901
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902
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Aljofan M, Gaipov A. COVID-19 Treatment: The Race Against Time. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/7890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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903
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Lopinavir/ritonavir did not shorten the duration of SARS CoV-2 shedding in patients with mild pneumonia in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 53:488-492. [PMID: 32331982 PMCID: PMC7194913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An increase of Ct values was 0.9 per day in 2 cases of COVID-19 treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), an increase was 1.0 per day in 3 cases without LPV/r through illness day 1–10, indicating that LPV/r did not shorten the duration of SARS CoV-2 shedding.
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904
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Choy KT, Wong AYL, Kaewpreedee P, Sia SF, Chen D, Hui KPY, Chu DKW, Chan MCW, Cheung PPH, Huang X, Peiris M, Yen HL. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104786. [PMID: 32251767 PMCID: PMC7127386 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An escalating pandemic by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is impacting global health and effective therapeutic options are urgently needed. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect of compounds that were previously reported to inhibit coronavirus replication and compounds that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, homorringtonine, and emetine against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Vero E6 cells with the estimated 50% effective concentration at 23.15 μM, 26.63 μM, 2.55 μM and 0.46 μM, respectively. Ribavirin or favipiravir that are currently evaluated under clinical trials showed no inhibition at 100 μM. Synergy between remdesivir and emetine was observed, and remdesivir at 6.25 μM in combination with emetine at 0.195 μM may achieve 64.9% inhibition in viral yield. Combinational therapy may help to reduce the effective concentration of compounds below the therapeutic plasma concentrations and provide better clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Tim Choy
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alvina Yin-Lam Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Prathanporn Kaewpreedee
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sin Fun Sia
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenrie Pui Yan Hui
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel Ka Wing Chu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Chi Wai Chan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Pak-Hang Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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905
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Pillaiyar T, Meenakshisundaram S, Manickam M. Recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:668-688. [PMID: 32006468 PMCID: PMC7102522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. Currently, six human CoVs have been reported including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), OC43 (HCoV-OC43), NL63 (HCoV-NL63), HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and MiddleEast respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV). They cause moderate to severe respiratory and intestinal infections in humans. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the research and development of small-molecule anti-human coronavirus therapies targeting different stages of the CoV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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906
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Mehta Y, Chaudhry D, Abraham OC, Chacko J, Divatia J, Jagiasi B, Kar A, Khilnani GC, Krishna B, Kumar P, Mani RK, Rao BK, Singh PK, Singh S, Tiwary P, Wattal C, Govil D, Dixit S, Samavedam S. Critical Care for COVID-19 Affected Patients: Position Statement of the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020; 24:222-241. [PMID: 32565632 PMCID: PMC7297240 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) has stretched the limits of science. Ever since it emerged from the Wuhan province in China, it has spread across the world and has been fatal to about 4% of the victims. This position statement of the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine represents the collective opinion of the experts chosen by the society. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Mehta Y, Chaudhry D, Abraham OC, Chacko J, Divatia J, Jagiasi B, et al. Critical Care for COVID-19 Affected Patients: Position Statement of the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(4):222-241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatin Mehta
- Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology, Medanta: The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Dhruva Chaudhry
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - OC Abraham
- Infectious Disease Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose Chacko
- Critical Care Medicine, Narayana Hrudyala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jigeeshu Divatia
- Critical Care and Anesthesia, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bharat Jagiasi
- Department of Critical Care, Reliance Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arindam Kar
- CK Birla Hospitals; CMRI Institute of Critical Care; Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
| | - GC Khilnani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, PSRI Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvana Krishna
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. John's Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - RK Mani
- Critical Care and Pulmonology, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - BK Rao
- Department of Critical care and Emergency Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan K Singh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ernakulam, Kerala, India; Amrita Hospitals, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Pavan Tiwary
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chand Wattal
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Govil
- Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology, Medanta: The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Subhal Dixit
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjeevan and MJM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srinivas Samavedam
- Department of Critical Care, Virinchi Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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907
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Abstract
In December 2019 a new human coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, which is known as SARS-CoV‑2. The clinical course of the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranges from mild respiratory symptoms to severe lung failure. The virus is currently rapidly spreading around the world and pushing health systems to the limits of their capacity due to the exponential increase in the number of cases. The origin of SARS-CoV‑2 lies in the bat coronavirus pool and has now emerged in the human population due to interspecies transmission. Molecular diagnostic methods have been established in a very short time and a number of clinical studies on the effectiveness of different antiviral drugs are ongoing. The development of a vaccine using different approaches is also under investigation.Considering the high number of cases and mortality rates of up to 9% there is an urgent need for action. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on human coronaviruses with a strong focus on the current data on SARS-CoV‑2. Due to the daily changing level of knowledge, the article reflects the status up to 21 March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Hufert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Fontane, BTU Campus Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Deutschland
| | - M. Spiegel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Fontane, BTU Campus Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Deutschland
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908
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Yee J, Unger L, Zadravecz F, Cariello P, Seibert A, Johnson MA, Fuller MJ. Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): Emergence and implications for emergency care. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:63-69. [PMID: 32427173 PMCID: PMC7228264 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) causing acute illness with severe symptoms has been isolated in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Since its emergence, cases have been found worldwide, reminiscent of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreaks over the past 2 decades. Current understanding of this epidemic remains limited due to its rapid development and available data. While occurrence outside mainland China remains low, the likelihood of increasing cases globally continues to rise. Given this potential, it is imperative that emergency clinicians understand the preliminary data behind the dynamics of this disease, recognize possible presentations of patients, and understand proposed treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yee
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Lucy Unger
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Frank Zadravecz
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Paloma Cariello
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Allan Seibert
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Michael Austin Johnson
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Matthew Joseph Fuller
- Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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909
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Reina J. [Remdesivir, the antiviral hope against SARS-CoV-2]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2020. [PMID: 32239125 DOI: 10.37201/req/098.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
On December 31, 2019 a pneumonia outbreak caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in the city of Wuhan (China). Due to the high capacity of diffusion and human infection it has become a new zoonotic pandemic. The absence of a vaccine has determined the search for antiviral drugs with the capacity to inhibit the replication of the new virus. Among them, remdesivir, an analogue of adenosine, is what seems to have a more promising future. This drug has shown in vitro and in animals a high capacity to block infection and viral replication with attainable concentrations in human plasma. Although all studies have been carried out with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it seems that by virological and functional analogy, remdesivir is one of the few antiviral drugs with proven efficacy. However, studies and clinical trials in humans are required to know the result of their application in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reina
- Jordi Reina, Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina (UIB). Carretera Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca. Spain.
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910
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Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L. Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line. J Infect 2020; 80:373-377. [PMID: 32109444 PMCID: PMC7102581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, designated as 2019-nCoV, hit the central Chinese city of Wuhan in late December 2019, and subsequently spread rapidly to all provinces of China and multiple countries. As of 0:00 am February 9, 2020, a total of 37,287 cases have been confirmed infection of 2019-nCoV in China mainland, and 302 cases have also been cumulatively reported from 24 countries. According to the latest data, a total of 813 deaths occurred in China mainland, with the mortality reaching approximately 2.2%. At present, there is no vaccine or specific drugs for the human coronavirus. Therefore, it is critical to understand the nature of the virus and its clinical characteristics, in order to respond to the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Thus, the present study briefly but comprehensively summarizes the not much but timely reports on the 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Han
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Lin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenhe Jin
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangshun You
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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911
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McCreary EK, Pogue JM. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa105. [PMID: 32284951 PMCID: PMC7144823 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 200 000 patients and associated with over 8000 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). On behalf of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, we herein summarize the current evidence as of March 18, 2020 to provide guidance on potential COVID-19 treatment options. It is important to caution readers that new data emerges daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for the subsequent agents is still under investigation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs, including infectious diseases pharmacists and physicians, are at the forefront of COVID-19 emergency preparedness. We encourage all readers to continue to assess clinical data as it emerges and share their experience within our community in a well-controlled, adequately powered fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K McCreary
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M Pogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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912
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Ford N, Vitoria M, Rangaraj A, Norris SL, Calmy A, Doherty M. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID-19: initial assessment. J Int AIDS Soc 2020; 23:e25489. [PMID: 32293807 PMCID: PMC7158851 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several antiretroviral drugs are being considered for the treatment of COVID-19, the disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus, (SARS-CoV-2). We systematically reviewed the clinical outcomes of using antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of coronaviruses and planned clinical trials. METHODS Three databases were screened from inception to 30 March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients with SARS, MERS or COVID-19 treated with antiretrovirals. RESULTS From an initial screen of 433 titles, two randomized trials and 24 observational studies provided clinical outcome data on the use of antiretroviral drugs; most studies reported outcomes using LPV/r as treatment. Of the 21 observational studies reporting treatment outcomes, there were three studies among patients with SARS, six studies among patients with MERS and 12 studies among patients with COVID-19. In one randomized trial 99 patients with severe COVID-19 illness were randomized to receive LPV/r (400/100 mg twice a day) and 100 patients to standard of care for 14 days: LPV/r was not associated with a statistically significant difference in time to clinical improvement, although LPV/r given within 12 days of symptoms was associated with shorter time to clinical improvement; 28 day mortality was numerically lower in the LPV/r group (14/99) compared to the control group (25/100), but this difference was not statistically significant. The second trial found no benefit. The certainty of the evidence for the randomized trials was low. In the observational studies 3 out of 361 patients who received LPV/r died; the certainty of evidence was very low. Three studies reported a possible protective effect of LPV/r as post-exposure prophylaxis. Again, the certainty of the evidence was very low due to uncertainty due to limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the available evidence it is uncertain whether LPV/r and other antiretrovirals improve clinical outcomes or prevent infection among patients at high risk of acquiring COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Marco Vitoria
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Ajay Rangaraj
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Susan L Norris
- Science DivisionQuality of Norms and Standards DepartmentWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS UnitDivision of Infectious DiseasesGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Meg Doherty
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
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913
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Li H, Cao B. A Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Call for Action. Chest 2020; 157:e99-e101. [PMID: 32087216 PMCID: PMC7130311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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914
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Greene CJ, Burleson SL, Crosby JC, Heimann MA, Pigott DC. Coronavirus disease 2019: International public health considerations. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:70-77. [PMID: 32427157 PMCID: PMC7228375 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 31, 2019, the Chinese government announced an outbreak of a novel coronavirus, recently named COVID-19. During the following weeks the international medical community has witnessed with unprecedented coverage the public health response both domestically by the Chinese government, and on an international scale as cases have spread to dozens of countries. While much regarding the virus and the Chinese public health response is still unknown, national and public health institutions globally are preparing for a pandemic. As cases and spread of the virus grow, emergency and other front-line providers may become more anxious about the possibility of encountering a potential case. This review describes the tenets of a public health response to an infectious outbreak by using recent historical examples and also by characterizing what is known about the ongoing response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The intent of the review is to empower the practitioner to monitor and evaluate the local, national and global public health response to an emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Greene
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirminghamAlabama
| | - Samuel L. Burleson
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirminghamAlabama
| | - James C. Crosby
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirminghamAlabama
| | - Matthew A. Heimann
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirminghamAlabama
| | - David C. Pigott
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirminghamAlabama
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915
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Balla M, Merugu GP, Patel M, Koduri NM, Gayam V, Adapa S, Naramala S, Konala VM. COVID-19, Modern Pandemic: A Systematic Review From Front-Line Health Care Providers' Perspective. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:215-229. [PMID: 32362969 PMCID: PMC7188368 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused infection in 168,000 cases worldwide in about 148 countries and killed more than 6,610 people around the world as of March 16, 2020, as per the World Health Organization (WHO). Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, there is the rapid transmission, long incubation period, and disease containment is becoming extremely difficult. The main aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive clinical summary of all the available data from high-quality research articles relevant to the epidemiology, demographics, trends in hospitalization and outcomes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of COVID-19, thus increasing awareness in health care providers. We also discussed various preventive measures to combat COVID-19 effectively. A systematic and protocol-driven approach is needed to contain this disease, which was declared as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamtha Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo and Promedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ganesh Prasad Merugu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Mitra Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Narayana Murty Koduri
- Department of Psychiatry, Great Plains Health, 600 W Leota, North Platte, NE 69101, USA
| | - Vijay Gayam
- Department of Medicine, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sreedhar Adapa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Adventist Medical Center, Hanford, CA 93230, USA
| | - Srikanth Naramala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Adventist Medical Center, Hanford, CA 93230, USA
| | - Venu Madhav Konala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Medical Oncology, Ashland Bellefonte Cancer Center, 122 St Christopher Dr, Ashland, KY 41169, USA
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916
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Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha R. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 2020; 76:71-76. [PMID: 32112977 PMCID: PMC7105032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2546] [Impact Index Per Article: 636.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Sohrabi
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaid Alsafi
- UCL Medical School, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh O'Neill
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mehdi Khan
- UCL Medical School, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Kerwan
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Al-Jabir
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Iosifidis
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Riaz Agha
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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917
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Goh KJ, Choong MCM, Cheong EHT, Kalimuddin S, Wen SD, Phua GC, Chan KS, Mohideen SH. Rapid Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Review of Current
Understanding of Critical Illness from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection. ANNALS ACADEMY OF MEDICINE SINGAPORE 2020. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in
the city of Wuhan in Mainland China has spread across the globe with >100,000
infected individuals and 3000 deaths reported in 93 countries as of 7 March 2020.
We report a case of COVID-19 infection in a 64-year-old man who developed rapidly
worsening respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
that required intubation. As the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 infection ranges
from mild illness to ARDS with high mortality risk, there is need for research that
identifies early markers of disease severity. Current evidence suggests that patients
with advanced age, dyspnoea or pre-existing comorbidities should be monitored
closely, especially at 1–2 weeks after symptom onset. It remains to be seen whether
laboratory findings such as lymphopaenia or elevated lactate dehydrogenase
may serve as early surrogates for critical illness or markers of disease recovery.
Management of ARDS in COVID-19 patients remains supportive while we await
results of drug trials. More studies are needed to understand the incidence and
outcomes of ARDS and critical illness from COVID-19 infection which are important
for critical care management of patients and resource planning.
Key words: Intensive Care, Mortality, Pneumonia, Risk factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Goh
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. NUS Medical School, Singapore
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918
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Beck BR, Shin B, Choi Y, Park S, Kang K. Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:784-790. [PMID: 32280433 PMCID: PMC7118541 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan of China (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly spreading, and the incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment options for SARS-CoV-2, various strategies are being tested in China, including drug repurposing. In this study, we used our pre-trained deep learning-based drug-target interaction model called Molecule Transformer-Drug Target Interaction (MT-DTI) to identify commercially available drugs that could act on viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The result showed that atazanavir, an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the best chemical compound, showing an inhibitory potency with Kd of 94.94 nM against the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like proteinase, followed by remdesivir (113.13 nM), efavirenz (199.17 nM), ritonavir (204.05 nM), and dolutegravir (336.91 nM). Interestingly, lopinavir, ritonavir, and darunavir are all designed to target viral proteinases. However, in our prediction, they may also bind to the replication complex components of SARS-CoV-2 with an inhibitory potency with Kd < 1000 nM. In addition, we also found that several antiviral agents, such as Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir), could be used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Overall, we suggest that the list of antiviral drugs identified by the MT-DTI model should be considered, when establishing effective treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonggun Shin
- Deargen, Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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919
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弓 孟, 刘 莉, 吴 琛, 杨 越, 沈 杨, 李 杰, 林 凯, 郭 怡, 魏 红, 徐 泽, 朱 宏. [Conducting clinical studies during the epidemics of communicable diseases: perspectives of methodology and health economics]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:353-357. [PMID: 32376587 PMCID: PMC7167318 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the setting of epidemics of communicable diseases, early initiation of epidemiological and clinical data collection and analysis and conducting relevant researches are essential to the success of epidemic containment. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), starting initially as an epidemic in China in late 2019 and now becoming a pandemic globally, poses grave challenges to the global health care systems while also provides an opportunity for studying infectious diseases in the perspective of methodology. The authors propose the evaluation methods for case reports, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), real-world evidence studies and health economics researches during an epidemic. Case reports, which are of important value for health care workers during outbreaks of infectious diseases, should be written in standard format and style and published following a strict peer review process. RCTs provides the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a given treatment for the patients from the outbreaks. We review the potential challenges faced in conducting RCTs during the outbreaks. The real-world data collected from the cases in designated hospitals allow the verification of the safety and effectiveness of the intervention measures. The data from health economics research also provide important support for optimizing communicable disease prevention and control strategies. Herein we summarize the health economics research methods, study design, and technical points during the outbreaks. We recommend that clinical research and health economics research be incorporated into the prevention and control plan and measures be taken to ensure both the standards and feasibility of these studies to improve the response capacity against outbreaks of communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 孟春 弓
- 南方医科大学 卫生与健康管理研究院,广东 广州 510515Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 莉 刘
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 琛 吴
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 越 杨
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 杨 沈
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 杰 李
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 凯程 林
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 怡 郭
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 红云 魏
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 泽宇 徐
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 宏 朱
- 南方医科大学 卫生与健康管理研究院,广东 广州 510515Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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920
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Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:313-324. [PMID: 32238757 PMCID: PMC9728410 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV, which emerged in 2002. Within a few months of the first report, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across China and worldwide, reaching a pandemic level. As COVID-19 has triggered enormous human casualties and serious economic loss posing global threat, an understanding of the ongoing situation and the development of strategies to contain the virus's spread are urgently needed. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID-19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19. Here, we review the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Bioenvironmental Science and Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 5834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Tae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,B.T.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7023 E-mail:
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S.J.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7477 E-mail:
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921
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Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 12:E372. [PMID: 32230900 PMCID: PMC7232198 DOI: 10.3390/v12040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China has been brought to global attention and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Scientific advancements since the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002~2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 have accelerated our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of therapeutics to treat viral infection. As no specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for disease control, the epidemic of COVID-19 is posing a great threat for global public health. To provide a comprehensive summary to public health authorities and potential readers worldwide, we detail the present understanding of COVID-19 and introduce the current state of development of measures in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
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922
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Abstract
There seems to be a unique interplay between 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and cardiovascular diseases, although it is predominantly a respiratory illness. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular co-morbidities appear to be at highest risk for mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) along with the elderly; COVID-19 also contributes to cardiovascular complications, including acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, myocarditis, acute heart failure, and, in the most severe cases, cardiogenic shock and death. Several medications proposed in the treatment of COVID-19 require cardiac monitoring owing to their cardiac-specific adverse effects. Ultimately, the COVID-19 pandemic has jeopardized the safety of heart transplantation and has placed transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapies at significant risk. In this article, the authors summarize the rapidly emerging data on the cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket S Rali
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew J Sauer
- ivision of Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas
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923
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Sharma M, Surani S. Searching an Effective Therapy for the Coronavirus Pandemic: Do We See Light at the End of the Tunnel? Cureus 2020; 12:e7415. [PMID: 32337139 PMCID: PMC7182165 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). First reported at the end of December 2019 as a cause for clusters of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city in China, the rapid spread of this condition was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Apart from the mortality and morbidity associated with COVID-19, the massive social and financial havoc inflicted by this pandemic has left the entire world pondering if medical science can innovate and curtail the ongoing damage due to SARS-CoV-2. Recent findings of an open-label study that investigated the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in COVID-19 patients in Marseille, France, has garnered some optimism in scientific quarters and the general public alike in terms of finding a treatment regimen to control the rampant rise of COVID-19. We will discuss the potential off-label therapy and studies as it pertains to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Sharma
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Salim Surani
- Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, USA
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of North Texas, Dallas, USA
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924
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Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, Jain SS, Burkhoff D, Kumaraiah D, Rabbani L, Schwartz A, Uriel N. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2020; 141:1648-1655. [PMID: 32200663 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 290.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >3 000 000 patients worldwide as of April 28, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Among patients with COVID-19, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and >7% of patients experience myocardial injury from the infection (22% of critically ill patients). Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 serves as the portal for infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation. COVID-19 poses a challenge for heart transplantation, affecting donor selection, immunosuppression, and posttransplant management. There are a number of promising therapies under active investigation to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Clerkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Justin A Fried
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Jayant Raikhelkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Gabriel Sayer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Jan M Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Amirali Masoumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Sneha S Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Daniel Burkhoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Deepa Kumaraiah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - LeRoy Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Allan Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Nir Uriel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
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925
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Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD. SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. Pathogens 2020; 9:E231. [PMID: 32245083 PMCID: PMC7157541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in Wuhan, China. They were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. All patients had been associated with the Wuhan Wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. The virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in China initiated a containment effort. However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. Based on clinical criteria and available serological and molecular information, the new disease was called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the novel coronavirus was called SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emphasizing its close relationship to the 2002 SARS virus (SARS-CoV). The scientific community raced to uncover the origin of the virus, understand the pathogenesis of the disease, develop treatment options, define the risk factors, and work on vaccine development. Here we present a summary of current knowledge regarding the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas A. Rabi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S. Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Ghena A. Kasasbeh
- School of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (G.A.K.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Dunia M. Salameh
- School of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (G.A.K.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Amjad D. Al-Nasser
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
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926
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Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1232-1238. [PMID: 32186952 PMCID: PMC7103671 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19 or Coronavirus disease 2019) that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei province of China has spread to many countries worldwide. Efforts have been made to develop vaccines against human coronavirus (CoV) infections such as MERS and SARS in the past decades. However, to date, no licensed antiviral treatment or vaccine exists for MERS and SARS. Most of the efforts for developing CoV vaccines and drugs target the spike glycoprotein or S protein, the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies. Although a few candidates have shown efficacy in in vitro studies, not many have progressed to randomized animal or human trials, hence may have limited use to counter COVID-19 infection. This article highlights ongoing advances in designing vaccines and therapeutics to counter COVID-19 while also focusing on such experiences and advances as made with earlier SARS- and MERS-CoVs, which together could enable efforts to halt this emerging virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Karaj, Iran
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
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927
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Calvo C, García López-Hortelano M, de Carlos Vicente JC, Vázquez Martínez JL. [Recommendations on the clinical management of the COVID-19 infection by the «new coronavirus» SARS-CoV2. Spanish Paediatric Association working group]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020. [PMID: 32173188 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.02.001"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Committee of Health and Healthcare (Hubei Province, China) reported that there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown origin with symptoms starting on the 8 December. There were 7 serious cases with common exposure in market with shellfish, fish, and live animals, in the city of Wuhan. On 7 January 2020, the Chinese authorities identified that the agent causing the outbreak was a new type of virus of the Coronaviridae family, temporarily called «new coronavirus», 2019-nCoV. On January 30th, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the outbreak an International Emergency. On 11 February 2020 the WHO assigned it the name of SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19). The Ministry of Health summoned the Specialties Societies to prepare a clinical protocol for the management of COVID-19. The Spanish Paediatric Association appointed a Working Group of the Societies of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Paediatric Intensive Care to prepare the present recommendations with the evidence available at the time of preparing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calvo
- Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP); Servicio de Pediatría, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España.
| | - Milagros García López-Hortelano
- Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP); Servicio de Pediatría, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España; Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel (UAAN), Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Juan Carlos de Carlos Vicente
- Sociedad Española de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (SECIP); Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Jose Luis Vázquez Martínez
- Sociedad Española de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (SECIP); Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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928
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in December 2019 and then spread rapidly worldwide, particularly to China, Japan, and South Korea. Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far. This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shasha Hu
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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929
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Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:737-762. [PMID: 32164424 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As of 22 February 2020, more than 77662 cases of confirmed COVID-19 have been documented globally with over 2360 deaths. Common presentations of confirmed cases include fever, fatigue, dry cough, upper airway congestion, sputum production, shortness of breath, myalgia/arthralgia with lymphopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, elevated C-reactive protein, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. The reported severe/critical case ratio is approximately 7-10% and median time to intensive care admission is 9.5-10.5 days with mortality of around 1-2% varied geographically. Similar to outbreaks of other newly identified virus, there is no proven regimen from conventional medicine and most reports managed the patients with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, beta-interferon, glucocorticoid and supportive treatment with remdesivir undergoing clinical trial. In China, Chinese medicine is proposed as a treatment option by national and provincial guidelines with substantial utilization. We reviewed the latest national and provincial clinical guidelines, retrospective cohort studies, and case series regarding the treatment of COVID-19 by add-on Chinese medicine. We have also reviewed the clinical evidence generated from SARS and H1N1 management with hypothesized mechanisms and latest in silico findings to identify candidate Chinese medicines for the consideration of possible trials and management. Given the paucity of strongly evidence-based regimens, the available data suggest that Chinese medicine could be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic option in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Wa Chan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Taam Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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930
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Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32169119 PMCID: PMC7068984 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1967] [Impact Index Per Article: 491.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. As of 1 March 2020, a total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Qing-Dong Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Zhong-Si Hong
- Center of Infectious Disease, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Yuan-Yang Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Shou-Deng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Hong-Jun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
| | - Kai-Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
- Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong China
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931
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[Recommendations on the clinical management of the COVID-19 infection by the «new coronavirus» SARS-CoV2. Spanish Paediatric Association working group]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 92:241.e1-241.e11. [PMID: 32173188 PMCID: PMC7118614 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Committee of Health and Healthcare (Hubei Province, China) reported that there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown origin with symptoms starting on the 8 December. There were 7 serious cases with common exposure in market with shellfish, fish, and live animals, in the city of Wuhan. On 7 January 2020, the Chinese authorities identified that the agent causing the outbreak was a new type of virus of the Coronaviridae family, temporarily called «new coronavirus», 2019-nCoV. On January 30th, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the outbreak an International Emergency. On 11 February 2020 the WHO assigned it the name of SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19). The Ministry of Health summoned the Specialties Societies to prepare a clinical protocol for the management of COVID-19. The Spanish Paediatric Association appointed a Working Group of the Societies of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Paediatric Intensive Care to prepare the present recommendations with the evidence available at the time of preparing them.
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932
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Yao TT, Qian JD, Zhu WY, Wang Y, Wang GQ. A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus-A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option. J Med Virol 2020; 92:556-563. [PMID: 32104907 PMCID: PMC7217143 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health. Currently, the outbreak of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) from Wuhan caused a worldwide panic. There are no specific antiviral therapies for COVID‐19. However, there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics. We could learn from SARS and MERS. Lopinavir (LPV) is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of coronavirus. In this review, we discuss the literature on the efficacy of LPV in vitro and in vivo, especially in patients with SARS and MERS, so that we might clarify the potential for the use of LPV in patients with COVID‐19. LPV is an effective agent inhibiting coronavirus in vitro and animal studies. The treatment of LPV improved outcomes of SARS and MERS patients. LPV may be a potential treatment option for COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dan Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Qiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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933
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Deng L, Li C, Zeng Q, Liu X, Li X, Zhang H, Hong Z, Xia J. Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study. J Infect 2020; 81:e1-e5. [PMID: 32171872 PMCID: PMC7156152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China. We aimed to compare arbidol and lopinavir/ritonavir(LPV/r) treatment for patients with COVID-19 with LPV/r only. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we included adults (age≥18years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 without Invasive ventilation, diagnosed between Jan 17, 2020, and Feb 13, 2020. Patients, diagnosed after Jan 17, 2020, were given oral arbidol and LPV/r in the combination group and oral LPV/r only in the monotherapy group for 5–21 days. The primary endpoint was a negative conversion rate of coronavirus from the date of COVID-19 diagnosis(day7, day14), and assessed whether the pneumonia was progressing or improving by chest CT (day7). Results We analyzed 16 patients who received oral arbidol and LPV/r in the combination group and 17 who oral LPV/r only in the monotherapy group, and both initiated after diagnosis. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and chest CT characteristics were similar between groups. The SARS-CoV-2 could not be detected for 12(75%) of 16 patients’ nasopharyngeal specimens in the combination group after seven days, compared with 6 (35%) of 17 in the monotherapy group (p < 0·05). After 14 days, 15 (94%) of 16 and 9 (52·9%) of 17, respectively, SARS-CoV-2 could not be detected (p < 0·05). The chest CT scans were improving for 11(69%) of 16 patients in the combination group after seven days, compared with 5(29%) of 17 in the monotherapy group (p < 0·05). Conclusion In patients with COVID-19, the apparent favorable clinical response with arbidol and LPV/r supports further LPV/r only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunna Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Cancer Center, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haitang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 East Meihua Road, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
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934
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Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol 2020; 92:479-490. [PMID: 32052466 PMCID: PMC7166986 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID‐19 or 2019‐CoV) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here, we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA‐virus infection and we have found that general treatments, coronavirus‐specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID‐19. We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, convalescent plasma should be given to COVID‐19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID‐19 if the infection is uncontrollable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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935
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Abstract
In late December 2019, a previous unidentified coronavirus, currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus#, emerged from Wuhan, China, and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanded globally, including Thailand, Republic of Korea, Japan, United States, Philippines, Viet Nam, and our country (as of 2/6/2020 at least 25 countries). The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19, by WHO on February 11, 2020). It is also named as Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens on January 15, 2019 by the Taiwan CDC, the Ministry of Health and is a notifiable communicable disease of the fifth category. COVID-19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate (estimated 2%-5%) mortality rate. Person-to-person transmission may occur through droplet or contact transmission and if there is a lack of stringent infection control or if no proper personal protective equipment available, it may jeopardize the first-line healthcare workers. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID-19 although some drugs are under investigation. To promptly identify patients and prevent further spreading, physicians should be aware of the travel or contact history of the patient with compatible symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Wu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Sung Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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936
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Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:74-79. [PMID: 32017984 PMCID: PMC7102556 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 24 January 2020, there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection, including 26 deaths, reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here, we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- The College of Life and Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao Ding, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, USA
| | - Chungen Pan
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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937
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Li JY, You Z, Wang Q, Zhou ZJ, Qiu Y, Luo R, Ge XY. The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:80-85. [PMID: 32087334 PMCID: PMC7079563 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan, Hubei province, to the whole country of China, which has posed great threats to public health and attracted enormous attention around the world. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these human coronavirus infections. Intensive research on the novel emerging human infectious coronaviruses is urgently needed to elucidate their route of transmission and pathogenic mechanisms, and to identify potential drug targets, which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. Herein, we describe the epidemic and etiological characteristics of 2019-nCoV, discuss its essential biological features, including tropism and receptor usage, summarize approaches for disease prevention and treatment, and speculate on the transmission route of 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi You
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhou
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
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938
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversitätsklinikum TübingenGermany
- Vietnamese German Center for Medical ResearchHanoiVietnam
- Faculty of MedicineDuy Tan UniversityDa NangVietnam
| | - Christian G. Meyer
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversitätsklinikum TübingenGermany
- Vietnamese German Center for Medical ResearchHanoiVietnam
- Faculty of MedicineDuy Tan UniversityDa NangVietnam
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939
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Abstract
In late December 2019, a previous unidentified coronavirus, currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus#, emerged from Wuhan, China, and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanded globally, including Thailand, Republic of Korea, Japan, United States, Philippines, Viet Nam, and our country (as of 2/6/2020 at least 25 countries). The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19, by WHO on February 11, 2020). It is also named as Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens on January 15, 2019 by the Taiwan CDC, the Ministry of Health and is a notifiable communicable disease of the fifth category. COVID-19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate (estimated 2%-5%) mortality rate. Person-to-person transmission may occur through droplet or contact transmission and if there is a lack of stringent infection control or if no proper personal protective equipment available, it may jeopardize the first-line healthcare workers. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID-19 although some drugs are under investigation. To promptly identify patients and prevent further spreading, physicians should be aware of the travel or contact history of the patient with compatible symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Wu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Sung Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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940
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Mahalmani VM, Mahendru D, Semwal A, Kaur S, Kaur H, Sarma P, Prakash A, Medhi B. COVID-19 pandemic: A review based on current evidence. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 52:117-129. [PMID: 32565599 PMCID: PMC7282680 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_310_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, a novel coronavirus, initiated an outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan in China, which rapidly spread worldwide. The clinical characteristics of the disease range from asymptomatic cases or mild symptoms, which include nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and nasal congestion to severe cases such as pneumonia, respiratory failure demanding mechanical ventilation to multi-organ failure, sepsis, and death. As the transmission rate is quite alarming, we require an effective therapeutic strategy to treat symptomatic patients and adopt the preventive measures in order to contain the infection and prevent community transmission. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern, hence repurposing of the drugs is an attractive and a feasible option because PK/PD profile, toxicity profile, and drug interactions are already known. This review emphasizes on the different aspects of COVID-19 such as the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and preventive measures to be adopted in order to fight this pandemic. It also highlights upon the ethics preparedness and challenges faced by a developing country like India during such an outbreak. The review focuses on the various approaches adopted till date for developing effective therapeutic strategies including combination of drugs, vaccine therapy, and convalescent plasma therapy to combat this viral outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ankita Semwal
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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941
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Lu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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942
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Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:64-68. [PMID: 32037389 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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943
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Pang J, Wang MX, Ang IYH, Tan SHX, Lewis RF, Chen JIP, Gutierrez RA, Gwee SXW, Chua PEY, Yang Q, Ng XY, Yap RK, Tan HY, Teo YY, Tan CC, Cook AR, Yap JCH, Hsu LY. Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E623. [PMID: 32110875 PMCID: PMC7141113 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used. A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019-nCoV. Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019-nCoV. However, there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high-level evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Pang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Min Xian Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Ian Yi Han Ang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Sharon Hui Xuan Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Ruth Frances Lewis
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Jacinta I-Pei Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | | | - Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Pearleen Ee Yong Chua
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Qian Yang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Xian Yi Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Rowena K.S. Yap
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Hao Yi Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | | | - Alex R. Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Jason Chin-Huat Yap
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
| | - Li Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore; (M.X.W.); (I.Y.H.A.); (S.H.X.T.); (R.F.L.); (J.I.-P.C.); (S.X.W.G.); (P.E.Y.C.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.N.); (R.K.S.Y.); (H.Y.T.); (Y.Y.T.); (A.R.C.); (J.C.-H.Y.); (L.Y.H.)
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944
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Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Ascoli Bartoli T, Lepore L, Mondi A, Palmieri F, D’Offizi G, Marchioni L, Murachelli S, Ippolito G, Antinori A. National Institute for the Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 clinical management. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8543. [PMID: 32218915 PMCID: PMC7097833 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
On January 9 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the identification, by Chinese Health authorities, of a novel coronavirus, further classified as SARS-CoV-2 responsible of a disease (COVID-19) ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory involvement. On March 9 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19 infection after China. The "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy, has been the first Italian hospital to admit and manage patients affected by COVID-19. Hereby, we show our recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients, based on very limited clinical evidences; they should be considered as expert opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L.
Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Antinori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L.
Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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945
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Kim JY. Letter to the Editor: Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: the Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e88. [PMID: 32080992 PMCID: PMC7036343 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
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946
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Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, Xie L, Wang Y, Guo X. Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses 2020; 12:E244. [PMID: 32098422 PMCID: PMC7077191 DOI: 10.3390/v12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (J.X.); (S.Z.); (T.T.)
| | - Shizhe Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (J.X.); (S.Z.); (T.T.)
| | - Tieshan Teng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (J.X.); (S.Z.); (T.T.)
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (J.X.); (S.Z.); (T.T.)
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Henan Bioengineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (J.X.); (S.Z.); (T.T.)
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947
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Chen YW, Yiu CPB, Wong KY. Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates. F1000Res 2020; 9:129. [PMID: 32194944 PMCID: PMC7062204 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22457.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared the three-dimensional model of the SARS-CoV-2 (aka 2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) using the crystal structure of the highly similar (96% identity) ortholog from the SARS-CoV. All residues involved in the catalysis, substrate binding and dimerisation are 100% conserved. Comparison of the polyprotein PP1AB sequences showed 86% identity. The 3C-like cleavage sites on the coronaviral polyproteins are highly conserved. Based on the near-identical substrate specificities and high sequence identities, we are of the opinion that some of the previous progress of specific inhibitors development for the SARS-CoV enzyme can be conferred on its SARS-CoV-2 counterpart. With the 3CL pro molecular model, we performed virtual screening for purchasable drugs and proposed 16 candidates for consideration. Among these, the antivirals ledipasvir or velpatasvir are particularly attractive as therapeutics to combat the new coronavirus with minimal side effects, commonly fatigue and headache. The drugs Epclusa (velpatasvir/sofosbuvir) and Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) could be very effective owing to their dual inhibitory actions on two viral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wai Chen
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hunghom, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hunghom, Hong Kong
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948
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Chen YW, Yiu CPB, Wong KY. Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates. F1000Res 2020; 9:129. [PMID: 32194944 PMCID: PMC7062204 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22457.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared the three-dimensional model of the SARS-CoV-2 (aka 2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) using the crystal structure of the highly similar (96% identity) ortholog from the SARS-CoV. All residues involved in the catalysis, substrate binding and dimerisation are 100% conserved. Comparison of the polyprotein PP1AB sequences showed 86% identity. The 3C-like cleavage sites on the coronaviral polyproteins are highly conserved. Based on the near-identical substrate specificities and high sequence identities, we are of the opinion that some of the previous progress of specific inhibitors development for the SARS-CoV enzyme can be conferred on its SARS-CoV-2 counterpart. With the 3CL pro molecular model, we performed virtual screening for purchasable drugs and proposed 16 candidates for consideration. Among these, the antivirals ledipasvir or velpatasvir are particularly attractive as therapeutics to combat the new coronavirus with minimal side effects, commonly fatigue and headache. The drugs Epclusa (velpatasvir/sofosbuvir) and Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) could be very effective owing to their dual inhibitory actions on two viral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wai Chen
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hunghom, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hunghom, Hong Kong
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949
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She J, Jiang J, Ye L, Hu L, Bai C, Song Y. 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan, China: emerging attack and management strategies. Clin Transl Med 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32078069 PMCID: PMC7033263 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-020-00271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing outbreak of 2019-nCoV pneumonia was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China at the end of 2019. With the spread of the new coronavirus accelerating, person-to-person transmission in family homes or hospitals, and intercity spread of 2019-nCoV occurred. At least 40,261 cases confirmed, 23,589 cases suspected, 909 cases death and 3444 cases cured in China and worldwide 24 countries confirmed 383 cases being diagnosed, 1 case death in February 10th, 2020. At present, the mortality of 2019-nCoV in China is 2.3%, compared with 9.6% of SARS and 34.4% of MERS reported by WHO. It seems the new virus is not as fatal as many people thought. Chinese authorities improved surveillance network, made the laboratory be able to recognize the outbreak within a few weeks and announced the virus genome that provide efficient epidemiological control. More comprehensive information is required to understand 2019-nCoV feature, the epidemiology of origin and spreading, and the clinical phenomina. According to the current status, blocking transmission, isolation, protection, and alternative medication are the urgent management strategies against 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun She
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinjun Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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950
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Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li SB, Wang HY, Zhang S, Gao HN, Sheng JF, Cai HL, Qiu YQ, Li LJ. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ 2020; 368:m606. [PMID: 32075786 PMCID: PMC7224340 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 309.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province, China, infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019). DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Seven hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. PARTICIPANTS 62 patients admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed SARS-Cov-2 infection. Data were collected from 10 January 2020 to 26 January 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical data, collected using a standardised case report form, such as temperature, history of exposure, incubation period. If information was not clear, the working group in Hangzhou contacted the doctor responsible for treating the patient for clarification. RESULTS Of the 62 patients studied (median age 41 years), only one was admitted to an intensive care unit, and no patients died during the study. According to research, none of the infected patients in Zhejiang province were ever exposed to the Huanan seafood market, the original source of the virus; all studied cases were infected by human to human transmission. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were fever in 48 (77%) patients, cough in 50 (81%), expectoration in 35 (56%), headache in 21 (34%), myalgia or fatigue in 32 (52%), diarrhoea in 3 (8%), and haemoptysis in 2 (3%). Only two patients (3%) developed shortness of breath on admission. The median time from exposure to onset of illness was 4 days (interquartile range 3-5 days), and from onset of symptoms to first hospital admission was 2 (1-4) days. CONCLUSION As of early February 2020, compared with patients initially infected with SARS-Cov-2 in Wuhan, the symptoms of patients in Zhejiang province are relatively mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Xian-Gao Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai-Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Ling-Jun Ying
- Department of Infectious Disease, Taizhou Enze Medical Centre (Group), Enze Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lian Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua-Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Affiliated Yinzhou Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Nv Gao
- Department of Infectious Disease, ShuLan (Hangzhou) Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ji-Fang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Hong-Liu Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yun-Qing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
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