51
|
Lauschke VM, Shafagh RZ, Hendriks DFG, Ingelman-Sundberg M. 3D Primary Hepatocyte Culture Systems for Analyses of Liver Diseases, Drug Metabolism, and Toxicity: Emerging Culture Paradigms and Applications. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800347. [PMID: 30957976 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the maintenance of relevant liver functions ex vivo requires models in which the cells exhibit an in vivo-like phenotype, often achieved by reconstitution of appropriate cellular interactions. Multiple different models have been presented that differ in the cells utilized, media, and culture conditions. Furthermore, several technologically different approaches have been presented including bioreactors, chips, and plate-based systems in fluidic or static media constituting of chemically diverse materials. Using such models, the ability to predict drug metabolism, drug toxicity, and liver functionality have increased tremendously as compared to conventional in vitro models in which cells are cultured as 2D monolayers. Here, the authors highlight important considerations for microphysiological systems for primary hepatocyte culture, review current culture paradigms, and discuss their opportunities for studies of drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, liver biology, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Z Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present address: Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zohar B, Blinder Y, Epshtein M, Szklanny AA, Kaplan B, Korin N, Mooney DJ, Levenberg S. Multi-flow channel bioreactor enables real-time monitoring of cellular dynamics in 3D engineered tissue. Commun Biol 2019; 2:158. [PMID: 31069267 PMCID: PMC6499812 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The key to understanding, harnessing, and manipulating natural biological processes for the benefit of tissue engineering lies in providing a controllable dynamic environment for tissue development in vitro while being able to track cell activity in real time. This work presents a multi-channel bioreactor specifically designed to enable on-line imaging of fluorescently labeled cells embedded in replicated 3D engineered constructs subjected to different flow conditions. The images are acquired in 3D using a standard upright confocal microscope and further analyzed and quantified by computer vision. The platform is used to characterize and quantify the pace and directionality of angiogenic processes induced by flow. The presented apparatus bears considerable potential to advance scientific research, from basic research pursuing the effect of flow versus static conditions on 3D scaffolds and cell types, to clinically oriented modeling in drug screening and cytotoxicity assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barak Zohar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Blinder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mark Epshtein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel A. Szklanny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ben Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rapaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David J. Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Brown GE, Khetani SR. Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0225. [PMID: 29786560 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Marx U, Walles H, Hoffmann S, Lindner G, Horland R, Sonntag F, Klotzbach U, Sakharov D, Tonevitsky A, Lauster R. ‘Human-on-a-chip’ Developments: A Translational Cutting-edge Alternative to Systemic Safety Assessment and Efficiency Evaluation of Substances in Laboratory Animals and Man? Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:235-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Hoffmann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Lindner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reyk Horland
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Nawroth JC, Barrile R, Conegliano D, van Riet S, Hiemstra PS, Villenave R. Stem cell-based Lung-on-Chips: The best of both worlds? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:12-32. [PMID: 30009883 PMCID: PMC7172977 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the respiratory system such as lung infections, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and lung cancer are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, killing one in six people worldwide. Development of more effective treatments is hindered by the lack of preclinical models of the human lung that can capture the disease complexity, highly heterogeneous disease phenotypes, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in patients. The merger of two novel technologies, Organs-on-Chips and human stem cell engineering, has the potential to deliver such urgently needed models. Organs-on-Chips, which are microengineered bioinspired tissue systems, recapitulate the mechanochemical environment and physiological functions of human organs while concurrent advances in generating and differentiating human stem cells promise a renewable supply of patient-specific cells for personalized and precision medicine. Here, we discuss the challenges of modeling human lung pathophysiology in vitro, evaluate past and current models including Organs-on-Chips, review the current status of lung tissue modeling using human pluripotent stem cells, explore in depth how stem-cell based Lung-on-Chips may advance disease modeling and drug testing, and summarize practical consideration for the design of Lung-on-Chips for academic and industry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Shanti A, Teo J, Stefanini C. In Vitro Immune Organs-on-Chip for Drug Development: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E278. [PMID: 30558264 PMCID: PMC6320867 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current drug development practice lacks reliable and sensitive techniques to evaluate the immunotoxicity of drug candidates, i.e., their effect on the human immune system. This, in part, has resulted in a high attrition rate for novel drugs candidates. Organ-on-chip devices have emerged as key tools that permit the study of human physiology in controlled in vivo simulating environments. Furthermore, there has been a growing interest in developing the so called "body-on-chip" devices to better predict the systemic effects of drug candidates. This review describes existing biomimetic immune organs-on-chip, highlights their physiological relevance to drug development and discovery and emphasizes the need for developing comprehensive immune system-on-chip models. Such immune models can enhance the performance of novel drug candidates during clinical trials and contribute to reducing the high attrition rate as well as the high cost associated with drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York City, P.O. Box 903, NY 10276-0903, USA.
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Shiku H. Electrochemical Biosensing System for Single Cells, Cellular Aggregates and Microenvironments. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:29-38. [PMID: 30473568 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Applications of electrochemical biosensing for surveying intact cells and tissues have been focus of attention. Two experimental approaches have been used when performing amperometric measurements on biological cells, the stylus-type microelectrode probes and the electrode-integrated microdevices based on lithographic technologies. For the probe scanning approach, various types of microsensors were developed to monitor localized physical or chemical natures at a variety of surfaces in situ under wet conditions. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been applied for monitoring local oxygen, enzyme activity, and collection of transcripts. For the non-scanning type of approach, electrode array devices allow very rapid response, parallel monitoring, and multi-analyte assay. Sveral topics of on-chip-culture system were introduced especially concerning on gene expression monitoring by reporter system and reconstruction of in vivo-like nature by controlling microenvironments. Electrochemical reporter assay has been demonstrated to monitor the gene expression process of the gene-modified cultured cells. Long-term monitoring of cellular function of spheroids and three dimensionally-cultured cells were carried out by controlling microenvironments on the cellular chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shiku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Mazzocchi A, Devarasetty M, Huntwork R, Soker S, Skardal A. Optimization of collagen type I-hyaluronan hybrid bioink for 3D bioprinted liver microenvironments. Biofabrication 2018; 11:015003. [PMID: 30270846 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aae543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current 3D printing of tissue is restricted by the use of biomaterials that do not recapitulate the native properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These restrictions have thus far prevented optimization of composition and structure of the in vivo tissue microenvironment. The artificial nature of currently used biomaterials affects cellular phenotype and function of the bioprinted tissues, and results in inaccurate modeling of disease and drug metabolism significantly. Collagen type I is the major structural component in the ECM, and is widely used as a 3D hydrogel, but is less applicable for 3D bioprinting due to low viscosity and slow polymerization. We have hypothesized that a combination of hyaluronic acid with collagen I yields a bioink with the properties required for extrusion bioprinting, while supporting native cell-matrix interactions and preservation of the native microenvironment properties. To test this hypothesis, we tested the viscoelastic properties of three bioink formulations -2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 collagen type I to hyaluronic acid, and examined cellular behavior in order to determine an optimal formulation that allows for bioprinting while supporting biological activity. We then employed this formulation to bioprint 3D liver tissue constructs containing primary human hepatocytes and liver stellate cells and tested the effects of acetaminophen, a common liver toxicant. Our results have shown that the combination of methacrylated collagen type I and thiolated hyaluronic acid yield a simple, printable bioink that allows for modulation that was directly related to stromal cell elongation. Further, the bioink adequately allowed for implementation as a support hydrogel for hepatocytes which were able to remain viable over two weeks and responded to drug treatment appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, United States of America. Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Fathollahipour S, Patil PS, Leipzig ND. Oxygen Regulation in Development: Lessons from Embryogenesis towards Tissue Engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:350-371. [PMID: 30273927 PMCID: PMC6397050 DOI: 10.1159/000493162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a vital source of energy necessary to sustain and complete embryonic development. Not only is oxygen the driving force for many cellular functions and metabolism, but it is also involved in regulating stem cell fate, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. Low oxygen levels are the naturally preferred microenvironment for most processes during early development and mainly drive proliferation. Later on, more oxygen and also nutrients are needed for organogenesis and morphogenesis. Therefore, it is critical to maintain oxygen levels within a narrow range as required during development. Modulating oxygen tensions is performed via oxygen homeostasis mainly through the function of hypoxia-inducible factors. Through the function of these factors, oxygen levels are sensed and regulated in different tissues, starting from their embryonic state to adult development. To be able to mimic this process in a tissue engineering setting, it is important to understand the role and levels of oxygen in each developmental stage, from embryonic stem cell differentiation to organogenesis and morphogenesis. Taking lessons from native tissue microenvironments, researchers have explored approaches to control oxygen tensions such as hemoglobin-based, perfluorocarbon-based, and oxygen-generating biomaterials, within synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds and organoids, with the aim of overcoming insufficient or nonuniform oxygen levels and nutrient supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritam S Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio,
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Nikolic M, Sustersic T, Filipovic N. In vitro Models and On-Chip Systems: Biomaterial Interaction Studies With Tissues Generated Using Lung Epithelial and Liver Metabolic Cell Lines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:120. [PMID: 30234106 PMCID: PMC6129577 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models are very important in medicine and biology, because they provide an insight into cells' and microorganisms' behavior. Since these cells and microorganisms are isolated from their natural environment, these models may not completely or precisely predict the effects on the entire organism. Improvement in this area is secured by organ-on-a-chip development. The organ-on-a-chip assumes cells cultured in a microfluidic chip. The chip simulates bioactivities, mechanics and physiological behavior of organs or organ systems, generating artificial organs in that way. There are several cell lines used so far for each tested artificial organ. For lungs, mostly used cell lines are 16HBE, A549, Calu-3, NHBE, while mostly used cell lines for liver are HepG2, Hep 3B, TPH1, etc. In this paper, state of the art for lung and liver organ-on-a-chip is presented, together with the established in vitro testing on lung and liver cell lines, with the emphasis on Calu-3 (for lung cell lines) and Hep-G2 (for liver cell lines). Primary focus in this review is to discuss different researches on the topics of lung and liver cell line models, approaches in determining fate and transport, cell partitioning, cell growth and division, as well as cell dynamics, meaning toxicity and effects. The review is finalized with current research gaps and problems, stating potential future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nikolic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tijana Sustersic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Advances in Engineered Human Liver Platforms for Drug Metabolism Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1626-1637. [PMID: 30135245 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism in the liver often determines the overall clearance rates of many pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, induction or inhibition of the liver drug metabolism enzymes by perpetrator drugs can influence the metabolism of victim drugs (drug-drug interactions). Therefore, determining liver-drug interactions is critical during preclinical drug development. Unfortunately, studies in animals are often of limited value because of significant differences in the metabolic pathways of the liver across different species. To mitigate such limitations, the pharmaceutical industry uses a continuum of human liver models, ranging from microsomes to transfected cell lines and cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Of these models, PHHs provide a balance of high-throughput testing capabilities together with a physiologically relevant cell type that exhibits all the characteristic enzymes, cofactors, and transporters. However, PHH monocultures display a rapid decline in metabolic capacity. Consequently, bioengineers have developed several tools, such as cellular microarrays, micropatterned cocultures, self-assembled and bioprinted spheroids, and perfusion devices, to enhance and stabilize PHH functions for ≥2 weeks. Many of these platforms have been validated for drug studies, whereas some have been adapted to include liver nonparenchymal cells that can influence hepatic drug metabolism in health and disease. Here, we focus on the design features of such platforms and their representative drug metabolism validation datasets, while discussing emerging trends. Overall, the use of engineered human liver platforms in the pharmaceutical industry has been steadily rising over the last 10 years, and we anticipate that these platforms will become an integral part of drug development with continued commercialization and validation for routine screening use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Piemonte V, Cerbelli S, Capocelli M, Di Paola L, Prisciandaro M, Basile A. Design of microfluidic bioreactors: Transport regimes. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Piemonte
- Faculty of Engineering; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Cerbelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Capocelli
- Faculty of Engineering; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Luisa Di Paola
- Faculty of Engineering; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Metabolic Patterning on a Chip: Towards in vitro Liver Zonation of Primary Rat and Human Hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8951. [PMID: 29895900 PMCID: PMC5997652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important number of healthy and diseased tissues shows spatial variations in their metabolic capacities across the tissue. The liver is a prime example of such heterogeneity where the gradual changes in various metabolic activities across the liver sinusoid is termed as “zonation” of the liver. Here, we introduce the Metabolic Patterning on a Chip (MPOC) platform capable of dynamically creating metabolic patterns across the length of a microchamber of liver tissue via actively enforced gradients of various metabolic modulators such as hormones and inducers. Using this platform, we were able to create continuous liver tissues of both rat and human origin with gradually changing metabolic activities. The gradients we have created in nitrogen, carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolisms recapitulated an in vivo like zonation and zonal toxic response. Beyond its application in recapitulation of liver zonation in vitro as we demonstrate here, the MPOC platform can be used and expanded for a variety of purposes including better understanding of heterogeneity in many different tissues during developmental and adult stages.
Collapse
|
64
|
Retterer ST, Morrell-Falvey JL, Doktycz MJ. Nano-Enabled Approaches to Chemical Imaging in Biosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:351-373. [PMID: 29490189 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting how biosystems function require knowledge about the dynamic physicochemical environments with which they interact and alter by their presence. Yet, identifying specific components, tracking the dynamics of the system, and monitoring local environmental conditions without disrupting biosystem function present significant challenges for analytical measurements. Nanomaterials, by their very size and nature, can act as probes and interfaces to biosystems and offer solutions to some of these challenges. At the nanoscale, material properties emerge that can be exploited for localizing biomolecules and making chemical measurements at cellular and subcellular scales. Here, we review advances in chemical imaging enabled by nanoscale structures, in the use of nanoparticles as chemical and environmental probes, and in the development of micro- and nanoscale fluidic devices to define and manipulate local environments and facilitate chemical measurements of complex biosystems. Integration of these nano-enabled methods will lead to an unprecedented understanding of biosystem function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Liu H, MacQueen LA, Usprech JF, Maleki H, Sider KL, Doyle MG, Sun Y, Simmons CA. Microdevice arrays with strain sensors for 3D mechanical stimulation and monitoring of engineered tissues. Biomaterials 2018; 172:30-40. [PMID: 29715593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Native and engineered tissue development are regulated by the integrative effects of multiple microenvironmental stimuli. Microfabricated bioreactor array platforms can efficiently dissect cue-response networks, and have recently integrated critical 2D and 3D mechanical stimulation for greater physiological relevance. However, a limitation of these approaches is that assessment of tissue functional properties is typically limited to end-point analyses. Here we report a new deformable membrane platform with integrated strain sensors that enables mechanical stretching or compression of 3D cell-hydrogel arrays and simultaneous measurement of hydrogel construct stiffness in situ. We tested the ability of the integrated strain sensors to measure the evolution of the stiffness of cell-hydrogel constructs for two cases. First, we demonstrated in situ stiffness monitoring of degradable poly (ethylene glycol)-norbornene (PEG-NB) hydrogels embedded with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and cultured with or without cyclic tensile stimulation for up to 15 days. Whereas statically-cultured hydrogels degraded and softened throughout the culture period, mechanically-stimulated gels initially softened and then recovered their stiffness corresponding to extensive cell network and collagen production. Second, we demonstrated in situ measurement of compressive stiffening of MSC-seeded PEG-NB gels cultured statically under osteogenic conditions, corresponding to increased mineralization and cellularization. This measurement technique can be generalized to other relevant bioreactor and organ-on-a-chip platforms to facilitate online, non-invasive, and high-throughput functional analysis, and to provide insights into the dynamics of engineered tissue development that are otherwise not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Luke A MacQueen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jenna F Usprech
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Hoda Maleki
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Krista L Sider
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Matthew G Doyle
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhang B, Li Y, Wang G, Jia Z, Li H, Peng Q, Gao Y. Fabrication of agarose concave petridish for 3D-culture microarray method for spheroids formation of hepatic cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:49. [PMID: 29675647 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver is one of the most important organ in the body. But there are many limitations about liver transplantation for liver failure. It is quite important to develop the xenogeneic biological liver for providing an alternation to transplantation or liver regeneration. In this paper, we proposed a method to construct a novel kind of agarose 3D-culture concave microwell array for spheroids formation of hepatic cells. Using the 3D printing method, the microwell array was fabricated with an overall size of 6.4 mm × 6.4 mm, containing 121 microwells with 400 μm width/400 μm thickness. By exploiting the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes as a bridge, we finally fabricated the agarose one. We co-cultured three types of liver cells with bionics design in the microwell arrays. Using the methods described above, the resulting co-formed hepatocyte spheroids maintained the high viability and stable liver-specific functions. This engineered agarose concave microwell array could be a potentially useful tool for forming the elements for biological liver support. After developing the complete system, we also would consider to scale up the application of this system. It will be not only applied to the therapy of human organ damage, but also to the development of disease models and drug screening models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gaoshang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhidong Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Edington CD, Chen WLK, Geishecker E, Kassis T, Soenksen LR, Bhushan BM, Freake D, Kirschner J, Maass C, Tsamandouras N, Valdez J, Cook CD, Parent T, Snyder S, Yu J, Suter E, Shockley M, Velazquez J, Velazquez JJ, Stockdale L, Papps JP, Lee I, Vann N, Gamboa M, LaBarge ME, Zhong Z, Wang X, Boyer LA, Lauffenburger DA, Carrier RL, Communal C, Tannenbaum SR, Stokes CL, Hughes DJ, Rohatgi G, Trumper DL, Cirit M, Griffith LG. Interconnected Microphysiological Systems for Quantitative Biology and Pharmacology Studies. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540740 PMCID: PMC5852083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are in vitro models that capture facets of in vivo organ function through use of specialized culture microenvironments, including 3D matrices and microperfusion. Here, we report an approach to co-culture multiple different MPSs linked together physiologically on re-useable, open-system microfluidic platforms that are compatible with the quantitative study of a range of compounds, including lipophilic drugs. We describe three different platform designs – “4-way”, “7-way”, and “10-way” – each accommodating a mixing chamber and up to 4, 7, or 10 MPSs. Platforms accommodate multiple different MPS flow configurations, each with internal re-circulation to enhance molecular exchange, and feature on-board pneumatically-driven pumps with independently programmable flow rates to provide precise control over both intra- and inter-MPS flow partitioning and drug distribution. We first developed a 4-MPS system, showing accurate prediction of secreted liver protein distribution and 2-week maintenance of phenotypic markers. We then developed 7-MPS and 10-MPS platforms, demonstrating reliable, robust operation and maintenance of MPS phenotypic function for 3 weeks (7-way) and 4 weeks (10-way) of continuous interaction, as well as PK analysis of diclofenac metabolism. This study illustrates several generalizable design and operational principles for implementing multi-MPS “physiome-on-a-chip” approaches in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D Edington
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li Kelly Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Geishecker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luis R Soenksen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brij M Bhushan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Maass
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Valdez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christi D Cook
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jiajie Yu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Suter
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Shockley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda Stockdale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia P Papps
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iris Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Vann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mario Gamboa
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew E LaBarge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laurie A Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Communal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David L Trumper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Murat Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:426-439.e1. [PMID: 29675458 PMCID: PMC5904032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix-coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non-liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BAL, bioartificial liver
- Bioprinting
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cellular Microarrays
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocytes
- IL, interleukin
- KC, Kupffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- MPCC, micropatterned co-culture
- Microfluidics
- Micropatterned Co-Cultures
- NPC, nonparenchymal cell
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- Spheroids
- iHep, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cell
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ortega-Prieto AM, Skelton JK, Wai SN, Large E, Lussignol M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Hughes D, Fleck RA, Thursz M, Catanese MT, Dorner M. 3D microfluidic liver cultures as a physiological preclinical tool for hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:682. [PMID: 29445209 PMCID: PMC5813240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 240 million people infected, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health concern. The inability to mimic the complexity of the liver using cell lines and regular primary human hepatocyte (PHH) cultures pose significant limitations for studying host/pathogen interactions. Here, we describe a 3D microfluidic PHH system permissive to HBV infection, which can be maintained for at least 40 days. This system enables the recapitulation of all steps of the HBV life cycle, including the replication of patient-derived HBV and the maintenance of HBV cccDNA. We show that innate immune and cytokine responses following infection with HBV mimic those observed in HBV-infected patients, thus allowing the dissection of pathways important for immune evasion and validation of biomarkers. Additionally, we demonstrate that the co-culture of PHH with other non-parenchymal cells enables the identification of the cellular origin of immune effectors, thus providing a valuable preclinical platform for HBV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - J K Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - S N Wai
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - E Large
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - M Lussignol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - G Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - D Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - R A Fleck
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Thursz
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - M T Catanese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kasendra M, Tovaglieri A, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Bein A, Chalkiadaki A, Scholl W, Zhang C, Rickner H, Richmond CA, Li H, Breault DT, Ingber DE. Development of a primary human Small Intestine-on-a-Chip using biopsy-derived organoids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2871. [PMID: 29440725 PMCID: PMC5811607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a method for fabricating a primary human Small Intestine-on-a-Chip (Intestine Chip) containing epithelial cells isolated from healthy regions of intestinal biopsies. The primary epithelial cells are expanded as 3D organoids, dissociated, and cultured on a porous membrane within a microfluidic device with human intestinal microvascular endothelium cultured in a parallel microchannel under flow and cyclic deformation. In the Intestine Chip, the epithelium forms villi-like projections lined by polarized epithelial cells that undergo multi-lineage differentiation similar to that of intestinal organoids, however, these cells expose their apical surfaces to an open lumen and interface with endothelium. Transcriptomic analysis also indicates that the Intestine Chip more closely mimics whole human duodenum in vivo when compared to the duodenal organoids used to create the chips. Because fluids flowing through the lumen of the Intestine Chip can be collected continuously, sequential analysis of fluid samples can be used to quantify nutrient digestion, mucus secretion and establishment of intestinal barrier function over a period of multiple days in vitro. The Intestine Chip therefore may be useful as a research tool for applications where normal intestinal function is crucial, including studies of metabolism, nutrition, infection, and drug pharmacokinetics, as well as personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kasendra
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Alessio Tovaglieri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amir Bein
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Scholl
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hannah Rickner
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camilla A Richmond
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Beckwitt CH, Clark AM, Wheeler S, Taylor DL, Stolz DB, Griffith L, Wells A. Liver 'organ on a chip'. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:15-25. [PMID: 29291400 PMCID: PMC5944300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hoarau-Véchot J, Rafii A, Touboul C, Pasquier J. Halfway between 2D and Animal Models: Are 3D Cultures the Ideal Tool to Study Cancer-Microenvironment Interactions? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010181. [PMID: 29346265 PMCID: PMC5796130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An area that has come to be of tremendous interest in tumor research in the last decade is the role of the microenvironment in the biology of neoplastic diseases. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises various cells that are collectively important for normal tissue homeostasis as well as tumor progression or regression. Seminal studies have demonstrated the role of the dialogue between cancer cells (at many sites) and the cellular component of the microenvironment in tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Using an appropriate system of microenvironment and tumor culture is the first step towards a better understanding of the complex interaction between cancer cells and their surroundings. Three-dimensional (3D) models have been widely described recently. However, while it is claimed that they can bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo, it is sometimes hard to decipher their advantage or limitation compared to classical two-dimensional (2D) cultures, especially given the broad number of techniques used. We present here a comprehensive review of the different 3D methods developed recently, and, secondly, we discuss the pros and cons of 3D culture compared to 2D when studying interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoarau-Véchot
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Cyril Touboul
- UMR INSERM U965, Angiogenèse et Recherche Translationnelle, Hôpital Lariboisière, 49 bd de la Chapelle, 75010 Paris, France.
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil UPEC, Paris XII, 40 Avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- INSERM U955, Equipe 7, 94000 Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Canadas RF, Marques AP, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Bioreactors and Microfluidics for Osteochondral Interface Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:395-420. [PMID: 29736584 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell culture techniques are in the base of any biology-based science. The standard techniques are commonly static platforms as Petri dishes, tissue culture well plates, T-flasks, or well plates designed for spheroids formation. These systems faced a paradigm change from 2D to 3D over the current decade driven by the tissue engineering (TE) field. However, 3D static culture approaches usually suffer from several issues as poor homogenization of the formed tissues and development of a necrotic center which limits the size of in vitro tissues to hundreds of micrometers. Furthermore, for complex tissues as osteochondral (OC), more than recovering a 3D environment, an interface needs to be replicated. Although 3D cell culture is already the reality adopted by a newborn market, a technological revolution on cell culture devices needs a further step from static to dynamic already considering 3D interfaces with dramatic importance for broad fields such as biomedical, TE, and drug development. In this book chapter, we revised the existing approaches for dynamic 3D cell culture, focusing on bioreactors and microfluidic systems, and the future directions and challenges to be faced were discussed. Basic principles, advantages, and challenges of each technology were described. The reported systems for OC 3D TE were focused herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël F Canadas
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Analysis of Membrane Behavior of a Normally Closed Microvalve Using a Fluid-Structure Interaction Model. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8120355. [PMID: 30400545 PMCID: PMC6187868 DOI: 10.3390/mi8120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, membrane deflection against fluid flow and opening membrane (threshold) pressure were studied using fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis, and compared with experimental data obtained by Jaemin et al. In the current analysis, two different models (I-shaped and V-shaped) were used to perform the FSI simulation. In microvalve modeling, in order to reduce external actuator usage, interconnections are made between two similar microvalves. This typical interconnection creates a pressure distribution in a local environment. Furthermore, to differentiate the volume factor in a microvalve, a length/width (L/W) ratio term was used. Compared with higher- and lower-L/W-ratio models, the higher-L/W model eventually initiates more deflection in a low-pressure regime than the lower-L/W-ratio model. FSI simulations were performed for 4 μL/min, 6 μL/min, 8 μL/min, 10 μL/min, and 12 μL/min flow rates against membrane behavior, and performance evaluations of the microvalves were conducted. It was observed during an FSI simulation that the gate pressure applied to the lower surface deflects the membrane upward, thereby making contact with the wall. Two important parameters (material properties of the structural membrane and the inlet region height) were selected for analysis to evaluate changes in microvalve performance. These results are presented in the current study.
Collapse
|
76
|
Theobald J, Ghanem A, Wallisch P, Banaeiyan AA, Andrade-Navarro MA, Taškova K, Haltmeier M, Kurtz A, Becker H, Reuter S, Mrowka R, Cheng X, Wölfl S. Liver-Kidney-on-Chip To Study Toxicity of Drug Metabolites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:78-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Theobald
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Ghanem
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wallisch
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amin A. Banaeiyan
- Biological
Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers Campus, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg
Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer
Strasse 20, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Organ/body-on-a-chip based on microfluidic technology for drug discovery. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 33:43-48. [PMID: 29175062 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although animal experiments are indispensable for preclinical screening in the drug discovery process, various issues such as ethical considerations and species differences remain. To solve these issues, cell-based assays using human-derived cells have been actively pursued. However, it remains difficult to accurately predict drug efficacy, toxicity, and organs interactions, because cultivated cells often do not retain their original organ functions and morphologies in conventional in vitro cell culture systems. In the μTAS research field, which is a part of biochemical engineering, the technologies of organ-on-a-chip, based on microfluidic devices built using microfabrication, have been widely studied recently as a novel in vitro organ model. Since it is possible to physically and chemically mimic the in vitro environment by using microfluidic device technology, maintenance of cellular function and morphology, and replication of organ interactions can be realized using organ-on-a-chip devices. So far, functions of various organs and tissues, such as the lung, liver, kidney, and gut have been reproduced as in vitro models. Furthermore, a body-on-a-chip, integrating multi organ functions on a microfluidic device, has also been proposed for prediction of organ interactions. We herein provide a background of microfluidic systems, organ-on-a-chip, Body-on-a-chip technologies, and their challenges in the future.
Collapse
|
78
|
3D in vitro models of liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:133-146. [PMID: 28697953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is still the most popular preclinical assessment model for liver fibrosis. To develop efficient anti-fibrotic therapies, robust and representative in vitro models are urgently needed. The most widely used in vitro fibrosis model is the culture-induced activation of primary rodent hepatic stellate cells. While these cultures have contributed greatly to the current understanding of hepatic stellate cell activation, they seem to be inadequate to cover the complexity of this regenerative response. This review summarizes recent progress towards the development of 3D culture models of liver fibrosis. Thus far, only a few hepatic culture systems have successfully implemented hepatic stellate cells (or other non-parenchymal cells) into hepatocyte cultures. Recent advances in bioprinting, spheroid- and precision-cut liver slice cultures and the use of microfluidic bioreactors will surely lead to valid 3D in vitro models of liver fibrosis in the near future.
Collapse
|
79
|
Watson DE, Hunziker R, Wikswo JP. Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1559-1572. [PMID: 29065799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children's health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic - a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie Hunziker
- 2 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 3 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Raman R, Bashir R. Biomimicry, Biofabrication, and Biohybrid Systems: The Emergence and Evolution of Biological Design. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28881469 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discipline of biological design has a relatively short history, but has undergone very rapid expansion and development over that time. This Progress Report outlines the evolution of this field from biomimicry to biofabrication to biohybrid systems' design, showcasing how each subfield incorporates bioinspired dynamic adaptation into engineered systems. Ethical implications of biological design are discussed, with an emphasis on establishing responsible practices for engineering non-natural or hypernatural functional behaviors in biohybrid systems. This report concludes with recommendations for implementing biological design into educational curricula, ensuring effective and responsible practices for the next generation of engineers and scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering Carle Illinois College of Medicine Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Weng YS, Chang SF, Shih MC, Tseng SH, Lai CH. Scaffold-Free Liver-On-A-Chip with Multiscale Organotypic Cultures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701545. [PMID: 28731273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The considerable advances that have been made in the development of organotypic cultures have failed to overcome the challenges of expressing tissue-specific functions and complexities, especially for organs that require multitasking and complex biological processes, such as the liver. Primary liver cells are ideal biological building blocks for functional organotypic reconstruction, but are limited by their rapid loss of physiological integrity in vitro. Here the concept of lattice growth used in material science is applied to develop a tissue incubator, which provides physiological cues and controls the 3D assembly of primary cells. The cues include a biological growing template, spatial coculture, biomimetic radial flow, and circulation in a scaffold-free condition. The feasibility of recapitulating a multiscale physiological structural hierarchy, complex drug clearance, and zonal physiology from the cell to tissue level in long-term cultured liver-on-a-chip is demonstrated. These methods are promising for future applications in pharmacodynamics and personal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Weng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Feng Chang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Shih
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Heng Tseng
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Chen WLK, Edington C, Suter E, Yu J, Velazquez JJ, Velazquez JG, Shockley M, Large EM, Venkataramanan R, Hughes DJ, Stokes CL, Trumper DL, Carrier RL, Cirit M, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA. Integrated gut/liver microphysiological systems elucidates inflammatory inter-tissue crosstalk. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2648-2659. [PMID: 28667746 PMCID: PMC5614865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A capability for analyzing complex cellular communication among tissues is important in drug discovery and development, and in vitro technologies for doing so are required for human applications. A prominent instance is communication between the gut and the liver, whereby perturbations of one tissue can influence behavior of the other. Here, we present a study on human gut‐liver tissue interactions under normal and inflammatory contexts, via an integrative multi‐organ platform comprising human liver (hepatocytes and Kupffer cells), and intestinal (enterocytes, goblet cells, and dendritic cells) models. Our results demonstrated long‐term (>2 weeks) maintenance of intestinal (e.g., barrier integrity) and hepatic (e.g., albumin) functions in baseline interaction. Gene expression data comparing liver in interaction with gut, versus isolation, revealed modulation of bile acid metabolism. Intestinal FGF19 secretion and associated inhibition of hepatic CYP7A1 expression provided evidence of physiologically relevant gut‐liver crosstalk. Moreover, significant non‐linear modulation of cytokine responses was observed under inflammatory gut‐liver interaction; for example, production of CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9,10,11) was synergistically enhanced. RNA‐seq analysis revealed significant upregulation of IFNα/β/γ signaling during inflammatory gut‐liver crosstalk, with these pathways implicated in the synergistic CXCR3 chemokine production. Exacerbated inflammatory response in gut‐liver interaction also negatively affected tissue‐specific functions (e.g., liver metabolism). These findings illustrate how an integrated multi‐tissue platform can generate insights useful for understanding complex pathophysiological processes such as inflammatory organ crosstalk. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2648–2659. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen L K Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Collin Edington
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Emily Suter
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jiajie Yu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jason G Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Michael Shockley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Emma M Large
- CN Bio Innovations, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David J Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - David L Trumper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murat Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Li Y, Fan Q, Jiang Y, Gong F, Xia H. Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 and basic fibroblast growth factor on the morphology and proliferation of chondrocytes embedded in Matrigel in a microfluidic platform. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2657-2663. [PMID: 28962209 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic device was utilized in the present study to investigate the morphology and proliferation of rabbit articular chondrocytes embedded in Matrigel in the presence of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The microfluidic device was composed of two parallel channels and a central perfusion-based three-dimensional cell culture module. The rabbit chondrocytes were cultured for 2 weeks at series of concentration gradients of IGF-1 and/or bFGF, which were generated through a diffusion process. At the end of the experiment, the morphology and quantity of cells were measured. Since high expression of collagen II is essential to the function of hyaline cartilage, immunofluorescent images of collagen II expression prior to and after the experiments were gathered for each group. The mean fluorescence intensity ratio (MIR) of collagen II in each group was calculated. The MIRs of collagen II in chondrocytes treated with IGF-1 ranged from 0.6-0.81, those in the cells treated with bFGF ranged from 0.47-0.52, and those in cells treated with a combination of IGF-1 and bFGF ranged from 0.63-0.83. Chondrocyte aggregations were observed in the group treated with 75-100 ng/ml IGF-1 (3.46-fold proliferation ratio). Similarly, a 3.83-fold proliferation ratio was identified in chondrocytes treated with 2.5-5.0 ng/ml bFGF. The group treated with 50-75 ng/ml IGF-1 and 2.5-5.0 ng/ml bFGF exhibited the optimum increase in proliferation (4.83-fold proliferation ratio). The microfluidic device used in the present study can be easily adapted to investigate other growth factors at any concentration gradient. In addition, parallel experiments can be performed simultaneously with a small quantity of cells, making it an attractive platform for the high-throughput screening of cell culture parameters. This platform will aid in the optimization of culture conditions for the in vitro expansion of chondrocytes while maintaining their in vivo morphology, which will improve autologous chondrocyte implantation capabilities for the treatment of cartilage injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Qinbo Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Fuliang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Huang H, Hanada S, Kojima N, Sakai Y. Enhanced Functional Maturation of Fetal Porcine Hepatocytes in Three-Dimensional Poly-L-lactic Acid Scaffolds: A Culture Condition Suitable for Engineered Liver Tissues in Large-Scale Animal Studies. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:799-809. [PMID: 17269450 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To engineer liver tissues with a clinically significant size, in vivo evaluation of performance using large-scale animal studies are necessary before proceeding to human clinical trials. As pigs are the most suitable candidates, the development of culture conditions suitable for porcine hepatocyte progenitors is very important to engineer pig liver tissue equivalents. We therefore investigated the efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds on the functional maturation of fetal porcine hepatocytes in the presence of various combinations of biofactors. Cells were isolated from pig fetuses obtained from a local slaughterhouse, and cultured for 15 days both in monolayer and PLLA scaffolds. Although 15 days of culture resulted in almost the same ratio of proliferation (about fivefold) in both monolayer and 3D PLLA culture, the PLLA culture with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, 10 ng/ml) and sodium butylate (Sb, 1 mM) remarkably enhanced various liver-specific functions of fetal porcine hepatocytes. The final attained functions based on the numbers of immobilized cells on day 1 compared with those of day 1 monolayers; 191fold increase in albumin secretion, 70.5-fold increase in cytochrome P450 IA1/2 capacity, 20.9-fold increase in ammonia removal, and 18.0-fold increase in urea synthesis were obtained. These functions were 2.0–3.3-fold higher than those obtained by the same period of monolayer culture. In addition, final attained unit cell-based functions on day 15 were almost comparable to the levels reported for cultures of adult porcine hepatocytes in both monolayer and 3D spheroid cultures. These results demonstrate that the use of a biodegradable polymer-based 3D culture with an appropriate combination of biofactors is a promising approach to maximize functional maturation of hepatocyte progenitors from large animals. In addition, the established culture conditions are worth using to engineer large liver tissue equivalents for pigs in large-animal-based preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Huang
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Zohar B, Blinder Y, Mooney DJ, Levenberg S. Flow-Induced Vascular Network Formation and Maturation in Three-Dimensional Engineered Tissue. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:1265-1271. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barak Zohar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yaron Blinder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David J. Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Towards a Humanized Mouse Model of Liver Stage Malaria Using Ectopic Artificial Livers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45424. [PMID: 28361899 PMCID: PMC5374446 DOI: 10.1038/srep45424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria liver stage is an attractive target for antimalarial development, and preclinical malaria models are essential for testing such candidates. Given ethical concerns and costs associated with non-human primate models, humanized mouse models containing chimeric human livers offer a valuable alternative as small animal models of liver stage human malaria. The best available human liver chimeric mice rely on cellular transplantation into mice with genetically engineered liver injury, but these systems involve a long and variable humanization process, are expensive, and require the use of breeding-challenged mouse strains which are not widely accessible. We previously incorporated primary human hepatocytes into engineered polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nanoporous human ectopic artificial livers (HEALs), implanted them in mice without liver injury, and rapidly generated human liver chimeric mice in a reproducible and scalable fashion. By re-designing the PEG scaffold to be macroporous, we demonstrate the facile fabrication of implantable porous HEALs that support liver stage human malaria (P. falciparum) infection in vitro, and also after implantation in mice with normal liver function, 60% of the time. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of applying a tissue engineering strategy towards the development of scalable preclinical models of liver stage malaria infection for future applications.
Collapse
|
87
|
The ascendance of microphysiological systems to solve the drug testing dilemma. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO185. [PMID: 28670475 PMCID: PMC5481853 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs is a process obstructed with manifold security and efficacy concerns. Although animal models are still widely used to meet the diligence required, they are regarded as outdated tools with limited predictability. Novel microphysiological systems intend to create systemic models of human biology. Their ability to host 3D organoid constructs in a controlled microenvironment with mechanical and electrophysiological stimuli enables them to create and maintain homeostasis. These platforms are, thus, envisioned to be superior tools for testing and developing substances such as drugs, cosmetics and chemicals. We will present reasons why microphysiological systems are required for the emerging demands, highlight current technological and regulatory obstacles, and depict possible solutions from state-of-the-art platforms from major contributors. Microphysiological systems are devices constructed for the cocultivation of miniaturized human organ equivalents. They are commonly placed into a continuous stream of nutrient solution. The microphysiological tools aim to reshape current development, toxicity testing and efficacy assessment of therapeutic agents, food additives, chemicals and environmental pollutants. We are on the verge of initiating a paradigm shift away from established, but often misleading animal and single tissue culture techniques toward the generation of predictive data for a compound's safety and efficacy prior to its exposure to humans.
Collapse
|
88
|
Junaid A, Mashaghi A, Hankemeier T, Vulto P. An end-user perspective on Organ-on-a-Chip: Assays and usability aspects. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
89
|
Clark AM, Wheeler SE, Young CL, Stockdale L, Shepard Neiman J, Zhao W, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. A liver microphysiological system of tumor cell dormancy and inflammatory responsiveness is affected by scaffold properties. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:156-168. [PMID: 27910972 PMCID: PMC5242229 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer-related mortality, commonly emerging clinically after 5 or more years of seeming 'cure' of the primary tumor, indicating a quiescent dormancy. The lack of relevant accessible model systems for metastasis that recreate this latent stage has hindered our understanding of the molecular basis and the development of therapies against these lethal outgrowths. We previously reported on the development of an all-human 3D ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system that reproduces several features of liver physiology and enables spontaneous dormancy in a subpopulation of breast cancer cells. However, we observed that the dormant cells were localized primarily within the 3D tissue, while the proliferative cells were in contact with the polystyrene scaffold. As matrix stiffness is known to drive inflammatory and malignant behaviors, we explored the occurrence of spontaneous tumor dormancy and inflammatory phenotype. The microphysiological system was retrofitted with PEGDa-SynKRGD hydrogel scaffolding, which is softer and differs in the interface with the tissue. The microphysiological system incorporated donor-matched primary human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Hepatic tissue in hydrogel scaffolds secreted lower levels of pro-inflammatory analytes, and was more responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The proportion of tumor cells entering dormancy was markedly increased in the hydrogel-supported tissue compared to polystyrene. Interestingly, an unexpected differential response of dormant cells to varying chemotherapeutic doses was identified, which if reflective of patient pathophysiology, has important implications for patient dosing regimens. These findings highlight the metastatic microphysiological system fitted with hydrogel scaffolds as a critical tool in the assessment and development of therapeutic strategies to target dormant metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Stockdale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Takei T, Sakai S, Yoshida M. In vitro formation of vascular-like networks using hydrogels. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:519-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
91
|
Zhong C, Xie HY, Zhou L, Xu X, Zheng SS. Human hepatocytes loaded in 3D bioprinting generate mini-liver. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:512-518. [PMID: 27733321 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of an increasing discrepancy between the number of potential liver graft recipients and the number of organs available, scientists are trying to create artificial liver to mimic normal liver function and therefore, to support the patient's liver when in dysfunction. 3D printing technique meets this purpose. The present study was to test the feasibility of 3D hydrogel scaffolds for liver engineering. METHODS We fabricated 3D hydrogel scaffolds with a bioprinter. The biocompatibility of 3D hydrogel scaffolds was tested. Sixty nude mice were randomly divided into four groups, with 15 mice in each group: control, hydrogel, hydrogel with L02 (cell line HL-7702), and hydrogel with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Cells were cultured and deposited in scaffolds which were subsequently engrafted into livers after partial hepatectomy and radiation-induced liver damage (RILD). The engrafted tissues were examined after two weeks. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, total bilirubin, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, glutathione S-transferase (a-GST), and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT-2) were compared among the groups. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry of cKit and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) of engrafted tissues were evaluated. The survival time of the mice was also compared among the four groups. RESULTS 3D hydrogel scaffolds did not impact the viability of cells. The levels of ALT, AST, albumin, total bilirubin, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, a-GST and UGT-2 were significantly improved in mice engrafted with 3D scaffold loaded with L02 compared with those in control and scaffold only (P<0.05). HE staining showed clear liver tissue and immunohistochemistry of cKit and CK18 were positive in the engrafted tissue. Mice treated with 3D scaffold+L02 cells had longer survival time compared with those in control and scaffold only (P<0.05). CONCLUSION 3D scaffold has the potential of recreating liver tissue and partial liver functions and can be used in the reconstruction of liver tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Long TJ, Cosgrove PA, Dunn RT, Stolz DB, Hamadeh H, Afshari C, McBride H, Griffith LG. Modeling Therapeutic Antibody-Small Molecule Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Three-Dimensional Perfusable Human Liver Coculture Platform. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1940-1948. [PMID: 27621203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional in vitro human liver cell culture models lose key hepatic functions such as metabolic activity during short-term culture. Advanced three-dimensional (3D) liver coculture platforms offer the potential for extended hepatocyte functionality and allow for the study of more complex biologic interactions, which can improve and refine human drug safety evaluations. Here, we use a perfusion flow 3D microreactor platform for the coculture of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to study the regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform (CYP3A4) activity by chronic interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated inflammation over 2 weeks. Hepatocyte cultures remained stable over 2 weeks, with consistent albumin production and basal IL-6 levels. Direct IL-6 stimulation that mimics an inflammatory state induced a dose-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 activity, an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) secretion, and a decrease in shed soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) levels, indicating expected hepatic IL-6 bioactivity. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, has been demonstrated clinically to impact small molecule drug pharmacokinetics by modulating cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, an effect not observed in traditional hepatic cultures. We have now recapitulated the clinical observation in a 3D bioreactor system. Tocilizumab was shown to desuppress CYP3A4 activity while reducing the CRP concentration after 72 hours in the continued presence of IL-6. This change in CYP3A4 activity decreased the half-life and area under the curve up to the last measurable concentration (AUClast) of the small molecule CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin hydroxy acid, measured before and after tocilizumab treatment. We conclude that next-generation in vitro liver culture platforms are well suited for these types of long-term treatment studies and show promise for improved drug safety assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Long
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Patrick A Cosgrove
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Robert T Dunn
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Cynthia Afshari
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Helen McBride
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Lee PJ, Ghorashian N, Gaige TA, Hung PJ. Microfluidic System for Automated Cell-based Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:363-367. [PMID: 18172509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cell culture is a promising technology for applications in the drug screening industry. Key benefits include improved biological function, higher quality cell-based data, reduced reagent consumption, and lower cost. In this work, we demonstrate how a microfluidic cell culture design was adapted to be compatible with the standard 96-well plate format. Key design features include the elimination of tubing and connectors, the ability to maintain long term continuous perfusion cell culture using a passive gravity driven pump, and direct analysis on the outlet wells of the microfluidic plate. A single microfluidic culture plate contained 8 independent flow units, each with 10(4) cells at a flow rate of 50 μl/day (6 minute residence time). The cytotoxicity of the anti-cancer drug etoposide was measured on HeLa cells cultured in this format, using a commercial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plate reader assay. The integration of microfluidic cell culture methods with commercial automation capabilities offers an exciting opportunity for improved cell-based screening.
Collapse
|
94
|
Marx U, Andersson TB, Bahinski A, Beilmann M, Beken S, Cassee FR, Cirit M, Daneshian M, Fitzpatrick S, Frey O, Gaertner C, Giese C, Griffith L, Hartung T, Heringa MB, Hoeng J, de Jong WH, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Luch A, Maschmeyer I, Sakharov D, Sips AJAM, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tralau T, Tsyb S, van de Stolpe A, Vandebriel R, Vulto P, Wang J, Wiest J, Rodenburg M, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological system approaches to solve the prediction dilemma of substance testing. ALTEX 2016; 33:272-321. [PMID: 27180100 PMCID: PMC5396467 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of microphysiological systems - microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro - is envisaged to enable a global paradigm shift in drug development. An extraordinary US governmental initiative and various dedicated research programs in Europe and Asia have led recently to the first cutting-edge achievements of human single-organ and multi-organ engineering based on microphysiological systems. The expectation is that test systems established on this basis would model various disease stages, and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. Consequently, this technology could significantly affect the way drug substances are developed in the future. Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus, replacing laboratory animal models used currently. Thirty-six experts from academia, industry and regulatory bodies present here the results of an intensive workshop (held in June 2015, Berlin, Germany). They review the status quo of microphysiological systems available today against industry needs, and assess the broad variety of approaches with fit-for-purpose potential in the drug development cycle. Feasible technical solutions to reach the next levels of human biology in vitro are proposed. Furthermore, key organ-on-a-chip case studies, as well as various national and international programs are highlighted. Finally, a roadmap into the future is outlined, to allow for more predictive and regulatory-accepted substance testing on a global scale.
Collapse
|
95
|
Lee SH, Ha SK, Choi I, Choi N, Park TH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based organ systems and whole-body models for drug screening. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:746-56. [PMID: 27125245 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After drug administration, the drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME). Because ADME processes affect drug efficacy, various in vitro models have been developed based on the ADME processes. Although these models have been widely accepted as a tool for predicting the effects of drugs, the differences between in vivo and in vitro systems result in high attrition rates of drugs during the development process and remain a major limitation. Recent advances in microtechnology enable more accurate mimicking of the in vivo environment, where cellular behavior and physiological responses to drugs are more realistic; this has led to the development of novel in vitro systems, known as "organ-on-a-chip" systems. The development of organ-on-a-chip systems has progressed to include the reproduction of multiple organ interactions, which is an important step towards "body-on-a-chip" systems that will ultimately predict whole-body responses to drugs. In this review, we summarize the application of microtechnology for the development of in vitro systems that accurately mimic in vivo environments and reconstruct multiple organ models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Keun Ha
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwook Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Enomoto J, Mochizuki N, Ebisawa K, Osaki T, Kageyama T, Myasnikova D, Nittami T, Fukuda J. Engineering thick cell sheets by electrochemical desorption of oligopeptides on membrane substrates. Regen Ther 2016; 3:24-31. [PMID: 31245469 PMCID: PMC6581802 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a gold-coated membrane substrate modified with an oligopeptide layer that can be used to grow and subsequently detach a thick cell sheet through an electrochemical reaction. The oligopeptide CCRRGDWLC was designed to contain a cell adhesive domain (RGD) in the center and cysteine residues at both terminals. Cysteine contains a thiol group that forms a gold-thiolate bond on a gold surface. Cells attached to gold-coated membrane substrates via the oligopeptide layer were readily and noninvasively detached by applying a negative electrical potential to cleave the gold-thiolate bond. Because of the effective oxygen supply, fibroblasts vigorously grew on the membrane substrate and the thickness of the cell sheets was ∼60 μm at 14 days of culture, which was 2.9-fold greater than that of cells grown on a conventional culture dish. The cell sheets were detached after 7 min of electrical potential application. Using this approach, five layers of cell sheets were stacked sequentially with thicknesses reaching >200 μm. This approach was also beneficial for rapidly and readily transplanting cell sheets. Grafted cell sheets secreted collagen and remained at the transplanted site for at least 2 months after transplantation. This simple electrochemical cell sheet engineering technology is a promising tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Enomoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoto Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ebisawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Osaki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tatsuto Kageyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Dina Myasnikova
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nittami
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +81 45 339 4008.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
All tissue-engineered substitutes (with the exception of cornea and cartilage) require a vascular network to provide the nutrient and oxygen supply needed for their survival in vivo. Unfortunately the process of vascular ingrowth into an engineered tissue can take weeks to occur naturally and during this time the tissues become starved of essential nutrients, leading to tissue death. This review initially gives a brief overview of the processes and factors involved in the formation of new vasculature. It then summarizes the different approaches that are being applied or developed to overcome the issue of slow neovascularization in a range of tissue-engineered substitutes. Some potential future strategies are then discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Dew
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Validation of Bioreactor and Human-on-a-Chip Devices for Chemical Safety Assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:299-316. [PMID: 27671728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equipment and device qualification and test assay validation in the field of tissue engineered human organs for substance assessment remain formidable tasks with only a few successful examples so far. The hurdles seem to increase with the growing complexity of the biological systems, emulated by the respective models. Controlled single tissue or organ culture in bioreactors improves the organ-specific functions and maintains their phenotypic stability for longer periods of time. The reproducibility attained with bioreactor operations is, per se, an advantage for the validation of safety assessment. Regulatory agencies have gradually altered the validation concept from exhaustive "product" to rigorous and detailed process characterization, valuing reproducibility as a standard for validation. "Human-on-a-chip" technologies applying micro-physiological systems to the in vitro combination of miniaturized human organ equivalents into functional human micro-organisms are nowadays thought to be the most elaborate solution created to date. They target the replacement of the current most complex models-laboratory animals. Therefore, we provide here a road map towards the validation of such "human-on-a-chip" models and qualification of their respective bioreactor and microchip equipment along a path currently used for the respective animal models.
Collapse
|
99
|
Sarkar U, Rivera-Burgos D, Large EM, Hughes DJ, Ravindra KC, Dyer RL, Ebrahimkhani MR, Wishnok JS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Metabolite profiling and pharmacokinetic evaluation of hydrocortisone in a perfused three-dimensional human liver bioreactor. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1091-9. [PMID: 25926431 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to cause liver injury primarily involving inflammatory cells such as Kupffer cells, but few in vitro culture models are applicable for investigation of inflammatory effects on drug metabolism. We have developed a three-dimensional human microphysiological hepatocyte-Kupffer cell coculture system and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids on liver cultures. LPS was introduced to the cultures to elicit an inflammatory response and was assessed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. A sensitive and specific reversed-phase-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry method was used to evaluate hydrocortisone disappearance and metabolism at near physiologic levels. For this, the systems were dosed with 100 nM hydrocortisone and circulated for 2 days; hydrocortisone was depleted to approximately 30 nM, with first-order kinetics. Phase I metabolites, including tetrahydrocortisone and dihydrocortisol, accounted for 8-10% of the loss, and 45-52% consisted of phase II metabolites, including glucuronides of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Pharmacokinetic parameters, i.e., half-life, rate of elimination, clearance, and area under the curve, were 23.03 hours, 0.03 hour(-1), 6.6 × 10(-5) l⋅hour(-1), and 1.03 (mg/l)*h, respectively. The ability of the bioreactor to predict the in vivo clearance of hydrocortisone was characterized, and the obtained intrinsic clearance values correlated with human data. This system offers a physiologically relevant tool for investigating hepatic function in an inflamed liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Emma M Large
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Kodihalli C Ravindra
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Rachel L Dyer
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Materne EM, Maschmeyer I, Lorenz AK, Horland R, Schimek KMS, Busek M, Sonntag F, Lauster R, Marx U. The multi-organ chip--a microfluidic platform for long-term multi-tissue coculture. J Vis Exp 2015:e52526. [PMID: 25992921 PMCID: PMC4541596 DOI: 10.3791/52526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments, as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier, more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilka Maschmeyer
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
| | | | - Reyk Horland
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
| | | | | | | | | | - Uwe Marx
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
| |
Collapse
|