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Childhood Obesity and Respiratory Diseases: Which Link? CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030177. [PMID: 33669035 PMCID: PMC7996509 DOI: 10.3390/children8030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of childhood obesity is progressively increasing, reaching worldwide levels of 5.6% in girls and of 7.8% in boys. Several evidences showed that obesity is a major preventable risk factor and disease modifier of some respiratory conditions such as asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Co-occurrence of asthma and obesity may be due to common pathogenetic factors including exposure to air pollutants and tobacco smoking, Western diet, and low Vitamin D levels. Lung growth and dysanapsis phenomenon in asthmatic obese children play a role in impaired respiratory function which appears to be different than in adults. Genes involved in both asthma and obesity have been identified, though a gene-by-environment interaction has not been properly investigated yet. The identification of modifiable environmental factors influencing gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms may change the natural history of both diseases. Another important pediatric respiratory condition associated with obesity is Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB), especially Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). OSAS and obesity are linked by a bidirectional causality, where the effects of one affect the other. The factors most involved in the association between OSAS and obesity are oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota. In OSAS pathogenesis, obesity's role appears to be mainly due to mechanical factors leading to an increase of respiratory work at night-time. However, a causal link between obesity-related inflammatory state and OSAS pathogenesis still needs to be properly confirmed. To prevent obesity and its complications, family education and precocious lifestyle changes are critical. A healthy diet may lead to an improved quality of life in obese children suffering from respiratory diseases. The present review aimed to investigate the links between obesity, asthma and OSAS, focusing on the available evidence and looking for future research fields.
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Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Bunout D, Barrera G, Rogan J, Kim E, Blanco E, Gahagan S. Obesity and impairment of pancreatic β-cell function in early adulthood, independent of obesity age of onset: The Santiago Longitudinal Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3371. [PMID: 32562305 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the relation of time of onset and length of obesity with biomarkers of β-cell function in early adulthood in an infancy cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 1039 23-year-olds, body-mass index (BMI) was measured at multiple time-points from enrollment. BMI trajectories were interpolated with cubic polynomials. Fasting glucose, insulin and adiponectin were measured at 23 years. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-S, HOMA-β, HOMA-adiponectin (AD) and disposition index (DI) were estimated. IR and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) were diagnosed. According to the BMI trajectory, five groups were defined: participants who were never obese (NOB); participants with obesity starting in adolescence and remained obese into adulthood (recent-onset obesity, ROB); participants who were obese in early childhood but transitioned to non-obesity as preadolescents (former obesity, FOB); participants who were obese in early childhood and remained obese into adulthood (persistent obesity, POB); participants with obesity starting in preadolescence and transitioned to non-obesity as adolescents (transient obesity; TOB). RESULTS Obesity was present in 47% of participants during at least one time-point. ROBs and POBs had higher insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β, lower HOMA-S and DI, and higher prevalence of IR and NAFL at 23 years than NOBs, TOBs and FOBs. No differences were found in the β-cell functionality of NOBs, TOBs and FOBs. CONCLUSIONS Persistent and recent obesity are both related to IR, NAFL and a decline of β-cell function in emerging adulthood. Defeating obesity in childhood or adolescence allows reaching emerging adulthood with β-cell functioning similar to that of subjects who were NOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burrows
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Correa-Burrows
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Bunout
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gladys Barrera
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Rogan
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Línea de Simulaciones, Centro para la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elissa Kim
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zilli AMH, Zilli EM. Review of Evidence and Perspectives of Flavonoids on Metabolic Syndrome and Neurodegenerative Disease. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:725-734. [PMID: 33504293 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210127152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and plant-derived foods and may promote various health benefits when included in the diet. The biological activity of flavonoids is normally associated to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, since oxidative stress is associated to conditions such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, flavonoids may be related to metabolic diseases through their effects on inflammatory mediators and pathways, barrier integrity and gut microbiota composition. The extensive metabolism undergone by flavonoids in humans and the individual differences in their bioavailability to target organs hinder the interpretation of results from cell and animal models. Prospective human studies therefore provide an important perspective: In the field of neurodegenerative disease, carefully designed cohort studies have uncovered important associations between flavonoid intake and reduction in dementia risk, especially regarding specific flavonols, but also anthocyanins. Alternative mechanisms of action, such as changes in the gut microbiota or modulation of the production of toxic proteins, such as amyloid and tau, likely account for an important component of their positive effects, and their elucidation may lead to public health benefits of large magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Hilzendeger Zilli
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health and Science Center, San Antonio, TX. United States
| | - Eduardo M Zilli
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health and Science Center, San Antonio, TX. United States
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Pang MD, Goossens GH, Blaak EE. The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:598340. [PMID: 33490098 PMCID: PMC7817779 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.598340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor diet is one of the leading causes for non-communicable diseases. Due to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, there is a strong focus on dietary overconsumption and energy restriction. Many strategies focus on improving energy balance to achieve successful weight loss. One of the strategies to lower energy intake is refraining from sugars and replacing them with artificial sweeteners, which maintain the palatability without ingesting calories. Nevertheless, the safety and health benefits of artificial sweeteners consumption remain a topic of debate within the scientific community and society at large. Notably, artificial sweeteners are metabolized differently from each other due to their different properties. Therefore, the difference in metabolic fate of artificial sweeteners may underlie conflicting findings that have been reported related to their effects on body weight control, glucose homeostasis, and underlying biological mechanisms. Thus, extrapolation of the metabolic effects of a single artificial sweetener to all artificial sweeteners is not appropriate. Although many rodent studies have assessed the metabolic effects of artificial sweeteners, long-term studies in humans are scarce. The majority of clinical studies performed thus far report no significant effects or beneficial effects of artificial sweeteners on body weight and glycemic control, but it should be emphasized that the study duration of most studies was limited. Clearly, further well-controlled, long-term human studies investigating the effects of different artificial sweeteners and their impact on gut microbiota, body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Pang
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Zheng S, Zhang H, Liu R, Huang CL, Li H, Deng ZY, Tsao R. Do short chain fatty acids and phenolic metabolites of the gut have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects? – New insights from a TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cell model. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bojková B, Kurhaluk N, Winklewski PJ. The interconnection of high-fat diets, oxidative stress, the heart, and carcinogenesis. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ali AM, Kunugi H. Intermittent Fasting, Dietary Modifications, and Exercise for the Control of Gestational Diabetes and Maternal Mood Dysregulation: A Review and a Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9379. [PMID: 33333828 PMCID: PMC7765295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy-related condition afflicting 5-36% of pregnancies. It is associated with many morbid maternal and fetal outcomes. Mood dysregulations (MDs, e.g., depression, distress, and anxiety) are common among women with GDM, and they exacerbate its prognosis and hinder its treatment. Hence, in addition to early detection and proper management of GDM, treating the associated MDs is crucial. Maternal hyperglycemia and MDs result from a complex network of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. This review briefly explores mechanisms that underlie GDM and prenatal MDs. It also describes the effect of exercise, dietary modification, and intermittent fasting (IF) on metabolic and affective dysfunctions exemplified by a case report. In this patient, interventions such as IF considerably reduced maternal body weight, plasma glucose, and psychological distress without any adverse effects. Thus, IF is one measure that can control GDM and maternal MDs; however, more investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mohammed Ali
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan;
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21527, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Mendes KL, de Farias Lelis D, Athayde Souza LA, Brito RVJ, Andrade MC, Nobre SAM, Guimarães ALS, Batista de Paula AM, de Lima JP, Hilzendeger AM, Santos SHS. Lactococcus lactis and Resveratrol Decrease Body Weight and Increase Benefic Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Mice. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 28:761-768. [PMID: 33302826 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527999201209214850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome is now known for its important role in whole-body homeostasis. A dysbiosis of the normal microbiota is correlated with metabolic disorders. In this sense, the search for compounds able to modulate the microbiome is needed. Resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes seems to be a promising candidate. OBJECTIVE In this study, our motivation was to evaluate the effects of the association between Resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis, a probiotic, on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota and body weight of mice. METHODS Twenty female mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) standard diet, (2) standard diet plus Lactococcus lactis, (3) standard diet plus resveratrol, and (4) standard diet plus Lactococcus lactis and resveratrol. At the end of the treatment period, samples of blood, mucus, stomach, and small and large intestines were collected for analysis. Total levels of Immunoglobulin A and Immunoglobulin E, Lac+ and Lac- bacteria and Lactobacillus were measured. RESULTS The main results indicate that the association between resveratrol and probiotics was able to decrease mice body weight, as compared to the other groups, in addition to decrease the number of Lac- bacteria and increasing the number of Lac+ bacteria. The levels of secretory IgA were also decreased, compared to the animals treated with only probiotics or resveratrol. CONCLUSION We observed potential synergism between Resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis mainly in modulating the stomach and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Lopes Mendes
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deborah de Farias Lelis
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Antunes Athayde Souza
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronize Viviane Jorge Brito
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariléia Chaves Andrade
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Avelino Mota Nobre
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Sena Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Maurício Batista de Paula
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pinto de Lima
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline M Hilzendeger
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Impact of Diabetes on the Gut and Salivary IgA Microbiomes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00301-20. [PMID: 32900816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00301-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces like those present in the lung, gut, and mouth interface with distinct external environments. These mucosal gateways are not only portals of entry for potential pathogens but also homes to microbial communities that impact host health. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the single most abundant acquired immune component secreted onto mucosal surfaces and, via the process of immune exclusion, shapes the architecture of these microbiomes. Not all microorganisms at mucosal surfaces are targeted by SIgA; therefore, a better understanding of the SIgA-coated fraction may identify the microbial constituents that stimulate host immune responses in the context of health and disease. Chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes are associated with altered microbial communities (dysbiosis) that in turn affect immune-mediated homeostasis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of SIgA-coated/uncoated bacteria (IgA-Biome) was conducted on stool and saliva samples of normoglycemic participants and individuals with prediabetes or diabetes (n = 8/group). These analyses demonstrated shifts in relative abundance in the IgA-Biome profiles between normoglycemic, prediabetic, or diabetic samples distinct from that of the overall microbiome. Differences in IgA-Biome alpha diversity were apparent for both stool and saliva, while overarching bacterial community differences (beta diversity) were also observed in saliva. These data suggest that IgA-Biome analyses can be used to identify novel microbial signatures associated with diabetes and support the need for further studies exploring these communities. Ultimately, an understanding of the IgA-Biome may promote the development of novel strategies to restructure the microbiome as a means of preventing or treating diseases associated with dysbiosis at mucosal surfaces.
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Apitherapy for Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction (Sarcopenia): A Review on the Effects of Royal Jelly, Propolis, and Bee Pollen. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101362. [PMID: 32992744 PMCID: PMC7601109 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of sarcopenia, skeletal muscle loss and weakness, which prevails in up to 50% of older adults is increasing worldwide due to the expansion of aging populations. It is now striking young and midlife adults as well because of sedentary lifestyle and increased intake of unhealthy food (e.g., western diet). The lockdown measures and economic turndown associated with the current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are likely to increase the prevalence of sarcopenia by promoting sedentarism and unhealthy patterns of eating. Sarcopenia has multiple detrimental effects including falls, hospitalization, disability, and institutionalization. Although a few pharmacological agents (e.g., bimagrumab, sarconeos, and exercise mimetics) are being explored in different stages of trials, not a single drug has been approved for sarcopenia treatment. Hence, research has focused on testing the effect of nutraceuticals, such as bee products, as safe treatments to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia. Royal jelly, propolis, and bee pollen are common bee products that are rich in highly potent antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, and amino acids. These products, in order, stimulate larval development into queen bees, promote defenses of the bee hive against microbial and environmental threats, and increase royal jelly production by nurse bees. Thanks to their versatile pharmacological activities (e.g., anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, etc.), these products have been used to treat multiple chronic conditions that predispose to muscle wasting such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorder, and cancer, to name a few. They were also used in some evolving studies to treat sarcopenia in laboratory animals and, to a limited degree, in humans. However, a collective understanding of the effect and mechanism of action of these products in skeletal muscle is not well-developed. Therefore, this review examines the literature for possible effects of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis on skeletal muscle in aged experimental models, muscle cell cultures, and humans. Collectively, data from reviewed studies denote varying levels of positive effects of bee products on muscle mass, strength, and function. The likely underlying mechanisms include amelioration of inflammation and oxidative damages, promotion of metabolic regulation, enhancement of satellite stem cell responsiveness, improvement of muscular blood supply, inhibition of catabolic genes, and promotion of peripheral neuronal regeneration. This review offers suggestions for other mechanisms to be explored and provides guidance for future trials investigating the effects of bee products among people with sarcopenia.
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Godfrey JR, Pincus M, Kovacs-Balint Z, Feczko E, Earl E, Miranda-Dominguez O, Fair DA, Jones SR, Locke J, Sanchez MM, Wilson ME, Michopoulos V. Obesogenic diet-associated C-reactive protein predicts reduced central dopamine and corticostriatal functional connectivity in female rhesus monkeys. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:166-173. [PMID: 32240763 PMCID: PMC7416544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling and reductions in functional connectivity (FC; a measure of temporal correlations of activity between different brain regions) within dopaminergic reward pathways are implicated in the etiology of psychopathology and have been associated with increased concentrations of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein. Peripheral and central inflammatory cytokines that have been shown to disrupt DA signaling and corticostriatal FC are associated with C-reactive protein, an acute phase reactant that is used translationally as a marker of systemic inflammation. One factor that can significantly increase systemic inflammation to produce neuroadaptations in reward pathways is a diet that results in fat mass accumulation (e.g. obesogenic diet). The current study in female rhesus monkeys maintained in a standard laboratory chow (n = 18) or on obesogenic diet (n = 16) for 12-months tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet would alter central DA and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations, and be associated with increased CRP concentrations and decreased FC between corticostriatal regions at 12-months following dietary intervention. We specifically assessed FC between the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and two sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) previously associated with CRP concentrations, the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which are also involved in emotional and motivational salience assessment, and in goal-directed behavior, impulse control and the salience/value of food, respectively. Results showed that CSF DA concentrations were decreased (p = 0.002), HVA:DA ratios were increased (p = 0.016), and body mass index was increased (p = 0.047) over the 12-months of consuming an obesogenic diet. At 12-months, females maintained in the obesogenic diet exhibited higher CRP concentrations than females consuming chow-only (p = 0.008). Linear regression analyses revealed significant CRP by dietary condition interactions on DA concentrations (β = -5.10; p = 0.017) and HVA:DA ratios (β = 5.14; p = 0.029). Higher CRP concentrations were associated with lower CSF DA concentrations (r = -0.69; p = 0.004) and greater HVA:DA ratios only in females maintained in the obesogenic dietary condition (r = 0.58; p = 0.024). Resting-state magnetic resonance neuroimaging (rs-fMRI) in a subset of females from each diet condition (n = 8) at 12-months showed that higher CRP concentrations were associated decreased FC between the NAcc and subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC; p's < 0.05). Decreased FC between the NAcc and PFC subregions were also associated with lower concentrations of DA and greater HVA:DA ratios (p's < 0.05). Overall, these data suggest that increased inflammatory signaling driving heightened CRP levels may mediate the adverse consequences of obesogenic diets on DA neurochemistry and corticostriatal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Feczko
- Department Of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Eric Earl
- Department Of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Damien A. Fair
- Department Of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jason Locke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mar M. Sanchez
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark E. Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Nicolas S, Léime CSÓ, Hoban AE, Hueston CM, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Enduring effects of an unhealthy diet during adolescence on systemic but not neurobehavioural measures in adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:657-669. [PMID: 32723167 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1796041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Adolescence is an important stage of maturation for various brain structures. It is during this time therefore that the brain may be more vulnerable to environmental factors such as diet that may influence mood and memory. Diets high in fat and sugar (termed a cafeteria diet) during adolescence have been shown to negatively impact upon cognitive performance, which may be reversed by switching to a standard diet during adulthood. Consumption of a cafeteria diet increases both peripheral and central levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is also implicated in cognitive impairment during the ageing process. It is unknown whether adolescent exposure to a cafeteria diet potentiates the negative effects of IL-1β on cognitive function during adulthood.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a cafeteria diet during adolescence after which time they received a lentivirus injection in the hippocampus to induce chronic low-grade overexpression of IL-1β. After viral integration, metabolic parameters, circulating and central pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and cognitive behaviours were assessed.Results: Our data demonstrate that rats fed the cafeteria diet exhibit metabolic dysregulations in adulthood, which were concomitant with low-grade peripheral and central inflammation. Overexpression of hippocampal IL-1β in adulthood impaired spatial working memory. However, adolescent exposure to a cafeteria diet, combined with or without hippocampal IL-1β in adulthood did not induce any lasting cognitive deficits when the diet was replaced with a standard diet in adulthood. Discussion: These data demonstrate that cafeteria diet consumption during adolescence induces metabolic and inflammatory changes, but not behavioural changes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicolas
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciarán S Ó Léime
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cara M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Machado AS, Oliveira JR, Lelis DDF, de Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS, Andrade JMO, Brandi IV, Santos SHS. Oral Probiotic Bifidobacterium Longum Supplementation Improves Metabolic Parameters and Alters the Expression of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Obese Mice Liver. Biol Res Nurs 2020; 23:100-108. [PMID: 32700545 DOI: 10.1177/1099800420942942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Bifidobacterium longum (BL), a common member of the human gut microbiota, has important health benefits through several mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the BL supplementation effects on body metabolism and renin-angiotensin components hepatic expression in mice fed a high-fat diet. METHODS Thirty-two male mice were divided into four groups: standard diet + placebo (ST), standard diet + Bifidobacterium longum (ST + BL), high-fat diet + placebo (HFD) and high-fat diet + Bifidobacterium longum (HFD + BL). Following the obesity induction period, the ST + BL and HFD + BL groups were supplemented with Bifidobacterium longum for 4 weeks. Then, body, biochemical, histological and molecular parameters were evaluated. RESULTS HFD + BL mice had a significant decrease in adipose tissue mass and blood glucose levels, as well as a significant reduction in blood glucose during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The treatment also resulted in reduced levels of total cholesterol and hepatic fat accumulation. Moreover, we observed an increase in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Mas receptor (MASR) expression levels in BL-treated obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that BL may have the potential to prevent obesity and NAFLD by modulating the mRNA expression of renin-angiotensin system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Machado
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína R Oliveira
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deborah de F Lelis
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M B de Paula
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João M O Andrade
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor V Brandi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Food Engineering, 28114Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio H S Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, 153595Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Food Engineering, 28114Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Psychological Climacteric Symptoms and Attitudes toward Menopause among Emirati Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145028. [PMID: 32668726 PMCID: PMC7400692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is an inevitable developmental event that women encounter at an age of 42–54 years. The drop of estrogen levels that accompanies cessation of menstruation is associated with multiple vasomotor, physical, neuropsychological, and sexual symptoms, which may hamper quality of life. This study aimed to examine the severity of psychological symptoms and their correlates among peri- and postmenopausal Emirati women (N = 60, mean age = 54.88 ± 6 years). Participants were interviewed using the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) and attitudes toward menopause scale (ATMS). In four path analysis models, vasomotor symptoms, weight gain, and fatigue had significant direct effects on symptoms of anxiety, depression (only weight gain and fatigue), and psychological distress. Fatigue significantly mediated the effects of vasomotor symptoms and weight gain on symptoms of anxiety, depression (only vasomotor symptoms), psychological distress, and memory problems. These models explained 47.6%, 44.5%, 56.6%, and 29.1% of the variances in anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and memory problems, respectively. Participants with more severe menopausal symptoms expressed more negative attitudes toward menopause though regression analysis revealed that only vasomotor symptoms could significantly contribute to ATMS scores. In conclusion, psychological distress is widespread among menopausal women, and it is associated with vasomotor symptoms, fatigue, and change of body composition (obesity). Psychological symptoms, along with vasomotor symptoms, express a key link to negative attitudes toward menopause. Therefore, interventional strategies that target psychological distress may promote coping with midlife transition and improve mental health among menopausal women.
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Cho A, Kwon IG, Kim S, Noh SH, Ku CR. Altered systematic glucose utilization after gastrectomy: correlation with weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:900-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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66
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Barrea L, Annunziata G, Bordoni L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Nutrigenetics-personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2020; 10:1-13. [PMID: 32714508 PMCID: PMC7371677 DOI: 10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data support the view that both obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for a high proportion of total morbidity and mortality in adults throughout the world. Obesity and CVD have complex interplay mechanisms of genetic and environmental factors, including diet. Nutrition is an environmental factor and it has a predominant and recognizable role in health management and in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases, including CVD. However, there is a marked variation in CVD in patients with obesity and the same dietary pattern. The different genetic polymorphisms could explain this variation, which leads to the emergence of the concept of nutrigenetics. Nutritional genomics or nutrigenetics is the science that studies and characterizes gene variants associated with differential response to specific nutrients and relating this variation to various diseases, such as CVD related to obesity. Thus, the personalized nutrition recommendations, based on the knowledge of an individual's genetic background, might improve the outcomes of a specific dietary intervention and represent a new dietary approach to improve health, reducing obesity and CVD. Given these premises, it is intuitive to suppose that the elucidation of diet and gene interactions could support more specific and effective dietary interventions in both obesity and CVD prevention through personalized nutrition based on nutrigenetics. This review aims to briefly summarize the role of the most important genes associated with obesity and CVD and to clarify the knowledge about the relation between nutrition and gene expression and the role of the main nutrition-related genes in obesity and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - on behalf of Obesity Programs of nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) Group
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata Italy
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Sala P, Torrinhas RSMDM, Fonseca DC, Machado NM, Singer J, Singer P, Ravacci GR, Belarmino G, Ferreira BAM, Marques M, Ishida RK, Guarda IFMS, de Moura EGH, Sakai P, Santo MA, Sunaga DY, Heymsfield SB, Bezerra DPDS, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Waitzberg DL. Intestinal expression of toll-like receptor gene changes early after gastric bypass surgery and association with type 2 diabetes remission. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110885. [PMID: 32707229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormal activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) is observed in obese rodents and is correlated with local dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. These purported changes trigger systemic inflammation associated with obesity-related comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity and known to induce changes in the gut microbiota and decrease systemic inflammation in humans. This study examined the intestinal expression of TLR-encoding genes in obese women (n = 20) treated with RYGB surgery and the relationship of these genes with T2D remission (T2Dr METHODS: Intestinal biopsies were performed before and 3 months after RYGB surgery. Partial and complete T2Dr after 1 year was assessed using the American Diabetes Association criteria. Affymetrix Human GeneChip 1.0 ST array (microarray) and TaqMan assay (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction) were used to analyze intestinal gene expression, and associations with systemic markers of energy homeostasis were examined. RESULTS Patients experienced significant weight loss (P < 0.001) and altered gut TLR gene expression 3 months after surgery. The main effects were a reduction in jejunal TLR4 expression in patients with complete and partial T2Dr (P < 0.05). There was a postoperative decrease in jejunal TLR7 expression in patients with complete T2Dr that correlated inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and positively with triglyceride concentrations, but not with weight loss. CONCLUSIONS RYGB-induced weight loss-independent changes in the expression of intestinal TLR-encoding genes in obese women and complete T2Dr that was correlated with systemic markers of energy homeostasis. The modulation of intestinal TLRs may mediate inflammatory mechanisms linked to T2Dr after RYGB surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Sala
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Danielle C Fonseca
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natasha Mendonça Machado
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joelle Singer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism - Beilinson, Rabin Medical Center, Belinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Pierre Singer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; General Intensive Care Department & Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Belinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Graziela Rosa Ravacci
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giliane Belarmino
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Marques
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Kiyoshi Ishida
- Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sakai
- Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Santo
- Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniele Pereira Dos Santos Bezerra
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Corrêa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dan Linetzky Waitzberg
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Cirurgia Metabólica (LIM-35), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lupien-Meilleur J, Andrich DE, Quinn S, Micaelli-Baret C, St-Amand R, Roy D, St-Pierre DH. Interplay Between Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Peptides: Potential Outcomes on the Regulation of Glucose Control. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:359-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity is becoming an epidemic in the United States and worldwide and increases risk for many diseases, particularly insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms linking obesity with these diseases remain incompletely understood. Over the past 2 to 3 decades, it has been recognized that in obesity, inflammation, with increased accumulation and inflammatory polarization of immune cells, takes place in various tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, gut, pancreatic islet, and brain and may contribute to obesity-linked metabolic dysfunctions, leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapies targeting inflammation have shed light on certain obesity-linked diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but remain to be tested further and confirmed in clinical trials. This review focuses on inflammation in adipose tissue and its potential role in insulin resistance associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhu Wu
- From the Department of Medicine (H.W., C.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics (H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- From the Department of Medicine (H.W., C.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (C.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention (C.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Beneficial effects of flaxseed polysaccharides on metabolic syndrome via gut microbiota in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Barbero-Becerra VJ, López-Méndez I, Romo-Araiza A, Visag-Castillo V, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Juárez-Hernandez E. Sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases: a translational overview. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:355-366. [PMID: 32299261 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1757427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcopenia refers to a progressive and generalized muscle mass and strength loss. In liver diseases, it has been related to worse outcomes and high risk of decompensations. AREAS COVERED Sarcopenia is caused by a set of cellular processes in the muscle such as denervation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endotoxemia and inflammation; which are manifested through the alteration of several proteolytic pathways such as lysosomal, proteasomal and caspase systems. In autophagy, myostatin and oxidative stress; such as hyperammonemia, contributes importantly to liver sarcopenia through loss of muscle mass already demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, hormones and the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, influence in a not less important magnitude. In the clinical setting, early identification of sarcopenia has been established as a mandatory item to prevent progression of muscle mass loss; however, diagnostic methods have extreme variation according to methodology, population, etiology and severity of liver disease. Reversing sarcopenia should be an integral therapeutic strategy. EXPERT OPINION Clinical and nutritional interventions should be adapted to liver injury etiology and stage of disease, each of them shares a similar sarcopenia development pathway. There are specific biomarkers that condition or exacerbate loss of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván López-Méndez
- Transplants and Hepatology Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Visag-Castillo
- Gastroenterology and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norberto C Chávez-Tapia
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico.,Gastroenterology and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- Gastroenterology and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Juárez-Hernandez
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México , Mexico City, Mexico
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Dubé JJ, Collyer ML, Trant S, Toledo FGS, Goodpaster BH, Kershaw EE, DeLany JP. Decreased Mitochondrial Dynamics Is Associated with Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Rate, and Fitness in African Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgz272. [PMID: 31833547 PMCID: PMC7067552 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT African American women (AAW) have a higher incidence of insulin resistance and are at a greater risk for the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes than Caucasian women (CW). Although several factors have been proposed to mediate these racial disparities, the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We previously demonstrated that sedentary lean AAW have lower peripheral insulin sensitivity, reduced maximal aerobic fitness (VO2max), and lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) than CW. We have also demonstrated that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is lower in AAW and appears to play a role in these racial differences. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess mitochondrial pathways and dynamics to examine the potential mechanisms of lower insulin sensitivity, RMR, VO2max, and mitochondrial capacity in AAW. DESIGN To achieve this goal, we assessed several mitochondrial pathways in skeletal muscle using gene array technology and semiquantitative protein analysis. RESULTS We report alterations in mitochondrial pathways associated with inner membrane small molecule transport genes, fusion-fission, and autophagy in lean AAW. These differences were associated with lower insulin sensitivity, RMR, and VO2max. CONCLUSIONS Together these data suggest that the metabolic racial disparity of insulin resistance, RMR, VO2max, and mitochondrial capacity may be mediated by perturbations in mitochondrial pathways associated with membrane transport, fission-fusion, and autophagy. The mechanisms contributing to these differences remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Dubé
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- School of Arts, Business, and Science, Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Collyer
- School of Arts, Business, and Science, Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara Trant
- School of Arts, Business, and Science, Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederico G S Toledo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James P DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sarcopenia is Independently Associated with an Increased Risk of Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2020; 56:medicina56030121. [PMID: 32168799 PMCID: PMC7143528 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Although obesity is associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), no study has evaluated the association of PUD with sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of sarcopenia and obesity with PUD. Material and Methods: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV and V for 2007–2012 were used. PUD history, dietary, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity patterns, and other socioeconomic factors were analyzed. Sarcopenia index (appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) ÷ body mass index (kg/m2)) and body fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of sarcopenia with the prevalence of PUD. Results: The 7092 patients were divided into the sarcopenic obesity (SO, n = 870), sarcopenic non-obesity (n = 2676), non-sarcopenic obesity (NSO, n = 2698), and non-sarcopenic non-obesity (NSNO, n = 848) groups. The prevalence of PUD in these groups was 70 (7.9%), 170 (7.4%), 169 (6.3%), and 47 (3.8%), respectively (p < 0.001). A crude analysis revealed that the prevalence of PUD was 2.2-fold higher in the SO group than in the NSNO group (odds ratio (OR), 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–3.2), the significance of which remained after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance) score (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–2.7). Conclusion: In conclusion, in this nationally representative cohort, the combination of muscle and fat mass, as well as obesity, was associated with an increased risk of PUD.
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Kuvat N, Tanriverdi H, Armutcu F. The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and obesity: A new perspective on the pathogenesis in terms of organ crosstalk. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2020; 14:595-604. [PMID: 32112481 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder that has a major impact on public health. The connection between OSAS and obesity is very complex and likely represents an interaction between biological and lifestyle factors. Oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic dysregulation are both actors involved in the pathogenesis of OSAS and obesity. Also, the current evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a significant role in the emergence and progression of some metabolic disorders. When the relationship between OSAS and obesity is evaluated extensively, it is understood that they show mutual causality with each other, and that metabolic challenges such as impaired microbiota affect this bidirectional organ interaction, and by ensuing organ injury. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the association between OSAS and obesity, and the effect of "organ crosstalk" on the pathogenesis of the relationship and to contribute to the diagnosis and treatment options in the light of current data. DATA SOURCE We performed an electronic database search including PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. We used the following search terms: OSAS, obesity, inflammation, metabolic dysregulation and gut microbiota. CONCLUSION Obesity and OSAS adversely affect many organs and systems. Besides the factors affecting the diagnosis of the OSAS-obesity relationship, mutual organ interactions among the respiratory system, adipose tissue and intestines should not be ignored for prevention and treatment of OSAS and obesity. Comprehensive clinical trials addressing the efficacy and efficiency of current or potential treatments on therapeutic applications in the OSAS-obesity relationship are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Kuvat
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tanriverdi
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ferah Armutcu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Klancic T, Reimer RA. Gut microbiota and obesity: Impact of antibiotics and prebiotics and potential for musculoskeletal health. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:110-118. [PMID: 32099719 PMCID: PMC7031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease with multiple contributing factors. One of the most intensely studied factors during the past decade has been the gut microbiota, which is the community of all microbes in the intestinal tract. The gut microbiota, via energy extraction, inflammation, and other actions, is now recognized as an important player in the pathogenesis of obesity. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the microbial community, can initiate a cascade of metabolic disturbances in the host. Early life is a particularly important period for the development of the gut microbiota, and perturbations such as with antibiotic exposure can have long-lasting consequences for host health. In early life and throughout the life span, diet is one of the most important factors that shape the gut microbiota. Although diets high in fat and sugar have been shown to contribute to dysbiosis and disease, dietary fiber is recognized as an important fermentative fuel for the gut microbiota and results in the production of short-chain fatty acids that can act as signaling molecules in the host. One particular type of fiber, prebiotic fiber, contributes to changes in the gut microbiota, the most notable of which is an increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in obesity development and the ways in which manipulating the microbiota through dietary means, specifically prebiotics, could contribute to improved health in the host, including musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Klancic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Gut Microbiota Profile of Obese Diabetic Women Submitted to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Its Association with Food Intake and Postoperative Diabetes Remission. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020278. [PMID: 31973130 PMCID: PMC7071117 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition is influenced by environmental factors and has been shown to impact body metabolism. Objective: To assess the gut microbiota profile before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and the correlation with food intake and postoperative type 2 diabetes remission (T2Dr). Design: Gut microbiota profile from obese diabetic women was evaluated before (n = 25) and 3 (n = 20) and 12 months (n = 14) after RYGB, using MiSeq Illumina-based V4 bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiling. Data on food intake (7-day record) and T2Dr (American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria) were recorded. Results: Preoperatively, the abundance of five bacteria genera differed between patients with (57%) and without T2Dr (p < 0.050). Preoperative gut bacteria genus signature was able to predict the T2Dr status with 0.94 accuracy ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve). Postoperatively (vs. preoperative), the relative abundance of some gut bacteria genera changed, the gut microbial richness increased, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (rFB) decreased (p < 0.05) regardless of T2Dr. Richness levels was correlated with dietary profile pre and postoperatively, mainly displaying positive and inverse correlations with fiber and lipid intakes, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Gut microbiota profile was influenced by RYGB and correlated with diet and T2Dr preoperatively, suggesting the possibility to assess its composition to predict postoperative T2Dr.
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Xie Y, Ding F, Di W, Lv Y, Xia F, Sheng Y, Yu J, Ding G. Impact of a high‑fat diet on intestinal stem cells and epithelial barrier function in middle‑aged female mice. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1133-1144. [PMID: 32016468 PMCID: PMC7003032 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) or obesity-promoting diet is closely associated with metabolic diseases and intestinal tumors, particularly in middle-aged individuals (typically 45–64 years old). The intestinal epithelium constitutes a barrier that separates the host from the food and microbiota in the gut, and thus, a dysfunctional epithelium is associated with a number of diseases. However, the changes caused to the function of intestinal epithelium in response to an HFD have not been well-studied to date. In the present study, middle-aged female mice (12 months old) fed an HFD for a period of 14 weeks were used to determine the effects of HFD on the intestine. Characteristics including the body weight, fat deposition, glucose metabolism, inflammatory state and intestinal morphology were assessed, while the intestinal stem cell (ISC) counts and the ability of isolated intestinal crypts to form organoid bodies in 3D culture were examined. Intestinal epithelial barrier function, including secretory defense, tight junctions and cell apoptosis, were also studied. Morphologically, the HFD resulted in a mild reduction in the length of villi of the small intestine, the colon length and the depth of colon crypts. In addition, the ISC counts were increased in the small intestine and colon in HFD-fed mice. The ability of crypts to grow into organoids (mini-guts) was also increased in crypts obtained from mice fed an HFD, while HFD compromised the epithelial barrier function of the colon. These results demonstrated how an HFD affects the intestinal epithelium and highlighted the need to carefully consider dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Di
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yunlu Sheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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78
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Liu Y, Lou X. Type 2 diabetes mellitus-related environmental factors and the gut microbiota: emerging evidence and challenges. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1277. [PMID: 31939557 PMCID: PMC6945290 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a group of over 38 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiota that plays an important role in the regulation of human metabolism through its symbiotic relationship with the host. Changes in the gut microbial ecosystem are associated with increased susceptibility to metabolic disease in humans. However, the composition of the gut microbiota in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is not well understood. This article reviews the relationship between environmental factors and the gut microbiota in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, we discuss the goal of treating type 2 diabetes mellitus by modifying the gut microbiota and the challenges that remain in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Liu
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Xueyong Lou
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology Jinhua, 321000, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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79
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Poon K. Behavioral Feeding Circuit: Dietary Fat-Induced Effects of Inflammatory Mediators in the Hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591559. [PMID: 33324346 PMCID: PMC7726204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary fat intake has extensive impacts on several physiological systems and can lead to metabolic and nonmetabolic disease. In animal models of ingestion, exposure to a high fat diet during pregnancy predisposes offspring to increase intake of dietary fat and causes increase in weight gain that can lead to obesity, and without intervention, these physiological and behavioral consequences can persist for several generations. The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that responds to physiological hunger and fullness and contains orexigenic neuropeptide systems that have long been associated with dietary fat intake. The past fifteen years of research show that prenatal exposure to a high fat diet increases neurogenesis of these neuropeptide systems in offspring brain and are correlated to behavioral changes that induce a pro-consummatory and obesogenic phenotype. Current research has uncovered several potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive dietary fat alters the hypothalamus and involve dietary fatty acids, the immune system, gut microbiota, and transcriptional and epigenetic changes. This review will examine the current knowledge of dietary fat-associated changes in the hypothalamus and the potential pathways involved in modifying the development of orexigenic peptide neurons that lead to changes in ingestive behavior, with a special emphasis on inflammation by chemokines.
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80
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Pang X, Jia Z, Lu J, Zhang S, Zhang C, Zhang M, Lv J. A new method for quantitative detection of Lactobacillus casei based on casx gene and its application. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:87. [PMID: 31823776 PMCID: PMC6902566 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional method of bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA is a widely used and very effective detection method, but this method still has some deficiencies, especially in the identification of closely related strains. A high homology with little differences is mostly observed in the 16S sequence of closely related bacteria, which results in difficulty to distinguish them by 16S rRNA-based detection method. In order to develop a rapid and accurate method of bacterial identification, we studied the possibility of identifying bacteria with other characteristic fragments without the use of 16S rRNA as detection targets. Results We analyzed the potential of using cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) gene as a target for bacteria detection. We found that certain fragment located in the casx gene was species-specific and could be used as a specific target gene. Based on these fragments, we established a TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR method for detecting bacteria. We found that the method used in this study had the advantages of high sensitivity and good specificity. Conclusions The casx gene-based method of bacterial identification could be used as a supplement to the conventional 16 s rRNA-based detection method. This method has an advantage over the 16 s rRNA-based detection method in distinguishing the genetic relationship between closely-related bacteria, such as subgroup bacteria, and can be used as a supplement to the 16 s rRNA-based detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziyang Jia
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Livestock Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.
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81
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Abnormal gut microbiota composition contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in db/db mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10454-10467. [PMID: 31760385 PMCID: PMC6914402 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an age-related metabolic disease, emerging gradually as a major global health burden that has gained public attention. Meanwhile, increasing attention is paid to the crucial role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanisms of metabolic disorders, especially T2DM. In this study, we used C57 BL/KS db/db male mice as a T2DM murine model. We found that the β-diversity and relative abundances of gut bacteria were obviously altered in db/db mice, associated with a significant increase in Verrucomicrobia at six levels (phylum, class, order, etc.) and family S24-7 and a significant decrease in Bacteroidaceae at family, genus, and species levels, as well as Prevotellaceae at family and genus levels. Furthermore, fecal bacteria from db/db and m/m mice transplanted into pseudo-germ-free mice showed a significant change in the metabolic parameters, including the body weight, fasting blood glucose, fluid and food intake, and alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. Taken together, these findings suggest that abnormalities in the composition of the gut microbiota might contribute to the development of T2DM and that potential therapeutic strategies improving gut microbiota might provide beneficial effects for individuals with T2DM and age-related glucose intolerance.
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82
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Doghri Y, Chetaneau F, Rhimi M, Kriaa A, Lalanne V, Thorin C, Maguin E, Mallem MY, Desfontis JC. Sildenafil citrate long-term treatment effects on cardiovascular reactivity in a SHR experimental model of metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223914. [PMID: 31697707 PMCID: PMC6837760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence indicates that metabolic syndrome is strongly correlated with a decrease in nitric oxide and an increase in oxidative stress leading to cardiovascular alterations. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as a new contributor to the metabolic syndrome establishment and associated cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that a positive modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, through phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibition could prevent cardiovascular alterations and gut dysbiosis that may be associated to metabolic syndrome. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, cafeteria diet (CD) and sildenafil citrate treated groups (5mg/kg per os) were given either a CD or a standard chow diet for 10 weeks. Body weight, arterial blood pressure and glucose tolerance test were monitored. At the 10th week, cardiac inotropy and coronary perfusion pressure were evaluated on isolated heart according to Langendorff method. Cumulative concentration response curves to phenylephrine and acetylcholine were determined on thoracic aorta rings for vascular reactivity evaluation. Faecal samples were collected for the gut microbiota analysis. Compared to the control group, CD-fed rats showed a significant increase in body weight gain, arterial blood pressure and were glucose intolerant. This group showed also a decrease in β-adrenoceptor-induced cardiac inotropy and coronary vasodilation. Gut microbiota analysis revealed a significant reduction in the abundance of Lactobocillus spp in cafeteria diet-fed rats when compared to the control ones. Sildenafil citrate long-term treatment decreased weight gain and arterial blood pressure, improved coronary vasodilation and reduced α1-adrenoceptor-induced vasoconstriction in CD group. However, it did not reverse gut dysbiosis induced by chronic CD feeding. These results suggest that cGMP pathway targeting may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Doghri
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabien Chetaneau
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Valérie Lalanne
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal Thorin
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M. Yassine Mallem
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Claude Desfontis
- UPSP NP3 (2017.B146), Nutrition, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Oniris, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Atlanpôle—La Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, 5 BP, Nantes, France
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83
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Mishra J, Simonsen R, Kumar N. Intestinal breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) requires Janus kinase 3 activity for drug efflux and barrier functions in obesity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18337-18348. [PMID: 31653704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a member of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins whose primary function is to efflux substrates bound to the plasma membrane. Impaired intestinal barrier functions play a major role in chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI)-associated obesity, but the regulation of BCRP during obesity and its role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function during CLGI-associated obesity are unknown. In the present study, using several approaches, including efflux assays, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, paracellular permeability assay, FACS, cytokine assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy, we report that obese individuals have compromised intestinal BCRP functions and that diet-induced obese mice recapitulate these outcomes. We demonstrate that the compromised BCRP functions during obesity are because of loss of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of BCRP. Our results indicate that JAK3-mediated phosphorylation of BCRP promotes its interactions with membrane-localized β-catenin essential not only for BCRP expression and surface localization, but also for the maintenance of BCRP-mediated intestinal drug efflux and barrier functions. We observed that reduced intestinal JAK3 expression during human obesity or JAK3 knockout in mouse or siRNA-mediated β-catenin knockdown in human intestinal epithelial cells all result in significant loss of intestinal BCRP expression and compromised colonic drug efflux and barrier functions. Our results uncover a mechanism of BCRP-mediated intestinal drug efflux and barrier functions and establish a role for BCRP in preventing CLGI-associated obesity both in humans and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363.
| | | | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363
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84
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Shikany JM, Demmer RT, Johnson AJ, Fino NF, Meyer K, Ensrud KE, Lane NE, Orwoll ES, Kado DM, Zmuda JM, Langsetmo L. Association of dietary patterns with the gut microbiota in older, community-dwelling men. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1003-1014. [PMID: 31504105 PMCID: PMC6766444 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the gut microbiota is relatively stable through adulthood, its composition is influenced by various host and environmental factors, including changes in health, gastrointestinal processes (e.g., transit time, gastric acidity), medication use, and diet. The association of habitual diet, in the form of a posteriori-derived dietary patterns, and microbiota composition has not been adequately studied, particularly in older men. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the association of dietary patterns with the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial microbiota in community-dwelling, older men. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 517 men who were participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study (≥65 y of age at baseline in 2000-2002) and who provided a stool sample and completed an FFQ at MrOS Visit 4 in 2014-2016. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. 16S ribosomal RNA target gene sequencing was performed and taxonomy assignments were derived using the Greengenes database. Linear regression and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) considered variations in alpha and beta diversity by dietary pattern, and a model that implements a 0-inflated Gaussian distribution of mean group abundance for each taxa (metagenomeSeq) assessed taxonomic variations by dietary pattern. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, greater adherence to the Western pattern was positively associated with families Mogibacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae and genera Alistipes, Anaerotruncus, CC-115, Collinsella, Coprobacillus, Desulfovibrio, Dorea, Eubacterium, and Ruminococcus, while greater adherence to the prudent pattern was positively associated with order Streptophyta, family Victivallaceae, and genera Cetobacterium, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Paraprevotella, and Veillonella. The relative abundance of the dominant gut bacterial phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, did not differ between participants with greater adherence to the Western pattern, compared with those with greater adherence to the prudent pattern. Dietary patterns were not associated with measures of alpha diversity, but beta diversity measures were significantly associated with both Western and prudent patterns. CONCLUSIONS We observed significant associations between dietary patterns and measures of gut microbial composition in this sample of community-dwelling, older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ryan T Demmer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abigail J Johnson
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nora F Fino
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katie Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Brinkmann C, Weh‐Gray O, Brixius K, Bloch W, Predel HG, Kreutz T. Effects of exercising before breakfast on the health of T2DM patients—A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1930-1936. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brinkmann
- IST University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Olivier Weh‐Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
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86
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Pattern Recognition Receptor-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in the Development and Progression of Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:5271295. [PMID: 31582899 PMCID: PMC6754942 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5271295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is known to promote the development of many metabolic diseases, especially insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis. Pattern recognition receptor-mediated inflammation is an important determinant for the initiation and progression of these metabolic diseases. Here, we review the major features of the current understanding with respect to obesity-related chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues, focus on Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors with an emphasis on how these receptors determine metabolic disease progression, and provide a summary on the development and progress of PRR antagonists for therapeutic intervention.
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87
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Organ crosstalk: the potent roles of inflammation and fibrotic changes in the course of organ interactions. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:825-839. [PMID: 31327029 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ crosstalk can be defined as the complex and mutual biological communication between distant organs mediated by signaling factors. Normally, crosstalk helps to coordinate and maintain homeostasis, but sudden or chronic dysfunction in any organ causes dysregulation in another organ. Many signal molecules, including cytokines and growth factors, are involved in the metabolic dysregulation, and excessive or inappropriate release of these molecules leads to organ dysfunction or disease (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes). AIM AND METHOD The aim of this review is to reveal the impact of organ crosstalk on the pathogenesis of diseases associated with organ interactions and the role of inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the organ dysfunction. After searching in MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar databases using 'organ crosstalk' as a keyword, studies related to organ crosstalk and organ interaction were compiled and examined. CONCLUSION The organ crosstalk and the functional integration of organ systems are exceedingly complex processes. Organ crosstalk contributes to metabolic homeostasis and affects the inflammatory response, related pathways and fibrotic changes. As in the case of interactions between adipose tissue and intestine, stimulation of inflammatory mechanisms plays an active role in the development of diseases including insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis. The increased level of knowledge about the 'crosstalk' between any organ and distant organs will facilitate the early diagnosis of the disease as well as the management of the treatment practices in the short- and long-term organ dysfunction.
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88
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Jing H, Gao X, Xu L, Lin H, Zhang Z. H 2S promotes a glycometabolism disorder by disturbing the Th1/Th2 balance during LPS-induced inflammation in the skeletal muscles of chickens. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:124-131. [PMID: 30703651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a common environmental pollutant. In humans, H2S enters the body and is transported to different tissues and organs, inducing various types of damage such as chronic inflammatory reactions. Glucose metabolism disorders have been shown to be closely associated with chronic inflammation. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of H2S on glycometabolism disorders and chronic inflammatory responses. A chronic inflammation model in the skeletal muscles of chickens was induced using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which the animals were exposed to exogenous H2S. Subsequently, the glucose metabolism and the pathways associated with chronic inflammation were analyzed. The pathological analysis showed that significant inflammatory injury to skeletal muscles occurred after animals exposed to H2S. The Th1/Th2 ratio imbalance was exacerbated after exposure to H2S with IFNγ downregulated and IL-1, IL-4, and IL-6 upregulated. In addition, the level of IκBα was suppressed and induced the expression of NF-κB, significantly activating the inflammatory pathway, while the expression of heat shock proteins was elevated. In addition, glucose metabolism factors were analyzed. IRS1 phosphorylation was inhibited in animals exposed to H2S, and the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway-related factors was upregulated to promote insulin resistance, causing glucose metabolism disorders. The results of this study revealed that H2S can trigger changes in the ratio of Th1/Th2 to produce more proinflammatory cytokines that disturb the insulin signaling pathway, causing glycometabolism disorders during the inflammatory response in the skeletal muscles of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Gao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
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89
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Nerurkar PV, Orias D, Soares N, Kumar M, Nerurkar VR. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) modulates adipose tissue inflammasome gene expression and adipose-gut inflammatory cross talk in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 68:16-32. [PMID: 31005847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and tissue-specific inflammation has a profound influence on regulation of metabolism, and therefore, strategies to reduce inflammation are of special interest in prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Antiobesity and antidiabetic properties of Momordica charantia (bitter melon, BM) have been linked to its protective effects on inflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis. We investigated the mechanisms by which freeze-dried BM juice reduces adipose inflammation in mice fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Although earlier studies indicated that BM inhibited recruitment of macrophages (Mφ) infiltration in adipose tissue of rodents and reduced NF-kB and IL-1β secretions, the mechanisms remain unknown. We demonstrate that freeze-dried BM juice inhibits recruitment of Mφ into adipose tissue and its polarization to inflammatory phenotype possibly due to reduction of sphingokinase 1 (SPK1) mRNA in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, reduction of IL-1β secretion by freeze-dried BM juice in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice is correlated to alleviation of NLRP3 inflammasome components and their downstream signaling targets. We confirm previous observations that BM inhibited inflammation of colon and gut microbial dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice, which in part may be associated with the observed anti-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue if HFD-fed mice. Overall, functional foods such as BM may offer potential dietary interventions that may impact sterile inflammatory diseases such as obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha V Nerurkar
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Daniella Orias
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Natasha Soares
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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90
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Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism 2019; 92:98-107. [PMID: 30399375 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of clinical and epidemiological evidence has linked obesity to a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, stroke, atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Obesity can increase CVD morbidity and mortality directly and indirectly. Direct effects are mediated by obesity-induced structural and functional adaptations of the cardiovascular system to accommodate excess body weight, as well as by adipokine effects on inflammation and vascular homeostasis. Indirect effects are mediated by co-existing CVD risk factors such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Adipose tissue (AT) quality and functionality are more relevant aspects for cardiometabolic risk than its total amount. The consequences of maladaptive AT expansion in obesity are local and systemic: the local include inflammation, hypoxia, dysregulated adipokine secretion and impaired mitochondrial function; the systemic comprise insulin resistance, abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism, hypertension, a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state and endothelial dysfunction, all of which provide linking mechanisms for the association between obesity and CVD. The present narrative review summarizes the major pathophysiological links between obesity and CVD (traditional and novel concepts), analyses the heterogeneity of obesity-related cardiometabolic consequences, and provides an overview of the cardiovascular impact of weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Liatis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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91
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Lin S, Wang Z, Lam KL, Zeng S, Tan BK, Hu J. Role of intestinal microecology in the regulation of energy metabolism by dietary polyphenols and their metabolites. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63:1518. [PMID: 30814920 PMCID: PMC6385797 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyphenols are a class of plant secondary metabolites with a variety of physiological functions. Polyphenols and their intestinal metabolites could greatly affect host energy metabolism via multiple mechanisms. Objective The objective of this review was to elaborate the role of intestinal microecology in the regulatory effects of dietary polyphenols and their metabolites on energy metabolism. Methods In this review, we illustrated the potential mechanisms of energy metabolism regulated by the crosstalk between polyphenols and intestinal microecology including intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, and mucosal immune system. Results Polyphenols can selectively regulate the growth of susceptible microorganisms (eg. reducing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria) as well as alter bacterial enzyme activity. Moreover, polyphenols can influence the absorption and secretion of intestinal epithelial cells, and alter the intestinal mucosal immune system. Conclusion The intestinal microecology play a crucial role for the regulation of energy metabolism by dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoling Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ka-Lung Lam
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaoxiao Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bee K Tan
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Sciences and Leicester Diabetes Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamiao Hu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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92
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Gérard C, Vidal H. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 30761090 PMCID: PMC6363653 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that obesity and associated disorder type II diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, the development of efficient prevention and therapeutic interventions is a global public health interest. There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the micro-organisms colonizing the human gut, known as gut microbiota, play a central role in human physiology and metabolism. Understanding how gut microbiota affects and regulates key metabolic functions such as glucose regulation and insulin resistance is an important health issue. The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how gut bacterial species interfere with host metabolic phenotype. We will examine key biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on host glycemic control including: incretin secretion, short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid metabolism, and adipose tissue regulation. We will highlight how prebiotic/probiotic interventions affect these bacterial processes and are now considered as promising approaches to treat obese and diabetic patients.
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93
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Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, Song B, Li F, Kong X, Xu K. Inflammatory Links Between High Fat Diets and Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2649. [PMID: 30483273 PMCID: PMC6243058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chronic overnutrition, such as consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), has been increasingly viewed as a significant modifiable risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which HFDs exert adverse effects on human health remains poorly understood. Here, this paper will review the recent scientific literature about HFD-induced inflammation and subsequent development of diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on mechanisms involved. Given the expanding global epidemic of excessive HFD intake, understanding the impacts of a HFD on these medical conditions, gaining great insights into possible underlying mechanisms, and developing effective therapeutic strategies are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Zeng
- Science College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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94
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Kobayashi M, Fujii N, Narita T, Higami Y. SREBP-1c-Dependent Metabolic Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue by Caloric Restriction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113335. [PMID: 30373107 PMCID: PMC6275055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) delays the onset of many age-related pathophysiological changes and extends lifespan. White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a major tissue for energy storage, but also an endocrine tissue that secretes various adipokines. Recent reports have demonstrated that alterations in the characteristics of WAT can impact whole-body metabolism and lifespan. Hence, we hypothesized that functional alterations in WAT may play important roles in the beneficial effects of CR. Previously, using microarray analysis of WAT from CR rats, we found that CR enhances fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, and identified sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), a master regulator of FA synthesis, as a mediator of CR. These findings were validated by showing that CR failed to upregulate factors involved in FA biosynthesis and to extend longevity in SREBP-1c knockout mice. Furthermore, we revealed that SREBP-1c is implicated in CR-associated mitochondrial activation through the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Notably, these CR-associated phenotypes were observed only in WAT. We conclude that CR induces SREBP-1c-dependent metabolic remodeling, including the enhancement of FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial activation, via PGC-1α in WAT, resulting in beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Namiki Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Takumi Narita
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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95
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Stefanson AL, Bakovic M. Falcarinol Is a Potent Inducer of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Was More Effective than Sulforaphane in Attenuating Intestinal Inflammation at Diet-Achievable Doses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3153527. [PMID: 30420908 PMCID: PMC6215554 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a battery of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1, Ho-1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1). The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SF) is widely understood to be the most effective natural activator of the Nrf2 pathway. Falcarinol (FA) is a lesser studied natural compound abundant in medicinal plants as well as dietary plants from the Apiaceae family such as carrot. We evaluated the protective effects of FA and SF (5 mg/kg twice per day in CB57BL/6 mice) pretreatment for one week against acute intestinal and systemic inflammation. The phytochemical pretreatment effectively reduced the magnitude of intestinal proinflammatory gene expression (IL-6, Tnfα/Tnfαr, Infγ, STAT3, and IL-10/IL-10r) with FA showing more potency than SF. FA was also more effective in upregulating Ho-1 at mRNA and protein levels in both the mouse liver and the intestine. FA but not SF attenuated plasma chemokine eotaxin and white blood cell growth factor GM-CSF, which are involved in the recruitment and stabilization of first-responder immune cells. Phytochemicals generally did not attenuate plasma proinflammatory cytokines. Plasma and intestinal lipid peroxidation was also not significantly changed 4 h after LPS injection; however, FA did reduce basal lipid peroxidation in the mesentery. Both phytochemical pretreatments protected against LPS-induced reduction in intestinal barrier integrity, but FA additionally reduced inflammatory cell infiltration even below negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Stefanson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Rd E, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Rd E, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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96
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Bamboo-shaving polysaccharide protects against high-diet induced obesity and modulates the gut microbiota of mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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97
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Bastardot F, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P. Association of body temperature with obesity. The CoLaus study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1026-1033. [PMID: 30250242 PMCID: PMC6760582 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between body temperature and obesity. We aimed to assess the associations between body temperature and several adiposity and metabolic markers according to gender and menopausal status in a large population-based sample. Methods The data collected between 2009 and 2012 from 4224 participants (mean age 57.3 ± 10.4 years, 2225 women) of the CoLaus study (Lausanne, Switzerland). Body temperature was measured at the tympanic membrane. Results Mean body temperature was 36.1 ± 0.4, 36.4 ± 0.4 and 36.3 ± 0.4 °C in men, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women, respectively (p < 0.001). In men and postmenopausal women, body temperature was positively and significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body mass index (Spearman correlation coefficients 0.157 and 0.083, respectively), waist (r = 0.163 and r = 0.104), waist to hip ratio (r = 0.187 and r = 0.132), body area (r = 0.094 and r = 0.085), resting heart rate (r = 0.227 and r = 182), glucose (r = 0.104 and r = 0.088) and insulin (r = 0.148 and r = 0.117). Except for body area and BMI in postmenopausal women, all associations remained significant after multivariable adjustment. In premenopausal women, body temperature was positively associated with resting heart rate (r = 0.140) and insulin (r = 0.170), and no significant associations were found after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion Body temperature is strongly associated with obesity markers in men and postmenopausal women. The absence of association in premenopausal women might be due to the influence of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bastardot
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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98
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Th17 and Treg lymphocytes in obesity and Type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:77-85. [PMID: 30218707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assumption that the pathogenesis of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2DM) encompasses inflammation and autoimmune aspects is increasingly recognized. In the state of obesity and T2DM, the imbalance of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are observed. These alterations reflect a loss of T cell homeostasis, which may contribute to tissue and systemic inflammation and immunity in T2DM. In this review we will discuss the accumulating data supporting the concept that Th17/Treg mediated immune responses are present in obesity-related T2DM pathogenesis, and provide evidences that restoration of Th17/Treg imbalance may be a possible therapeutic avenue for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.
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99
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Käräjämäki AJ, Hukkanen J, Ukkola O. The association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atrial fibrillation: a review. Ann Med 2018; 50:371-380. [PMID: 29929399 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1492147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and causes an enormous burden to human health and health-care systems all over the world. A great proportion of this burden results from increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic heart arrhythmia globally and it increases the risk of embolic stroke and heart failure. Recent studies have explored the association between NAFLD and AF with somewhat conflicting results. However, ultrasound-verified prospective studies concur that NAFLD is associated with the incidence of AF. According to epidemiological evidence, the greater the prevalence of NALFD in a population, the stronger the association with AF incidence and prevalence. Specifically, diabetic individuals with NAFLD are at the greatest risk of AF. Additionally, the risk of AF may concentrate most in individuals with advanced NAFLD, particularly those with liver fibrosis. The possible mechanistic factors between NAFLD and AF, particularly obesity and systemic inflammation, are diverse and form a complex interplaying network. However, further studies are needed to elucidate whether NAFLD has a causative role in the development of AF. The purpose of this article is to review and discuss the epidemiologic evidence and possible mechanistic links between these two conditions. KEY MESSAGES Although epidemiologic studies have provided conflicting results on the association of NAFLD and AF, prospective studies with ultrasound-verified NAFLD concur that NAFLD is associated with about 2-fold greater incidence of AF among general population and about 6-fold greater incidence among subjects with type 2 diabetes. The risk of AF among individuals with NAFLD is increased by other cardiovascular risk factors, especially type 2 diabetes and advanced age. The possible mechanistic links between NALFD and AF are diverse, with obesity and systemic inflammation having a significant role, but further studies are needed until NAFLD can be established as a causal factor in the incidence of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Juhani Käräjämäki
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Clinics of Internal Medicine, Vaasa Central Hospital , Vaasa , Finland.,b Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu , Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- b Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu , Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Olavi Ukkola
- b Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu , Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
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100
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Qian L, Gao R, Hong L, Pan C, Li H, Huang J, Qin H. Association analysis of dietary habits with gut microbiota of a native Chinese community. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:856-866. [PMID: 30112040 PMCID: PMC6090428 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure, including a high-fat diet (HFD), contributes to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer by changing the composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, data examining the interaction between dietary habits and intestinal microbiota of the Chinese population is sparse. We assessed dietary habits using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in native Chinese community volunteers. Based on the dietary fat content determined using the FFQ, the volunteers were divided into HFD group (≥40% of dietary calories came from fat) or low-fat diet (LFD) group (<40%). Fecal and colonic mucosal microbiota composition was determined using 16S rDNA based methods. In stool matter of HFD group, Prevotella and Abiotrophia showed significantly higher abundance, whereas unclassified genus of S24-7 (family level) of Bacteroidetes, Gemmiger, Akkermansia and Rothia were less abundant. On colonic mucosal tissue testing, unclassified genus of S24-7 showed significantly higher abundance while Bacteroides, Coprobacter, Abiotrophia, and Asteroleplasma were less abundant in HFD group. A high fat and low fiber diet in a native Chinese community may partially contribute to changes of intestinal microbiota composition that may potentially favor the onset and progression of gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leimin Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai No. 10 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Renyuan Gao
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Leiming Hong
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Pan
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai No. 10 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Huanlong Qin, Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shanghai No. 10 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 301 Yanchang Middle Road, Zhabei, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China, E-mail:
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