801
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Zhao FQ. Biology of glucose transport in the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:3-17. [PMID: 24221747 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the major precursor of lactose, which is synthesized in Golgi vesicles of mammary secretory alveolar epithelial cells during lactation. Glucose is taken up by mammary epithelial cells through a passive, facilitative process, which is driven by the downward glucose concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. This process is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), of which there are 14 known isoforms. Mammary glands mainly express GLUT1 and GLUT8, and GLUT1 is the predominant isoform with a Km of ~10 mM and transport activity for mannose and galactose in addition to glucose. Mammary glucose transport activity increases dramatically from the virgin state to the lactation state, with a concomitant increase in GLUT expression. The increased GLUT expression during lactogenesis is not stimulated by the accepted lactogenic hormones. New evidence indicates that a possible low oxygen tension resulting from increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption may play a major role in stimulating glucose uptake and GLUT1 expression in mammary epithelial cells during lactogenesis. In addition to its primary presence on the plasma membrane, GLUT1 is also expressed on the Golgi membrane of mammary epithelial cells and is likely involved in facilitating the uptake of glucose and galactose to the site of lactose synthesis. Because lactose synthesis dictates milk volume, regulation of GLUT expression and trafficking represents potentially fruitful areas for further research in dairy production. In addition, this research will have pathological implications for the treatment of breast cancer because glucose uptake and GLUT expression are up-regulated in breast cancer cells to accommodate the increased glucose need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qi Zhao
- Laboratory of Lactation and Metabolic Physiology, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, 211 Terrill Building, 570 Main Street, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA,
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802
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Denancé N, Szurek B, Noël LD. Emerging functions of nodulin-like proteins in non-nodulating plant species. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:469-74. [PMID: 24470637 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant genes whose expression is induced in legumes by Rhizobium bacteria upon nodulation were initially referred to as nodulins. Several of them play a key role in the establishment of symbiosis. Yet, nodulin-like proteins are also found in non-nodulating plant species such as Arabidopsis, rice, maize or poplar. For instance, 132 are predicted in the Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 genome. Recent studies now highlight the importance of nodulin-like proteins for the transport of nutrients, solutes, amino acids or hormones and for major aspects of plant development. Interestingly, nodulin-like activities at the plant-microbe interface are also important for pathogens to enhance their fitness during host colonization. This work presents a genomic and functional overview of nodulin-like proteins in non-leguminous plant species, with a particular focus on Arabidopsis and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR 441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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803
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Lu YT, Li MY, Cheng KT, Tan CM, Su LW, Lin WY, Shih HT, Chiou TJ, Yang JY. Transgenic plants that express the phytoplasma effector SAP11 show altered phosphate starvation and defense responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1456-69. [PMID: 24464367 PMCID: PMC3938633 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.229740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas have the smallest genome among bacteria and lack many essential genes required for biosynthetic and metabolic functions, making them unculturable, phloem-limited plant pathogens. In this study, we observed that transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing the secreted Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom protein11 shows an altered root architecture, similarly to the disease symptoms of phytoplasma-infected plants, by forming hairy roots. This morphological change is paralleled by an accumulation of cellular phosphate (Pi) and an increase in the expression levels of Pi starvation-induced genes and microRNAs. In addition to the Pi starvation responses, we found that secreted Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom protein11 suppresses salicylic acid-mediated defense responses and enhances the growth of a bacterial pathogen. These results contribute to an improved understanding of the role of phytoplasma effector SAP11 and provide new insights for understanding the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Tan Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Li-Wen Su
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Hsien-Tzung Shih
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Institute of Biochemistry (Y.-T.L., M.-Y.L., K.-T.C., C.M.T., L.-W.S., J.-Y.Y.), PhD Program in Microbial Genomics (C.M.T.), Agricultural Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), Institute of Biotechnology (J.-Y.Y.), and National Chung Hsing University-University of California, Davis, Plant and Food Biotechnology Center (J.-Y.Y.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (W.-Y.L., T.-J.C.); and
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan (H.-T.S.)
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804
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Lecourieux F, Kappel C, Lecourieux D, Serrano A, Torres E, Arce-Johnson P, Delrot S. An update on sugar transport and signalling in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:821-32. [PMID: 24323501 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role as a source of reduced carbon, sugars may directly or indirectly control a wide range of activities in plant cells, through transcriptional and post-translational regulation. This control has been studied in detail using Arabidopsis thaliana, where genetic analysis offers many possibilities. Much less is known about perennial woody species. For several years, various aspects of sugar sensing and signalling have been investigated in the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry, an organ that accumulates high concentrations of hexoses in the vacuoles of flesh cells. Here we review various aspects of this topic: the molecular basis of sugar transport and its regulation by sugars in grapevine; the functional analysis of several sugar-induced genes; the effects of some biotic and abiotic stresses on the sugar content of the berry; and finally the effects of exogenous sugar supply on the ripening process in field conditions. A picture of complex feedback and multiprocess regulation emerges from these data.
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805
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Parra-Cota FI, Peña-Cabriales JJ, de los Santos-Villalobos S, Martínez-Gallardo NA, Délano-Frier JP. Burkholderia ambifaria and B. caribensis promote growth and increase yield in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus) by improving plant nitrogen uptake. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88094. [PMID: 24533068 PMCID: PMC3922803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain amaranth is an emerging crop that produces seeds having high quality protein with balanced amino-acid content. However, production is restricted by agronomic limitations that result in yields that are lower than those normally produced by cereals. In this work, the use of five different rhizobacteria were explored as a strategy to promote growth and yields in Amaranthus hypochondriacus cv. Nutrisol and A. cruentus cv. Candil, two commercially important grain amaranth cultivars. The plants were grown in a rich substrate, high in organic matter, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and under greenhouse conditions. Burkholderia ambifaria Mex-5 and B. caribensis XV proved to be the most efficient strains and significantly promoted growth in both grain amaranth species tested. Increased grain yield and harvest index occurred in combination with chemical fertilization when tested in A. cruentus. Growth-promotion and improved yields correlated with increased N content in all tissues examined. Positive effects on growth also occurred in A. cruentus plants grown in a poor soil, even after N and P fertilization. No correlation between non-structural carbohydrate levels in roots of inoculated plants and growth promotion was observed. Conversely, gene expression assays performed at 3-, 5- and 7-weeks after seed inoculation in plants inoculated with B. caribensis XV identified a tissue-specific induction of several genes involved in photosynthesis, sugar- and N- metabolism and transport. It is concluded that strains of Burkholderia effectively promote growth and increase seed yields in grain amaranth. Growth promotion was particularly noticeable in plants grown in an infertile soil but also occurred in a well fertilized rich substrate. The positive effects observed may be attributed to a bio-fertilization effect that led to increased N levels in roots and shoots. The latter effect correlated with the differential induction of several genes involved in carbon and N metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fannie I. Parra-Cota
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Juan J. Peña-Cabriales
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | | | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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806
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Sun L, Yang DL, Kong Y, Chen Y, Li XZ, Zeng LJ, Li Q, Wang ET, He ZH. Sugar homeostasis mediated by cell wall invertase GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 1 (GIF1) plays a role in pre-existing and induced defence in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:161-73. [PMID: 24118770 PMCID: PMC6638756 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sugar metabolism and sugar signalling are not only critical for plant growth and development, but are also important for stress responses. However, how sugar homeostasis is involved in plant defence against pathogen attack in the model crop rice remains largely unknown. In this study, we observed that the grains of gif1, a loss-of-function mutant of the cell wall invertase gene GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 1 (GIF1), were hypersusceptible to postharvest fungal pathogens, with decreased levels of sugars and a thinner glume cell wall in comparison with the wild-type. Interestingly, constitutive expression of GIF1 enhanced resistance to both the rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. The GIF1-overexpressing (GIF1-OE) plants accumulated higher levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose compared with the wild-type plants. More importantly, higher levels of callose were deposited in GIF1-OE plants during pathogen infection. Moreover, the cell wall was much thicker in the infection sites of the GIF1-OE plants when compared with the wild-type plants. We also found that defence-related genes were constitutively activated in the GIF1-OE plants. Taken together, our study reveals that sugar homeostasis mediated by GIF1 plays an important role in constitutive and induced physical and chemical defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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807
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Guo WJ, Nagy R, Chen HY, Pfrunder S, Yu YC, Santelia D, Frommer WB, Martinoia E. SWEET17, a facilitative transporter, mediates fructose transport across the tonoplast of Arabidopsis roots and leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:777-89. [PMID: 24381066 PMCID: PMC3912105 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fructose (Fru) is a major storage form of sugars found in vacuoles, yet the molecular regulation of vacuolar Fru transport is poorly studied. Although SWEET17 (for SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS17) has been characterized as a vacuolar Fru exporter in leaves, its expression in leaves is low. Here, RNA analysis and SWEET17-β-glucuronidase/-GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN fusions expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reveal that SWEET17 is highly expressed in the cortex of roots and localizes to the tonoplast of root cells. Expression of SWEET17 in roots was inducible by Fru and darkness, treatments that activate accumulation and release of vacuolar Fru, respectively. Mutation and ectopic expression of SWEET17 led to increased and decreased root growth in the presence of Fru, respectively. Overexpression of SWEET17 specifically reduced the Fru content in leaves by 80% during cold stress. These results intimate that SWEET17 functions as a Fru-specific uniporter on the root tonoplast. Vacuoles overexpressing SWEET17 showed increased [14C]Fru uptake compared with the wild type. SWEET17-mediated Fru uptake was insensitive to ATP or treatment with NH4Cl or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, indicating that SWEET17 functions as an energy-independent facilitative carrier. The Arabidopsis genome contains a close paralog of SWEET17 in clade IV, SWEET16. The predominant expression of SWEET16 in root vacuoles and reduced root growth of mutants under Fru excess indicate that SWEET16 also functions as a vacuolar transporter in roots. We propose that in addition to a role in leaves, SWEET17 plays a key role in facilitating bidirectional Fru transport across the tonoplast of roots in response to metabolic demand to maintain cytosolic Fru homeostasis.
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808
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Hu Y, Zhang J, Jia H, Sosso D, Li T, Frommer WB, Yang B, White FF, Wang N, Jones JB. Lateral organ boundaries 1 is a disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E521-9. [PMID: 24474801 PMCID: PMC3910620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313271111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) disease occurs worldwide and incurs considerable costs both from control measures and yield losses. Bacteria that cause CBC require one of six known type III transcription activator-like (TAL) effector genes for the characteristic pustule formation at the site of infection. Here, we show that Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri strain Xcc306, with the type III TAL effector gene pthA4 or with the distinct yet biologically equivalent gene pthAw from strain XccA(w), induces two host genes, CsLOB1 and CsSWEET1, in a TAL effector-dependent manner. CsLOB1 is a member of the Lateral Organ Boundaries (LOB) gene family of transcription factors, and CsSWEET1 is a homolog of the SWEET sugar transporter and rice disease susceptibility gene. Both TAL effectors drive expression of CsLOB1 and CsSWEET1 promoter reporter gene fusions when coexpressed in citrus or Nicotiana benthamiana. Artificially designed TAL effectors directed to sequences in the CsLOB1 promoter region, but not the CsSWEET1 promoter, promoted pustule formation and higher bacterial leaf populations. Three additional distinct TAL effector genes, pthA*, pthB, and pthC, also direct pustule formation and expression of CsLOB1. Unlike pthA4 and pthAw, pthB and pthC do not promote the expression of CsSWEET1. CsLOB1 expression was associated with the expression of genes associated with cell expansion. The results indicate that CBC-inciting species of Xanthomonas exploit a single host disease susceptibility gene by altering the expression of an otherwise developmentally regulated gene using any one of a diverse set of TAL effector genes in the pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Hongge Jia
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Davide Sosso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94306; and
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94306; and
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Frank F. White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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809
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Tauzin AS, Giardina T. Sucrose and invertases, a part of the plant defense response to the biotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:293. [PMID: 25002866 PMCID: PMC4066202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the main form of assimilated carbon which is produced during photosynthesis and then transported from source to sink tissues via the phloem. This disaccharide is known to have important roles as signaling molecule and it is involved in many metabolic processes in plants. Essential for plant growth and development, sucrose is engaged in plant defense by activating plant immune responses against pathogens. During infection, pathogens reallocate the plant sugars for their own needs forcing the plants to modify their sugar content and triggering their defense responses. Among enzymes that hydrolyze sucrose and alter carbohydrate partitioning, invertases have been reported to be affected during plant-pathogen interactions. Recent highlights on the role of invertases in the establishment of plant defense responses suggest a more complex regulation of sugar signaling in plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Giardina
- *Correspondence: Thierry Giardina, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, Aix Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, France e-mail:
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810
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Liu W, Liu J, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL. Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:213-41. [PMID: 24906128 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice feeds more than half of the world's population. Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, and bacterial blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, are major constraints to rice production worldwide. Genome sequencing and extensive molecular analysis has led to the identification of many new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and avirulence and virulence effectors in both pathogens, as well as effector targets and receptors in the rice host. Characterization of these effectors, host targets, and resistance genes has provided new insight into innate immunity in plants. Some of the new findings, such as the binding activity of X. oryzae transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors to specific rice genomic sequences, are being used for the development of effective disease control methods and genome modification tools. This review summarizes the recent progress toward understanding the recognition and signaling events that govern rice innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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811
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Ruan YL. Sucrose metabolism: gateway to diverse carbon use and sugar signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:33-67. [PMID: 24579990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose metabolism plays pivotal roles in development, stress response, and yield formation, mainly by generating a range of sugars as metabolites to fuel growth and synthesize essential compounds (including protein, cellulose, and starch) and as signals to regulate expression of microRNAs, transcription factors, and other genes and for crosstalk with hormonal, oxidative, and defense signaling. This review aims to capture the most exciting developments in this area by evaluating (a) the roles of key sucrose metabolic enzymes in development, abiotic stress responses, and plant-microbe interactions; (b) the coupling between sucrose metabolism and sugar signaling from extra- to intracellular spaces; (c) the different mechanisms by which sucrose metabolic enzymes could perform their signaling roles; and (d) progress on engineering sugar metabolism and transport for high yield and disease resistance. Finally, the review outlines future directions for research on sugar metabolism and signaling to better understand and improve plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environment and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
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812
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Abstract
To confer resistance against pathogens and pests in plants, typically dominant resistance genes are deployed. However, because resistance is based on recognition of a single pathogen-derived molecular pattern, these narrow-spectrum genes are usually readily overcome. Disease arises from a compatible interaction between plant and pathogen. Hence, altering a plant gene that critically facilitates compatibility could provide a more broad-spectrum and durable type of resistance. Here, such susceptibility (S) genes are reviewed with a focus on the mechanisms underlying loss of compatibility. We distinguish three groups of S genes acting during different stages of infection: early pathogen establishment, modulation of host defenses, and pathogen sustenance. The many examples reviewed here show that S genes have the potential to be used in resistance breeding. However, because S genes have a function other than being a compatibility factor for the pathogen, the side effects caused by their mutation demands a one-by-one assessment of their usefulness for application.
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813
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Ellinger D, Voigt CA. The use of nanoscale fluorescence microscopic to decipher cell wall modifications during fungal penetration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:270. [PMID: 24995012 PMCID: PMC4061529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases are one of the most studied subjects in the field of plant science due to their impact on crop yield and food security. Our increased understanding of plant-pathogen interactions was mainly driven by the development of new techniques that facilitated analyses on a subcellular and molecular level. The development of labeling technologies, which allowed the visualization and localization of cellular structures and proteins in live cell imaging, promoted the use of fluorescence and laser-scanning microscopy in the field of plant-pathogen interactions. Recent advances in new microscopic technologies opened their application in plant science and in the investigation of plant diseases. In this regard, in planta Förster/Fluorescence resonance energy transfer has demonstrated to facilitate the measurement of protein-protein interactions within the living tissue, supporting the analysis of regulatory pathways involved in plant immunity and putative host-pathogen interactions on a nanoscale level. Localization microscopy, an emerging, non-invasive microscopic technology, will allow investigations with a nanoscale resolution leading to new possibilities in the understanding of molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian A. Voigt
- *Correspondence: Christian A. Voigt, Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany e-mail:
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814
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Chang JH, Desveaux D, Creason AL. The ABCs and 123s of bacterial secretion systems in plant pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:317-45. [PMID: 24906130 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-011014-015624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have many export and secretion systems that translocate cargo into and across biological membranes. Seven secretion systems contribute to pathogenicity by translocating proteinaceous cargos that can be released into the extracellular milieu or directly into recipient cells. In this review, we describe these secretion systems and how their complexities and functions reflect differences in the destinations, states, functions, and sizes of the translocated cargos as well as the architecture of the bacterial cell envelope. We examine the secretion systems from the perspective of pathogenic bacteria that proliferate within plant tissues and highlight examples of translocated proteins that contribute to the infection and disease of plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331; ,
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815
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Bouhidel K. Plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:735. [PMID: 25566303 PMCID: PMC4273610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (PM) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the PM, through the secretory pathway. PM protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. Vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the PM have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we will describe the fine-tune regulation of such alterations, and their consequence in PM protein activity. We will consider the formation of intracellular perimicrobial compartments, the PM protein trafficking machinery of the host, and the delivery or retrieval of signaling and transport proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors, producers of reactive oxygen species, and sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouhidel
- UMR1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon, France
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816
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Wei X, Liu F, Chen C, Ma F, Li M. The Malus domestica sugar transporter gene family: identifications based on genome and expression profiling related to the accumulation of fruit sugars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:569. [PMID: 25414708 PMCID: PMC4220645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sugar transporters are involved not only in long-distance transport, but also in sugar accumulations in sink cells. To identify members of sugar transporter gene families and to analyze their function in fruit sugar accumulation, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the Malus domestica genome. Expression profiling was performed with shoot tips, mature leaves, and developed fruit of "Gala" apple. Genes for sugar alcohol [including 17 sorbitol transporters (SOTs)], sucrose, and monosaccharide transporters, plus SWEET genes, were selected as candidates in 31, 9, 50, and 27 loci, respectively, of the genome. The monosaccharide transporter family appears to include five subfamilies (30 MdHTs, 8 MdEDR6s, 5 MdTMTs, 3 MdvGTs, and 4 MdpGLTs). Phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences indicated that orthologs exist among Malus, Vitis, and Arabidopsis. Investigations of transcripts revealed that 68 candidate transporters are expressed in apple, albeit to different extents. Here, we discuss their possible roles based on the relationship between their levels of expression and sugar concentrations. The high accumulation of fructose in apple fruit is possibly linked to the coordination and cooperation between MdTMT1/2 and MdEDR6. By contrast, these fruits show low MdSWEET4.1 expression and a high flux of fructose produced from sorbitol. Our study provides an exhaustive survey of sugar transporter genes and demonstrates that sugar transporter gene families in M. domestica are comparable to those in other species. Expression profiling of these transporters will likely contribute to improving our understanding of their physiological functions in fruit formation and the development of sweetness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fengwang Ma
- *Correspondence: Mingjun Li and Fengwang Ma, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China e-mail: ;
| | - Mingjun Li
- *Correspondence: Mingjun Li and Fengwang Ma, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China e-mail: ;
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817
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818
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Pike S, Gao F, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Schachtman DP, Gassmann W. Members of the NPF3 transporter subfamily encode pathogen-inducible nitrate/nitrite transporters in grapevine and Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:162-70. [PMID: 24259683 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera, the major grapevine species cultivated for wine production, is very susceptible to Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew (PM). This obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen attacks both leaf and berry, greatly affecting yield and quality. To investigate possible mechanisms of nutrient acquisition by successful biotrophs, we characterized a candidate NITRATE TRANSPORTER1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY (NPF, formerly NRT1/PTR) member, grapevine NFP3.2, that was up-regulated in E. necator-inoculated susceptible V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon leaves, but not in resistant V. aestivalis Norton. Expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage clamp measurements showed that VvNPF3.2 is a low-affinity transporter for both nitrate and nitrite and displays characteristics of NPF members from other plants. We also cloned the Arabidopsis ortholog, AtNPF3.1, and showed that AtNPF3.1 similarly transported nitrate and nitrite with low affinity. With an Arabidopsis triple mutant that is susceptible to E. necator, we found that AtNPF3.1 is up-regulated in the leaves of infected Arabidopsis similarly to VvNPF3.2 in susceptible grapevine leaves. Expression of the reporter β-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by the promoter of VvNPF3.2 or AtNPF3.1 in Arabidopsis indicated that both transporters are expressed in vascular tissue, with expression in major and minor veins, respectively. Interestingly, the promoter of VvNPF3.2 allowed induced expression of GUS in minor veins in PM-infected leaves. Our experiments lay the groundwork for investigating the manipulation of host nutrient distribution by biotrophic pathogens and characterizing physiological variables in the pathogenesis of this difficult to study grapevine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, 1201 E. Rollins Rd., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA
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819
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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820
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Ralstonia solanacearum requires PopS, an ancient AvrE-family effector, for virulence and To overcome salicylic acid-mediated defenses during tomato pathogenesis. mBio 2013; 4:e00875-13. [PMID: 24281716 PMCID: PMC3870264 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00875-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial wilt of tomato, the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum upregulates expression of popS, which encodes a type III-secreted effector in the AvrE family. PopS is a core effector present in all sequenced strains in the R. solanacearum species complex. The phylogeny of popS mirrors that of the species complex as a whole, suggesting that this is an ancient, vertically inherited effector needed for association with plants. A popS mutant of R. solanacearum UW551 had reduced virulence on agriculturally important Solanum spp., including potato and tomato plants. However, the popS mutant had wild-type virulence on a weed host, Solanum dulcamara, suggesting that some species can avoid the effects of PopS. The popS mutant was also significantly delayed in colonization of tomato stems compared to the wild type. Some AvrE-type effectors from gammaproteobacteria suppress salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defenses, suggesting that PopS, a betaproteobacterial ortholog, has a similar function. Indeed, the popS mutant induced significantly higher expression of tomato SA-triggered pathogenesis-related (PR) genes than the wild type. Further, pretreatment of roots with SA exacerbated the popS mutant virulence defect. Finally, the popS mutant had no colonization defect on SA-deficient NahG transgenic tomato plants. Together, these results indicate that this conserved effector suppresses SA-mediated defenses in tomato roots and stems, which are R. solanacearum’s natural infection sites. Interestingly, PopS did not trigger necrosis when heterologously expressed in Nicotiana leaf tissue, unlike the AvrE homolog DspEPcc from the necrotroph Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. This is consistent with the differing pathogenesis modes of necrosis-causing gammaproteobacteria and biotrophic R. solanacearum. The type III-secreted AvrE effector family is widely distributed in high-impact plant-pathogenic bacteria and is known to suppress plant defenses for virulence. We characterized the biology of PopS, the only AvrE homolog made by the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study of R. solanacearum effector function in roots and stems, the natural infection sites of this pathogen. Unlike the functionally redundant R. solanacearum effectors studied to date, PopS is required for full virulence and wild-type colonization of two natural crop hosts. R. solanacearum is a biotrophic pathogen that causes a nonnecrotic wilt. Consistent with this, PopS suppressed plant defenses but did not elicit cell death, unlike AvrE homologs from necrosis-causing plant pathogens. We propose that AvrE family effectors have functionally diverged to adapt to the necrotic or nonnecrotic lifestyle of their respective pathogens.
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821
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Martínez-García PJ, Parfitt DE, Bostock RM, Fresnedo-Ramírez J, Vazquez-Lobo A, Ogundiwin EA, Gradziel TM, Crisosto CH. Application of genomic and quantitative genetic tools to identify candidate resistance genes for brown rot resistance in peach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78634. [PMID: 24244329 PMCID: PMC3823860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of a complete peach genome assembly and three different peach genome sequences created by our group provide new opportunities for application of genomic data and can improve the power of the classical Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) approaches to identify candidate genes for peach disease resistance. Brown rot caused by Monilinia spp., is the most important fungal disease of stone fruits worldwide. Improved levels of peach fruit rot resistance have been identified in some cultivars and advanced selections developed in the UC Davis and USDA breeding programs. Whole genome sequencing of the Pop-DF parents lead to discovery of high-quality SNP markers for QTL genome scanning in this experimental population. Pop-DF created by crossing a brown rot moderately resistant cultivar 'Dr. Davis' and a brown rot resistant introgression line, 'F8,1-42', derived from an initial almond × peach interspecific hybrid, was evaluated for brown rot resistance in fruit of harvest maturity over three seasons. Using the SNP linkage map of Pop-DF and phenotypic data collected with inoculated fruit, a genome scan for QTL identified several SNP markers associated with brown rot resistance. Two of these QTLs were placed on linkage group 1, covering a large (physical) region on chromosome 1. The genome scan for QTL and SNP effects predicted several candidate genes associated with disease resistance responses in other host-pathogen systems. Two potential candidate genes, ppa011763m and ppa026453m, may be the genes primarily responsible for M. fructicola recognition in peach, activating both PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. Our results provide a foundation for further genetic dissection, marker assisted breeding for brown rot resistance, and development of peach cultivars resistant to brown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Martínez-García
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dan E. Parfitt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Fresnedo-Ramírez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Vazquez-Lobo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Ebenezer A. Ogundiwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Gradziel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos H. Crisosto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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822
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Klemens PA, Patzke K, Deitmer J, Spinner L, Le Hir R, Bellini C, Bedu M, Chardon F, Krapp A, Neuhaus HE. Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar carrier AtSWEET16 modifies germination, growth, and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1338-52. [PMID: 24028846 PMCID: PMC3813654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER (SWEET16) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is a vacuole-located carrier, transporting glucose (Glc), fructose (Fru), and sucrose (Suc) after heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The SWEET16 gene, similar to the homologs gene SWEET17, is mainly expressed in vascular parenchyma cells. Application of Glc, Fru, or Suc, as well as cold, osmotic stress, or low nitrogen, provoke the down-regulation of SWEET16 messenger RNA accumulation. SWEET16 overexpressors (35SPro:SWEET16) showed a number of peculiarities related to differences in sugar accumulation, such as less Glc, Fru, and Suc at the end of the night. Under cold stress, 35SPro:SWEET16 plants are unable to accumulate Fru, while under nitrogen starvation, both Glc and Fru, but not Suc, were less abundant. These changes of individual sugars indicate that the consequences of an increased SWEET16 activity are dependent upon the type of external stimulus. Remarkably, 35SPro:SWEET16 lines showed improved germination and increased freezing tolerance. The latter observation, in combination with the modified sugar levels, points to a superior function of Glc and Suc for frost tolerance. 35SPro:SWEET16 plants exhibited increased growth efficiency when cultivated on soil and showed improved nitrogen use efficiency when nitrate was sufficiently available, while under conditions of limiting nitrogen, wild-type biomasses were higher than those of 35SPro:SWEET16 plants. Our results identify SWEET16 as a vacuolar sugar facilitator, demonstrate the substantial impact of SWEET16 overexpression on various critical plant traits, and imply that SWEET16 activity must be tightly regulated to allow optimal Arabidopsis development under nonfavorable conditions.
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823
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Streubel J, Pesce C, Hutin M, Koebnik R, Boch J, Szurek B. Five phylogenetically close rice SWEET genes confer TAL effector-mediated susceptibility to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:808-819. [PMID: 23879865 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas strains translocate transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors into plant cells to function as specific transcription factors. Only a few plant target genes of TAL effectors have been identified, so far. Three plant SWEET genes encoding putative sugar transporters are known to be induced by TAL effectors from rice-pathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). We predict and validate that expression of OsSWEET14 is induced by a novel TAL effector, Tal5, from an African Xoo strain. Artificial TAL effectors (ArtTALs) were constructed to individually target 20 SWEET orthologs in rice. They were used as designer virulence factors to study which rice SWEET genes can support Xoo virulence. The Tal5 target box differs from those of the already known TAL effectors TalC, AvrXa7 and PthXo3, which also induce expression of OsSWEET14, suggesting evolutionary convergence on key targets. ArtTALs efficiently complemented an Xoo talC mutant, demonstrating that specific induction of OsSWEET14 is the key target of TalC. ArtTALs that specifically target individual members of the rice SWEET family revealed three known and two novel SWEET genes to support bacterial virulence. Our results demonstrate that five phylogenetically close SWEET proteins, which presumably act as sucrose transporters, can support Xoo virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Streubel
- Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Céline Pesce
- UMR 186 IRD-UM2-Cirad 'Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs', BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology Phytopathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Hutin
- UMR 186 IRD-UM2-Cirad 'Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs', BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- UMR 186 IRD-UM2-Cirad 'Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs', BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jens Boch
- Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Boris Szurek
- UMR 186 IRD-UM2-Cirad 'Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs', BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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824
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Lapin D, Van den Ackerveken G. Susceptibility to plant disease: more than a failure of host immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:546-54. [PMID: 23790254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by pathogens affects most plants in their natural habitat and leads to yield losses in agriculture. However, plants are not helpless because their immune system can deal with the vast majority of attackers. Nevertheless, adapted pathogens are able to circumvent or avert host immunity making plants susceptible to these uninvited guests. In addition to the failure of the plant immune system, there are other host processes that contribute to plant disease susceptibility. In this review, we discuss recent studies that show the active role played by the host in supporting disease, focusing mainly on biotrophic stages of infection. Plants attract pathogens, enable their entry and accommodation, and facilitate nutrient provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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825
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Siamer S, Gaubert S, Boureau T, Brisset MN, Barny MA. Mutational analysis of a predicted double β-propeller domain of the DspA/E effector of Erwinia amylovora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:54-61. [PMID: 23421848 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, an invasive disease that threatens apple trees, pear trees and other plants of the Rosaceae family. Erwinia amylovora pathogenicity relies on a type III secretion system and on a single effector DspA/E. This effector belongs to the widespread AvrE family of effectors whose biological function is unknown. In this manuscript, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of DspA/E- and AvrE-related effectors. Motif search identified nuclear localization signals, peroxisome targeting signals, endoplasmic reticulum membrane retention signals and leucine zipper motifs, but none of these motifs were present in all the AvrE-related effectors analysed. Protein threading analysis, however, predicted a conserved double β-propeller domain in the N-terminal part of all the analysed effector sequences. We then performed a random pentapeptide mutagenesis of DspA/E, which led to the characterization of 13 new altered proteins with a five amino acids insertion. Eight harboured the insertion inside the predicted β-propeller domain and six of these eight insertions impaired DspA/E stability or function. Conversely, the two remaining insertions generated proteins that were functional and abundantly secreted in the supernatant suggesting that these two insertions stabilized the protein.
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826
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Yee DC, Shlykov MA, Västermark A, Reddy VS, Arora S, Sun EI, Saier MH. The transporter-opsin-G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily. FEBS J 2013; 280:5780-800. [PMID: 23981446 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Visual rhodopsins are recognized members of the large and diverse family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but their evolutionary origin and relationships to other proteins are not known. In a previous paper [Shlykov MA, Zheng WH, Chen JS & Saier MH Jr (2012) Biochim Biophys Acta 1818, 703-717], we characterized the 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (TSUP) family of transmembrane proteins, and showed that these 7-transmembrane segment (TMS) or 8-TMS proteins arose by intragenic duplication of a gene encoding a 4-TMS protein, sometimes followed by loss of a terminal TMS. In this study, we show that the TSUP, GPCR and microbial rhodopsin families are related to each other and to six other currently recognized transport protein families. We designate this superfamily the transporter/opsin/G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily. Despite their 8-TMS origins, the members of most constituent families exhibit 7-TMS topologies that are well conserved, and these arose by loss of either the N-terminal TMS (more frequent) or the C-terminal TMS (less frequent), depending on the family. Phylogenetic analyses revealed familial relationships within the superfamily and protein relationships within each of the nine families. The results of the statistical analyses leading to the conclusion of homology were confirmed using hidden Markov models, Pfam and 3D superimpositions. Proteins functioning by dissimilar mechanisms (channels, primary active transporters, secondary active transporters, group translocators and receptors) are interspersed on a phylogenetic tree of the TOG superfamily, suggesting that changes in the transport and energy-coupling mechanisms occurred multiple times during evolution of this superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Yee
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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827
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Cano LM, Raffaele S, Haugen RH, Saunders DGO, Leonelli L, MacLean D, Hogenhout SA, Kamoun S. Major transcriptome reprogramming underlies floral mimicry induced by the rust fungus Puccinia monoica in Boechera stricta. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75293. [PMID: 24069397 PMCID: PMC3775748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pucciniamonoica is a spectacular plant parasitic rust fungus that triggers the formation of flower-like structures (pseudoflowers) in its Brassicaceae host plant Boecherastricta. Pseudoflowers mimic in shape, color, nectar and scent co-occurring and unrelated flowers such as buttercups. They act to attract insects thereby aiding spore dispersal and sexual reproduction of the rust fungus. Although much ecological research has been performed on P. monoica-induced pseudoflowers, this system has yet to be investigated at the molecular or genomic level. To date, the molecular alterations underlying the development of pseudoflowers and the genes involved have not been described. To address this, we performed gene expression profiling to reveal 256 plant biological processes that are significantly altered in pseudoflowers. Among these biological processes, plant genes involved in cell fate specification, regulation of transcription, reproduction, floral organ development, anthocyanin (major floral pigments) and terpenoid biosynthesis (major floral volatile compounds) were down-regulated in pseudoflowers. In contrast, plant genes involved in shoot, cotyledon and leaf development, carbohydrate transport, wax biosynthesis, cutin transport and L-phenylalanine metabolism (pathway that results in phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde volatile production) were up-regulated. These findings point to an extensive reprogramming of host genes by the rust pathogen to induce floral mimicry. We also highlight 31 differentially regulated plant genes that are enriched in the biological processes mentioned above, and are potentially involved in the formation of pseudoflowers. This work illustrates the complex perturbations induced by rust pathogens in their host plants, and provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogen-induced floral mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR441 INRA - UMR2594 CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Riston H. Haugen
- Black Hills State University, Integrative Genomics Program, Spearfish, South Dakota, United States of America
| | | | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- The Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- Cell and Developmental Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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828
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Bhattacharjee S, Garner CM, Gassmann W. New clues in the nucleus: transcriptional reprogramming in effector-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:364. [PMID: 24062762 PMCID: PMC3772313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The robustness of plant effector-triggered immunity is correlated with massive alterations of the host transcriptome. Yet the molecular mechanisms that cause and underlie this reprogramming remain obscure. Here we will review recent advances in deciphering nuclear functions of plant immune receptors and of associated proteins. Important open questions remain, such as the identities of the primary transcription factors involved in control of effector-triggered immune responses, and indeed whether this can be generalized or whether particular effector-resistance protein interactions impinge on distinct sectors in the transcriptional response web. Multiple lines of evidence have implicated WRKY transcription factors at the core of responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns and in intersections with effector-triggered immunity. Recent findings from yeast two-hybrid studies suggest that members of the TCP transcription factor family are targets of several effectors from diverse pathogens. Additional transcription factor families that are directly or indirectly involved in effector-triggered immunity are likely to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Saikat Bhattacharjee, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 314, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA e-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Garner
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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829
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Gupta S, Bhar A, Chatterjee M, Das S. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri race 1 induced redox state alterations are coupled to downstream defense signaling in root tissues of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e73163. [PMID: 24058463 PMCID: PMC3772884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are known to play pivotal roles in pathogen perception, recognition and downstream defense signaling. But, how these redox alarms coordinate in planta into a defensive network is still intangible. Present study illustrates the role of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceri Race1 (Foc1) induced redox responsive transcripts in regulating downstream defense signaling in chickpea. Confocal microscopic studies highlighted pathogen invasion and colonization accompanied by tissue damage and deposition of callose degraded products at the xylem vessels of infected roots of chickpea plants. Such depositions led to the clogging of xylem vessels in compatible hosts while the resistant plants were devoid of such obstructions. Lipid peroxidation assays also indicated fungal induced membrane injury. Cell shrinkage and gradual nuclear adpression appeared as interesting features marking fungal ingress. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction exhibited differential expression patterns of redox regulators, cellular transporters and transcription factors during Foc1 progression. Network analysis showed redox regulators, cellular transporters and transcription factors to coordinate into a well orchestrated defensive network with sugars acting as internal signal modulators. Respiratory burst oxidase homologue, cationic peroxidase, vacuolar sorting receptor, polyol transporter, sucrose synthase, and zinc finger domain containing transcription factor appeared as key molecular candidates controlling important hubs of the defense network. Functional characterization of these hub controllers may prove to be promising in understanding chickpea-Foc1 interaction and developing the case study as a model for looking into the complexities of wilt diseases of other important crop legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanti Gupta
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Bhar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Moniya Chatterjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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830
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Functional role of oligomerization for bacterial and plant SWEET sugar transporter family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3685-94. [PMID: 24027245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311244110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic sugar transporters of the MFS and SWEET superfamilies consist of 12 and 7 α-helical transmembrane domains (TMs), respectively. Structural analyses indicate that MFS transporters evolved from a series of tandem duplications of an ancestral 3-TM unit. SWEETs are heptahelical proteins carrying a tandem repeat of 3-TM separated by a single TM. Here, we show that prokaryotes have ancestral SWEET homologs with only 3-TM and that the Bradyrhizobium japonicum SemiSWEET1, like Arabidopsis SWEET11, mediates sucrose transport. Eukaryotic SWEETs most likely evolved by internal duplication of the 3-TM, suggesting that SemiSWEETs form oligomers to create a functional pore. However, it remains elusive whether the 7-TM SWEETs are the functional unit or require oligomerization to form a pore sufficiently large to allow for sucrose passage. Split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid and split GFP assays indicate that Arabidopsis SWEETs homo- and heterooligomerize. We examined mutant SWEET variants for negative dominance to test if oligomerization is necessary for function. Mutation of the conserved Y57 or G58 in SWEET1 led to loss of activity. Coexpression of the defective mutants with functional A. thaliana SWEET1 inhibited glucose transport, indicating that homooligomerization is necessary for function. Collectively, these data imply that the basic unit of SWEETs, similar to MFS sugar transporters, is a 3-TM unit and that a functional transporter contains at least four such domains. We hypothesize that the functional unit of the SWEET family of transporters possesses a structure resembling the 12-TM MFS structure, however, with a parallel orientation of the 3-TM unit.
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831
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Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the Xanthomonas and Ralstonia genus have developed resourceful strategies creating a favorable environment to multiply and colonize their host plants. One of these strategies involves the secretion and translocation of several families of effector proteins into the host cell. The transcription activator-like effector (TALE) family forms a subset of proteins involved in the direct modulation of host gene expression. TALEs include a number of tandem 34-amino acid repeats in their central part, where specific residues variable in two adjacent positions determine DNA-binding in the host genome. The specificity of this binding and its predictable nature make TALEs a revolutionary tool for gene editing, functional analysis, modification of target gene expression, and directed mutagenesis. Several examples have been reported in higher organisms as diverse as plants, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse, and even human cells. Here, we summarize the functions of TALEs in their natural context and the biotechnological perspectives of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Muñoz Bodnar
- Manihot Biotec Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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832
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Ye G, Hong N, Zou LF, Zou HS, Zakria M, Wang GP, Chen GY. tale-Based Genetic Diversity of Chinese Isolates of the Citrus Canker Pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1187-1194. [PMID: 30722424 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-12-1201-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pathotype A of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the cause of citrus bacterial canker (CBC), is assumed to have originated in southern China. PthA, a type III secreted transcriptional activator-like effector (TALE), is a major pathogenicity determinant in X. citri subsp. citri. To investigate the diversity of X. citri subsp. citri in China, genomic and plasmid DNA of 105 X. citri subsp. citri isolates, collected from nine citrus-growing provinces of China, were digested by BamHI and hybridized with an internal repeat region of pthA. Strains were classified into 14 different genotypes (designated A to N) based on the number and size of pthA homologues. Genotypes B and G represented 19 and 62% of the isolate collection, respectively. Genotypes J and L lacked pthA or a pthA-hybridizing fragment and were less virulent on grapefruit (C. paradisi) and sweet orange (C. sinensis) compared with strains containing pthA or a pthA homologue. The virulence of genotypes J and L was increased when the wild-type pthA was introduced. Genotype I, which was isolated from sweet orange in Jiangxi province, caused typical canker symptoms and may contain a novel pthA-like gene. To our knowledge, this is the first description of genetic diversity in Chinese CBC strains based on tale gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ni Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li-Fang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hua-Song Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Zakria
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Gong-You Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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833
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Bauer H, Ache P, Wohlfart F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Sonnewald S, Sonnewald U, Kneitz S, Hetherington AM, Hedrich R. How do stomata sense reductions in atmospheric relative humidity? MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1703-1706. [PMID: 23536729 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Bauer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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834
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Lemoine R, Camera SL, Atanassova R, Dédaldéchamp F, Allario T, Pourtau N, Bonnemain JL, Laloi M, Coutos-Thévenot P, Maurousset L, Faucher M, Girousse C, Lemonnier P, Parrilla J, Durand M. Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:272. [PMID: 23898339 PMCID: PMC3721551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. However, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (water and salt stress, mineral deficiency, CO2, light, temperature, air, and soil pollutants) and biotic (mutualistic and pathogenic microbes, viruses, aphids, and parasitic plants) factors. Concerning abiotic constraints, alteration of the distribution of sugar among sinks is often reported, with some sinks as roots favored in case of mineral deficiency. Many of these constraints impair the transport function of the phloem but the exact mechanisms are far from being completely known. Phloem integrity can be disrupted (e.g., by callose deposition) and under certain conditions, phloem transport is affected, earlier than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inhibition could result from the increase in sugar concentration due to phloem transport decrease. Biotic interactions (aphids, fungi, viruses…) also affect crop plant productivity. Recent breakthroughs have identified some of the sugar transporters involved in these interactions on the host and pathogen sides. The different data are discussed in relation to the phloem transport pathways. When possible, the link with current knowledge on the pathways at the molecular level will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Lemoine
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Thierry Allario
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Maryse Laloi
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mireille Faucher
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Christine Girousse
- Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Unités Mixtes de RechercheClermont Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Parrilla
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
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835
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Pérez-Quintero AL, Rodriguez-R LM, Dereeper A, López C, Koebnik R, Szurek B, Cunnac S. An improved method for TAL effectors DNA-binding sites prediction reveals functional convergence in TAL repertoires of Xanthomonas oryzae strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68464. [PMID: 23869221 PMCID: PMC3711819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription Activators-Like Effectors (TALEs) belong to a family of virulence proteins from the Xanthomonas genus of bacterial plant pathogens that are translocated into the plant cell. In the nucleus, TALEs act as transcription factors inducing the expression of susceptibility genes. A code for TALE-DNA binding specificity and high-resolution three-dimensional structures of TALE-DNA complexes were recently reported. Accurate prediction of TAL Effector Binding Elements (EBEs) is essential to elucidate the biological functions of the many sequenced TALEs as well as for robust design of artificial TALE DNA-binding domains in biotechnological applications. In this work a program with improved EBE prediction performances was developed using an updated specificity matrix and a position weight correction function to account for the matching pattern observed in a validation set of TALE-DNA interactions. To gain a systems perspective on the large TALE repertoires from X. oryzae strains, this program was used to predict rice gene targets for 99 sequenced family members. Integrating predictions and available expression data in a TALE-gene network revealed multiple candidate transcriptional targets for many TALEs as well as several possible instances of functional convergence among TALEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro L. Pérez-Quintero
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis M. Rodriguez-R
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Camilo López
- Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Sebastien Cunnac
- UMR 186 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: .
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836
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Tarkka MT, Herrmann S, Wubet T, Feldhahn L, Recht S, Kurth F, Mailänder S, Bönn M, Neef M, Angay O, Bacht M, Graf M, Maboreke H, Fleischmann F, Grams TEE, Ruess L, Schädler M, Brandl R, Scheu S, Schrey SD, Grosse I, Buscot F. OakContigDF159.1, a reference library for studying differential gene expression in Quercus robur during controlled biotic interactions: use for quantitative transcriptomic profiling of oak roots in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:529-540. [PMID: 23672230 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus spp.), which are major forest trees in the northern hemisphere, host many biotic interactions, but molecular investigation of these interactions is limited by fragmentary genome data. To date, only 75 oak expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been characterized in ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses. We synthesized seven beneficial and detrimental biotic interactions between microorganisms and animals and a clone (DF159) of Quercus robur. Sixteen 454 and eight Illumina cDNA libraries from leaves and roots were prepared and merged to establish a reference for RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis of oak EMs with Piloderma croceum. Using the Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly (MIRA) and Trinity assembler, the OakContigDF159.1 hybrid assembly, containing 65 712 contigs with a mean length of 1003 bp, was constructed, giving broad coverage of metabolic pathways. This allowed us to identify 3018 oak contigs that were differentially expressed in EMs, with genes encoding proline-rich cell wall proteins and ethylene signalling-related transcription factors showing up-regulation while auxin and defence-related genes were down-regulated. In addition to the first report of remorin expression in EMs, the extensive coverage provided by the study permitted detection of differential regulation within large gene families (nitrogen, phosphorus and sugar transporters, aquaporins). This might indicate specific mechanisms of genome regulation in oak EMs compared with other trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Tarkka
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sabine Recht
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Florence Kurth
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sarah Mailänder
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Maren Neef
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Angay
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- TEEG: Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Bacht
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Graf
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hazel Maboreke
- Ecology Group, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- TEEG: Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Ecology Group, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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837
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Bihmidine S, Hunter CT, Johns CE, Koch KE, Braun DM. Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: update on molecular drivers of sink strength. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 23761804 PMCID: PMC3671192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments have altered our view of molecular mechanisms that determine sink strength, defined here as the capacity of non-photosynthetic structures to compete for import of photoassimilates. We review new findings from diverse systems, including stems, seeds, flowers, and fruits. An important advance has been the identification of new transporters and facilitators with major roles in the accumulation and equilibration of sugars at a cellular level. Exactly where each exerts its effect varies among systems. Sugarcane and sweet sorghum stems, for example, both accumulate high levels of sucrose, but may do so via different paths. The distinction is central to strategies for targeted manipulation of sink strength using transporter genes, and shows the importance of system-specific analyses. Another major advance has been the identification of deep hypoxia as a feature of normal grain development. This means that molecular drivers of sink strength in endosperm operate in very low oxygen levels, and under metabolic conditions quite different than previously assumed. Successful enhancement of sink strength has nonetheless been achieved in grains by up-regulating genes for starch biosynthesis. Additionally, our understanding of sink strength is enhanced by awareness of the dual roles played by invertases (INVs), not only in sucrose metabolism, but also in production of the hexose sugar signals that regulate cell cycle and cell division programs. These contributions of INV to cell expansion and division prove to be vital for establishment of young sinks ranging from flowers to fruit. Since INV genes are themselves sugar-responsive "feast genes," they can mediate a feed-forward enhancement of sink strength when assimilates are abundant. Greater overall productivity and yield have thus been attained in key instances, indicating that even broader enhancements may be achievable as we discover the detailed molecular mechanisms that drive sink strength in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Bihmidine
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Missouri Maize Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Charles T. Hunter
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E. Johns
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen E. Koch
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - David M. Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Missouri Maize Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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838
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Sun MX, Huang XY, Yang J, Guan YF, Yang ZN. Arabidopsis RPG1 is important for primexine deposition and functions redundantly with RPG2 for plant fertility at the late reproductive stage. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:83-91. [PMID: 23686221 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-012-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis Ruptured Pollen Grain-1 (RPG1/Sweet8) is a member of the MtN3/saliva protein family that functions as a sugar transporter. The rpg1 mutant shows defective exine pattern formation. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that much less primexine was deposited in rpg1 tetrads. Furthermore, microspore membrane undulation was abnormal, and sporopollenin accumulation was also defective. This suggests that a reduced primexine deposition in rpg1 leads to abnormal membrane undulation that affects exine pattern formation. Chemical staining revealed thinning of the callose wall of rpg1, as well as significantly reduced expression of Callose synthase-5 (CalS5) in rpg1. The fertility of the rpg1 mutant could be partly restored at late reproductive stages, potentially complemented in part by RPG2, another member of the MtN3/saliva family, which is expressed in the anther during microsporogenesis. The double mutant, rpg1rpg2, was almost sterile and was not restored during late reproduction. These results suggest that RPG1 and RPG2 are involved in primexine deposition and therefore pollen wall pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xi Sun
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
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839
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Yang J, Tian L, Sun MX, Huang XY, Zhu J, Guan YF, Jia QS, Yang ZN. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 is essential for pollen wall pattern formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:720-31. [PMID: 23580594 PMCID: PMC3668065 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.214940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen wall pattern formation is determined by primexine deposition on the microspores. Here, we show that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17) is essential for primexine formation and pollen development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The arf17 mutant exhibited a male-sterile phenotype with normal vegetative growth. ARF17 was expressed in microsporocytes and microgametophytes from meiosis to the bicellular microspore stage. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that primexine was absent in the arf17 mutant, which leads to pollen wall-patterning defects and pollen degradation. Callose deposition was also significantly reduced in the arf17 mutant, and the expression of CALLOSE SYNTHASE5 (CalS5), the major gene for callose biosynthesis, was approximately 10% that of the wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that ARF17 can directly bind to the CalS5 promoter. As indicated by the expression of DR5-driven green fluorescent protein, which is an synthetic auxin response reporter, auxin signaling appeared to be specifically impaired in arf17 anthers. Taken together, our results suggest that ARF17 is essential for pollen wall patterning in Arabidopsis by modulating primexine formation at least partially through direct regulation of CalS5 gene expression.
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840
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Yang J, Tian L, Sun MX, Huang XY, Zhu J, Guan YF, Jia QS, Yang ZN. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 is essential for pollen wall pattern formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23580594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.214940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen wall pattern formation is determined by primexine deposition on the microspores. Here, we show that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17) is essential for primexine formation and pollen development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The arf17 mutant exhibited a male-sterile phenotype with normal vegetative growth. ARF17 was expressed in microsporocytes and microgametophytes from meiosis to the bicellular microspore stage. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that primexine was absent in the arf17 mutant, which leads to pollen wall-patterning defects and pollen degradation. Callose deposition was also significantly reduced in the arf17 mutant, and the expression of CALLOSE SYNTHASE5 (CalS5), the major gene for callose biosynthesis, was approximately 10% that of the wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that ARF17 can directly bind to the CalS5 promoter. As indicated by the expression of DR5-driven green fluorescent protein, which is an synthetic auxin response reporter, auxin signaling appeared to be specifically impaired in arf17 anthers. Taken together, our results suggest that ARF17 is essential for pollen wall patterning in Arabidopsis by modulating primexine formation at least partially through direct regulation of CalS5 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Tourism, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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841
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Perdiguero P, Barbero MDC, Cervera MT, Collada C, Soto A. Molecular response to water stress in two contrasting Mediterranean pines (Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:199-208. [PMID: 23583937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to water stress has determined the evolution and diversification of vascular plants. Water stress is forecasted to increase drastically in the next decades in certain regions, such as in the Mediterranean basin. Consequently, a proper knowledge of the response and adaptations to drought stress is essential for the correct management of plant genetic resources. However, most of the advances in the understanding of the molecular response to water stress have been attained in angiosperms, and are not always applicable to gymnosperms. In this work we analyse the transcriptional response of two emblematic Mediterranean pines, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea, which show noticeable differences in their performance under water stress. Using microarray analysis, up to 113 genes have been detected as significantly induced by drought in both species. Reliability of expression patterns has been confirmed by RT-PCR. While induced genes with similar profiles in both species can be considered as general candidate genes for the study of drought response in conifers, genes with diverging expression patterns can underpin the differences displayed by these species under water stress. Most promising candidate genes for drought stress response include genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as glycosyltransferases or galactosidases, sugar transporters, dehydrins and transcription factors. Additionally, differences in the molecular response to drought and polyethylene-glycol-induced water stress are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perdiguero
- GENFOR Grupo de investigación en Genética y Fisiología Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Barbero
- GENFOR Grupo de investigación en Genética y Fisiología Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Cervera
- GENFOR Grupo de investigación en Genética y Fisiología Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, CIFOR-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- GENFOR Grupo de investigación en Genética y Fisiología Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Soto
- GENFOR Grupo de investigación en Genética y Fisiología Forestal, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain.
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842
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Degrave A, Moreau M, Launay A, Barny MA, Brisset MN, Patrit O, Taconnat L, Vedel R, Fagard M. The bacterial effector DspA/E is toxic in Arabidopsis thaliana and is required for multiplication and survival of fire blight pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:506-17. [PMID: 23634775 PMCID: PMC6638835 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The type III effector DspA/E is an essential pathogenicity factor of the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora. We showed that DspA/E was required for transient bacterial growth in nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, as an E. amylovora dspA/E mutant was unable to grow. We expressed DspA/E in A. thaliana transgenic plants under the control of an oestradiol-inducible promoter, and found that DspA/E expressed in planta restored the growth of a dspA/E mutant. DspA/E expression in these transgenic plants led to the modulation by at least two-fold of the expression of 384 genes, mostly induced (324 genes). Both induced and repressed genes contained high proportions of defence genes. DspA/E expression ultimately resulted in plant cell death without requiring a functional salicylic acid signalling pathway. Analysis of A. thaliana transgenic seedlings expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP):DspA/E fusion indicated that the fusion protein could only be detected in a few cells per seedling, suggesting the degradation or absence of accumulation of DspA/E in plant cells. Consistently, we found that DspA/E repressed plant protein synthesis when injected by E. amylovora or when expressed in transgenic plants. Thus, we conclude that DspA/E is toxic to A. thaliana: it promotes modifications, among which the repression of protein synthesis could be determinant in the facilitation of necrosis and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Degrave
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Pathogènes, UMR217 Paris, France
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843
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Jones AM, Grossmann G, Danielson JÅ, Sosso D, Chen LQ, Ho CH, Frommer WB. In vivo biochemistry: applications for small molecule biosensors in plant biology. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:389-95. [PMID: 23587939 PMCID: PMC3679211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Revolutionary new technologies, namely in the areas of DNA sequencing and molecular imaging, continue to impact new discoveries in plant science and beyond. For decades we have been able to determine properties of enzymes, receptors and transporters in vitro or in heterologous systems, and more recently been able to analyze their regulation at the transcriptional level, to use GFP reporters for obtaining insights into cellular and subcellular localization, and tp measure ion and metabolite levels with unprecedented precision using mass spectrometry. However, we lack key information on the location and dynamics of the substrates of enzymes, receptors and transporters, and on the regulation of these proteins in their cellular environment. Such information can now be obtained by transitioning from in vitro to in vivo biochemistry using biosensors. Genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based sensors for ion and metabolite dynamics provide highly resolved spatial and temporal information, and are complemented by sensors for pH, redox, voltage, and tension. They serve as powerful tools for identifying missing processes (e.g., glucose transport across ER membranes), components (e.g., SWEET sugar transporters for cellular sugar efflux), and signaling networks (e.g., from systematic screening of mutants that affect sugar transport or cytosolic and vacuolar pH). Combined with the knowledge of properties of enzymes and transporters and their interactions with the regulatory machinery, biosensors promise to be key diagnostic tools for systems and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Jones
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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844
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cell- and tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Medicago truncatula root nodules. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64377. [PMID: 23734198 PMCID: PMC3667139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes have the unique ability to host nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria as symbiosomes inside root nodule cells. To get insight into this key process, which forms the heart of the endosymbiosis, we isolated specific cells/tissues at different stages of symbiosome formation from nodules of the model legume Medicago truncatula using laser-capture microdissection. Next, we determined their associated expression profiles using Affymetrix Medicago GeneChips. Cells were collected from the nodule infection zone divided into a distal (where symbiosome formation and division occur) and proximal region (where symbiosomes are mainly differentiating), as well as infected cells from the fixation zone containing mature nitrogen fixing symbiosomes. As non-infected cells/tissue we included nodule meristem cells and uninfected cells from the fixation zone. Here, we present a comprehensive gene expression map of an indeterminate Medicago nodule and selected genes that show specific enriched expression in the different cells or tissues. Validation of the obtained expression profiles, by comparison to published gene expression profiles and experimental verification, indicates that the data can be used as digital “in situ”. This digital “in situ” offers a genome-wide insight into genes specifically associated with subsequent stages of symbiosome and nodule cell development, and can serve to guide future functional studies.
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845
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Yang F, Melo-Braga MN, Larsen MR, Jørgensen HJL, Palmisano G. Battle through signaling between wheat and the fungal pathogen Septoria tritici revealed by proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2497-508. [PMID: 23722186 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.027532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Septoria tritici causes the disease septoria tritici blotch in wheat, one of the most economically devastating foliar diseases in this crop. To investigate signaling events and defense responses in the wheat-S. tritici interaction, we performed a time-course study of S. tritici infection in resistant and susceptible wheat using quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics, with special emphasis on the initial biotrophic phase of interactions. Our study revealed an accumulation of defense and stress-related proteins, suppression of photosynthesis, and changes in sugar metabolism during compatible and incompatible interactions. However, differential regulation of the phosphorylation status of signaling proteins, transcription and translation regulators, and membrane-associated proteins was observed between two interactions. The proteomic data were correlated with a more rapid or stronger accumulation of signal molecules, including calcium, H2O2, NO, and sugars, in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar in response to the infection. Additionally, 31 proteins and 5 phosphoproteins from the pathogen were identified, including metabolic proteins and signaling proteins such as GTP-binding proteins, 14-3-3 proteins, and calcium-binding proteins. Quantitative PCR analysis showed the expression of fungal signaling genes and genes encoding a superoxide dismutase and cell-wall degrading enzymes. These results indicate roles of signaling, antioxidative stress mechanisms, and nutrient acquisition in facilitating the initial symptomless growth. Taken in its entirety, our dataset suggests interplay between the plant and S. tritici through complex signaling networks and downstream molecular events. Resistance is likely related to several rapidly and intensively triggered signal transduction cascades resulting in a multiple-level activation of transcription and translation processes of defense responses. Our sensitive approaches and model provide a comprehensive (phospho)proteomics resource for studying signaling from the point of view of both host and pathogen during a plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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846
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Limpens E, Moling S, Hooiveld G, Pereira PA, Bisseling T, Becker JD, Küster H. cell- and tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Medicago truncatula root nodules. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64377. [PMID: 23734198 DOI: 10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0064377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes have the unique ability to host nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria as symbiosomes inside root nodule cells. To get insight into this key process, which forms the heart of the endosymbiosis, we isolated specific cells/tissues at different stages of symbiosome formation from nodules of the model legume Medicago truncatula using laser-capture microdissection. Next, we determined their associated expression profiles using Affymetrix Medicago GeneChips. Cells were collected from the nodule infection zone divided into a distal (where symbiosome formation and division occur) and proximal region (where symbiosomes are mainly differentiating), as well as infected cells from the fixation zone containing mature nitrogen fixing symbiosomes. As non-infected cells/tissue we included nodule meristem cells and uninfected cells from the fixation zone. Here, we present a comprehensive gene expression map of an indeterminate Medicago nodule and selected genes that show specific enriched expression in the different cells or tissues. Validation of the obtained expression profiles, by comparison to published gene expression profiles and experimental verification, indicates that the data can be used as digital "in situ". This digital "in situ" offers a genome-wide insight into genes specifically associated with subsequent stages of symbiosome and nodule cell development, and can serve to guide future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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847
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Schroeder JI, Delhaize E, Frommer WB, Guerinot ML, Harrison MJ, Herrera-Estrella L, Horie T, Kochian LV, Munns R, Nishizawa NK, Tsay YF, Sanders D. Using membrane transporters to improve crops for sustainable food production. Nature 2013; 497:60-6. [PMID: 23636397 PMCID: PMC3954111 DOI: 10.1038/nature11909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the global population predicted to grow by at least 25 per cent by 2050, the need for sustainable production of nutritious foods is critical for human and environmental health. Recent advances show that specialized plant membrane transporters can be used to enhance yields of staple crops, increase nutrient content and increase resistance to key stresses, including salinity, pathogens and aluminium toxicity, which in turn could expand available arable land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA.
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848
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Martinez-Garcia LB, Garcia K, Hammer EC, Vayssières A. Mycorrhiza for all: an under-earth revolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:652-655. [PMID: 23577597 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Unité de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, SupAgro, IBIP - Bât, 7 - 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Edith C Hammer
- Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Vayssières
- Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, UMR 1136 INRA, Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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849
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Liu W, Liu J, Ning Y, Ding B, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang GL. Recent progress in understanding PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:605-20. [PMID: 23340743 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. The rice-M. oryzae pathosystem has become a model in the study of plant-fungal interactions because of its scientific advancement and economic importance. Recent studies have identified a number of new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors from the blast fungus that trigger rice immune responses upon perception. Interaction analyses between avirulence effectors and their cognate resistance proteins have provided new insights into the molecular basis of plant-fungal interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research on the characterization of those genes in both M. oryzae and rice that are important for the PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity recognition and signaling processes. We also discuss future directions for research that will further our understanding of this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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850
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Yuan M, Wang S. Rice MtN3/saliva/SWEET family genes and their homologs in cellular organisms. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:665-74. [PMID: 23430047 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The MtN3/saliva/SWEET-type genes, existing either alone or in a family group, are found in diverse organisms, from monocellular protozoa to higher eukaryotes, indicating their importance in cellular organisms. These genes encode polytopic membrane proteins that feature an MtN3/saliva domain, also known as a PQ loop repeat. The rice MtN3/saliva/SWEET gene family consists of 21 members and is among the largest families in sequenced organisms. Accumulating data suggest that these genes are involved in multiple physiological processes, including reproductive development, senescence, environmental adaptation, and host-pathogen interaction, in different species. In rice, some members of the family, including Xa13/Os8N3/OsSWEET11, which is essential for reproductive development, are used by the pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to invade its host. Emerging data have also revealed that at least some MtN3/saliva/SWEET-type proteins may regulate different physiological processes by facilitating ion transport via interaction with ion transporters or as sugar transporters. The accumulating knowledge about MtN3/saliva/SWEET-type genes will help to elucidate the molecular bases of their function in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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