activity, birth control pill use, and alcohol intake. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, FVC at year 5 was lower by 166 ml (95% confidence interval 116-216 ml) in the highest vs lowest year 5 fibrinogen quartile. At year 10, holding year 5 FVC and change in fibrinogen (year 7-year 5) constant, the difference in FVC between the highest and the lowest year 5 fibrinogen quartiles widened by 67 ml (95% CI 31-103 ml). The corresponding differences for FEV(1) were 166 ml (95% CI 146-253 ml) at year 5 and 45 ml (95% CI 11-80 ml) widening by year 10. The FEV(1)/FVC ratio was unrelated to plasma fibrinogen. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fibrinogen, possibly as a marker for chronic low-grade inflammation, is associated with modest deterioration of lung function in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Thyagarajan
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55454, USA
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686
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Fowkes FGR, Anandan CLC, Lee AJ, Smith FB, Tzoulaki I, Rumley A, Powell JT, Lowe GDO. Reduced lung function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with activation of inflammation and hemostasis, not smoking or cardiovascular disease. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43:474-80. [PMID: 16520158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysms often coexist with reduced lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These conditions are each associated with cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and evidence of increased inflammatory and hemostatic activity. The aim of this study was to determine if these factors accounted for the link between aneurysms and pulmonary disease. METHODS The design was a case-control study comparing patients with an asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm with population-based controls without an aneurysm. Aneurysms were diagnosed by ultrasound scan, and pulmonary function was measured by respiratory questionnaire and spirometry. Activation of inflammation and hemostasis was measured by assay of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWF), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen, fibrin D-dimer, and plasmin antiplasmin complexes. RESULTS Cases with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (n = 89) had more COPD and worse expiratory lung function as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) than controls (n = 98) (FEV1, 1.9 vs 2.2 L, P < .01; FEV1/FVC, 0.67 vs 0.75, P < .001) and did not differ in restrictive function (FVC, 2.9 vs 3.0 L, P = .33). Cases also had higher levels of lifetime cigarette smoking (30 vs 24 pack-years, P < 0.01), cardiovascular disease (35% vs 18%, P = .01), plasma fibrinogen (3.5 vs 3.1 g/L, P = .02), IL-6 (2.8 vs 1.8, pg/mL, P < .001), plasmin antiplasmin complexes (596 vs 384 microg/L, P = .01), and D-dimer (442 vs 93 ng/mL, P < .001). On multiple logistic regression analysis of lung function and COPD on the risk of aneurysm, both cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease had little effect on the relationships. For the markers of activated inflammation and hemostasis, plasmin antiplasmin complexes and D-dimer had the most important confounding effect on the odds ratios. All markers combined had a substantial effect: odds ratio of aneurysm for a one standard deviation decrease in FEV1 fell from 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.5) (P < .01) to 1.3 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.4) (P > or = .05). CONCLUSION The association between reduced respiratory function and abdominal aortic aneurysm was not accounted for by cigarette smoking or cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that activation of inflammation and hemostasis in response to injury may be an important explanation of the association between aneurysm formation and reduced respiratory function. Further studies are required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gerald R Fowkes
- Wolfson Unit for Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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687
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Hoppe UC, Böhm M, Dietz R, Hanrath P, Kroemer HK, Osterspey A, Schmaltz AA, Erdmann E. [Guidelines for therapy of chronic heart failure]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 94:488-509. [PMID: 16049651 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-005-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U C Hoppe
- Universität zu Köln, Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
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688
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Sin DD, Man SFP, Marciniuk DD, Ford G, FitzGerald M, Wong E, York E, Mainra RR, Ramesh W, Melenka LS, Wilde E, Cowie RL, Williams D, Rousseau R. Can inhaled fluticasone alone or in combination with salmeterol reduce systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [NCT00120978]. BMC Pulm Med 2006; 6:3. [PMID: 16460562 PMCID: PMC1373664 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation is associated with various complications in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including weight loss, cachexia, osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Inhaled corticosteroids attenuate airway inflammation, reduce exacerbations, and improve mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whether inhaled corticosteroids by themselves or in combination with a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist repress systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is unknown. The Advair Biomarkers in COPD (ABC) study will determine whether the effects of inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination with a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist reduce systemic inflammation and improve health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods/Design After a 4-week run-in phase during which patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will receive inhaled fluticasone (500 micrograms twice daily), followed by a 4-week withdrawal phase during which all inhaled corticosteroids and long acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists will be discontinued, patients will be randomized to receive fluticasone (500 micrograms twice daily), fluticasone/salmeterol combination (500/50 micrograms twice daily), or placebo for four weeks. The study will recruit 250 patients across 11 centers in western Canada. Patients must be 40 years of age or older with at least 10 pack-year smoking history and have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease defined as forced expiratory volume in one second to vital capacity ratio of 0.70 or less and forced expiratory volume in one second that is 80% of predicted or less. Patients will be excluded if they have any known chronic systemic infections, inflammatory conditions, history of previous solid organ transplantation, myocardial infarction, or cerebrovascular accident within the past 3 months prior to study enrolment. The primary end-point is serum C-reactive protein level. Secondary end-points include circulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 as well as health-related quality of life and lung function. Discussion If inhaled corticosteroids by themselves or in combination with a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist could repress systemic inflammation, they might greatly improve clinical prognosis by reducing various complications in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don D Sin
- Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - SF Paul Man
- Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Darcy D Marciniuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gordon Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mark FitzGerald
- Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ernest York
- Wetaskiwin General Hospital, Wetaskiwin, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Eric Wilde
- Lethbridge General Hospital, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Robert L Cowie
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dave Williams
- Matsqui-Sumas-Abbotsford General Hospital, Abbotsford, Canada
| | - Roxanne Rousseau
- Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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689
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Synthèse : la BPCO, maladie générale. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)77745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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690
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Choe KH. Complications of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2006. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2006.49.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hyeon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National Univercity College of Medicine & Hospital, Korea.
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691
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Abstract
COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide with an estimated 2.75 million deaths in 2000 (fourth leading cause of death). In addition to the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with COPD, this disease incurs significant healthcare and societal costs. Current COPD guidelines acknowledge that the following can improve COPD mortality: smoking cessation; long-term oxygen therapy; and lung volume reduction surgery in small subsets of COPD patients. To date, no randomized controlled trials have demonstrated an effect of pharmacological treatment on mortality, although several observational studies suggest that both long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids may provide a survival benefit. The possibility that these treatments reduce mortality is being investigated in ongoing large-scale clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mannino
- Pulmonary Epidemiology Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 740 S. Limestone, K 528, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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692
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Andreas S, Anker SD, Scanlon PD, Somers VK. Neurohumoral activation as a link to systemic manifestations of chronic lung disease. Chest 2005; 128:3618-24. [PMID: 16304321 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.5.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Treatment of COPD improves lung function but is unlikely to slow the steady downhill course of the disease or reduce mortality. In COPD, numerous abnormalities can be found outside the lung. These include systemic inflammation, cachexia, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Thus, COPD has been called a systemic disease. Convincing data demonstrate that COPD causes neurohumoral activation. By precedents derived from chronic heart failure and other diseases characterized by neurohumoral activation, we propose that the negative consequences of neurohumoral activation, namely inflammation, cachexia, effects on ventilation, and skeletal muscle dysfunction, give rise to a self-perpetuating cycle that contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD, and which may involve respiratory muscle dysfunction as well as systemic inflammation. This concept may further help explain the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in COPD patients. Currently, little is known about the effect of treatments directed at neurohumoral activation and COPD. As this aspect of COPD becomes better understood, new insights may direct novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andreas
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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693
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Andersson FL, Svensson K, Gerhardsson de Verdier M. Hospital use for COPD patients during the last few years of their life. Respir Med 2005; 100:1436-41. [PMID: 16343887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about what happens to COPD patients during their final years of life, in particular in terms of hospital use. We linked the Swedish Mortality and Inpatient Registers to examine this research question during the period 1987-2000. In year 2000, 2331 fatalities were diagnosed with COPD as the underlying cause of death. About 3% of individuals had not been admitted to hospital at all prior to their death, whereas 15% had never been admitted for COPD (but for other reasons). More than 68% of all COPD admissions and 74% of all days in hospital occurred in the 3.5 years before death, indicating longer stays closer to death. The last 6 months of life accounted for 22% and 28% of all COPD admissions and days, respectively. Other causes accounted for nearly 50% of all admissions, with a more limited increase during the final years. In conclusion, there is a very variable hospital use among these COPD patients. Use increases almost exponentially as the end approaches. Finally, COPD patients often have a number of concomittant diseases which may affect diagnosis and healthcare resource use. The economic and policy implications of these main findings need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik L Andersson
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca R&D, and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, 221 87, Sweden.
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694
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695
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Donaldson GC, Seemungal TAR, Patel IS, Bhowmik A, Wilkinson TMA, Hurst JR, Maccallum PK, Wedzicha JA. Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128:1995-2004. [PMID: 16236847 PMCID: PMC7172405 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.4.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Patients with COPD experience lower airway and systemic inflammation, and an accelerated decline in FEV1. There is no evidence on whether this inflammation changes over time, or if it is associated with a faster decline in FEV1. PATIENTS AND DESIGN A cohort of 148 COPD patients (100 men) was monitored daily for a median of 2.91 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.1 to 4.8). At recruitment, median age was 68.5 years (IQR, 62.5 to 73.6) and FEV1 as percentage of predicted (FEV1%Pred) was 38.5% (IQR, 27.7 to 50.3). RESULTS During the study, the patients experienced 1,389 exacerbations, a median of 2.52/yr (IQR, 1.48 to 3.96) and FEV1 declined by 40.2 mL/yr or as FEV1%Pred by 1.5%/yr. Concerning inflammatory markers, sputum interleukin (IL)-6 rose by 9 pg/mL/yr, sputum neutrophil count rose by 1.64 x 10(6) cells per gram sputum per year, an plasma fibrinogen rose by 0.10 g/L/yr (all p < 0.05). Patients with frequent exacerbations (> or = 2.52/yr) had a faster rise over time in plasma fibrinogen and sputum IL-6 of 0.063 g/L/yr (p = 0.046, n = 130) and 29.5 pg/mL/yr (p < 0.001, n = 98), respectively, compared to patients with infrequent exacerbations (< 2.52/yr). Using the earliest stable (nonexacerbation) measured marker, patients whose IL-6 exceeded the group median had a faster FEV1%Pred decline of 0.42%/yr (p = 0.018). Similarly, a high neutrophil count or fibrinogen were associated with a faster FEV1%Pred decline of 0.97%/yr (p = 0.001) and 0.40%/yr (p = 0.014), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In COPD, airway and systemic inflammatory markers increase over time; high levels of these markers are associated with a faster decline in lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Donaldson
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and Royal London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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696
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697
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Izquierdo Alonso JL, Arroyo-Espliguero R. [Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular risk]. Arch Bronconeumol 2005; 41:410-2. [PMID: 16117944 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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698
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Pinto-Plata VM, Müllerova H, Toso JF, Feudjo-Tepie M, Soriano JB, Vessey RS, Celli BR. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers. Thorax 2005; 61:23-8. [PMID: 16143583 PMCID: PMC2080714 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have raised serum levels of C reactive protein (CRP). This may be related directly to COPD and its associated systemic inflammation or secondary to other factors such as concomitant ischaemic heart disease (IHD) or smoking status. The aim of this study was to evaluate IHD and smoking as potential causes of raised CRP levels in COPD and to test the association between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and serum CRP levels. METHODS Cross sectional analyses comparing cohorts of 88 patients with COPD, 33 smokers (S), and 38 non-smoker (NS) controls were performed. Clinical assessments included a complete medical history, pulmonary function, 6 minute walk test (6MWT), cardiopulmonary exercise test, and high sensitivity serum CRP measurements. RESULTS Serum CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with COPD (5.03 (1.51) mg/l) than in controls (adjusted odds ratio 9.51; 95% confidence interval 2.97 to 30.45) but were similar in the two control groups (S: 2.02 (1.04) mg/l; NS: 2.24 (1.04) mg/l). There was no clinical or exercise evidence of unstable IHD in any of the subjects. CRP levels were lower in COPD patients treated with ICS than in those not treated (3.7 (3.0) mg/l v 6.3 (3.6) mg/l); this association was confirmed in an adjusted regression model (p<0.05). CONCLUSION CRP levels are raised in COPD patients without clinically relevant IHD and independent of cigarette smoking, and reduced in patients with COPD using ICS. CRP may be a systemic marker of the inflammatory process that occurs in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Pinto-Plata
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Caritas St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
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699
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Sakuta H, Suzuki T, Yasuda H, Ito T. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and airflow obstruction in middle-aged men. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16:348-51. [PMID: 16137549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship between pulmonary dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality has been described. The mechanism responsible for the relationship remains largely unknown. METHODS The association between airflow obstruction and selected cardiovascular risk factors including gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) and total homocysteine was analyzed cross-sectionally in 954 middle-aged men. Airflow obstruction was assessed with %FEV(1) (FEV(1)/FVC). RESULTS Serum gamma-GT and white blood cell (WBC) count were higher in subjects with airflow obstruction (%FEV(1)<70%) than in those without it (76.9+/-164.3 IU/L vs. 55.9+/-67.9 IU/L, P=0.030; 6290+/-1590/microL vs. 5590+/-1410/microL, P<0.001). Airflow obstruction was not associated with body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, or systolic blood pressure, but there was a marginal association with total homocysteine. In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for smoking status and alcohol consumption, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of Delta100 IU/L increase in gamma-GT and Delta1000/microL increase in WBC count for the presence of airflow obstruction were 1.20 (0.97-1.48, P=0.090) and 1.21 (1.02-1.44, P=0.036), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Airflow obstruction was associated with gamma-GT. The association was independent of alcohol consumption category, but was attenuated by the addition of cigarette smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenari Sakuta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, 1-2-24 Ikejiri, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
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700
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