99751
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99752
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Effects of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone on intracranial self-stimulation in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3415-3423. [PMID: 24810108 PMCID: PMC4692244 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) has effects on reward-related behaviors in mice and rats that suggest that it may activate brain reward circuits. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is an operant behavioral technique that detects changes in the sensitivity of brain reward circuitry following drug administration. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone on ICSS and to compare these effects to those of cocaine. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice implanted with stimulating electrodes implanted into the medial forebrain bundle responded for reinforcement by electrical stimulation (brain stimulation reward (BSR)). Mice received cocaine (n = 11, 3.0-30.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (n = 11, 3.0-17.0 mg/kg, i.p.). BSR thresholds (θ 0) and maximum (MAX) operant response rates after drug treatments were compared to those after vehicle injections. RESULTS Cocaine and allopregnanolone dose dependently lowered BSR thresholds relative to vehicle injections. Cocaine was maximally effective (80 % reduction) in the second 15 min following the 30 mg/kg dose, while allopregnanolone was maximally effective (30 % reduction) 15-45 min after the 17 mg/kg dose. Neither drug had significant effects on MAX response rates. CONCLUSIONS The effects of allopregnanolone on BSR thresholds are consistent with the previously reported effects of benzodiazepines and alcohol, suggesting that positive modulation of GABAA receptors can facilitate reward-related behaviors in C57BL/6J mice.
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99753
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Shin Y, Yang K, Han S, Park HJ, Seok Heo Y, Cho SW, Chung S. Reconstituting vascular microenvironment of neural stem cell niche in three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1457-64. [PMID: 24523050 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a vascular microenvironment termed the "NSC niche." Blood vessels in the NSC niche play an important role in maintaining an appropriate balance between NSC self-renewal and differentiation that serves to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the role of brain vessels in the NSC niche will facilitate basic research in neurogenesis and vasculogenesis as well as aid the development of potential therapies for degenerative disorders. Here, an in vitro-reconstituted NSC-vascular niche consisting of a 3D brain vasculature and extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment that allows NSCs to adopt physiologically relevant phenotypes through the combined effects of ECM components, chemical gradients, and signaling effectors from the brain vasculature is described. The reconstituted niche can provide precise spatiotemporal control of the NSC niche, regulating self-renewal, proliferation and colony formation of NSCs, and suppressing neuronal generation but promoting NSC differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. It is proved that Notch effectors regulate both the astrocyte differentiation and NSC self-renewal, but the astrocyte differentiation is more active in NSCs in close proximity to brain vasculature. A potential role of the other vascular microenvironmental factor of pigment epithelium-derived factor from brain vasculature in the regulation of NSC self-renewal is also proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, #512B, Innovation Hall, Anam, Seongbuk, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
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99754
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Jasien JM, Daimon CM, Wang R, Shapiro BK, Martin B, Maudsley S. The effects of aging on the BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:225. [PMID: 25225482 PMCID: PMC4150363 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by alterations in social functioning, communicative abilities, and engagement in repetitive or restrictive behaviors. The process of aging in individuals with autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders is not well understood, despite the fact that the number of individuals with ASD aged 65 and older is projected to increase by over half a million individuals in the next 20 years. To elucidate the effects of aging in the context of a modified central nervous system, we investigated the effects of age on the BTBR T + tf/j mouse, a well characterized and widely used mouse model that displays an ASD-like phenotype. We found that a reduction in social behavior persists into old age in male BTBR T + tf/j mice. We employed quantitative proteomics to discover potential alterations in signaling systems that could regulate aging in the BTBR mice. Unbiased proteomic analysis of hippocampal and cortical tissue of BTBR mice compared to age-matched wild-type controls revealed a significant decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor and significant increases in multiple synaptic markers (spinophilin, Synapsin I, PSD 95, NeuN), as well as distinct changes in functional pathways related to these proteins, including “Neural synaptic plasticity regulation” and “Neurotransmitter secretion regulation.” Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the effects of aging on an ASD-like mouse model in regards to both behavior and protein alterations, though additional studies are needed to fully understand the complex interplay underlying aging in mouse models displaying an ASD-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Jasien
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin M Daimon
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce K Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA ; VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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99755
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Robinson JD, Engelmann JM, Cui Y, Versace F, Waters AJ, Gilbert DG, Gritz ER, Cinciripini PM. The effects of nicotine dose expectancy and motivationally relevant distracters on vigilance. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 28:752-60. [PMID: 24841184 PMCID: PMC4518546 DOI: 10.1037/a0035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The imminence of drug use (i.e., drug availability) has been found to be related to intensity of drug craving, but its effects on attentional bias to drug cues are unclear. This study investigated the effects of nicotine availability on attentional bias to smoking, affective, and neutral cues in a sample of adult smokers during a vigilance task. At the beginning of each of 4 laboratory sessions, overnight nicotine-deprived smokers (n = 51) were instructed that they would smoke a cigarette containing either nicotine (Told-NIC) or no nicotine (Told-DENIC) after completing the rapid visual information processing task with central emotional distracters (RVIP-CED). The RVIP-CED presented digits at a rapid pace, with participants instructed to respond with button presses to every third consecutive even or odd digit. Some digits were preceded by smoking, pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral distracter slides. During Told-NIC conditions, participants produced significantly longer reaction time (RT) latency than during Told-DENIC conditions. RT sensitivity (d'), a measure of the ability to discriminate true positives from false positives, was significantly lower during the Told-NIC than during the Told-DENIC conditions to targets following cigarette distracters. These results suggest that nicotine-deprived smokers expecting to imminently smoke a cigarette experience greater distraction, particularly to smoking-related stimuli, than when expecting to smoke a denicotinized cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jeffery M Engelmann
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | | | - Ellen R Gritz
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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99756
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Verbruggen F, McLaren IPL, Chambers CD. Banishing the Control Homunculi in Studies of Action Control and Behavior Change. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014; 9:497-524. [PMID: 25419227 PMCID: PMC4232338 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614526414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, human self-control has fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike. Current theories often attribute it to an executive control system. But even though executive control receives a great deal of attention across disciplines, most aspects of it are still poorly understood. Many theories rely on an ill-defined set of "homunculi" doing jobs like "response inhibition" or "updating" without explaining how they do so. Furthermore, it is not always appreciated that control takes place across different timescales. These two issues hamper major advances. Here we focus on the mechanistic basis for the executive control of actions. We propose that at the most basic level, action control depends on three cognitive processes: signal detection, action selection, and action execution. These processes are modulated via error-correction or outcome-evaluation mechanisms, preparation, and task rules maintained in working and long-term memory. We also consider how executive control of actions becomes automatized with practice and how people develop a control network. Finally, we discuss how the application of this unified framework in clinical domains can increase our understanding of control deficits and provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel behavioral change interventions.
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99757
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Callahan PM, Terry AV, Tehim A. Effects of the nicotinic α7 receptor partial agonist GTS-21 on NMDA-glutamatergic receptor related deficits in sensorimotor gating and recognition memory in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3695-706. [PMID: 24595504 PMCID: PMC4748388 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disturbances in information processing and cognitive function are key features of schizophrenia. Nicotinic α7 acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR) are involved in sensory gating and cognition, thereby representing a viable therapeutic strategy. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We investigated the effects of GTS-21, an α7-nAChR partial agonist, on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle in two pharmacologic impairment models in Wistar male rats: NMDA-glutamate receptor antagonism by MK-801 and dopamine receptor agonism by apomorphine. The cognitive effects of GTS-21 were assessed using the object recognition task (ORT) at short (3 h) and long (48 h) delays in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Pharmacological specificity was assessed by methyllycaconitine (MLA) coadministration with GTS-21. RESULTS In the PPI task, GTS-21 (1-10 mg/kg) alone did not alter the PPI response or startle amplitude. Coadministration of GTS-21 with MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) abolished the pharmacologic-induced PPI impairment as did the antipsychotics clozapine (5.0 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg). MK-801 alone increased startle amplitude which was blocked by GTS-21. In the ORT, GTS-21 (0.1-10 mg/kg) reversed the MK-801 (0.08 mg/kg)-induced memory deficit at the 3 h delay and enhanced memory at the 48 h delay, an effect abolished by MLA (0.313-5 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS The results extend our preclinical pharmacological understanding of GTS-21 to include the ability of GTS-21 to modulate NMDA-glutamate receptor function, in vivo. Given the role of NMDA-glutamate receptor involvement in schizophrenia, α7-nAChR agonists may represent a novel treatment strategy for the pathophysiological deficits of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Small Animal Behavior Core, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA,
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99758
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Non-coding RNA regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory: implications for aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 17:34-42. [PMID: 24681292 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advancing age is associated with the loss of cognitive ability and vulnerability to debilitating mental diseases. Although much is known about the development of cognitive processes in the brain, the study of the molecular mechanisms governing memory decline with aging is still in its infancy. Recently, it has become apparent that most of the human genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) rather than protein-coding mRNAs. Multiple types of ncRNAs are enriched in the central nervous system, and this large group of molecules may regulate the molecular complexity of the brain, its neurons, and synapses. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of ncRNAs in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in the broader context of the aging brain and associated memory loss. We also discuss future directions to study the role of ncRNAs in the aging process.
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99759
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Solomon M, Yoon JH, Ragland JD, Niendam TA, Lesh TA, Fairbrother W, Carter CS. The development of the neural substrates of cognitive control in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:412-21. [PMID: 24209777 PMCID: PMC3999330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) involve impairments in cognitive control. In typical development (TYP), neural systems underlying cognitive control undergo substantial maturation during adolescence. Development is delayed in adolescents with ASD. Little is known about the neural substrates of this delay. METHODS We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a cognitive control task involving overcoming a prepotent response tendency to examine the development of cognitive control in young (ages 12-15; n = 13 with ASD and n = 13 with TYP) and older (ages 16-18; n = 14 with ASD and n = 14 with TYP) adolescents with whole-brain voxelwise univariate and task-related functional connectivity analyses. RESULTS Older ASD and TYP showed reduced activation in sensory and premotor areas relative to younger ones. The older ASD group showed reduced left parietal activation relative to TYP. Functional connectivity analyses showed a significant age by group interaction with the older ASD group exhibiting increased functional connectivity strength between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, bilaterally. This functional connectivity strength was related to task performance in ASD, whereas that between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 9 and 40) was related to task performance in TYP. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ASD rely more on reactive cognitive control, involving last-minute conflict detection and control implementation by the anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, versus proactive cognitive control requiring processing by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. Findings await replication in larger longitudinal studies that examine their functional consequences and amenability to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Jong H Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Wonja Fairbrother
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
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99760
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Dubois J, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Kulikova S, Poupon C, Hüppi PS, Hertz-Pannier L. The early development of brain white matter: A review of imaging studies in fetuses, newborns and infants. Neuroscience 2014; 276:48-71. [PMID: 24378955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dubois
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNICOG, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - G Dehaene-Lambertz
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNICOG, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - S Kulikova
- CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; INSERM, U663, Child epilepsies and brain plasticity, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - C Poupon
- CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P S Hüppi
- Geneva University Hospitals, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Development and Growth, Geneva, Switzerland; Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Hertz-Pannier
- CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; INSERM, U663, Child epilepsies and brain plasticity, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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99761
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Rinaldi L, Di Luca S, Henik A, Girelli L. Reading direction shifts visuospatial attention: an Interactive Account of attentional biases. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 151:98-105. [PMID: 24968311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of evidence confirms the influence of reading and writing habits on visuospatial processing, although this phenomenon has been so far testified mainly as a lateralized shift of a single behavioral sign (e.g., line bisection), with lack of proof from pure right-to-left readers. The present study contributed to this issue by analyzing multiple attentional and motor indexes in monolingual Italian (i.e., reading from left-to-right), and monolingual (i.e., reading from right-to-left) and bilingual Israeli (i.e., reading from right-to-left in Hebrew but also from left-to-right in English) participants' visuospatial performance. Subjects were administered a computerized standard star cancellation task and a modified version in which English letters and words were replaced by Hebrew ones. Tasks were presented on a graphics tablet, allowing recording of both chronometric and spatial parameters (i.e., measured in (x, y) vector coordinates). Results showed that reading direction modulated the on-line visuomotor performance (i.e., left-to-right vs. right-to-left shifts) from the beginning (i.e., first mark) to the end of the task (i.e., spatial distribution of omissions and subjective epicenter). Additionally, the spatial bias observed in a computerized line bisection task was also related to the participants' habitual reading direction. Overall, the results favor the proposal of an Interactive Account of visuospatial asymmetries, according to which both cultural factors, such as the directional scanning associated with language processing, and biological factors, such as hemispheric specialization, modulate visuospatial processing. Results are discussed in light of recent behavioral and neuroanatomical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Samuel Di Luca
- Centre de Neuroscience Système et Cognition, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Psychologiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Luisa Girelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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99762
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Kim E, Kang H, Lee H, Lee HJ, Suh MW, Song JJ, Oh SH, Lee DS. Morphological brain network assessed using graph theory and network filtration in deaf adults. Hear Res 2014; 315:88-98. [PMID: 25016143 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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99763
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Koen JD, Yonelinas AP. The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease on recollection and familiarity: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:332-54. [PMID: 25119304 PMCID: PMC4260819 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that healthy aging, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are associated with substantial declines in episodic memory. However, there is still debate as to how two forms of episodic memory - recollection and familiarity - are affected by healthy and pathological aging. To address this issue we conducted a meta-analytic review of the effect sizes reported in studies using remember/know (RK), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and process dissociation (PD) methods to examine recollection and familiarity in healthy aging (25 published reports), aMCI (9 published reports), and AD (5 published reports). The results from the meta-analysis revealed that healthy aging is associated with moderate-to-large recollection impairments. Familiarity was not impaired in studies using ROC or PD methods but was impaired in studies that used the RK procedure. aMCI was associated with large decreases in recollection whereas familiarity only tended to show a decrease in studies with a patient sample comprised of both single-domain and multiple-domain aMCI patients. Lastly, AD was associated with large decreases in both recollection and familiarity. The results are consistent with neuroimaging evidence suggesting that the hippocampus is critical for recollection whereas familiarity is dependent on the integrity of the surrounding perirhinal cortex. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of method selection when examining aging, and suggest that familiarity deficits might be a useful behavioral marker for identifying individuals that will develop dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Koen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,
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99764
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Amenedo E, Gutiérrez-Domínguez FJ, Mateos-Ruger SM, Pazo-Álvarez P. Stimulus-Locked and Response-Locked ERP Correlates of Spatial Inhibition of Return (IOR) in Old Age. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral research has shown that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is preserved in old age although at longer time intervals between cue and target, which has been interpreted as reflecting a later disengagement from the cue. A recent event-related potential (ERP) study attributed this age-related pattern to an enhanced processing of the cue. Previous ERP research in young samples indicates that target and response processing are also affected by IOR, which makes interesting to study the ERP correlates of IOR from cue presentation to response execution. In this regard, in the present study stimulus-locked (cue-locked and target-locked) and response-locked ERPs were explored in healthy young and older participants. The behavioral results indicated preserved IOR in the older participants. The cue-locked ERPs could suggest that the older participants processed the cue as a warning signal to prepare for the upcoming target stimulus. Under IOR, target-locked ERPs of both age groups showed lower N1 amplitudes suggesting a suppression/inhibition of cued targets. During the P3 rising period, in young subjects a negative shift (Nd effect) to cued targets was observed in the lower visual field (LVF), and a positive shift (Pd effect) in the upper visual field. However, in the older group the Nd effect was absent suggesting a reduction of attentional resolution in the LVF. The older group showed enhanced motor activation to prepare correct responses, although IOR effects on response-locked lateralized readiness potential LRP indicated reduced response preparation to cued targets in both age groups. In general, results suggest that the older adults inhibit or reduce the visual processing of targets appearing at cued locations, and the preparation to respond to them, but with the added cost of allocating more attentional resources onto the cue and of maintaining a more effortful processing during the sequence of stimuli within the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amenedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Sara M. Mateos-Ruger
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paula Pazo-Álvarez
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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99765
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Gofer-Levi M, Silberg T, Brezner A, Vakil E. Cognitive procedural learning among children and adolescents with or without spastic cerebral palsy: the differential effect of age. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1952-1962. [PMID: 24858793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children learn to engage their surroundings skillfully, adopting implicit knowledge of complex regularities and associations. Probabilistic classification learning (PCL) is a type of cognitive procedural learning in which different cues are probabilistically associated with specific outcomes. Little is known about the effects of developmental disorders on cognitive skill acquisition. METHODS Twenty-four children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) were compared to 24 typically developing (TD) youth in their ability to learn probabilistic associations. Performance was examined in relation to general cognitive abilities, level of motor impairment and age. RESULTS Improvement in PCL was observed for all participants, with no relation to IQ. An age effect was found only among TD children. CONCLUSIONS Learning curves of children with CP on a cognitive procedural learning task differ from those of TD peers and do not appear to be age sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gofer-Levi
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - T Silberg
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - A Brezner
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - E Vakil
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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99766
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Jansson-Verkasalo E, Eggers K, Järvenpää A, Suominen K, Van den Bergh B, De Nil L, Kujala T. Atypical central auditory speech-sound discrimination in children who stutter as indexed by the mismatch negativity. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2014; 41:1-11. [PMID: 25066139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent theoretical conceptualizations suggest that disfluencies in stuttering may arise from several factors, one of them being atypical auditory processing. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether speech sound encoding and central auditory discrimination, are affected in children who stutter (CWS). METHODS Participants were 10 CWS, and 12 typically developing children with fluent speech (TDC). Event-related potentials (ERPs) for syllables and syllable changes [consonant, vowel, vowel-duration, frequency (F0), and intensity changes], critical in speech perception and language development of CWS were compared to those of TDC. RESULTS There were no significant group differences in the amplitudes or latencies of the P1 or N2 responses elicited by the standard stimuli. However, the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitude was significantly smaller in CWS than in TDC. For TDC all deviants of the linguistic multifeature paradigm elicited significant MMN amplitudes, comparable with the results found earlier with the same paradigm in 6-year-old children. In contrast, only the duration change elicited a significant MMN in CWS. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that central auditory speech-sound processing was typical at the level of sound encoding in CWS. In contrast, central speech-sound discrimination, as indexed by the MMN for multiple sound features (both phonetic and prosodic), was atypical in the group of CWS. Findings were linked to existing conceptualizations on stuttering etiology. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The reader will be able (a) to describe recent findings on central auditory speech-sound processing in individuals who stutter, (b) to describe the measurement of auditory reception and central auditory speech-sound discrimination, (c) to describe the findings of central auditory speech-sound discrimination, as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN), in children who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eira Jansson-Verkasalo
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy, Logopedics, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Kurt Eggers
- Department of Speech-Language Therapy and Audiology, Thomas More University College Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Anu Järvenpää
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Kalervo Suominen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Bea Van den Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Luc De Nil
- School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto, Canada; Experimental Otorinolaryngology, Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Teija Kujala
- Cicero Learning, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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99767
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Heimann K, Umiltà MA, Guerra M, Gallese V. Moving Mirrors: A High-density EEG Study Investigating the Effect of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation during Action Observation. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2087-101. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Action execution–perception links (mirror mechanism) have been repeatedly suggested to play crucial roles in social cognition. Remarkably, the designs of most studies exploring this topic so far excluded even the simplest traces of social interaction, such as a movement of the observer toward another individual. This study introduces a new design by investigating the effects of camera movements, possibly simulating the observer's own approaching movement toward the scene. We conducted a combined high-density EEG and behavioral study investigating motor cortex activation during action observation measured by event-related desynchronization and resynchronization (ERD/ERS) of the mu rhythm. Stimuli were videos showing a goal-related hand action filmed while using the camera in four different ways: filming from a fixed position, zooming in on the scene, approaching the scene by means of a dolly, and approaching the scene by means of a steadycam. Results demonstrated a consistently stronger ERD of the mu rhythm for videos that were filmed while approaching the scene with a steadycam. Furthermore, videos in which the zoom was applied reliably demonstrated a stronger rebound. A rating task showed that videos in which the camera approached the scene were felt as more involving and the steadycam was most able to produce a visual experience close to the one of a human approaching the scene. These results suggest that filming technique predicts time course specifics of ERD/ERS during action observation with only videos simulating the natural vision of a walking human observer eliciting a stronger ERD than videos filmed from a fixed position. This demonstrates the utility of ecologically designed studies for exploring social cognition.
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99768
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Mueller S, Fiehler K. Effector movement triggers gaze-dependent spatial coding of tactile and proprioceptive-tactile reach targets. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99769
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Hui M, Zhang H, Ge R, Yao L, Long Z. Modulation of functional network with real-time fMRI feedback training of right premotor cortex activity. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:111-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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99770
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Frank D, Dewitt M, Hudgens-Haney M, Schaeffer D, Ball B, Schwarz N, Hussein A, Smart L, Sabatinelli D. Emotion regulation: Quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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99771
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Frequency-dependent effects of contralateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on penicillin-induced seizures. Brain Res 2014; 1581:103-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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99772
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Amaral FG, Castrucci AM, Cipolla-Neto J, Poletini MO, Mendez N, Richter HG, Sellix MT. Environmental control of biological rhythms: effects on development, fertility and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:603-12. [PMID: 24617798 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Internal temporal organisation properly synchronised to the environment is crucial for health maintenance. This organisation is provided at the cellular level by the molecular clock, a macromolecular transcription-based oscillator formed by the clock and the clock-controlled genes that is present in both central and peripheral tissues. In mammals, melanopsin in light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells plays a considerable role in the synchronisation of the circadian timing system to the daily light/dark cycle. Melatonin, a hormone synthesised in the pineal gland exclusively at night and an output of the central clock, has a fundamental role in regulating/timing several physiological functions, including glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and energy metabolism. As such, metabolism is severely impaired after a reduction in melatonin production. Furthermore, light pollution during the night and shift work schedules can abrogate melatonin synthesis and impair homeostasis. Chronodisruption during pregnancy has deleterious effects on the health of progeny, including metabolic, cardiovascular and cognitive dysfunction. Developmental programming by steroids or steroid-mimetic compounds also produces internal circadian disorganisation that may be a significant factor in the aetiology of fertility disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Thus, both early and late in life, pernicious alterations of the endogenous temporal order by environmental factors can disrupt the homeostatic function of the circadian timing system, leading to pathophysiology and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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99773
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Miro-Bueno J, Sosík P. Brain clock driven by neuropeptides and second messengers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:032705. [PMID: 25314471 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.032705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The master circadian pacemaker in mammals is localized in a small portion of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It is unclear how the SCN produces circadian rhythms. A common interpretation is that the SCN produces oscillations through the coupling of genetic oscillators in the neurons. The coupling is effected by a network of neuropeptides and second messengers. This network is crucial for the correct function of the SCN. However, models that study a possible oscillatory behavior of the network itself have received little attention. Here we propose and analyze a model to examine this oscillatory potential. We show that an intercellular oscillator emerges in the SCN as a result of the neuropeptide and second messenger dynamics. We find that this intercellular clock can produce circadian rhythms by itself with and without genetic clocks. We also found that the model is robust to perturbation of parameters and can be entrained by light-dark cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Miro-Bueno
- Research Institute of the IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Philosophy and Science, Silesian University in Opava, 74601 Opava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sosík
- Research Institute of the IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Philosophy and Science, Silesian University in Opava, 74601 Opava, Czech Republic and Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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99774
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Hutson PH, Tarazi FI, Madhoo M, Slawecki C, Patkar AA. Preclinical pharmacology of amphetamine: Implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:253-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99775
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Abstract
Twin and family studies support a significant genetic contribution to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders, such as chronic tic disorders, trichotillomania, skin-picking disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder. Recently, population-based studies and novel laboratory-based methods have confirmed substantial heritability in OCD. Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene association studies have provided information on specific gene variations that may be involved in the pathobiology of OCD, though a substantial portion of the genetic risk architecture remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Browne
- OCD and Related Disorders Program, Division of Tics, OCD, and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shannon L Gair
- OCD and Related Disorders Program, Division of Tics, OCD, and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, 6254, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, 6254, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Dorothy E Grice
- OCD and Related Disorders Program, Division of Tics, OCD, and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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99776
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Curley JL, Catig GC, Horn-Ranney EL, Moore MJ. Sensory axon guidance with semaphorin 6A and nerve growth factor in a biomimetic choice point model. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035026. [PMID: 25189126 PMCID: PMC4170667 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct effect of guidance cues on developing and regenerating axons in vivo is not fully understood, as the process involves a multiplicity of attractive and repulsive signals, presented both as soluble and membrane-bound ligands. A better understanding of axon guidance is critical to functional recovery following injury to the nervous system through improved outgrowth and mapping of damaged nerves. Due to their implications as inhibitors to central nervous system regeneration, we investigated the repulsive properties of semaphorin 6A and ephrin-B3 on E15 rat dorsal root ganglion explants, as well as possible interactions with soluble gradients of chemoattractive nerve growth factor (NGF). We employed a 3D biomimetic in vitro choice point model, which enabled the simple and rapid preparation of patterned gel growth matrices with quantifiable presentation of guidance cues in a specifiable manner that resembles the in vivo presentation of soluble and/or immobilized ligands. Neurites demonstrated an inhibitory response to immobilized Sema6A by lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion explants, while no such repulsion was observed for immobilized ephrin-B3 by explants at any spinal level. Interestingly, Sema6A inhibition could be partially attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner through the simultaneous presentation of soluble NGF gradients. The in vitro model described herein represents a versatile and valuable investigative tool in the quest for understanding developmental processes and improving regeneration following nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lowry Curley
- Lindy Boggs Bldg., Suite 500, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Gary C. Catig
- Lindy Boggs Bldg., Suite 500, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Elaine L. Horn-Ranney
- Lindy Boggs Bldg., Suite 500, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Lindy Boggs Bldg., Suite 500, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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99777
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Herd SA, O'Reilly RC, Hazy TE, Chatham CH, Brant AM, Friedman NP. A neural network model of individual differences in task switching abilities. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:375-89. [PMID: 24791709 PMCID: PMC4167201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We use a biologically grounded neural network model to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences specific to the selection and instantiation of representations that exert cognitive control in task switching. Existing computational models of task switching do not focus on individual differences and so cannot explain why task switching abilities are separable from other executive function (EF) abilities (such as response inhibition). We explore hypotheses regarding neural mechanisms underlying the "Shifting-Specific" and "Common EF" components of EF proposed in the Unity/Diversity model (Miyake & Friedman, 2012) and similar components in related theoretical frameworks. We do so by adapting a well-developed neural network model of working memory (Prefrontal cortex, Basal ganglia Working Memory or PBWM; Hazy, Frank, & O'Reilly, 2007) to task switching and the Stroop task, and comparing its behavior on those tasks under a variety of individual difference manipulations. Results are consistent with the hypotheses that variation specific to task switching (i.e., Shifting-Specific) may be related to uncontrolled, automatic persistence of goal representations, whereas variation general to multiple EFs (i.e., Common EF) may be related to the strength of PFC representations and their effect on processing in the remainder of the cognitive system. Moreover, increasing signal to noise ratio in PFC, theoretically tied to levels of tonic dopamine and a genetic polymorphism in the COMT gene, reduced Stroop interference but increased switch costs. This stability-flexibility tradeoff provides an explanation for why these two EF components sometimes show opposing correlations with other variables such as attention problems and self-restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Herd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Randall C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tom E Hazy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christopher H Chatham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Angela M Brant
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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99778
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Krauzlis RJ, Bollimunta A, Arcizet F, Wang L. Attention as an effect not a cause. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:457-64. [PMID: 24953964 PMCID: PMC4186707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention is commonly thought to be important for managing the limited resources available in sensory areas of the neocortex. Here we present an alternative view that attention arises as a byproduct of circuits centered on the basal ganglia involved in value-based decision making. The central idea is that decision making depends on properly estimating the current state of the animal and its environment and that the weighted inputs to the currently prevailing estimate give rise to the filter-like properties of attention. After outlining this new framework, we describe findings from physiological, anatomical, computational, and clinical work that support this point of view. We conclude that the brain mechanisms responsible for attention employ a conserved circuit motif that predates the emergence of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anil Bollimunta
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lupeng Wang
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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99779
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Hitzert MM, Roze E, Van Braeckel KNJA, Bos AF. Motor development in 3-month-old healthy term-born infants is associated with cognitive and behavioural outcomes at early school age. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:869-76. [PMID: 24766572 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether motor development at 3 months of age is associated with cognitive, motor, and behavioural outcomes in healthy children at early school age. METHOD In this cohort study, we included 74 term-born, healthy children (44 males, 30 females; median gestational age 40.1 wks, range 38.0-42.6 wks). From video recordings (median 12.9 wks, range 9.3-18.6 wks), we assessed the quality of fidgety movements, and calculated a motor optimality score. At school age (median 5 y 11 mo, range 5 y 8 mo-7 y 6 mo), we performed detailed cognitive, motor, and behavioural assessments. We examined whether aspects of motor development were associated with functional outcomes. RESULTS An age-adequate motor repertoire, in particular the presence of antigravity, midline leg, and manipulation movements, was related to poorer cognition, whereas variable finger postures was related to better cognition. Children with a monotonous concurrent motor repertoire had better ball skills but experienced more behavioural problems. The presence of antigravity movements tended to be associated with abnormal recognition (odds ratio [OR] 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-21; R(2) =0.17; p=0.070), where the absence of variable finger postures was associated with borderline and abnormal visual-spatial perception (OR 20, 95% CI, 1.7-238; R(2) =0.39; p=0.018). INTERPRETATION Detailed aspects of motor development at 3 months of age are associated with cognition and behaviour, but not with motor outcome, in healthy children at early school age. Our findings suggest that early motor development may be the basis for later cognitive and behavioural performance. Since the associations were only moderate, possible environmental influences should be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit M Hitzert
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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99780
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The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram attenuates heroin-seeking behavior induced by cues or heroin priming in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1397-407. [PMID: 24832929 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases intracellular cAMP/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) signaling. Activation of this signaling is considered as an important compensatory response that decreases motivational properties of drugs of abuse. However, it is not known whether PDE4 is involved in heroin seeking. Self-administration of heroin (50 μg/kg/infusion) was performed under the fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule for 14 d and then drug seeking was extinguished for 10 d. The progressive ratio schedule was used to evaluate the relative motivational value of heroin reinforcement. After training, the conditioned cue or heroin priming (250 μg/kg) was introduced for the reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior. Pretreatment (i.p.) with rolipram (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), a prototypical, selective PDE4 inhibitor, failed to inhibit heroin self-administration under the FR1 schedule, but decreased the reward values under the progressive ratio schedule in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rolipram decreased the reinstatement of heroin seeking induced by cues or heroin priming even at the lowest dose (0.03 mg/kg); in contrast, the highest dose (0.3 mg/kg) of rolipram was required to decrease sucrose reinforcement. Finally, the effects of rolipram on heroin-seeking behavior were correlated with the increases in expression of phosphorylated CREB in the nucleus accumbens. The study demonstrated that rolipram inhibited heroin reward and heroin-seeking behavior. The results suggest that PDE4 plays an essential role in mediating heroin seeking and that PDE4 inhibitors may be used as a potential pharmacotherapeutic approach for heroin addiction.
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99781
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Orlov DN, Nezvetsky AR, Orlova TG, Petrukhin OV, Orlov NY. The phosphorylation state of transducin beta-subunits. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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99782
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Abstract
There has been a great deal of research examining the link between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene and antisocial phenotypes. The results of these studies have consistently revealed that low activity MAOA alleles are related to antisocial behaviors for males who were maltreated as children. Recently, though, some evidence has emerged indicating that a rare allele of the MAOA gene-that is, the 2-repeat allele-may have effects on violence that are independent of the environment. The current study builds on this research and examines the association between the 2-repeat allele and shooting and stabbing behaviors in a sample of males drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Analyses revealed that African-American males who carry the 2-repeat allele are significantly more likely than all other genotypes to engage in shooting and stabbing behaviors and to report having multiple shooting and stabbing victims. The limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
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99783
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Wiegand I, Töllner T, Dyrholm M, Müller HJ, Bundesen C, Finke K. Neural correlates of age-related decline and compensation in visual attention capacity. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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99784
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Zhang L, Jin C, Lu X, Yang J, Wu S, Liu Q, Chen R, Bai C, Zhang D, Zheng L, Du Y, Cai Y. Aluminium chloride impairs long-term memory and downregulates cAMP-PKA-CREB signalling in rats. Toxicology 2014; 323:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99785
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Remember that? Or does it just seem familiar? A sophisticated test for assessing memory in humans and animals reveals a specific cognitive impairment following general anesthesia in infancy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2273-4. [PMID: 25119980 PMCID: PMC4138739 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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99786
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Anderson D. Paul Patterson: In Memoriam. Neuron 2014; 83:1040-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99787
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Zanon M, Novembre G, Zangrando N, Chittaro L, Silani G. Brain activity and prosocial behavior in a simulated life-threatening situation. Neuroimage 2014; 98:134-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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99788
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Kusters R, van der Heijden T, Kaoui B, Harting J, Storm C. Forced transport of deformable containers through narrow constrictions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:033006. [PMID: 25314528 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.033006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study, numerically and analytically, the forced transport of deformable containers through a narrow constriction. Our central aim is to quantify the competition between the constriction geometry and the active forcing, regulating whether and at which speed a container may pass through the constriction and under what conditions it gets stuck. We focus, in particular, on the interrelation between the force that propels the container and the radius of the channel, as these are the external variables that may be directly controlled in both artificial and physiological settings. We present lattice Boltzmann simulations that elucidate in detail the various phases of translocation and present simplified analytical models that treat two limiting types of these membrane containers: deformational energy dominated by the bending or stretching contribution. In either case we find excellent agreement with the full simulations, and our results reveal that not only the radius but also the length of the constriction determines whether or not the container will pass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Kusters
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs van der Heijden
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Badr Kaoui
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Theoretical Physics I, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jens Harting
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Faculty of Science and Technology, Mesa+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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99789
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Mustard J, Levin M. Bioelectrical Mechanisms for Programming Growth and Form: Taming Physiological Networks for Soft Body Robotics. Soft Robot 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/soro.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mustard
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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99790
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Verheijde JL, Rady MY. The lack of scientific evidence in clinical practice guideline in brain death determination: Implications for organ donation and transplantation. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18:555-7. [PMID: 25249736 PMCID: PMC4166867 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.140136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Verheijde
- From: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Rady
- Department of Critical Care, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, Arizona, 85054, USA
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99791
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Cullen H, Kanai R, Bahrami B, Rees G. Individual differences in anthropomorphic attributions and human brain structure. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1276-80. [PMID: 23887807 PMCID: PMC4158361 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to animals, non-living things or natural phenomena. It is pervasive among humans, yet nonetheless exhibits a high degree of inter-individual variability. We hypothesized that brain areas associated with anthropomorphic thinking might be similar to those engaged in the attribution of mental states to other humans, the so-called 'theory of mind' or mentalizing network. To test this hypothesis, we related brain structure measured using magnetic resonance imaging in a sample of 83 healthy young adults to a simple, self-report questionnaire that measured the extent to which our participants made anthropomorphic attributions about non-human animals and non-animal stimuli. We found that individual differences in anthropomorphism for non-human animals correlated with the grey matter volume of the left temporoparietal junction, a brain area involved in mentalizing. Our data support previous work indicating a link between areas of the brain involved in attributing mental states to other humans and those involved in anthropomorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Cullen
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ryota Kanai
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Bahador Bahrami
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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99792
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Martin CA, Barajas A, Lawless G, Lawal HO, Assani K, Lumintang YP, Nunez V, Krantz DE. Synergistic effects on dopamine cell death in a Drosophila model of chronic toxin exposure. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:344-51. [PMID: 25160001 PMCID: PMC4264678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative effects of Parkinson's disease (PD) are marked by a selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to the pesticide paraquat may increase the risk for PD and DA cell loss. However, combined exposure with additional fungicide(s) including maneb and/or ziram may be required for pathogenesis. To explore potential pathogenic mechanisms, we have developed a Drosophila model of chronic paraquat exposure. We find that while chronic paraquat exposure alone decreased organismal survival and motor function, combined chronic exposure to both paraquat and maneb was required for DA cell death in the fly. To initiate mechanistic studies of this interaction, we used additional genetic reagents to target the ubiquitin proteasome system, which has been implicated in some rare familial forms of PD and the toxic effects of ziram. Genetic inhibition of E1 ubiquitin ligase, but not the proteasome itself, increased DA cell death in combination with maneb but not paraquat. These studies establish a model for long-term exposure to multiple pesticides, and support the idea that pesticide interactions relevant to PD may involve inhibition of protein ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara A Martin
- UCLA Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Toxicology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Angel Barajas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - George Lawless
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Hakeem O Lawal
- UCLA Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Toxicology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Khadij Assani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Yosephine P Lumintang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Vanessa Nunez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - David E Krantz
- UCLA Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Toxicology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Room 3335, Hatos Center For Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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99793
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Cooper JC, Dunne S, Furey T, O'Doherty JP. The role of the posterior temporal and medial prefrontal cortices in mediating learning from romantic interest and rejection. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:2502-11. [PMID: 23599165 PMCID: PMC3820469 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Romantic interest or rejection can be powerful incentives not merely for their emotional impact, but for their potential to transform, in a single interaction, what we think we know about another person--or ourselves. Little is known, though, about how the brain computes expectations for, and learns from, real-world romantic signals. In a novel "speed-dating" paradigm, we had participants meet potential romantic partners in a series of 5-min "dates," and decide whether they would be interested in seeing each partner again. Afterward, participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they were told, for the first time, whether that partner was interested in them or rejected them. Expressions of interest and rejection activated regions previously associated with "mentalizing," including the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and rostromedial prefrontal cortex (RMPFC); while pSTS responded to differences from the participant's own decision, RMPFC responded to prediction errors from a reinforcement-learning model of personal desirability. Responses in affective regions were also highly sensitive to participants' expectations. Far from being inscrutable, then, responses to romantic expressions seem to involve a quantitative learning process, rooted in distinct sources of expectations, and encoded in neural networks that process both affective value and social beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Cooper
- Department of Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Simon Dunne
- Department of Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and
| | | | - John P. O'Doherty
- Department of Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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99794
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Wu JQ, Peters GJ, Rittner P, Cleland TA, Smith DM. The hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and selective memory retrieval: evidence from a rodent model of the retrieval-induced forgetting effect. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1070-80. [PMID: 24753146 PMCID: PMC4146680 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition is an important component of many cognitive functions, including memory. For example, the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) effect occurs when extra practice with some items from a study list inhibits the retrieval of the nonpracticed items relative to a baseline condition that does not involve extra practice. Although counterintuitive, the RIF phenomenon may be important for resolving interference by inhibiting potentially competing retrieval targets. Neuroimaging studies suggest that the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are involved in the RIF effect, but controlled lesion studies have not yet been performed. We developed a rodent model of the RIF training procedure and trained control rats and rats with temporary inactivation of the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Rats were trained on a list of odor cues, presented in cups of digging medium with a buried reward, followed by additional practice trials with a subset of the cues. We then tested the rats' memories for the cues and their association with reward by presenting them with unbaited cups containing the test odorants and measuring how long they persisted in digging. Control rats exhibited a robust RIF effect in which memory for the nonpracticed odors was significantly inhibited. Thus, extra practice with some odor cues inhibited memory for the others, relative to a baseline condition that involved an identical amount of training. Inactivation of either the hippocampus or the mPFC blocked the RIF effect. We also constructed a computational model of a representational learning circuit to simulate the RIF effect. We show in this model that "sideband suppression" of similar memory representations can reproduce the RIF effect and that alteration of the suppression parameters and learning rate can reproduce the lesion effects seen in our rats. Our results suggest that the RIF effect is widespread and that inhibitory processes are an important feature of memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Q Wu
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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99795
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Individualism-collectivism and interpersonal memory guidance of attention. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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99796
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Moutsiana C, Fearon P, Murray L, Cooper P, Goodyer I, Johnstone T, Halligan S. Making an effort to feel positive: insecure attachment in infancy predicts the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation in adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:999-1008. [PMID: 24397574 PMCID: PMC4263234 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal research indicates that the neural substrates of emotion regulation may be persistently altered by early environmental exposures. If similar processes operate in human development then this is significant, as the capacity to regulate emotional states is fundamental to human adaptation. METHODS We utilised a 22-year longitudinal study to examine the influence of early infant attachment to the mother, a key marker of early experience, on neural regulation of emotional states in young adults. Infant attachment status was measured via objective assessment at 18-months, and the neural underpinnings of the active regulation of affect were studied using fMRI at age 22 years. RESULTS Infant attachment status at 18-months predicted neural responding during the regulation of positive affect 20-years later. Specifically, while attempting to up-regulate positive emotions, adults who had been insecurely versus securely attached as infants showed greater activation in prefrontal regions involved in cognitive control and reduced co-activation of nucleus accumbens with prefrontal cortex, consistent with relative inefficiency in the neural regulation of positive affect. CONCLUSIONS Disturbances in the mother-infant relationship may persistently alter the neural circuitry of emotion regulation, with potential implications for adjustment in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Moutsiana
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Lynne Murray
- School of Psychology and CLS, University of ReadingReading, UK,Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Peter Cooper
- School of Psychology and CLS, University of ReadingReading, UK,Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ian Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Tom Johnstone
- School of Psychology and CLS, University of ReadingReading, UK,* These two authors are joint senior authors on this manuscript
| | - Sarah Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of BathBath, UK,* These two authors are joint senior authors on this manuscript
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99797
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Bonarrigo FA, Russo S, Vizziello P, Menni F, Cogliati F, Giorgini V, Monti F, Milani D. Think about it: FMR1 gene mosaicism. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:NP74-7. [PMID: 24065579 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813503187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most frequent causes of mental retardation, intellectual disability, and autism. Most cases are the result of an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene and the subsequent functional loss of the related protein. We describe the case of a 4-year-old boy who clinically presents mild psychomotor delay without any major clinical dysmorphisms. Molecular analysis of the FMR1 gene showed mosaicism in terms of size and methylation, with one normal and 1 fully mutated allele, which is very rare in this syndrome. Physicians should therefore consider a diagnosis of FXS even if the patient's phenotype is mild. Although rare, diagnosing this condition has important consequences for the patient's rehabilitation and the family planning of parents and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Andrea Bonarrigo
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Vizziello
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Menni
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cogliati
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgini
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Monti
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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99798
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Carmo-Gonçalves P, Pinheiro AS, Romão L, Cortines J, Follmer C. UV-induced selective oxidation of Met5 to Met-sulfoxide leads to the formation of neurotoxic fibril-incompetent α-synuclein oligomers. Amyloid 2014; 21:163-74. [PMID: 24784227 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2014.912208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and the formation of cytotoxic aggregates of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (AS) are two important events associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, extensive efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular basis of the cytotoxic synergy between oxidative stress and AS aggregation. In this study, we demonstrate that the exposure of AS to oxidative stress induced by UV radiation (ASUV) blocks the protein fibrillation, leading to the formation of highly toxic fibril-incompetent oligomers. In addition, ASUV exhibited stronger anti-fibrillogenic properties than H2O2-treated AS, inhibiting the fibrillation of unmodified AS at notably low concentrations. Mass spectrometry indicated that Met5 oxidation to Met-sulfoxide was the only modification promoted by UV exposure, which is reinforced by NMR data indicating that Met5 is the only residue whose amide resonance completely disappeared from the (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectrum after UV exposure. This result is supported by previous data that indicate that C-terminal Met residues (Met116 and Met127) and N-terminal Met1 are less susceptible to oxidation than Met5 because of the residual structure of the disordered AS monomer. Overall, our findings suggest that specific oxidation of Met5 might be sufficient to promote the formation of highly neurotoxic oligomers of AS.
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99799
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Golinski A, Kubička L, John-Alder H, Kratochvíl L. Elevated testosterone is required for male copulatory behavior and aggression in Madagascar ground gecko (Paroedura picta). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 205:133-41. [PMID: 24852349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of gonadal androgens are often required for the expression of male-specific behavioral and morphological traits in all classes of vertebrates, including reptiles. Here, we tested the role of male gonadal androgens in the control of male sexual behavior, aggressive behavior, and size of the hemipenes in the gecko Paroedura picta. We performed hormonal manipulations involving castration with and without testosterone (T) replacement in males and application of exogenous T and ovariectomy in females. Castration suppressed sexual behavior and hemipenes size in males, and these effects were fully rescued by exogenous T. Sexual behavior and growth of the hemipenes were masculinized by male-typical levels of T in females, while ovariectomized females retained female-typical expression of these traits. These results indicate that the development of male sexual behavior in adult females does not require early or pubertal organization. Elevated T increased the likelihood of aggressive behavior directed toward a male intruder, but aggression occurred only rarely. Elevated T is necessary and sufficient for enlargement of the hemipenes and the expression of male sexual behavior in both males and females of Paroedura picta. In contrast to sexual behavior, the expression of aggressive behavior is apparently more dependent on other factors in addition to T itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Golinski
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers University, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Henry John-Alder
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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99800
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Activation of Akt/FKHR in the medulla oblongata contributes to spontaneous respiratory recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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