901
|
Flori A, Liserani M, Frijia F, Giovannetti G, Lionetti V, Casieri V, Positano V, Aquaro GD, Recchia FA, Santarelli MF, Landini L, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Menichetti L. Real-time cardiac metabolism assessed with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]acetate in a large-animal model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:194-202. [PMID: 25201079 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization (dissolution-DNP) for magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging has recently emerged as a novel technique for noninvasive studies of the metabolic fate of biomolecules in vivo. Since acetate is the most abundant extra- and intracellular short-chain fatty acid, we focused on [1-(13) C]acetate as a promising candidate for a chemical probe to study the myocardial metabolism of a beating heart. The dissolution-DNP procedure of Na[1-(13) C]acetate for in vivo cardiac applications with a 3 T MR scanner was optimized in pigs during bolus injection of doses of up to 3 mmol. The Na[1-(13) C]acetate formulation was characterized by a liquid-state polarization of 14.2% and a T1Eff in vivo of 17.6 ± 1.7 s. In vivo Na[1-(13) C]acetate kinetics displayed a bimodal shape: [1-(13) C]acetyl carnitine (AcC) was detected in a slice covering the cardiac volume, and the signal of (13) C-acetate and (13) C-AcC was modeled using the total area under the curve (AUC) for kinetic analysis. A good correlation was found between the ratio AUC(AcC)/AUC(acetate) and the apparent kinetic constant of metabolic conversion, from [1-(13) C]acetate to [1-(13) C]AcC (kAcC ), divided by the AcC longitudinal relaxation rate (r1 ). Our study proved the feasibility and the limitations of administration of large doses of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]acetate to study the myocardial conversion of [1-(13) C]acetate in [1-(13) C]acetyl-carnitine generated by acetyltransferase in healthy pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Flori
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Filomena Santarelli
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- GE Healthcare, Broendby, Denmark.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
902
|
Jensen PR, Serra SC, Miragoli L, Karlsson M, Cabella C, Poggi L, Venturi L, Tedoldi F, Lerche MH. Hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigi Miragoli
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cabella
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luisa Poggi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luca Venturi
- Center of Preclinical Imaging; University of Torino (Italy); Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
903
|
Dumez JN, Hill-Cousins JT, Brown RCD, Pileio G. Long-lived localization in magnetic resonance imaging. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 246:27-30. [PMID: 25063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal nuclear relaxation time, T1, sets a stringent limit on the range of information that can be obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments. Long-lived nuclear spin states provide a possibility to extend the timescale over which information can be encoded in magnetic resonance. We introduce a strategy to localize an ensemble of molecules for a significantly extended duration (∼30 times longer than T1 in this example), using a spatially selective conversion between magnetization and long-lived singlet order. An application to tagging and transport is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Dumez
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
904
|
Abstract
Hyperpolarization using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization has emerged as a versatile method to dramatically improve the MR signal of low-sensitivity nuclei. This technique facilitates the study of real-time metabolism in vitro and in vivo using (13)C-enriched substrates and has been applied to numerous models of human disease. In particular, several mechanisms underlying prostate cancer have been interrogated using hyperpolarized (13)C MR spectroscopy. This review highlights key metabolic shifts seen in prostate cancer, their study by hyperpolarized (13)C MR spectroscopy, and the development of new platforms for metabolic study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
905
|
Generalized portrait of cancer metabolic pathways inferred from a list of genes overexpressed in cancer. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:646193. [PMID: 25243088 PMCID: PMC4163292 DOI: 10.1155/2014/646193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than half a century from postulated Warburg theory of cancer cells origin, a question of changed metabolism in cancer is again taking the central place. Generalized picture of cancer metabolism was replaced by analysis of signaling and oncogenes in each type of cancer for several decades. However, now empowered with wealth of knowledge about tumor suppressors, oncogenes, and signaling pathways, reprogramming of cellular metabolism (e.g., increased glycolysis to respiration ratio in cancer cells) reemerged as an important element of cancer progression. To analyze level of expression of various proteins including metabolic enzymes across various cancers we used dbEST and Unigene data. We delineated a list of genes that are overexpressed in different types of cancer. We also grouped overexpressed enzymes into KEGG pathways and analyzed adjacent pathways to describe enzymatic reactions that take place in cancer cells and to identify major players that are abundant in cancer protein machinery. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation are the most abundant pathways although several other pathways are enriched in genes from our list. Ubiquitously overexpressed genes could be marked as nonspecific cancer-associated genes when analyzing genes that are overexpressed in certain types of cancer. Thus the list of overexpressed genes may be a useful tool for cancer research.
Collapse
|
906
|
Coffey AM, Kovtunov KV, Barskiy DA, Koptyug IV, Shchepin RV, Waddell KW, He P, Groome KA, Best QA, Shi F, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. High-resolution low-field molecular magnetic resonance imaging of hyperpolarized liquids. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9042-9. [PMID: 25162371 PMCID: PMC4165454 DOI: 10.1021/ac501638p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of microscale molecular imaging using hyperpolarized proton and carbon-13 MRI contrast media and low-field (47.5 mT) preclinical scale (38 mm i.d.) 2D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyperpolarized proton images with 94 × 94 μm(2) spatial resolution and hyperpolarized carbon-13 images with 250 × 250 μm(2) in-plane spatial resolution were recorded in 4-8 s (largely limited by the electronics response), surpassing the in-plane spatial resolution (i.e., pixel size) achievable with micro-positron emission tomography (PET). These hyperpolarized proton and (13)C images were recorded using large imaging matrices of up to 256 × 256 pixels and relatively large fields of view of up to 6.4 × 6.4 cm(2). (13)C images were recorded using hyperpolarized 1-(13)C-succinate-d2 (30 mM in water, %P(13C) = 25.8 ± 5.1% (when produced) and %P(13C) = 14.2 ± 0.7% (when imaged), T1 = 74 ± 3 s), and proton images were recorded using (1)H hyperpolarized pyridine (100 mM in methanol-d4, %P(H) = 0.1 ± 0.02% (when imaged), T1 = 11 ± 0.1 s). Both contrast agents were hyperpolarized using parahydrogen (>90% para-fraction) in an automated 5.75 mT parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) hyperpolarizer. A magnetized path was demonstrated for successful transportation of a (13)C hyperpolarized contrast agent (1-(13)C-succinate-d2, sensitive to fast depolarization when at the Earth's magnetic field) from the PHIP polarizer to the 47.5 mT low-field MRI. While future polarizing and low-field MRI hardware and imaging sequence developments can further improve the low-field detection sensitivity, the current results demonstrate that microscale molecular imaging in vivo is already feasible at low (<50 mT) fields and potentially at low (~1 mM) metabolite concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS) and Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
907
|
Purmal C, Kucejova B, Sherry AD, Burgess SC, Malloy CR, Merritt ME. Propionate stimulates pyruvate oxidation in the presence of acetate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1134-41. [PMID: 25320331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in the heart may be reduced by various forms of injury to the myocardium, or by oxidation of alternative substrates in normal heart tissue. It is important to distinguish these two mechanisms because imaging of flux through PDH based on the appearance of hyperpolarized (HP) [(13)C]bicarbonate derived from HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate has been proposed as a method for identifying viable myocardium. The efficacy of propionate for increasing PDH flux in the setting of PDH inhibition by an alternative substrate was studied using isotopomer analysis paired with exams using HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Hearts from C57/bl6 mice were supplied with acetate (2 mM) and glucose (8.25 mM). (13)C NMR spectra were acquired in a cryogenically cooled probe at 14.1 Tesla. After addition of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate, (13)C NMR signals from lactate, alanine, malate, and aspartate were easily detected, in addition to small signals from bicarbonate and CO2. The addition of propionate (2 mM) increased appearance of HP [(13)C]bicarbonate >30-fold without change in O2 consumption. Isotopomer analysis of extracts from the freeze-clamped hearts indicated that acetate was the preferred substrate for energy production, glucose contribution to energy production was minimal, and anaplerosis was stimulated in the presence of propionate. Under conditions where production of acetyl-CoA is dominated by the availability of an alternative substrate, acetate, propionate markedly stimulated PDH flux as detected by the appearance of hyperpolarized [(13)C]bicarbonate from metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Purmal
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Blanka Kucejova
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas; and
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas; and
| |
Collapse
|
908
|
Lerche MH, Jensen PR, Karlsson M, Meier S. NMR insights into the inner workings of living cells. Anal Chem 2014; 87:119-32. [PMID: 25084065 DOI: 10.1021/ac501467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde H Lerche
- Albeda Research , Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
909
|
Shchepin RV, Chekmenev EY. Toward hyperpolarized molecular imaging of HIV: synthesis and longitudinal relaxation properties of (15) N-Azidothymidine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:621-4. [PMID: 25156931 PMCID: PMC4287256 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously unreported (15) N labeled Azidothymidine (AZT) was prepared as an equimolar mixture of two isotopomers: 1-(15) N-AZT and 3-(15) N-AZT. Polarization decay of (15) N NMR signal was studied in high (9.4 T) and low (~50 mT) magnetic fields. (15) N T1 values were 45 ± 5 s (1-(15) N-AZT) and 37 ± 2 s (3-(15) N-AZT) at 9.4 T, and 140 ± 16 s (3-(15) N-AZT) at 50 mT. (15) N-AZT can be potentially (15) N hyperpolarized by several methods. These sufficiently long (15) N-AZT T1 values potentially enable hyperpolarized in vivo imaging of (15) N-AZT, because of the known favorable efficient (i.e., of the time scale shorter than the longest reported here (15) N T1 ) kinetics of uptake of injected AZT. Therefore, 3-(15) N-AZT can be potentially used for HIV molecular imaging using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Shchepin
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
910
|
Chowdhury R, Ganeshan B, Irshad S, Lawler K, Eisenblätter M, Milewicz H, Rodriguez-Justo M, Miles K, Ellis P, Groves A, Punwani S, Ng T. The use of molecular imaging combined with genomic techniques to understand the heterogeneity in cancer metastasis. BJR Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
911
|
Al-Saffar NMS, Marshall LV, Jackson LE, Balarajah G, Eykyn TR, Agliano A, Clarke PA, Jones C, Workman P, Pearson ADJ, Leach MO. Lactate and choline metabolites detected in vitro by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are potential metabolic biomarkers for PI3K inhibition in pediatric glioblastoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103835. [PMID: 25084455 PMCID: PMC4118961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is believed to be of key importance in pediatric glioblastoma. Novel inhibitors of the PI3K pathway are being developed and are entering clinical trials. Our aim is to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers of PI3K signaling pathway inhibition in pediatric glioblastoma using in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, to aid identification of target inhibition and therapeutic response in early phase clinical trials of PI3K inhibitors in childhood cancer. Treatment of SF188 and KNS42 human pediatric glioblastoma cell lines with the dual pan-Class I PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103, inhibited the PI3K signaling pathway and resulted in a decrease in phosphocholine (PC), total choline (tCho) and lactate levels (p<0.02) as detected by phosphorus (31P)- and proton (1H)-NMR. Similar changes were also detected using the pan-Class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 which lacks significant mTOR activity and is entering Phase II clinical trials. In contrast, the DNA damaging agent temozolomide (TMZ), which is used as current frontline therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma postoperatively (in combination with radiotherapy), increased PC, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and tCho levels (p<0.04). PI-103-induced NMR changes were associated with alterations in protein expression levels of regulatory enzymes involved in glucose and choline metabolism including GLUT1, HK2, LDHA and CHKA. Our results show that by using NMR we can detect distinct biomarkers following PI3K pathway inhibition compared to treatment with the DNA-damaging anti-cancer agent TMZ. This is the first study reporting that lactate and choline metabolites are potential non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring response to PI3K pathway inhibitors in pediatric glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. S. Al-Saffar
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynley V. Marshall
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Clinical Studies. The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Elizabeth Jackson
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geetha Balarajah
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Agliano
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Clarke
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. J. Pearson
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Clinical Studies. The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin O. Leach
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
912
|
Hövener JB, Knecht S, Schwaderlapp N, Hennig J, von Elverfeldt D. Continuous re-hyperpolarization of nuclear spins using parahydrogen: theory and experiment. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2451-7. [PMID: 25079961 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuous re-hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in the liquid state by means of parahydrogen (para-H2) and chemical exchange at low magnetic fields was recently discovered and offers intriguing perspectives for many varieties of magnetic resonance. In this contribution, we provide a theoretical assessment of this effect and compare the results to experimental data. A distinct distribution of polarization is found, which shares some features with experimental data and, interestingly, does not directly correspond to the loss of the singlet order of para-H2. We derived expressions for the magnetic field and para-H2-substrate interaction time, for which the polarization transfer is maximal. This work sheds light onto the effect of continuous hyperpolarization and elucidates the underlying mechanism, which may facilitate the development of an optimized catalyst. As an application, continuous hyperpolarization may enable highly sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance at very low magnetic fields, for example, for the cost-efficient screening of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Hövener
- German Consortium for Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg (Germany); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
913
|
Canapè C, Catanzaro G, Terreno E, Karlsson M, Lerche MH, Jensen PR. Probing treatment response of glutaminolytic prostate cancer cells to natural drugs with hyperpolarized [5-13C]glutamine. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:2296-305. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Canapè
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | | | - Enzo Terreno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Albeda Research Aps; Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10 Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
914
|
Chen AP, Lau JYC, Alvares RDA, Cunningham CH. Using [1-(13) C]lactic acid for hyperpolarized (13) C MR cardiac studies. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:2087-93. [PMID: 25046652 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate in solution may be a clinically relevant and safe substrate for real time MR investigations of key metabolic pathways. The potential of using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate for magnetic resonance studies of cardiac metabolism in vivo was explored. METHODS Neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. Cardiac MR spectroscopy experiments were performed in vivo using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate and [1-(13) C]pyruvate in solutions. RESULTS A high degree of polarization was achieved for [1-(13) C]lactate in solution (16.7%). (13) C-bicarbonate was observed in rat hearts in vivo after either hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate or hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate was infused, but lower (13) C-bicarbonate to substrate ratio was observed with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate infusions. The response of (13) C-bicarbonate signal as a function of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate doses was also investigated and a saturation of (13) C-bicarbonate signal was observed at the highest dose of [1-(13) C]lactate used (0.69 mmol/kg). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the use of neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid as the DNP sample is a potential alternative to [1-(13) C]pyruvic acid for cardiac hyperpolarized (13) C MR studies. Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate may enable noninvasive assessment of cardiac PDH flux in cardiac patients in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rohan D A Alvares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
915
|
A hyperpolarized equilibrium for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2946. [PMID: 24336292 PMCID: PMC3905697 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) play an indispensable role in science and healthcare but use only a tiny fraction of their potential. No more than ≈10 p.p.m. of all ¹H nuclei are effectively detected in a 3-Tesla clinical MRI system. Thus, a vast array of new applications lays dormant, awaiting improved sensitivity. Here we demonstrate the continuous polarization of small molecules in solution to a level that cannot be achieved in a viable magnet. The magnetization does not decay and is effectively reinitialized within seconds after being measured. This effect depends on the long-lived, entangled spin-order of parahydrogen and an exchange reaction in a low magnetic field of 10⁻³ Tesla. We demonstrate the potential of this method by fast MRI and envision the catalysis of new applications such as cancer screening or indeed low-field MRI for routine use and remote application.
Collapse
|
916
|
Springer CS, Li X, Tudorica LA, Oh KY, Roy N, Chui SYC, Naik AM, Holtorf ML, Afzal A, Rooney WD, Huang W. Intratumor mapping of intracellular water lifetime: metabolic images of breast cancer? NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:760-73. [PMID: 24798066 PMCID: PMC4174415 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Shutter-speed pharmacokinetic analysis of dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI data allows evaluation of equilibrium inter-compartmental water interchange kinetics. The process measured here - transcytolemmal water exchange - is characterized by the mean intracellular water molecule lifetime (τi). The τi biomarker is a true intensive property not accessible by any formulation of the tracer pharmacokinetic paradigm, which inherently assumes it is effectively zero when applied to DCE-MRI. We present population-averaged in vivo human breast whole tumor τi changes induced by therapy, along with those of other pharmacokinetic parameters. In responding patients, the DCE parameters change significantly after only one neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycle: while K(trans) (measuring mostly contrast agent (CA) extravasation) and kep (CA intravasation rate constant) decrease, τi increases. However, high-resolution, (1 mm)(2), parametric maps exhibit significant intratumor heterogeneity, which is lost by averaging. A typical 400 ms τi value means a trans-membrane water cycling flux of 10(13) H2O molecules s(-1)/cell for a 12 µm diameter cell. Analyses of intratumor variations (and therapy-induced changes) of τi in combination with concomitant changes of ve (extracellular volume fraction) indicate that the former are dominated by alterations of the equilibrium cell membrane water permeability coefficient, PW, not of cell size. These can be interpreted in light of literature results showing that τi changes are dominated by a PW (active) component that reciprocally reflects the membrane driving P-type ATPase ion pump turnover. For mammalian cells, this is the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase pump. These results promise the potential to discriminate metabolic and microenvironmental states of regions within tumors in vivo, and their changes with therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Springer
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- *Correspondence to: C. S. Springer, Jr, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. E-mail:
| | - Xin Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Luminita A Tudorica
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Karen Y Oh
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Roy
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Stephen Y-C Chui
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Arpana M Naik
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Megan L Holtorf
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Clinical Trials Office, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Aneela Afzal
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
917
|
Kovtunov KV, Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Truong ML, Salnikov OG, Khudorozhkov AK, Inozemtseva EA, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY, Koptyug IV. High-resolution 3D proton MRI of hyperpolarized gas enabled by parahydrogen and Rh/TiO2 heterogeneous catalyst. Chemistry 2014; 20:11636-9. [PMID: 24961814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several supported metal catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and tested in heterogeneous hydrogenation of propene with parahydrogen to maximize nuclear spin hyperpolarization of propane gas using parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP). The Rh/TiO2 catalyst with a metal particle size of 1.6 nm was found to be the most active and effective in the pairwise hydrogen addition and robust, demonstrating reproducible results with multiple hydrogenation experiments and stability for ≥1.5 years. 3D (1) H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 1 % hyperpolarized flowing gas with microscale spatial resolution (625×625×625 μm(3) ) and large imaging matrix (128×128×32) was demonstrated by using a preclinical 4.7 T scanner and 17.4 s imaging scan time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Kovtunov
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia) and Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
918
|
Ramirez MS, Lee J, Walker CM, Chen Y, Kingsley CV, De La Cerda J, Maldonado KL, Lai SY, Bankson JA. Feasibility of multianimal hyperpolarized (13) C MRS. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:1726-32. [PMID: 24903532 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is great potential for real-time investigation of metabolism with MRS and hyperpolarized (HP) (13) C agents. Unfortunately, HP technology has high associated costs and efficiency limitations that may constrain in vivo studies involving many animals. To improve the throughput of preclinical investigations, we evaluate the feasibility of performing HP MRS on multiple animals simultaneously. METHODS Simulations helped assess the viability of a dual-coil strategy for spatially localized multivolume MRS. A dual-mouse system was assembled and characterized with bench- and scanner-based experiments. Enzyme phantoms mixed with HP [1-(13) C] pyruvate emulated real-time metabolism and offered a controlled mechanism for evaluating system performance. Finally, a normal mouse and a mouse bearing a subcutaneous xenograft of colon cancer were simultaneously scanned in vivo using an agent containing HP [1-(13) C] pyruvate. RESULTS Geometric separation/rotation, active decoupling, and use of low input impedance preamplifiers permitted an encode-by-channel approach for spatially localized MRS. A precalibrated shim allowed straightforward metabolite differentiation in enzyme phantom and in vivo experiments at 7 Tesla, with performance similar to conventional acquisitions. CONCLUSION The initial feasibility of multi-animal HP (13) C MRS was established. Throughput scales with the number of simultaneously scanned animals, demonstrating the potential for significant improvements in study efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Ramirez
- The Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
919
|
Wong A, Li X, Molin L, Solari F, Elena-Herrmann B, Sakellariou D. μHigh resolution-magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy for metabolic phenotyping of Caenorhabditis elegans. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6064-70. [PMID: 24897622 DOI: 10.1021/ac501208z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of model organisms, such as the submillimeter-size Caenorhabditis elegans, plays a central role in understanding biological functions across species and in characterizing phenotypes associated with genetic mutations. In recent years, metabolic phenotyping studies of C. elegans based on (1)H high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have relied on the observation of large populations of nematodes, requiring labor-intensive sample preparation that considerably limits high-throughput characterization of C. elegans. In this work, we open new platforms for metabolic phenotyping of C. elegans mutants. We determine rich metabolic profiles (31 metabolites identified) from samples of 12 individuals using a (1)H NMR microprobe featuring high-resolution magic-angle coil spinning (HR-MACS), a simple conversion of a standard HR-MAS probe to μHR-MAS. In addition, we characterize the metabolic variations between two different strains of C. elegans (wild-type vs slcf-1 mutant). We also acquire a NMR spectrum of a single C. elegans worm at 23.5 T. This study represents the first example of a metabolomic investigation carried out on a small number of submillimeter-size organisms, demonstrating the potential of NMR microtechnologies for metabolomics screening of small model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wong
- CEA Saclay, DSM, IRAMIS, UMR CEA/CNRS 3299-NIMBE, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
920
|
Chowdhury R, Ganeshan B, Irshad S, Lawler K, Eisenblätter M, Milewicz H, Rodriguez-Justo M, Miles K, Ellis P, Groves A, Punwani S, Ng T. The use of molecular imaging combined with genomic techniques to understand the heterogeneity in cancer metastasis. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20140065. [PMID: 24597512 PMCID: PMC4075563 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour heterogeneity has, in recent times, come to play a vital role in how we understand and treat cancers; however, the clinical translation of this has lagged behind advances in research. Although significant advancements in oncological management have been made, personalized care remains an elusive goal. Inter- and intratumour heterogeneity, particularly in the clinical setting, has been difficult to quantify and therefore to treat. The histological quantification of heterogeneity of tumours can be a logistical and clinical challenge. The ability to examine not just the whole tumour but also all the molecular variations of metastatic disease in a patient is obviously difficult with current histological techniques. Advances in imaging techniques and novel applications, alongside our understanding of tumour heterogeneity, have opened up a plethora of non-invasive biomarker potential to examine tumours, their heterogeneity and the clinical translation. This review will focus on how various imaging methods that allow for quantification of metastatic tumour heterogeneity, along with the potential of developing imaging, integrated with other in vitro diagnostic approaches such as genomics and exosome analyses, have the potential role as a non-invasive biomarker for guiding the treatment algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chowdhury
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
921
|
Durst M, Koellisch U, Gringeri C, Janich MA, Rancan G, Frank A, Wiesinger F, Menzel MI, Haase A, Schulte RF. Bolus tracking for improved metabolic imaging of hyperpolarised compounds. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 243:40-46. [PMID: 24717443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarisation has enabled real-time metabolic imaging of pyruvate and its metabolites. Conventional imaging sequences rely on predefined settings and do not account for intersubject variations in biological parameters such as perfusion. We present a fully automatic real-time bolus tracking sequence for hyperpolarised substrates which starts the imaging acquisition at a defined point on the bolus curve. This reduces artefacts due to signal change and allows for a more efficient use of hyperpolarised magnetisation. For single time point imaging methods, bolus tracking enables a more reliable and consistent quantification of metabolic activity. An RF excitation with a small flip angle is used to obtain slice-selective pyruvate tracking information in rats. Moreover, in combination with a copolarised urea and pyruvate injection, spectrally selective tracking on urea allows obtaining localised bolus tracking information without depleting the pyruvate signal. Particularly with regard to clinical application, the bolus tracking technique could provide an important step towards a routine assessment protocol which removes operator dependencies and ensures comparable results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Durst
- Department of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Koellisch
- Department of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Concetta Gringeri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin A Janich
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Giaime Rancan
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Frank
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wiesinger
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marion I Menzel
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Axel Haase
- Department of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rolf F Schulte
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
922
|
Chaumeil MM, Larson PEZ, Woods SM, Cai L, Eriksson P, Robinson AE, Lupo JM, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ, Pieper RO, Phillips JJ, Ronen SM. Hyperpolarized [1-13C] glutamate: a metabolic imaging biomarker of IDH1 mutational status in glioma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4247-57. [PMID: 24876103 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene are among the most prevalent in low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma, represent an early pathogenic event, and are associated with epigenetically driven modulations of metabolism. Of particular interest is the recently uncovered relationship between the IDH1 mutation and decreased activity of the branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) enzyme. Noninvasive imaging methods that can assess BCAT1 activity could therefore improve detection of mutant IDH1 tumors and aid in developing and monitoring new targeted therapies. BCAT1 catalyzes the transamination of branched-chain amino acids while converting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to glutamate. Our goal was to use (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the conversion of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] α-KG to hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] glutamate as a readout of BCAT1 activity. We investigated two isogenic glioblastoma lines that differed only in their IDH1 status and performed experiments in live cells and in vivo in rat orthotopic tumors. Following injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] α-KG, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] glutamate production was detected both in cells and in vivo, and the level of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] glutamate was significantly lower in mutant IDH1 cells and tumors compared with their IDH1-wild-type counterparts. Importantly however, in our cells the observed drop in hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] glutamate was likely mediated not only by a drop in BCAT1 activity, but also by reductions in aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities, suggesting additional metabolic reprogramming at least in our model. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] glutamate could thus inform on multiple mutant IDH1-associated metabolic events that mediate reduced glutamate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larry Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | | | - Aaron E Robinson
- Pathology, and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center; and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Russell O Pieper
- Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center; and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Pathology, and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center; and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
923
|
Søgaard LV, Schilling F, Janich MA, Menzel MI, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH. In vivo measurement of apparent diffusion coefficients of hyperpolarized ¹³C-labeled metabolites. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:561-9. [PMID: 24664927 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hyperpolarized MRS with diffusion weighting (dw) allows for determination of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is indicative of the intra- or extracellular localization of the metabolite. Here, a slice-selective pulsed-gradient spin echo sequence was implemented to acquire a series of dw spectra from rat muscle in vivo to determine the ADCs of multiple metabolites after a single injection of hyperpolarized [1- ¹³C]pyruvate. An optimal control optimized universal-rotation pulse was used for refocusing to minimize signal loss caused by B1 imperfections. Non-dw spectra were acquired interleaved with the dw spectra and these were used to correct for signal decay during the acquisition as a result of T1 decay, pulse imperfections, flow etc. The data showed that the ADC values for [1- ¹³C]lactate (0.4-0.7 µm² /ms) and [1- ¹³C]alanine (0.4-0.9 µm² /ms) were about a factor of two lower than the ADC of [1- ¹³C]pyruvate (1.1-1.5 µm²/ms). This indicates a more restricted diffusion space for the former two metabolites consistent with lactate and alanine being intracellular. The higher ADC for pyruvate (similar to the proton ADC) reflected that the injected substance was not confined inside the muscle cells but also present extracellular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Vejby Søgaard
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
924
|
|
925
|
Billingsley KL, Park JM, Josan S, Hurd R, Mayer D, Spielman-Sun E, Nishimura DG, Brooks JD, Spielman D. The feasibility of assessing branched-chain amino acid metabolism in cellular models of prostate cancer with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-ketoisocaproate. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:791-5. [PMID: 24907854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have yielded powerful techniques capable of real-time analysis of metabolic pathways. These non-invasive methods have increasingly shown application in impacting disease diagnosis and have further been employed in mechanistic studies of disease onset and progression. Our goals were to investigate branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activity in prostate cancer with a novel molecular probe, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-2-ketoisocaproate ([1-(13)C]-KIC), and explore the potential of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism to serve as a biomarker. Using traditional spectrophotometric assays, BCAT enzymatic activities were determined in vitro for various sources of prostate cancer (human, transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse and human cell lines). These preliminary studies indicated that low levels of BCAT activity were present in all models of prostate cancer but enzymatic levels are altered significantly in prostate cancer relative to healthy tissue. The MR spectroscopic studies were conducted with two cellular models (PC-3 and DU-145) that exhibited levels of BCAA metabolism comparable to the human disease state. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-KIC was administered to prostate cancer cell lines, and the conversion of [1-(13)C]-KIC to the metabolic product, [1-(13)C]-leucine ([1-(13)C]-Leu), could be monitored via hyperpolarized (13)C MRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin L Billingsley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sonal Josan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ralph Hurd
- Applied Sciences Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Dwight G Nishimura
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
926
|
Ganju A, Yallapu MM, Khan S, Behrman SW, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M. Nanoways to overcome docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 17:13-23. [PMID: 24853766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in American men. Docetaxel is a useful chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer that has been available for over a decade, but the length of the treatment and systemic side effects hamper compliance. Additionally, docetaxel resistance invariably emerges, leading to disease relapse. Docetaxel resistance is either intrinsic or acquired by adopting various mechanisms that are highly associated with genetic alterations, decreased influx and increased efflux of drugs. Several combination therapies and small P-glycoprotein inhibitors have been proposed to improve the therapeutic potential of docetaxel in prostate cancer. Novel therapeutic strategies that may allow reversal of docetaxel resistance include alterations of enzymes, improving drug uptake and enhancement of apoptosis. In this review, we provide the most current docetaxel reversal approaches utilizing nanotechnology. Nanotechnology mediated docetaxel delivery is superior to existing therapeutic strategies and a more effective method to induce P-glycoprotein inhibition, enhance cellular uptake, maintain sustained drug release, and improve bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ganju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Stephen W Behrman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
927
|
Non-invasive in vivo assessment of IDH1 mutational status in glioma. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2429. [PMID: 24019001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene are among the most prevalent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma. They lead to intracellular accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, represent an early pathogenic event and are considered a therapeutic target. Here we show, in this proof-of-concept study, that [1-(13)C] α-ketoglutarate can serve as a metabolic imaging agent for non-invasive, real-time, in vivo monitoring of mutant IDH1 activity, and can inform on IDH1 status. Using (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, the metabolic fate of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] α-ketoglutarate is studied in isogenic glioblastoma cells that differ only in their IDH1 status. In lysates and tumours that express wild-type IDH1, only hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] α-ketoglutarate can be detected. In contrast, in cells that express mutant IDH1, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] 2-hydroxyglutarate is also observed, both in cell lysates and in vivo in orthotopic tumours.
Collapse
|
928
|
You L, Zhang B, Tang YJ. Application of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics for cell metabolism studies. Metabolites 2014; 4:142-65. [PMID: 24957020 PMCID: PMC4101500 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of stable isotopes in metabolomics have facilitated the study of cell metabolisms. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics requires: (1) properly designed tracer experiments; (2) stringent sampling and quenching protocols to minimize isotopic alternations; (3) efficient metabolite separations; (4) high resolution mass spectrometry to resolve overlapping peaks and background noises; and (5) data analysis methods and databases to decipher isotopic clusters over a broad m/z range (mass-to-charge ratio). This paper overviews mass spectrometry based techniques for precise determination of metabolites and their isotopologues. It also discusses applications of isotopic approaches to track substrate utilization, identify unknown metabolites and their chemical formulas, measure metabolite concentrations, determine putative metabolic pathways, and investigate microbial community populations and their carbon assimilation patterns. In addition, 13C-metabolite fingerprinting and metabolic models can be integrated to quantify carbon fluxes (enzyme reaction rates). The fluxome, in combination with other "omics" analyses, may give systems-level insights into regulatory mechanisms underlying gene functions. More importantly, 13C-tracer experiments significantly improve the potential of low-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for broad-scope metabolism studies. We foresee the isotope-assisted metabolomics to be an indispensable tool in industrial biotechnology, environmental microbiology, and medical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le You
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Baichen Zhang
- Plant Metabolomics Group, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
929
|
Lin G, Chung YL. Current opportunities and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and mass spectrometry imaging for mapping cancer metabolism in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:625095. [PMID: 24724090 PMCID: PMC3958648 DOI: 10.1155/2014/625095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is known to have unique metabolic features such as Warburg effect. Current cancer therapy has moved forward from cytotoxic treatment to personalized, targeted therapies, with some that could lead to specific metabolic changes, potentially monitored by imaging methods. In this paper we addressed the important aspects to study cancer metabolism by using image techniques, focusing on opportunities and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-MRS, positron emission tomography (PET), and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for mapping cancer metabolism. Finally, we highlighted the future possibilities of an integrated in vivo PET/MR imaging systems, together with an in situ MSI tissue analytical platform, may become the ultimate technologies for unraveling and understanding the molecular complexities in some aspects of cancer metabolism. Such comprehensive imaging investigations might provide information on pharmacometabolomics, biomarker discovery, and disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring for clinical medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gigin Lin
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
930
|
Yang C, Harrison C, Jin ES, Chuang DT, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Merritt ME, DeBerardinis RJ. Simultaneous steady-state and dynamic 13C NMR can differentiate alternative routes of pyruvate metabolism in living cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6212-6224. [PMID: 24415759 PMCID: PMC3937686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming facilitates cancer cell growth, so quantitative metabolic flux measurements could produce useful biomarkers. However, current methods to analyze flux in vivo provide either a steady-state overview of relative activities (infusion of (13)C and analysis of extracted metabolites) or a dynamic view of a few reactions (hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy). Moreover, although hyperpolarization has successfully quantified pyruvate-lactate exchanges, its ability to assess mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is unproven in cancer. Here, we combined (13)C hyperpolarization and isotopomer analysis to quantify multiple fates of pyruvate simultaneously. Two cancer cell lines with divergent pyruvate metabolism were incubated with thermally polarized [3-(13)C]pyruvate for several hours, then briefly exposed to hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate during acquisition of NMR spectra using selective excitation to maximize detection of H[(13)C]O3(-) and [1-(13)C]lactate. Metabolites were then extracted and subjected to isotopomer analysis to determine relative rates of pathways involving [3-(13)C]pyruvate. Quantitation of hyperpolarized H[(13)C]O3(-) provided a single definitive metabolic rate, which was then used to convert relative rates derived from isotopomer analysis into quantitative fluxes. This revealed that H[(13)C]O3(-) appearance reflects activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase rather than pyruvate carboxylation followed by subsequent decarboxylation reactions. Glucose substantially altered [1-(13)C]pyruvate metabolism, enhancing exchanges with [1-(13)C]lactate and suppressing H[(13)C]O3(-) formation. Furthermore, inhibiting Akt, an oncogenic kinase that stimulates glycolysis, reversed these effects, indicating that metabolism of pyruvate by both LDH and pyruvate dehydrogenase is subject to the acute effects of oncogenic signaling on glycolysis. The data suggest that combining (13)C isotopomer analyses and dynamic hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy may enable quantitative flux measurements in living tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Yang
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig R. Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, Lancaster, Texas 75216
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texa 75390 and
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development
| |
Collapse
|
931
|
Thapar R, Titus MA. Recent Advances in Metabolic Profiling And Imaging of Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:53-69. [PMID: 25632377 DOI: 10.2174/2213235x02666140301002510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a metabolic disease. Cancer cells, being highly proliferative, show significant alterations in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, respiration, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Metabolites like peptides, nucleotides, products of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, fatty acids, and steroids can be an important read out of disease when characterized in biological samples such as tissues and body fluids like urine, serum, etc. The cancer metabolome has been studied since the 1960s by analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Current research is focused on the identification and validation of biomarkers in the cancer metabolome that can stratify high-risk patients and distinguish between benign and advanced metastatic forms of the disease. In this review, we discuss the current state of prostate cancer metabolomics, the biomarkers that show promise in distinguishing indolent from aggressive forms of the disease, the strengths and limitations of the analytical techniques being employed, and future applications of metabolomics in diagnostic imaging and personalized medicine of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Thapar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Mark A Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
932
|
Claytor K, Theis T, Feng Y, Warren W. Measuring long-lived 13C2 state lifetimes at natural abundance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 239:81-6. [PMID: 24457544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived disconnected eigenstates (for example, the singlet state in a system with two nearly equivalent carbons, or the singlet-singlet state in a system with two chemically equivalent carbons and two chemically equivalent hydrogens) hold the potential to drastically extend the lifetime of hyperpolarization in molecular tracers for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, a first-principles calculation of the expected lifetime (and thus selection of potential imaging agents) is made very difficult because of the large variety of relevant intra- and intermolecular relaxation mechanisms. As a result, all previous measurements relied on costly and time consuming syntheses of (13)C labeled compounds. Here we show that it is possible to determine (13)C singlet state lifetimes by detecting the naturally abundant doubly-labeled species. This approach allows for rapid and low cost screening of potential molecular biomarkers bearing long-lived states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Claytor
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yesu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Warren Warren
- Departments of Chemistry, Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
933
|
Comment A. The benefits of not using exogenous substances to prepare substrates for hyperpolarized MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.13.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
934
|
Zhang H. The potential of hyperpolarized (13)C MRI in assessing signaling pathways in cancer. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:215-22. [PMID: 24439335 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics are enabling integration of various -omics to reveal the complexities underneath carcinogenesis. Multivariate signaling pathways are deregulated and evolve spatially and temporally depending on the tumor microenvironment. This finding shifts the focus of cancer research from "one disease-one target and drug" to "one disease-multiple pathway targets and combinational therapy" and imposes new challenges on the imaging community in terms of imaging targets, scales and information levels. In current clinical settings, most imaging modalities assess cancer risk through alternations in anatomy, function, metabolism, cellularity, or limited molecular events. Few clinical-translatable imaging modalities are capable of detecting aberrations in signaling pathways at the level of tissue biology. An exception to this is hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP (13)C MRI), which is capable of imaging the molecular signatures of special metabolic enzymes using HP (13)C-labeled substrates. HP (13)C MRI can identify multiple metabolites including intermediates and products simultaneously to allow extraction of critical parameters such as flux alterations for multiple metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, recent progress in cancer metabolism research affirms that metabolic alterations are directly controlled by signaling pathways. Thus, in vivo assessment of aberrations occurring in signaling pathways becomes feasible through HP (13)C imaging. This report briefly reviews the connections between signaling pathways and cancer metabolic phenotypes, the current status of HP (13)C MRI in assessing signal pathways, and recent advances in HP (13)C MRI techniques. Integrated with cancer genomics and animal models, HP (13)C MRI may hold high promise in exploring important issues in cancer that are linked to functionality of signaling pathways. Examples include genomic-driven therapy, intratumoral heterogeneity, and drug resistances.
Collapse
|
935
|
Xu HN, Kadlececk S, Profka H, Glickson JD, Rizi R, Li LZ. Is higher lactate an indicator of tumor metastatic risk? A pilot MRS study using hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:223-31. [PMID: 24439336 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cancer cells generate more lactate than normal cells under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions-exhibiting the so-called Warburg effect. However, the relationship between the Warburg effect and tumor metastatic potential remains controversial. We intend to investigate whether the higher lactate reflects higher tumor metastatic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to compare lactate (13)C-labeling in vivo in mouse xenografts of the highly metastatic (MDA-MB-231) and the relatively indolent (MCF-7) human breast cancer cell lines. We obtained the kinetic parameters of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed reaction by three methods of data analysis including the differential equation fit, q-ratio fit, and ratio fit methods. RESULTS Consistent results from the three methods showed that the highly metastatic tumors exhibited a smaller apparent forward rate constant (k(+) = 0.060 ± 0.004 s(-1)) than the relatively indolent tumors (k(+) = 0.097 ± 0.013 s(-1)). The ratio fit generated the greatest statistical significance for the difference (P = .02). No significant difference in the reverse rate constant was found between the two tumor lines. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that the less metastatic breast tumors may produce more lactate than the highly metastatic ones from the injected (13)C-pyruvate and supports the notion that breast tumor metastatic risk is not necessarily associated with the high levels of glycolysis and lactate production. More studies are needed to confirm whether and how much the measured apparent rate constants are affected by the membrane transporter activity and whether they are primarily determined by the LDH activity.
Collapse
|
936
|
Vuichoud B, Milani J, Bornet A, Melzi R, Jannin S, Bodenhausen G. Hyperpolarization of deuterated metabolites via remote cross-polarization and dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1411-5. [PMID: 24397585 DOI: 10.1021/jp4118776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In deuterated molecules such as [1-(13)C]pyruvate-d3, the nuclear spin polarization of (13)C nuclei can be enhanced by combining Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization (CP) at low temperatures (1.2 K) with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP). The polarization is transferred from remote solvent protons to the (13)C spins of interest. This allows one not only to slightly reduce build-up times but also to increase polarization levels and extend the lifetimes T1((13)C) of the enhanced (13)C polarization during and after transfer from the polarizer to the NMR or MRI system. This extends time scales over which metabolic processes and chemical reactions can be monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile Vuichoud
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
937
|
Hyperpolarized NMR probes for biological assays. SENSORS 2014; 14:1576-97. [PMID: 24441771 PMCID: PMC3926627 DOI: 10.3390/s140101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of nuclear spin polarization enhanced (hyperpolarized) molecular probes has opened up new opportunities for studying the inner workings of living cells in real time. The hyperpolarized probes are produced ex situ, introduced into biological systems and detected with high sensitivity and contrast against background signals using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. A variety of natural, derivatized and designed hyperpolarized probes has emerged for diverse biological studies including assays of intracellular reaction progression, pathway kinetics, probe uptake and export, pH, redox state, reactive oxygen species, ion concentrations, drug efficacy or oncogenic signaling. These probes are readily used directly under natural conditions in biofluids and are often directly developed and optimized for cellular assays, thus leaving little doubt about their specificity and utility under biologically relevant conditions. Hyperpolarized molecular probes for biological NMR spectroscopy enable the unbiased detection of complex processes by virtue of the high spectral resolution, structural specificity and quantifiability of NMR signals. Here, we provide a survey of strategies used for the selection, design and use of hyperpolarized NMR probes in biological assays, and describe current limitations and developments.
Collapse
|
938
|
Abstract
Considerable developments in prostate cancer in 2013 have emerged from the imaging field. Hyperpolarized 13C-MRI can monitor metabolic activity to identify high-grade disease and treatment response, and novel PET radiotracers might identify distinct subsets of patients with advanced disease. These examples highlight the progress made at all stages of care.
Collapse
|
939
|
Rodrigues TB, Serrao EM, Kennedy BW, Hu DE, Kettunen MI, Brindle KM. Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor glycolysis using hyperpolarized 13C-labeled glucose. Nat Med 2014; 20:93-7. [PMID: 24317119 PMCID: PMC3886895 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we monitored glycolysis in mouse lymphoma and lung tumors by measuring the conversion of hyperpolarized [U-2H, U-13C]glucose to lactate using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging. We observed labeled lactate only in tumors and not in surrounding normal tissue or other tissues in the body and found that it was markedly decreased at 24 h after treatment with a chemotherapeutic drug. We also detected an increase in a resonance assigned to 6-phosphogluconate in the pentose phosphate pathway. This technique could provide a new way of detecting early evidence of tumor treatment response in the clinic and of monitoring tumor pentose phosphate pathway activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B. Rodrigues
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Eva M. Serrao
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Brett W.C. Kennedy
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - De-en Hu
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Corresponding author: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK. Tel. +44 1223 333674 Fax. +44 1223 766002
| |
Collapse
|
940
|
Park I, Larson PEZ, Tropp JL, Carvajal L, Reed G, Bok R, Robb F, Bringas J, Kells A, Pivirotto P, Bankiewicz K, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ. Dynamic hyperpolarized carbon-13 MR metabolic imaging of nonhuman primate brain. Magn Reson Med 2014; 71:19-25. [PMID: 24346964 PMCID: PMC4041734 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate hyperpolarized (13) C metabolic imaging methods in the primate brain that can be translated into future clinical trials for patients with brain cancer. METHODS (13) C coils and pulse sequences designed for use in humans were tested in phantoms. Dynamic (13) C data were obtained from a healthy cynomolgus monkey brain using the optimized (13) C coils and pulse sequences. The metabolite kinetics were estimated from two-dimensional localized (13) C dynamic imaging data from the nonhuman primate brain. RESULTS Pyruvate and lactate signal were observed in both the brain and the surrounding tissues with the maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 218 and 29 for pyruvate and lactate, respectively. Apparent rate constants for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate showed a difference between brain and surrounding tissues. CONCLUSION The feasibility of using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]-pyruvate for assessing in vivo metabolism in a healthy nonhuman primate brain was demonstrated using a hyperpolarized (13) C imaging experimental setup designed for studying patients with brain tumors. The kinetics of the metabolite conversion suggests that this approach may be useful in future studies of human neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Park
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L. Tropp
- Global Applied Science Lab, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Galen Reed
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Bok
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fraser Robb
- Global Applied Science Lab, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - John Bringas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adrian Kells
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip Pivirotto
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
941
|
Keshari KR, Wilson DM. Chemistry and biochemistry of 13C hyperpolarized magnetic resonance using dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1627-59. [PMID: 24363044 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of transient chemical phenomena by conventional NMR has proved elusive, particularly for non-(1)H nuclei. For (13)C, hyperpolarization using the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique has emerged as a powerful means to improve SNR. The recent development of rapid dissolution DNP methods has facilitated previously impossible in vitro and in vivo study of small molecules. This review presents the basics of the DNP technique, identification of appropriate DNP substrates, and approaches to increase hyperpolarized signal lifetimes. Also addressed are the biochemical events to which DNP-NMR has been applied, with descriptions of several probes that have met with in vivo success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
942
|
Carpenter KLH, Jalloh I, Gallagher CN, Grice P, Howe DJ, Mason A, Timofeev I, Helmy A, Murphy MP, Menon DK, Kirkpatrick PJ, Carpenter TA, Sutherland GR, Pickard JD, Hutchinson PJ. (13)C-labelled microdialysis studies of cerebral metabolism in TBI patients. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 57:87-97. [PMID: 24361470 PMCID: PMC4013834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human brain chemistry is incompletely understood and better methodologies are needed. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes metabolic perturbations, one result of which includes increased brain lactate levels. Attention has largely focussed on glycolysis, whereby glucose is converted to pyruvate and lactate, and is proposed to act as an energy source by feeding into neurons’ tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, generating ATP. Also reportedly upregulated by TBI is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) that does not generate ATP but produces various molecules that are putatively neuroprotective, antioxidant and reparative, in addition to lactate among the end products. We have developed a novel combination of 13C-labelled cerebral microdialysis both to deliver 13C-labelled substrates into brains of TBI patients and recover the 13C-labelled metabolites, with high-resolution 13C NMR analysis of the microdialysates. This methodology has enabled us to achieve the first direct demonstration in humans that the brain can utilise lactate via the TCA cycle. We are currently using this methodology to make the first direct comparison of glycolysis and the PPP in human brain. In this article, we consider the application of 13C-labelled cerebral microdialysis for studying brain energy metabolism in patients. We set this methodology within the context of metabolic pathways in the brain, and 13C research modalities addressing them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri L H Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ibrahim Jalloh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare N Gallagher
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Peter Grice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivan Timofeev
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David K Menon
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Kirkpatrick
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Garnette R Sutherland
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - John D Pickard
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
943
|
High altitude may alter oxygen availability and renal metabolism in diabetics as measured by hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney Int 2013; 86:67-74. [PMID: 24352155 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys account for about 10% of the whole body oxygen consumption, whereas only 0.5% of the total body mass. It is known that intrarenal hypoxia is present in several diseases associated with development of kidney disease, including diabetes, and when renal blood flow is unaffected. The importance of deranged oxygen metabolism is further supported by deterioration of kidney function in patients with diabetes living at high altitude. Thus, we argue that reduced oxygen availability alters renal energy metabolism. Here, we introduce a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to monitor metabolic changes associated with diabetes and oxygen availability. Streptozotocin diabetic and control rats were given reduced, normal, or increased inspired oxygen in order to alter tissue oxygenation. The effects on kidney oxygen metabolism were studied using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate MRI. Reduced inspired oxygen did not alter renal metabolism in the control group. Reduced oxygen availability in the diabetic kidney altered energy metabolism by increasing lactate and alanine formation by 23% and 34%, respectively, whereas the bicarbonate flux was unchanged. Thus, the increased prevalence and severity of nephropathy in patients with diabetes at high altitudes may originate from the increased sensitivity toward inspired oxygen. This increased lactate production shifts the metabolic routs toward hypoxic pathways.
Collapse
|
944
|
Meier B, Dumez JN, Stevanato G, Hill-Cousins JT, Roy SS, Håkansson P, Mamone S, Brown RCD, Pileio G, Levitt MH. Long-lived nuclear spin states in methyl groups and quantum-rotor-induced polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18746-9. [PMID: 24252212 DOI: 10.1021/ja410432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substances containing rapidly rotating methyl groups may exhibit long-lived states (LLSs) in solution, with relaxation times substantially longer than the conventional spin-lattice relaxation time T1. The states become long-lived through rapid internal rotation of the CH3 group, which imposes an approximate symmetry on the fluctuating nuclear spin interactions. In the case of very low CH3 rotational barriers, a hyperpolarized LLS is populated by thermal equilibration at liquid helium temperature. Following dissolution, cross-relaxation of the hyperpolarized LLS, induced by heteronuclear dipolar couplings, generates strongly enhanced antiphase NMR signals. This mechanism explains the NMR signal enhancements observed for (13)C-γ-picoline (Icker, M.; Berger, S. J. Magn. Reson. 2012, 219, 1-3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benno Meier
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton , SO17 1BJ Southampton, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
945
|
Mignion L, Dutta P, Martinez GV, Foroutan P, Gillies RJ, Jordan BF. Monitoring chemotherapeutic response by hyperpolarized 13C-fumarate MRS and diffusion MRI. Cancer Res 2013; 74:686-94. [PMID: 24285723 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted chemotherapeutic agents often do not result in tumor shrinkage, so new biomarkers that correlate with clinical efficacy are needed. In this study, we investigated noninvasive imaging protocols to monitor responses to sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor approved for treatment of renal cell and hepatocellular carcinoma. Healthy cells are impermeable to fumarate, so conversion of this metabolite to malate as detected by (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been suggested as one marker for cell death and treatment response in tumors. Diffusion MRI also has been suggested as a measure of therapy-induced cytotoxic edema because viable cells act as a diffusion barrier in tissue. For these reasons, we assessed sorafenib responses using hyperpolarized (13)C-fumarate, diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) in a xenograft model of human breast cancer in which daily administration of sorafenib was sufficient to stabilize tumor growth. We detected signals from fumarate and malate following intravenous administration of hyperpolarized fumarate with a progressive increase in the malate-to-fumarate (MA/FA) ratio at days 2 to 5 after sorafenib infusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured by DW-MRI increased in the treated group consistent with cytotoxic edema. However, the MA/FA ratio was a more sensitive marker of therapeutic response than ADC, with 2.8-fold versus 1.3-fold changes, respectively, by day 5 of drug treatment. Histologic analyses confirmed cell death in the sorafenib-treated cohort. Notably, (13)C-pyruvate-to-lactate conversion was not affected by sorafenib in the breast cancer model examined. Our results illustrate how combining hyperpolarized substrates with DW-MRI can allow noninvasive monitoring of targeted therapeutic responses at relatively early times after drug administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Mignion
- Authors' Affiliations: Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
946
|
Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Laustsen C, Bowen S, Rizi R. Hyperpolarized H2O MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:50-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark; Kgs Lyngby Denmark
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance; Hvidovre Hospital; Hvidovre Denmark
- GE Healthcare; Broendby Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance; Hvidovre Hospital; Hvidovre Denmark
- The MR Research Centre; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Sean Bowen
- Technical University of Denmark; Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
947
|
Hyperpolarization without persistent radicals for in vivo real-time metabolic imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18064-9. [PMID: 24145405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314928110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized substrates prepared via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization have been proposed as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents for cancer or cardiac failure diagnosis and therapy monitoring through the detection of metabolic impairments in vivo. The use of potentially toxic persistent radicals to hyperpolarize substrates was hitherto required. We demonstrate that by shining UV light for an hour on a frozen pure endogenous substance, namely the glucose metabolic product pyruvic acid, it is possible to generate a concentration of photo-induced radicals that is large enough to highly enhance the (13)C polarization of the substance via dynamic nuclear polarization. These radicals recombine upon dissolution and a solution composed of purely endogenous products is obtained for performing in vivo metabolic hyperpolarized (13)C MRI with high spatial resolution. Our method opens the way to safe and straightforward preclinical and clinical applications of hyperpolarized MRI because the filtering procedure mandatory for clinical applications and the associated pharmacological tests necessary to prevent contamination are eliminated, concurrently allowing a decrease in the delay between preparation and injection of the imaging agents for improved in vivo sensitivity.
Collapse
|
948
|
Rider OJ, Tyler DJ. Clinical implications of cardiac hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:93. [PMID: 24103786 PMCID: PMC3819516 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cardiac metabolism are now considered a cause, rather than a result, of cardiac disease. Although magnetic resonance spectroscopy has allowed investigation of myocardial energetics, the inherently low sensitivity of the technique has limited its clinical application in the study of cardiac metabolism. The development of a novel hyperpolarization technique, based on the process of dynamic nuclear polarization, when combined with the metabolic tracers [1-(13)C] and [2-(13)C] pyruvate, has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of real time myocardial metabolism in the normal and diseased heart in vivo. This review focuses on the changes in myocardial substrate selection and downstream metabolism of hyperpolarized 13C labelled pyruvate that have been shown in diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in animal models of disease and how these could translate into clinical practice with the advent of clinical grade hyperpolarizer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Rider
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Metabolic Imaging Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Oxford Metabolic Imaging Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
949
|
Chemical reaction reveals tumours. Nature 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/500380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|