51
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Awad RM, Lecocq Q, Zeven K, Ertveldt T, De Beck L, Ceuppens H, Broos K, De Vlaeminck Y, Goyvaerts C, Verdonck M, Raes G, Van Parys A, Cauwels A, Keyaerts M, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Formatting and gene-based delivery of a human PD-L1 single domain antibody for immune checkpoint blockade. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:172-182. [PMID: 34485603 PMCID: PMC8397838 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that target the inhibitory immune checkpoint axis consisting of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, have changed the immune-oncology field. We identified K2, an anti-human PD-L1 single-domain antibody fragment, that can enhance T cell activation and tumor cell killing. In this study, the potential of different K2 formats as immune checkpoint blocking medicines was evaluated using a gene-based delivery approach. We showed that 2K2 and 3K2, a bivalent and trivalent K2 format generated using a 12 GS (glycine-serine) linker, were 313- and 135-fold more potent in enhancing T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in PD-1POS cells than was monovalent K2. We further showed that bivalent constructs generated using a 30 GS linker or disulfide bond were 169- and 35-fold less potent in enhancing TCR signaling than was 2K2. 2K2 enhanced tumor cell killing in a 3D melanoma model, albeit to a lesser extent than avelumab. Therefore, an immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibody-like fusion protein was generated, referred to as K2-Fc. K2-Fc was significantly better than avelumab in enhancing tumor cell killing in the 3D melanoma model. Overall, this study describes K2-based immune checkpoint medicines, and it highlights the benefit of an IgG1 Fc fusion to K2 that gains bivalency, effector functions, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin Lecocq
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katty Zeven
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien De Beck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Ceuppens
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Verdonck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Parys
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anje Cauwels
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Keyaerts
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Glucocorticoid and PD-1 Cross-Talk: Does the Immune System Become Confused? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092333. [PMID: 34571982 PMCID: PMC8468592 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1/2, control T cell activation and tolerance. While PD-1 expression is induced upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation or cytokine signaling, PD-L1 is expressed on B cells, antigen presenting cells, and on non-immune tissues, including cancer cells. Importantly, PD-L1 binding inhibits T cell activation. Therefore, the modulation of PD-1/PD-L1 expression on immune cells, both circulating or in a tumor microenvironment and/or on the tumor cell surface, is one mechanism of cancer immune evasion. Therapies that target PD-1/PD-L1, blocking the T cell-cancer cell interaction, have been successful in patients with various types of cancer. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are often administered to manage the side effects of chemo- or immuno-therapy, exerting a wide range of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. However, GCs may also have tumor-promoting effects, interfering with therapy. In this review, we examine GC signaling and how it intersects with PD-1/PD-L1 pathways, including a discussion on the potential for GC- and PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapies to "confuse" the immune system, leading to a cancer cell advantage that counteracts anti-cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, combination therapies should be utilized with an awareness of the potential for opposing effects on the immune system.
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53
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Spared Nerve Injury Causes Sexually Dimorphic Mechanical Allodynia and Differential Gene Expression in Spinal Cords and Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5396-5419. [PMID: 34331199 PMCID: PMC8497331 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is more prevalent in women. However, females are under-represented in animal experiments, and the mechanisms of sex differences remain inadequately understood. We used the spared nerve injury (SNI) model in rats to characterize sex differences in pain behaviour, unbiased RNA-Seq and proteomics to study the mechanisms. Male and female rats were subjected to SNI- and sham-surgery. Mechanical and cold allodynia were assessed. Ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) segments were collected for RNA-seq analysis with DESeq2 on Day 7. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for proteomic analysis and DRGs and SCs for analysis of IB-4 and CGRP, and IBA1 and GFAP, respectively, were collected on Day 21. Females developed stronger mechanical allodynia. There were no differences between the sexes in CGRP and IB-4 in the DRG or glial cell markers in the SC. No CSF protein showed change following SNI. DRG and SC showed abundant changes in gene expression. Sexually dimorphic responses were found in genes related to T-cells (cd28, ctla4, cd274, cd4, prf1), other immunological responses (dpp4, c5a, cxcr2 and il1b), neuronal transmission (hrh3, thbs4, chrna4 and pdyn), plasticity (atf3, c1qc and reg3b), and others (bhlhe22, mcpt1l, trpv6). We observed significantly stronger mechanical allodynia in females and numerous sexually dimorphic changes in gene expression following SNI in rats. Several genes have previously been linked to NP, while some are novel. Our results suggest gene targets for further studies in the development of new, possibly sex-specific, therapies for NP.
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54
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Patarat R, Riku S, Kunadirek P, Chuaypen N, Tangkijvanich P, Mutirangura A, Puttipanyalears C. The expression of FLNA and CLU in PBMCs as a novel screening marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14838. [PMID: 34290294 PMCID: PMC8295309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection improves survival and increases curative probability in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can provide an inexpensive, less-invasive and highly accurate method. The objective of this study is to find the potential marker for HCC screening, utilizing gene expression of the PBMCs. Data from the NCBI GEO database of gene expression in HCC patients and healthy donor's PBMCs was collected. As a result, GSE 49515 and GSE 58208 were found. Using both, a statistical significance test was conducted in each gene expression of each data set which resulted in 187 genes. We randomized three selected genes (FLNA, CAP1, and CLU) from the significant p-value group (p-values < 0.001). Then, a total of 76 healthy donors, 153 HCC, 20 hepatic fibrosis, 20 non-alcoholic fatty liver were collected. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed in cDNA from all blood samples from the qRT-PCR, The Cycle threshold (Ct) value of FLNA, CLU, CAP1 of HCC group (28.47 ± 4.43, 28.01 ± 3.75, 29.64 ± 3.90) were lower than healthy group (34.23 ± 3.54, 32.90 ± 4.15, 32.18 ± 5.02) (p-values < 0.0001). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of these genes as a screening tool were: FLNA (80.8%, 88.0%, 65.8%), CLU (63.4%, 93.3%, 31.3%), CAP1 (67.2%, 83.3%, 39.1%). The tests were performed in two and three gene combinations. Results demonstrated high accuracy of 86.2%, sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 88.4% in the FLNA and CLU combination. Furthermore, after analyzed using hepatic fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver as a control, the FLNA and CLU combination is shown to have accuracy of 76.9%, sensitivity of 77.6% and specificity of 75%. Also, we founded that our gene combination performs better than the current gold standard for HCC screening. We concluded that FLNA and CLU combination have high potential for being HCC novel markers. Combined with current tumor markers, further research of the gene’s expression might help identify more potential markers and improve diagnosis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathasapa Patarat
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shoji Riku
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattapon Kunadirek
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthaya Chuaypen
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Charoenchai Puttipanyalears
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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55
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Shibru B, Fey K, Fricke S, Blaudszun AR, Fürst F, Weise M, Seiffert S, Weyh MK, Köhl U, Sack U, Boldt A. Detection of Immune Checkpoint Receptors - A Current Challenge in Clinical Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694055. [PMID: 34276685 PMCID: PMC8281132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological therapy principles are increasingly determining modern medicine. They are used to treat diseases of the immune system, for tumors, but also for infections, neurological diseases, and many others. Most of these therapies base on antibodies, but small molecules, soluble receptors or cells and modified cells are also used. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is amazingly fast. T-cell directed antibody therapies against PD-1 or CTLA-4 are already firmly established in the clinic. Further targets are constantly being added and it is becoming increasingly clear that their expression is not only relevant on T cells. Furthermore, we do not yet have any experience with the long-term systemic effects of the treatment. Flow cytometry can be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and detection of side effects. In this review, we focus on checkpoint molecules as target molecules and functional markers of cells of the innate and acquired immune system. However, for most of the interesting and potentially relevant parameters, there are still no test kits suitable for routine use. Here we give an overview of the detection of checkpoint molecules on immune cells in the peripheral blood and show examples of a possible design of antibody panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Shibru
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Fey
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Weise
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Seiffert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Katharina Weyh
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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56
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A Proteomic Atlas of Lineage and Cancer-Polarized Expression Modules in Myeloid Cells Modeling Immunosuppressive Tumor-Infiltrating Subsets. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060542. [PMID: 34208043 PMCID: PMC8230595 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells together with tumor-infiltrating macrophages constitute the main tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive myeloid populations. Due to the phenotypic resemblance to conventional myeloid cells, their identification and purification from within the tumors is technically difficult and makes their study a challenge. We differentiated myeloid cells modeling the three main tumor-infiltrating types together with uncommitted macrophages, using ex vivo differentiation methods resembling the tumor microenvironment. The phenotype and proteome of these cells was compared to identify linage-dependent relationships and cancer-specific interactome expression modules. The relationships between monocytic MDSCs and TAMs, monocytic MDSCs and granulocytic MDSCs, and hierarchical relationships of expression networks and transcription factors due to lineage and cancer polarization were mapped. Highly purified immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations that model tumor-infiltrating counterparts were systematically analyzed by quantitative proteomics. Full functional interactome maps have been generated to characterize at high resolution the relationships between the three main myeloid tumor-infiltrating cell types. Our data highlights the biological processes related to each cell type, and uncover novel shared and differential molecular targets. Moreover, the high numbers and fidelity of ex vivo-generated subsets to their natural tumor-shaped counterparts enable their use for validation of new treatments in high-throughput experiments.
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57
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To KKW, Fong W, Cho WCS. Immunotherapy in Treating EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: Current Challenges and New Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635007. [PMID: 34113560 PMCID: PMC8185359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), have dramatically improved the survival and quality of life of a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Multiple predictive biomarkers have been proposed to select the patients who may benefit from the immune checkpoint inhibitors. EGFR-mutant NSCLC is the most prevalent molecular subtype in Asian lung cancer patients. However, patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC show poor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. While small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the preferred initial treatment for EGFR-mutant NSCLC, acquired drug resistance is severely limiting the long-term efficacy. However, there is currently no further effective treatment option for TKIs-refractory EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. The reasons mediating the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients to immunotherapy are not clear. Initial investigations revealed that EGFR-mutated NSCLC has lower PD-L1 expression and a low tumor mutational burden, thus leading to weak immunogenicity. Moreover, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade prior to or concurrent with osimertinib has been reported to increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, emerging evidence shows that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in NSCLC patients can lead to hyperprogressive disease associated with dismal prognosis. However, it is difficult to predict the treatment toxicity. New biomarkers are urgently needed to predict response and toxicity associated with the use of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Recently, promising data have emerged to suggest the potentiation of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy by anti-angiogenic agents and a few other novel therapeutic agents. This article reviews the current investigations about the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and discusses the new strategies that may be adopted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wang M, Ma X, Zhou K, Mao H, Liu J, Xiong X, Zhao X, Narva S, Tanaka Y, Wu Y, Guo C, Sugiyama H, Zhang W. Discovery of Pyrrole-imidazole Polyamides as PD-L1 Expression Inhibitors and Their Anticancer Activity via Immune and Nonimmune Pathways. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6021-6036. [PMID: 33949196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors based on monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy, but there still exist unresolved issues, such as the high cost, the relatively low response rates, and so on, compared with small-molecule drugs. Herein a type of pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamide as a small-molecule DNA binder was designed and synthesized, which could competitively bind to the same double-stranded DNA stretch in the PD-L1 promoter region as the STAT3 binding site and thus downregulate PD-L1 expression. It was demonstrated that the Py-Im polyamides directly caused apoptosis in tumor cells and retarded cell migration in the absence of T cells through inhibiting the Akt/caspase-3 pathway. Also, in a coculture system, they enhanced the T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells by the reversal of immune escape. Because such polyamides induced antitumor effects via both immune and nonimmune pathways, they could be further developed as promising PD-L1 gene-targeting antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xudong Ma
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiachun Liu
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xuqiong Xiong
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhao
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Suresh Narva
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Chuanxin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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59
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Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:560-570. [PMID: 33753940 PMCID: PMC9389600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a critical role in immunomodulation. Here, we identify the role of EVs as mediators of communication between cancer and immune cells. This expanded role of EVs may shed light on the mechanisms behind tumor progression and provide translational diagnostic and prognostic tools for immunologists.
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60
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Zhang T, Zheng S, Liu Y, Li X, Wu J, Sun Y, Liu G. DNA damage response and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in ovarian cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103112. [PMID: 33838550 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance, relapse and metastasis. In recent years, immunotherapy has been applied in numerous cancers clinically. However, the effect of immunotherapy monotherapy in ovarian cancer is limited. DNA damage response (DDR) is an essential factor affecting the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Defective DNA repair may lead to carcinogenesis and tumor genomic instability, but on the other hand, it may also portend particular vulnerability of tumors and can be used as biomarkers for immunotherapy patient selection. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway mediates tumor immune escape, which may be a promising target for immunotherapy. Therefore, further understanding of the mechanism of PD-L1 expression after DDR may help guide the development of immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. In this review, we present the DNA damage repair pathway and summarize how DNA damage repair affects the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in cancer cells. And then we look for biomarkers that affect efficacy or prognosis. Finally, we review the progress of PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy in combination with other therapies that may affect the DDR pathway in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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61
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Type I interferons as key players in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:1-80. [PMID: 33832648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet inflammation (insulitis) and specific pancreatic β-cell destruction by an immune attack. Although the precise underlying mechanisms leading to the autoimmune assault remain poorly understood, it is well accepted that insulitis takes place in the context of a conflicting dialogue between pancreatic β-cells and the immune cells. Moreover, both host genetic background (i.e., candidate genes) and environmental factors (e.g., viral infections) contribute to this inadequate dialogue. Accumulating evidence indicates that type I interferons (IFNs), cytokines that are crucial for both innate and adaptive immune responses, act as key links between environmental and genetic risk factors in the development of T1D. This chapter summarizes some relevant pathways involved in β-cell dysfunction and death, and briefly reviews how enteroviral infections and genetic susceptibility can impact insulitis. Moreover, we present the current evidence showing that, in β-cells, type I IFN signaling pathway activation leads to several outcomes, such as long-lasting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I hyperexpression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epigenetic changes, and induction of posttranscriptional as well as posttranslational modifications. MHC class I overexpression, when combined with ER stress and posttranscriptional/posttranslational modifications, might lead to sustained neoantigen presentation to immune system and β-cell apoptosis. This knowledge supports the concept that type I IFNs are implicated in the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the promising therapeutic avenues for T1D treatment directed at type I IFN signaling pathway.
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Zhang L, Wang J, Zhang B, Chu Q, Su C, Wu H, Chen X, Wang B, Yin Y, Zhu B, Sun J. Attitudes and Practices of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Chinese Patients With Cancer: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:583126. [PMID: 33841138 PMCID: PMC8025873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.583126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are revolutionizing the field of immuno-oncology. Side effects and tumor microenvironment currently represent the most significant obstacles to using ICIs. In this study, we conducted an extensive cross-sectional survey to investigate the concept and practices regarding the use of ICIs in cancer patients in China. The results provide real-world data on the adverse events (AEs) of ICIs and the factors influencing the use of ICIs. This survey was developed by the Expert Committee on Immuno-Oncology of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO-IO) and the Expert Committee on Patient Education of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO-PE). The surveys were distributed using a web-based platform between November 29, 2019 and December 21, 2019. A total of 1,575 patients were included. High costs (43.9%), uncertainty about drug efficacy (41.2%), and no reimbursement from medical insurance (32.4%) were the factors that prevented the patients from using ICIs. The patients were most concerned about the onset time or effective duration of ICIs (40.3%), followed by the indications of ICIs and pre-use evaluation (33.4%). Moreover, 9.0, 57.1, 21.0, and 12.9% of the patients reported tumor disappearance, tumor volume reduction, no change in tumor volume, and increased tumor volume. Among the patients who received ICIs, 65.7% reported immune-related AEs (irAEs); 96.1% reported mild-to-moderate irAEs. Cancer patients in China had a preliminary understanding of ICIs. Yet, the number of patients treated with ICIs was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bicheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- Associate Chief Physician of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Oncology, No. 960 Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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63
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Altable M, de la Serna JM. Protection against COVID-19 in African population: Immunology, genetics, and malaria clues for therapeutic targets. Virus Res 2021; 299:198347. [PMID: 33631219 PMCID: PMC7898966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked discrepancy between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and COVID-19 cases and deaths in Africa. MAIN: SARS-CoV-2 stimulates humoral and cellular immunity systems, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear NF-kB signalling pathways, which regulate inflammatory gene expression and immune cell differentiation. The result is pro-inflammatory cytokines release, hyperinflammatory condition, and cytokine storm, which provoke severe lung alterations that can lead to multi-organ failure in COVID-19. Multiple genetic and immunologic factors may contribute to the severity of COVID-19 in African individuals when compared to the rest of the global population. In this article, the role of malaria, NF-kB and MAPK pathways, caspase-12 expression, high level of LAIR-1-containing antibodies, and differential glycophorins (GYPA/B) expression in COVID-19 are discussed. CONCLUSION Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms can help identify target points for drugs and vaccines development against COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explores this link and proposes a biological and molecular answer to the epidemiologic discrepancy in COVID-19 in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Altable
- Private Practice of Neurology, Neuroceuta. (Virgen de África Clinic), Ceuta, Spain.
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64
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Sefid F, Payandeh Z, Azamirad G, Baradaran B, Nabi Afjadi M, Islami M, Darvish M, Kalantar SM, Kahroba H, Ardakani MA. Atezolizumab and granzyme B as immunotoxin against PD-L1 antigen; an insilico study. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 33680705 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD274 gene encodes programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein, also known as B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), which is a crucial hallmark for highly proliferation cells including cancer cells. PD-1 and PD-L1 interaction is assumed as a negative regulator for immune response which can inhibit the T cell growth and cytokine secretion and supports tumor cells evasion from immune system. therefore, PD-L1 could be assumed as a candidate target for immune-therapy. The predicted structure of PD-L1 indicates (Gly4Ser) 3 linker-based chains links. In that line, different simulation softwares applied to explore the structure of granzyme B (GrB), a serine protease in cytotoxic lymphocytes granules as an apoptosis mediator, was attached to its specific antibody structure (atezolizumab) via an adaptor sequence. Evaluation of accuracy, energy minimization and characterization of biological properties of the final processed structure were performed and our computational outcomes indicated that the employed method for structure prediction has been successfully managed to design the immunotoxin structure. It is necessary to mention that, the precise and accurate design of the immune-therapeutic agents against cancer cells can be confirmed by employment of in-silico approaches. Consequently, based on this approach we could introduce a capable immunotoxin which specifically targeting PD-L1 in an accurate orientation and initiates cancer cell destruction by its toxin domain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00076-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Sefid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Biology, Science and Art University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), 710004 Xi'an, China
| | - Ghasem Azamirad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Islami
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Darvish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Science, Arāk, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran.,Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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65
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Karwacz K, Arce F, Bricogne C, Kochan G, Escors D. PD-L1 co-stimulation, ligand-induced TCR down-modulation and anti-tumor immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:86-88. [PMID: 22318430 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.1.17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 engagement on the surface of effector T cells strongly suppresses their cytotoxic function, which constitutes a major obstacle for T cell-mediated anti-tumor activities. Surprisingly, PD-1 is strongly upregulated in T cells, engaging its ligand PD-L1 during antigen presentation. However, our recent published data may provide an explanation for this apparent contradiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karwacz
- Center for Neurologic Disease; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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66
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Gesiotto QJ, Swoboda DM, Shallis RM, Al Ali N, Padron E, Kuykendall AT, Song J, Talati C, Sweet K, Lancet JE, Zeidan AM, Komrokji RS, Sallman DA. Evaluating Predictors of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Myeloid Malignancies. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 21:421-424.e2. [PMID: 33583730 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Swoboda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Rory M Shallis
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Najla Al Ali
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Eric Padron
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Andrew T Kuykendall
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jinming Song
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Chetasi Talati
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Kendra Sweet
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jeffrey E Lancet
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Rami S Komrokji
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - David A Sallman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL.
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67
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Nandi D, Pathak S, Verma T, Singh M, Chattopadhyay A, Thakur S, Raghavan A, Gokhroo A, Vijayamahantesh. T cell costimulation, checkpoint inhibitors and anti-tumor therapy. J Biosci 2021. [PMID: 32345776 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of the adaptive immune response are specificity and memory. The cellular response is mediated by T cells which express cell surface T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize peptide antigens in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, binding of cognate TCRs with MHC-peptide complexes alone (signal 1) does not trigger optimal T cell activation. In addition to signal 1, the binding of positive and negative costimulatory receptors to their ligands modulates T cell activation. This complex signaling network prevents aberrant activation of T cells. CD28 is the main positive costimulatory receptor on naı¨ve T cells; upon activation, CTLA4 is induced but reduces T cell activation. Further studies led to the identification of additional negative costimulatory receptors known as checkpoints, e.g. PD1. This review chronicles the basic studies in T cell costimulation that led to the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors, i.e. antibodies to negative costimulatory receptors (e.g. CTLA4 and PD1) which reduce tumor growth. This discovery has been recognized with the award of the 2018 Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine. This review highlights the structural and functional roles of costimulatory receptors, the mechanisms by which checkpoint inhibitors work, the challenges encountered and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
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68
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Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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69
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Hu X, Wang J, Chu M, Liu Y, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Emerging Role of Ubiquitination in the Regulation of PD-1/PD-L1 in Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:908-919. [PMID: 33388422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of evidence suggests that ubiquitination and deubiquitination of programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play crucial roles in the regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 protein stabilization and dynamics. PD-1/PD-L1 is a major coinhibitory checkpoint pathway that modulates immune escape in cancer patients, and its engagement and inhibition has significantly reshaped the landscape of tumor clearance. The abnormal ubiquitination and deubiquitination of PD-1/PD-L1 influence PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we describe the ubiquitination- and deubiquitination-mediated modulation of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling through a variety of E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Moreover, we briefly expound on the anticancer potential of some agents that target related E3 ligases, which further modulate the ubiquitination of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancers. Therefore, this review reveals the development of a highly promising therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy by targeting PD-1/PD-L1 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.
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71
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Zhou H, Jiang M, Yuan H, Ni W, Tai G. Dual roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by Toll-like receptor signaling in cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:149. [PMID: 33552267 PMCID: PMC7798029 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and are the main mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression. Recent studies have reported that the survival, differentiation and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs are affected by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. However, the regulatory effect of TLR signaling on MDSCs remains controversial. TLR-induced MDSC can acquire different immunosuppressive activities to influence the immune response that can be either beneficial or detrimental to cancer immunotherapy. The present review summarizes the effects of TLR signals on the number, phenotype and inhibitory activity of MDSCs, and their role in cancer immunotherapy, which cannot be ignored if effective cancer immunotherapies are to be developed for the immunosuppression of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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72
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Ali AS, Langer SW, Federspiel B, Hjortland GO, Grønbæk H, Ladekarl M, Welin S, Weber Vestermark L, Arola J, Osterlund P, Knigge U, Sørbye H, Micke P, Grimelius L, Grönberg M, Tiensuu Janson E. PD-L1 expression in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms grade 3. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243900. [PMID: 33315908 PMCID: PMC7735636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms grade 3 (GEP-NENs G3) are rare tumors. These highly aggressive neoplasms are traditionally treated with platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with etoposide. Immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) may have a role in different cancers allowing them escape the immune system and hence, progress. We aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in GEP-NEN G3 and evaluate its correlation to clinical parameters. In a cohort of 136 patients, 14 (10%) expressed PD-L1 immunoreactivity; four (3%) patients in the tumor cells and 10 (7%) had immunoreactive immune cells. PD-L1 expression did not correlate to clinical parameters, progression-free survival or overall survival. We conclude that PD-L1 expression is present only in a subset of GEP-NEN G3 patients. Further studies are needed to fully understand the role of PD-L1 in patients with GEP-NEN G3, including the future possibility for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Salwa Ali
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Seppo W. Langer
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Federspiel
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Ladekarl
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Staffan Welin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Arola
- Pathology, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki Finland
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulrich Knigge
- Department of Surgery C and Endocrinology PE, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Halfdan Sørbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Grimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Grönberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Fernandez G, Chocarro L, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Systemic CD4 Immunity as a Key Contributor to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586907. [PMID: 33329566 PMCID: PMC7734243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has significantly improved treatment outcome for several cancer types compared to conventional cytotoxic therapies. However, the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms behind its efficacy are currently unclear. There is increasing evidence in murine models and in patients that unveil the key importance of systemic immunity to achieve clinical responses under several types of immunotherapy. Indeed, PD-L1/PD-1 blockade induces the expansion of systemic CD8+ PD-1+ T cell subpopulations which might be responsible for direct anti-tumor responses. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade-induced anti-tumor responses has been less documented. In this review we focus on the experimental data supporting the “often suspected” indispensable helper function of CD4 T cells towards CD8 effector anti-tumor responses in cancer; and particularly, we highlight the recently published studies uncovering the key contribution of systemic CD4 T cells to clinical efficacy in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies. We conclude and propose that the presence of specific CD4 T cell memory subsets in peripheral blood before the initiation of treatments is a strong predictor of responses in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Therefore, development of new approaches to improve CD4 responses before PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy could be the solution to increase response rates and survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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74
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Fu Y, Liao G. Soluble PD-1: Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587460. [PMID: 33329567 PMCID: PMC7710690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1) has shown remarkable clinical outcome. Lately, their soluble counterparts, sPD-1 and sPD-L1, have been detected in plasma, and elevated levels have been associated with advanced disease, clinical stages, and worst prognosis for cancer patients. Elevated plasma levels of sPD-L1 have been correlated with worst prognosis in several studies and has displayed a persistent outlook. On the other hand, sPD-1 levels have been inconsistent in their predictive and prognostic ability. Pretherapeutic higher sPD-1 plasma levels have shown to predict advanced disease state and to a lesser extent worst prognosis. Any increase in sPD-1 plasma level post therapeutically have been correlated with improved survival for various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown sPD-1 ability to bind PD-L1 and PD-L2 and block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Local delivery of sPD-1 in cancer tumor microenvironment through local gene therapy have demonstrated an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cell immunity and tumor growth reduction. It had also exhibited enhancement of T cell immunity induced by vaccination and other gene therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it may also lessen the inhibitory effect of circulating sPD-L1 and enhance the effects of mAb-based immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight various aspects of sPD-1 role in cancer prediction, prognosis, and anti-cancer immunity, as well as, its therapeutic value for local gene therapy or systemic immunotherapy in blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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75
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Upreti D, Bakhshinyan D, Bloemberg D, Vora P, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Strategies to Enhance the Efficacy of T-Cell Therapy for Central Nervous System Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599253. [PMID: 33281826 PMCID: PMC7689359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality rates in patients diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, originating in the brain or spinal cord, continue to remain high despite the advances in multimodal treatment regimens, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Recent success of adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy treatments using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells against in chemotherapy resistant CD19 expressing B-cell lymphomas, has provided the foundation for investigating efficacy of CAR T immunotherapies in the context of brain tumor. Although significant efforts have been made in developing and translating the novel CAR T therapies for CNS tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), researchers are yet to achieve a similar level of success as with liquid malignancies. In this review, we discuss strategies and considerations essential for developing robust preclinical models for the translation of T cell-based therapies for CNS tumors. Some of the key considerations include route of delivery, increasing persistence of T cells in tumor environment, remodeling of myeloid environment, establishing the window of treatment opportunity, harnessing endogenous immune system, designing multiple antigen targeting T cells, and rational combination of immunotherapy with the current standard of care. Although this review focuses primarily on CAR T therapies for GBM, similar strategies, and considerations are applicable to all CNS tumors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Upreti
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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76
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Porcheri C, Meisel CT, Mitsiadis TA. Molecular and Cellular Modelling of Salivary Gland Tumors Open New Landscapes in Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3107. [PMID: 33114321 PMCID: PMC7690880 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors are neoplasms affecting the major and minor salivary glands of the oral cavity. Their complex pathological appearance and overlapping morphological features between subtypes, pose major challenges in the identification, classification, and staging of the tumor. Recently developed techniques of three-dimensional culture and organotypic modelling provide useful platforms for the clinical and biological characterization of these malignancies. Additionally, new advances in genetic and molecular screenings allow precise diagnosis and monitoring of tumor progression. Finally, novel therapeutic tools with increased efficiency and accuracy are emerging. In this review, we summarize the most common salivary gland neoplasms and provide an overview of the state-of-the-art tools to model, diagnose, and treat salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Porcheri
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.T.M.); (T.A.M.)
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been approved for several solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer. ICIs have shown unprecedented durable responses and higher response rates than chemotherapy in selected patients. The development of biomarkers that serve as predictors of response is crucial for treatment selection. Evidence suggests that the response to immunotherapy depends on tumor genomics and the interactions with the immune system and the tumor microenvironment. This article reviews the data supporting the use of these biomarkers to optimize patient selection for these therapies and explores biomarkers that are the focus of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean G Bustamante-Alvarez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 320 West 10th Avenue, A450B Starling Loving Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dwight H Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 320 West 10th Avenue, A450B Starling Loving Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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78
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Fu Y, Tian G, Li J, Zhang Z, Xu K. An HNSCC syngeneic mouse model for tumor immunology research and preclinical evaluation. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1501-1513. [PMID: 32700748 PMCID: PMC7447356 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of reliable animal models to assess the safety and efficacy of drugs and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms is one of the most severe impediments in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor immunology research. The majority of xenograft tumor models established using immunodeficient mice neglect the effects of T cells. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there is no syngeneic tumor model available that reflects the immune microenvironmental features of HNSCC tumors. To solve this issue, the present study used 4‑nitroquinoline‑1‑oxide (4‑NQO) to induce squamous cell carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice. Three HNSCC cell lines were then established, and one of these, termed JC1, was selected for further analysis due to its enhanced proliferative ability and tumorigenicity in immunodeficient nude mice. However, none of the 3 cell lines could form tumors in immunocompetent mice. Due to the different tumorigenicities in nude and C57BL/6 mice, the immune system may play an important role in inoculated JC1 tumor progression. Chemical induction was used to establish the tumorigenicity‑enhanced cell line, JC1‑2, which can form syngeneic tumors in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. Next‑generation sequencing (NGS) was used to perform the immunogenomic and transcriptomic characterization of the JC1‑2 cells. Splenocytes were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and co‑cultured with JC1‑2 cells to verify the responsiveness of the interferon (IFN)‑γ pathway in the JC1‑2 cell line. Unlike the majority of syngeneic mouse tumors, the JC1‑2‑formed tumors resembled 'inflamed tumors' due to the abundancy of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, more intense immune responses were observed in the orthotopic mouse model than in the heterotopic model. Thus, this model could be used to delineate the interactions between HNSCC and lymphocytes, and to validate novel immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology
| | - Guocai Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology
| | - Jiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology
| | - Ke Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology
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79
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Fiore D, Cappelli LV, Broccoli A, Zinzani PL, Chan WC, Inghirami G. Peripheral T cell lymphomas: from the bench to the clinic. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:323-342. [PMID: 32249838 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of orphan neoplasms. Despite the introduction of anthracycline-based chemotherapy protocols, with or without autologous haematopoietic transplantation and a plethora of new agents, the progression-free survival of patients with PTCLs needs to be improved. The rarity of these neoplasms, the limited knowledge of their driving defects and the lack of experimental models have impaired clinical successes. This scenario is now rapidly changing with the discovery of a spectrum of genomic defects that hijack essential signalling pathways and foster T cell transformation. This knowledge has led to new genomic-based stratifications, which are being used to establish objective diagnostic criteria, more effective risk assessment and target-based interventions. The integration of genomic and functional data has provided the basis for targeted therapies and immunological approaches that underlie individual tumour vulnerabilities. Fortunately, novel therapeutic strategies can now be rapidly tested in preclinical models and effectively translated to the clinic by means of well-designed clinical trials. We believe that by combining new targeted agents with immune regulators and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing natural killer and T cells, the overall survival of patients with PTCLs will dramatically increase.
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MESH Headings
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Vincenzo Cappelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Broccoli
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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80
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Saha S, Yakati V, Shankar G, Jaggarapu MMCS, Moku G, Madhusudana K, Banerjee R, Ramkrishna S, Srinivas R, Chaudhuri A. Amphetamine decorated cationic lipid nanoparticles cross the blood-brain barrier: therapeutic promise for combating glioblastoma. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4318-4330. [PMID: 32330214 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Combating brain tumors (glioblastoma multiforme or GBM) is a formidable challenge because of the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), a tight cellular junction that separates the central nervous system (CNS) and systemic circulation. Such a selectively permeable barrier prevents the entry of therapeutic molecules from blood circulation to brain parenchyma. Towards enhancing the efficacy of brain tumor-selective drug delivery without perturbing the BBB integrity, nanometric drug carriers are increasingly becoming an efficient therapeutic modality in preclinical studies. Psychostimulant drugs such as amphetamine and methylated amphetamine (METH) are known to penetrate the BBB. Still, little effort has been made to exploit them in nano-drug delivery, largely due to their toxicities. Herein, for the first time, we design, synthesize, and formulate three different β-amphetaminylated cationic lipid nanoparticles. We show that the β-amphetaminylated cationic lipid nanoparticles are nontoxic and can cross the BBB presumably through active transcytosis. The BBB penetrating ability also depends on the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the lipids, with hexadecyl lipid (16-BACL) nanoparticle showing maximum accumulation in the brain. The lipid nanoparticle of 16-BACL can simultaneously encapsulate paclitaxel and PDL1-siRNA. The dual drug-loaded lipid nanoparticles showed apoptosis driven cellular cytotoxicity against GL261 cells and improved the overall survivability of orthotopic glioblastoma bearing mice compared to their non-targeting counterpart. The present work describes a new class of BBB-crossing lipid nanoparticles and delineates their therapeutic promise against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Saha
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India.
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81
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Effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer: Brightness and challenge. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1499-1514. [PMID: 32303964 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have significantly affected the outcomes of patients with lung cancer. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved as PD-1 blocking antibodies, whereas atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are approved as PD-L1 blocking antibodies by the United States Food and Drug Administration. However, which patient may benefit the most and how to identify patients at risk of primary or acquired resistance has not been completely defined. Meanwhile, close attention has been paid to the ongoing international and domestic clinical trials in Chinese patients with lung cancer. This review aimed to provide deep insight into the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with lung cancer, including the current settings for varied disease status, the predictive biomarkers, the resistance to ICIs, and the ongoing clinical trials in Chinese patients.
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82
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Stachowicz-Stencel T, Synakiewicz A. Biomarkers for pediatric cancer detection: latest advances and future perspectives. Biomark Med 2020; 14:391-400. [PMID: 32270691 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health problems of the modern world. With the development of novel biochemistry and analytical instrumentation, precancer diagnosis has become a major focus of clinical and preclinical research. Finding appropriate biomarkers is crucial to make an early diagnosis, before the disease fully develops. With the improvement of precancer studies, cancer biomarkers prove their usefulness in providing important data on the cancer type and the status of patients' progression at a very early stage of the disease. Due to the constant evolution of pediatric cancer diagnosis, which includes highly advanced molecular techniques, the authors have decided to focus on selected groups of neoplastic disease and these include brain tumors, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Stachowicz-Stencel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Synakiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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83
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Chocarro de Erauso L, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Hernandez C, Fernandez G, Garcia-Granda MJ, Blanco E, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. A Tumor-Intrinsic or Tumor-Extrinsic Phenomenon? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:441. [PMID: 32317979 PMCID: PMC7154133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell-death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), are revolutionizing cancer treatment and transforming the practice of medical oncology. However, despite all the recent successes of this type of immunotherapies, most patients are still refractory and present either intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance. Either way, this is a major clinical problem and one of the most significant challenges in oncology. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers to predict clinical responses or for patient stratification by probability of response has become a clinical necessity. However, the mechanisms leading to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade resistance are still poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to cancer immunotherapies will provide insight for further development of novel strategies designed to overcome resistance and treatment failure. Here we discuss some of the major molecular mechanisms of resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade and argue whether tumor intrinsic or extrinsic factors constitute main determinants of response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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84
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Lam ST, Huang H, Fang X, Wang Z, Hong H, Ren Q, Tian Y, Lin S, Lin T. A New Immunological Prognostic Model Based on Immunohistochemistry for Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Patients After Non-Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1981-1990. [PMID: 32231439 PMCID: PMC7085340 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s244176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been proposed as an important prognostic factor in many types of cancer. However, the role of predicting the prognosis of PD-L1 in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) was controversial. Combining other biomarkers might enhance its predictive power. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of PD-L1 in conjunction with tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+Tregs for ENKTL after non-anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Patients and Methods A total of 81 patients with ENKTL were included in this study. Clinicopathological characteristics were collected, and prognostic significance of PD-L1 in neoplastic cells (nPD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+Tregs were evaluated. Results Patients with nPD-L1-positive had significantly inferior overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) compared with nPD-L1-negative (3-year OS, 37.2% vs 67.3%, p = 0.014; 3-year PFS, 31.0% vs 61.8%, p =0.010, respectively). Patients who had low FoxP3+Tregs had significantly inferior OS and PFS compared with high FoxP3+Tregs (3-year OS, 36.4% vs 63.0%, p = 0.004; 3-year PFS, 31.7% vs 56.3%, p = 0.020, respectively). The results of multivariate analysis showed that nPD-L1 positivity (HR 6.629, 95% CI 1.966–22.350, p=0.002) and low FoxP3+Tregs (HR 7.317, 95% CI 2.154–24.855, p=0.001) were independent predictors of inferior OS. Using these 2 variables, we constructed a new prognostic model that singled out 3 groups with different risk profiles: group 1, no adverse factors; group 2, 1 adverse factor; and group 3, 2 adverse factors. The 3-year OS rates of group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 93.3%, 46.6% and 20.8%, respectively (p<0.001), and the 3-year PFS rates were 86.7%, 40.8% and 15.0%, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusion This study is the first to validate the prognostic value of nPD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+Tregs in ENKTL; the new immunological prognostic model might be used to stratify ENKTL patients in clinical trials for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sio Teng Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Conde De Sao Januario, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangming Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanguang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Lin
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongyu Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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85
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Arasanz H, Zuazo M, Bocanegra A, Gato M, Martínez-Aguillo M, Morilla I, Fernández G, Hernández B, López P, Alberdi N, Hernández C, Chocarro L, Teijeira L, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Early Detection of Hyperprogressive Disease in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Monitoring of Systemic T Cell Dynamics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020344. [PMID: 32033028 PMCID: PMC7073153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is an adverse outcome of immunotherapy consisting of an acceleration of tumor growth associated with prompt clinical deterioration. The definitions based on radiological evaluation present important technical limitations. No biomarkers have been identified yet. In this study, 70 metastatic NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy after progression to platinum-based therapy were prospectively studied. Samples from peripheral blood were obtained before the first (baseline) and second cycles of treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and differentiation stages of CD4 lymphocytes quantified by flow cytometry and correlated with HPD as identified with radiological criteria. A strong expansion of highly differentiated CD28- CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 THD) between the first and second cycle of therapy was observed in HPD patients. After normalizing, the proportion of posttreatment/pretreatment CD4 THD was significantly higher in HPD when compared with the rest of patients (median 1.525 vs. 0.990; p = 0.0007), and also when stratifying by HPD, non-HPD progressors, and responders (1.525, 1.000 and 0.9700 respectively; p = 0.0025). A cut-off value of 1.3 identified HPD with 82% specificity and 70% sensitivity. An increase of CD28- CD4 T lymphocytes ≥ 1.3 (CD4 THD burst) was significantly associated with HPD (p = 0.008). The tumor growth ratio (TGR) was significantly higher in patients with expansion of CD4 THD burst compared to the rest of patients (median 2.67 vs. 0.86, p = 0.0049), and also when considering only progressors (median 2.67 vs. 1.03, p = 0.0126). A strong expansion of CD28- CD4 lymphocytes in peripheral blood within the first cycle of therapy is an early differential feature of HPD in NSCLC treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. The monitoring of T cell dynamics allows the early detection of this adverse outcome in clinical practice and complements radiological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
| | - María Gato
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), University of Navarra, Pio XII ave, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Maite Martínez-Aguillo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Berta Hernández
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Paúl López
- Radiology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Nerea Alberdi
- Radiology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Carlos Hernández
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Teijeira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA), Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (I.M.); (B.H.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (G.K.); (D.E.); Tel.: +34-848-422162 (R.V.); +34-848-425742 (G.K. & D.E.)
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (G.K.); (D.E.); Tel.: +34-848-422162 (R.V.); +34-848-425742 (G.K. & D.E.)
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdISNA) UPNA, Irunlarrea st, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (H.A.); (M.Z.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (C.H.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (G.K.); (D.E.); Tel.: +34-848-422162 (R.V.); +34-848-425742 (G.K. & D.E.)
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86
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McGowan E, Lin Q, Ma G, Yin H, Chen S, Lin Y. PD-1 disrupted CAR-T cells in the treatment of solid tumors: Promises and challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109625. [PMID: 31733578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies brings new hope for patients with many cancer types including solid tumors. However, the challenges for CAR-T cell therapy in eradicating solid tumors are immense. To overcome these seemingly intractable hurdles, more "powerful" CAR-T cells with enhanced antitumor efficacy are required. Emerging data support that the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells can be enhanced significantly without evident toxicity through simultaneous PD-1 disruption by genome editing. This review focuses on the current progress of PD-1 gene disrupted CAR-T cells in cancer therapy. Here we discuss key rationales for this new combination strategy and summarize the available pre-clinical studies. An update is provided on human clinical studies and available registered cancer clinical trials using CAR-T cells with PD-1 disruption. Future prospects and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McGowan
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qimou Lin
- Department of Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guocai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibin Yin
- Guangzhou Anjie Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Size Chen
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precision Treatment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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87
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Hargadon KM. Tumor microenvironmental influences on dendritic cell and T cell function: A focus on clinically relevant immunologic and metabolic checkpoints. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:374-411. [PMID: 32508018 PMCID: PMC7240858 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast becoming one of the most promising means of treating malignant disease. Cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer therapies, and immune checkpoint blockade have all shown varying levels of success in the clinical management of several cancer types in recent years. However, despite the clinical benefits often achieved by these regimens, an ongoing problem for many patients is the inherent or acquired resistance of their cancer to immunotherapy. It is now appreciated that dendritic cells and T lymphocytes both play key roles in antitumor immune responses and that the tumor microenvironment presents a number of barriers to the function of these cells that can ultimately limit the success of immunotherapy. In particular, the engagement of several immunologic and metabolic checkpoints within the hostile tumor microenvironment can severely compromise the antitumor functions of these important immune populations. This review highlights work from both preclinical and clinical studies that has shaped our understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its influence on dendritic cell and T cell function. It focuses on clinically relevant targeted and immunotherapeutic strategies that have emerged from these studies in an effort to prevent or overcome immune subversion within the tumor microenvironment. Emphasis is also placed on the potential of next-generation combinatorial regimens that target metabolic and immunologic impediments to dendritic cell and T lymphocyte function as strategies to improve antitumor immune reactivity and the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M. Hargadon
- Hargadon LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyHampden‐Sydney CollegeHampden‐SydneyVirginiaUSA
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88
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Blocking the FSTL1-DIP2A Axis Improves Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1790-1801. [PMID: 30110636 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is a strong factor in the resistance of cancer to treatment. Blocking immune checkpoint pathways is a promising approach to improve anti-tumor immunity, but the clinical efficacies are still limited. We previously identified follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) as a determinant of immune dysfunction mediated by mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and immunoregulatory cells. Here, we demonstrate that blocking FSTL1 but not immune checkpoint pathways significantly suppresses cancer progression and metastasis in several mouse tumor models with increased MSCs. Expression of DIP2A (the receptor of FSTL1) in tumor cells is critical for FSTL1-induced immunoresistance. FSTL1/DIP2A co-positivity in tumor tissues correlates with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Thus, breaking the FSTL1-DIP2A axis may be a useful strategy for successfully inducing anti-tumor immunity.
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89
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Jeong YIL, Yoo SY, Heo J, Kang DH. Chlorin e6-Conjugated and PEGylated Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Nanocomposites for Pulmonary Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18593-18599. [PMID: 31737818 PMCID: PMC6854570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate theranostic immune checkpoint inhibitor nanocomposites (ICI NC) having an improved tumor targeting ability in pulmonary metastatic colon cancer model. Atezolizumab, a PD-L1 antibody, was conjugated with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MePEG) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) via cathepsin-B-sensitive peptide as a linkage (named as ICI nanocomposites, ICI NC). This ICI NC is delivered to tumor sites enriched with tumor-specific enzymes such as cathepsin B, whereas undesired ICI exposure to normal tissue is avoided. When ICI NC were incubated with cathepsin B, Ce6 was released from ICI NC with increased fluorescence intensity in cathepsin B dose-dependent manner, which was by degradation of the peptide and then liberated Ce6 was activated in the aqueous solution. In animal pulmonary metastasis model using CT26 cells, ICI NC showed superior tumor targetability, i.e., fluorescence intensity was significantly strong in the mouse lung having metastatic tumor. On the contrary, cathepsin-B-deficient carriers such as atezolizumab-Ce6 conjugates or atezolizumab-Ce6/MePEG conjugates showed strong fluorescence intensity in the liver as well as lung. Our proposed ICI NC may be used for theranostic cancer therapy with superior tumor specificity of releasing ICI and Ce6 into tumor microenvironment, thereby showing an efficient inhibitory effect on pulmonary metastasis of CT26 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-IL Jeong
- Research
Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Yoo
- Research
Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
- BIO-IT
Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National
University, Gumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jeong Heo
- Department
of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kang
- Research
Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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90
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Das UN. Bioactive lipids as modulators of immune check point inhibitors. Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109473. [PMID: 31733534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in combination with immune check point inhibitors and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) enhances the activity of T and NK cells and macrophages and thus, aids in the elimination of tumor cells and suppresses inflammatory side effects due to immune check point inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA; BioScience Research Centre, GVP College of Engineering Campus and Department of Medicine, GVP Hospital and Medical College, Visakhapatnam 530048, India.
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91
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Liu X, Shan C, Song Y, Du J. Prognostic Value of Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of 1,315 Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1111. [PMID: 31709181 PMCID: PMC6823255 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prognostic value of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to understand the role of PD-L1 in NPC. Method: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to April 2019. We determined the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the relationship between PD-L1 and various survival outcomes. Begg's funnel plot was used to assess any publication bias. Results: Eleven studies involving 1,315 patients were included in this meta-analysis. For overall survival (OS), the HR was 1.48 and 95% CI was 1.00–2.18 (p = 0.049). For disease-free survival (DFS), the HR was 1.51 and 95% CI was 0.85–2.69 (p = 0.162). For distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), the HR was 1.75 and 95% CI was 0.64–4.79 (p = 0.277). For local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), the HR was 0.67 and 95% CI was 0.06–8.16 (p = 0.756). The results of prognosis of PD-L1 and OS were more significant after sensitivity analysis. The pooled odds ratio indicated that PD-L1 expression was not associated with T stage, N stage, M stage, overall stage, sex, age, smoking, or alcohol intake. No publication bias was found. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that PD-L1 overexpression in NPC was associated with a poor OS and may be useful as a novel prognostic factor for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunguang Shan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingluan Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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92
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Friedman J, Moore EC, Zolkind P, Robbins Y, Clavijo PE, Sun L, Greene S, Morisada MV, Mydlarz WK, Schmitt N, Hodge JW, Schreiber H, Van Waes C, Uppaluri R, Allen C. Neoadjuvant PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade Reverses Functional Immunodominance among Tumor Antigen-Specific T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:679-689. [PMID: 31645352 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical resection of primary tumor with regional lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with advanced human papillomavirus-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, even when pathologic disease-free margins can be achieved, locoregional and/or distant disease relapse remains high. Perioperative immunotherapy may improve outcomes, but mechanistic data supporting the use of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment clinically are sparse. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two syngeneic models of oral cavity carcinoma with defined T-cell antigens were treated with programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) mAb before or after surgical resection of primary tumors, and antigen-specific T-cell responses were explored with functional and in vivo challenge assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that functional immunodominance developed among T cells targeting multiple independent tumor antigens. T cells specific for subdominant antigens expressed greater levels of PD-1. Neoadjuvant, but not adjuvant, PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade broke immunodominance and induced T-cell responses to dominant and subdominant antigens. Using tumors lacking the immunodominant antigen as a model of antigen escape, neoadjuvant PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade induced effector T-cell immunity against tumor cells lacking immunodominant but retaining subdominant antigen. When combined with complete surgical excision, neoadjuvant PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade led to formation of immunologic memory capable of preventing engraftment of tumors lacking the immunodominant but retaining subdominant antigen. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results implicate PD-1 expression by T cells in the mechanism of functional immunodominance among independent T-cell clones within a progressing tumor and support the use of neoadjuvant PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in patients with surgically resectable carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Friedman
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen C Moore
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Zolkind
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lilian Sun
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah Greene
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megan V Morisada
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wojciech K Mydlarz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicole Schmitt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ravindra Uppaluri
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clint Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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93
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Programmed Death Ligand 1 Indicates Pre-Existing Adaptive Immune Response by Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205138. [PMID: 31627272 PMCID: PMC6829548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells impedes antitumor immunity and instigates immune evasion. The remarkable efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade has been confirmed in various solid tumors. However, the correlation between PD-L1 expression and host immunological landscape remains of considerable controversy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, PD-L1 expression and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) infiltration levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tumor sections of 138 NSCLC patients. The expression level of PD-L1 was positively correlated with the abundance of CD8 + TILs (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, no constitutive expression of PD-L1 was observed in the majority of six NSCLC cell lines detected by Western blot; but exposure to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a primary cytokine secreted by activated CD8+ T cells, prominently increased PD-L1 expression. Notably, a significantly positive association was determined within PD-L1, CD8 and IFN-γ gene expression by qRT-PCR, which was corroborated by RNA-sequencing from TCGA lung cancer dataset. These findings demonstrate that PD-L1 expression indicates an adaptive immune resistance mechanism adopted by tumor cells in the aversion of immunogenic destruction by CD8+ TILs. Both higher expression of PD-L1 and infiltration of CD8+ TILs were correlated with superior prognosis (p = 0.044 for PD-L1; p = 0.002 for CD8). Moreover, Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that the combination of PD-L1 and CD8 were independent prognostic factors, which was more accurate in prediction of prognosis in NSCLC than individually. Finally, we found that IFN-γ induced the upregulation of PD-L1 in NSCLC cells, mainly through the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, PD-L1 expression is mainly induced by activated CD8+ TILs via IFN-γ in the immune milieu and indicates pre-existing adaptive immune response in NSCLC.
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94
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Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101596. [PMID: 31581738 PMCID: PMC6832444 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligation of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) with programmed cell death ligand PD-L activates the immune checkpoint leading to T-cell dysfunction, exhaustion, and tolerance, especially in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) where the PD-L/ Janus kinase (Jak) signaling was frequently found altered. Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies can reverse this immune checkpoint, releasing the brake on T-cell responses. The characterization of the mechanisms regulating both the expression of PD-1 and PD-L and their function(s) in HL is ongoing. We provide in this review the recent findings focused on this aim with special attention on the major research topics, such as adverse events and resistance to PD-1–PD-L1 inhibitor treatment, together with a part about angiogenesis, extracellular vesicles, and microbiome in HL pathogenesis.
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95
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Immunomodulatory Bonds of the Partnership between Dendritic Cells and T Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:379-401. [PMID: 30792568 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By acquiring, processing, and presenting both foreign and self-antigens, dendritic cells (DCs) initiate T cell activation that is shaped through the immunomodulatory functions of a variety of cell-membrane-bound molecules including BTLA-HVEM, CD40-CD40L, CTLA-4-CD80/CD86, CD70-CD27, ICOS-ICOS-L, OX40-OX40L, and PD-L1-PD-1, as well as several key cytokines and enzymes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Some of these distinct immunomodulatory signals are mediated by specific subsets of DCs, therefore contributing to the functional specialization of DCs in the priming and regulation of immune responses. In addition to responding to the DC-mediated signals, T cells can reciprocally modulate the immunomodulatory capacities of DCs, further refining immune responses. Here, we review recent studies, particularly in experimental mouse systems, that have delineated the integrated mechanisms of crucial immunomodulatory pathways that enable specific populations of DCs and T cells to work intimately together as single functional units that are indispensable for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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96
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Wu Y, Chen W, Xu ZP, Gu W. PD-L1 Distribution and Perspective for Cancer Immunotherapy-Blockade, Knockdown, or Inhibition. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2022. [PMID: 31507611 PMCID: PMC6718566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy involves blocking the interactions between the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints with antibodies. This has shown unprecedented positive outcomes in clinics. Particularly, the PD-L1 antibody therapy has shown the efficiency in blocking membrane PD-L1 and efficacy in treating some advanced carcinoma. However, this therapy has limited effects on many solid tumors, suspecting to be relevant to PD-L1 located in other cellular compartments, where they play additional roles and are associated with poor prognosis. In this review, we highlight the advances of 3 current strategies on PD-1/PD-L1 based immunotherapy, summarize cellular distribution of PD-L1, and review the versatile functions of intracellular PD-L1. The intracellular distribution and function of PD-L1 may indicate why not all antibody blockade is able to fully stop PD-L1 biological functions and effectively inhibit tumor growth. In this regard, gene silencing may have advantages over antibody blockade on suppression of PD-L1 sources and functions. Apart from cancer cells, PD-L1 silencing on host immune cells such as APC and DC can also enhance T cell immunity, leading to tumor clearance. Moreover, the molecular regulation of PD-L1 expression in cells is being elucidated, which helps identify potential therapeutic molecules to target PD-L1 production and improve clinical outcomes. Based on our understandings of PD-L1 distribution, regulation, and function, we prospect that the more effective PD-L1-based cancer immunotherapy will be combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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97
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Single Domain Antibody-Mediated Blockade of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 on Dendritic Cells Enhances CD8 T-cell Activation and Cytokine Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030085. [PMID: 31394834 PMCID: PMC6789804 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell [DC] vaccines can induce durable clinical responses, at least in a fraction of previously treated, late stage cancer patients. Several preclinical studies suggest that shielding programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1] on the DC surface may be an attractive strategy to extend such clinical benefits to a larger patient population. In this study, we evaluated the use of single domain antibody [sdAb] K2, a high affinity, antagonistic, PD-L1 specific sdAb, for its ability to enhance DC mediated T-cell activation and benchmarked it against the use of the monoclonal antibodies [mAbs], MIH1, 29E.2A3 and avelumab. Similar to mAbs, sdAb K2 enhanced antigen-specific T-cell receptor signaling in PD-1 positive (PD-1pos) reporter cells activated by DCs. We further showed that the activation and function of antigen-specific CD8 positive (CD8pos) T cells, activated by DCs, was enhanced by inclusion of sdAb K2, but not mAbs. The failure of mAbs to enhance T-cell activation might be explained by their low efficacy to bind PD-L1 on DCs when compared to binding of PD-L1 on non-immune cells, whereas sdAb K2 shows high binding to PD-L1 on immune as well as non-immune cells. These data provide a rationale for the inclusion of sdAb K2 in DC-based immunotherapy strategies.
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98
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Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Fernández‐Hinojal G, García‐Granda MJ, Gato M, Bocanegra A, Martínez M, Hernández B, Teijeira L, Morilla I, Lecumberri MJ, Fernández de Lascoiti A, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Functional systemic CD4 immunity is required for clinical responses to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10293. [PMID: 31273938 PMCID: PMC6609910 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of lung cancer patients progressing from conventional therapies are refractory to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade monotherapy. Here, we show that baseline systemic CD4 immunity is a differential factor for clinical responses. Patients with functional systemic CD4 T cells included all objective responders and could be identified before the start of therapy by having a high proportion of memory CD4 T cells. In these patients, CD4 T cells possessed significant proliferative capacities, low co-expression of PD-1/LAG-3 and were responsive to PD-1 blockade ex vivo and in vivo. In contrast, patients with dysfunctional systemic CD4 immunity did not respond even though they had lung cancer-specific T cells. Although proficient in cytokine production, CD4 T cells in these patients proliferated very poorly, strongly co-upregulated PD-1/LAG-3, and were largely refractory to PD-1 monoblockade. CD8 immunity only recovered in patients with functional CD4 immunity. T-cell proliferative dysfunctionality could be reverted by PD-1/LAG-3 co-blockade. Patients with functional CD4 immunity and PD-L1 tumor positivity exhibited response rates of 70%, highlighting the contribution of CD4 immunity for efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Zuazo
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | | | - Maria Jesus García‐Granda
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - María Gato
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Maite Martínez
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Berta Hernández
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Lucía Teijeira
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | | | | | - Ruth Vera
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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99
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Evaluating a Single Domain Antibody Targeting Human PD-L1 as a Nuclear Imaging and Therapeutic Agent. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060872. [PMID: 31234464 PMCID: PMC6628009 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The PD-1:PD-L1 immune checkpoint axis is central in the escape of cancer cells from anticancer immune responses. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for PD-L1 have been approved for treatment of various cancer types. Although PD-L1 blockade has proven its merit, there are still several aspects that require further attention to fully capitalize on its potential. One of these is the development of antigen-binding moieties that enable PD-L1 diagnosis and therapy. We generated human PD-L1 binding single domain antibodies (sdAbs) and selected sdAb K2, a sdAb with a high affinity for PD-L1, as a lead compound. SPECT/CT imaging in mice following intravenous injection of Technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled sdAb K2 revealed high signal-to-noise ratios, strong ability to specifically detect PD-L1 in melanoma and breast tumors, and relatively low kidney retention, which is a unique property for radiolabeled sdAbs. We further showed using surface plasmon resonance that sdAb K2 binds to the same epitope on PD-L1 as the mAb avelumab, and antagonizes PD-1:PD-L1 interactions. Different human cell-based assays corroborated the PD-1:PD-L1 blocking activity, showing enhanced T-cell receptor signaling and tumor cell killing when PD-1POS T cells interacted with PD-L1POS tumor cells. Taken together, we present sdAb K2, which specifically binds to human PD-L1, as a new diagnostic and therapeutic agent in cancer management.
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100
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Schuler PJ, von Witzleben A, Doescher J, Wollenberg B, Dietz A, Hoffmann TK. [Immuno-, radio-, and chemotherapeutic studies in head and neck cancer : Highlights of the ASCO Annual Meeting 2017]. HNO 2019; 66:212-218. [PMID: 29460015 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-018-0482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has been shown to be a promising approach for the treatment of various tumor entities. Due to further pharmacological developments and new studies, the checkpoint inhibitors have now arrived in the clinic. To date, patients with cancers in the head and neck region have benefited from these agents as part of a palliative therapy. Current clinical trials are testing other indications for the checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic approaches. The following article summarizes the highlights of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Ulm, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89070, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - A von Witzleben
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Ulm, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89070, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - J Doescher
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Ulm, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89070, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - B Wollenberg
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Lübeck, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - A Dietz
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Leipzig, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - T K Hoffmann
- Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrum Ulm, Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinik Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89070, Ulm, Deutschland
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