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Mehmood A. Brief overview of the application of silver nanoparticles to improve growth of crop plants. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:701-705. [PMID: 30104441 PMCID: PMC8676502 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement in nanotechnology, nanoparticles are reported to have applications in various fields. Their positive role in the environment, especially in plant ecosystem, is extensively studied nowadays. Among the metal nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are receiving special attention because of their ability to increase the growth and yield in many crops. Although many studies are found containing toxic effects of AgNPs the perspective of the present review is to collect the information about their positive role in growth and yield enhancement of crops. During this brief overview, many important crop plants are found to have a positive response towards the application of AgNPs. The appropriate elucidation of physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism of nanoparticles in plant leads to better plant growth and development. It is concluded from this review that cautious and sensible use of nanotechnology can warrant food security through boosting agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Mehmood
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan.
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Amooaghaie R, Tabatabaei F, Ahadi A. Alterations in HO-1 expression, heme oxygenase activity and endogenous NO homeostasis modulate antioxidant responses of Brassica nigra against nano silver toxicity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:75-84. [PMID: 29870881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely-used nanomaterials, which are toxic and can cause physiological disorders in plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a possible signaling link between heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in alleviating the toxicity of AgNPs as well as AgNO3. The results showed that exposure to 400 mg L-1 of AgNPs or AgNO3 reduced the chlorophyll content and the growth parameters in Brassica nigra. Data on Ag accumulation as well as the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and the H2O2 content in roots and shoots revealed that AgNP exerted more toxicity than AgNO3. Applying AgNP and AgNO3, respectively, increased HO transcripts by 87.5 and 37.3% and elevated the endogenous NO content 51.8 and 28.5%. The application of both hematin (as an inducer of HO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as a NO donor) reversed the chlorosis and improved plant growth under AgNP and Ag+ ions stresses. Hematin decreased Ag accumulation in plants, indicating that this compound triggered an avoidance mechanism. Hematin and SNP enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation, in parallel to increasing HO transcripts and NO release levels in the roots. ZnPPIX, as the inhibitor of HO, and cPTIO, as the specific NO scavenger, differentially blocked these effects. These findings revealed for the first time that HO might confer an increased tolerance to AgNP by activating the antioxidant systems, which was partially mediated by NO signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaneh Amooaghaie
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaei
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Ahadi
- Genetic Department, Science Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Balážová Ľ, Babula P, Baláž M, Bačkorová M, Bujňáková Z, Briančin J, Kurmanbayeva A, Sagi M. Zinc oxide nanoparticles phytotoxicity on halophyte from genus Salicornia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:30-42. [PMID: 29957573 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on halophyte from the genus Salicornia. The presence of ZnO nanoparticles (100 and 1000 mg/L) in the solid culture medium resulted in the negative effects on plant growth in the concentration-dependent manner. The shoot length of plant cultivated with 1000 mg/L ZnO NPs decreased by more than 50% compared to non-treated plants. The phytotoxicity was associated with the release of free zinc(II) ions, which was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Another mechanism involved in ZnO NPs phytotoxicity was closely connected with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was accompanied by changes in activities and amounts of antioxidant enzymes. Histochemical evaluation showed that ROS were present also in the shoot of plant, which was not in direct contact with NPs. The reduction of activity and amount of antioxidant enzymes such as gamma-ESC, GR, SOD, PER, APX and higher concentration of ROS lead to lipid peroxidation, the latter being almost 3 times higher for the plant treated with 1000 mg/L NPs compared to control. The misbalance in zinc homeostasis and creation of ROS with subsequent oxidative stress led to the initiation of processes of programmed cell death, which was demonstrated by the loss of mitochondrial potential and increase of intracellular calcium (II) ions. Despite halophytes exhibit higher stress resistance than glycophytes, they are prone to negative changes if incubated in the environment containing ZnO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľudmila Balážová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, CZ, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Bačkorová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1/3, CZ, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Bujňáková
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Briančin
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Assylay Kurmanbayeva
- Plant Stress Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Moshe Sagi
- Plant Stress Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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54
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Nguyen NHA, Padil VVT, Slaveykova VI, Černík M, Ševců A. Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Effect on the Unicellular Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:159. [PMID: 29796771 PMCID: PMC5966349 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has attracted wide attention due to its feasibility and very low environmental impact. This approach was applied in this study to synthesise nanoscale gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) materials in simple aqueous media using the natural polymer gum karaya as a reducing and stabilising agent. The nanoparticles' (NPs) zeta-potential, stability and size were characterised by Zetasizer Nano, UV-Vis spectroscopy and by electron microscopy. Moreover, the biological effect of the NPs (concentration range 1.0-20.0 mg/L) on a unicellular green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was investigated by assessing algal growth, membrane integrity, oxidative stress, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and photosystem II photosynthetic efficiency. The resulting NPs had a mean size of 42 (Au), 12 (Pt), 1.5 (Pd), 5 (Ag) and 180 (CuO) nm and showed high stability over 6 months. At concentrations of 5 mg/L, Au and Pt NPs only slightly reduced algal growth, while Pd, Ag and CuO NPs completely inhibited growth. Ag, Pd and CuO NPs showed strong biocidal properties and can be used for algae prevention in swimming pools (CuO) or in other antimicrobial applications (Pd, Ag), whereas Au and Pt lack these properties and can be ranked as harmless to green alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung H. A. Nguyen
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod Vellora Thekkae Padil
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Vera I. Slaveykova
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd Carl-Vogt, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ševců
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
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55
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Human exposure to nanoparticles through trophic transfer and the biosafety concerns that nanoparticle-contaminated foods pose to consumers. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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56
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Pereira SPP, Jesus F, Aguiar S, de Oliveira R, Fernandes M, Ranville J, Nogueira AJA. Phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to Lemna minor: Surface coating and exposure period-related effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1389-1399. [PMID: 29096951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exponential production raises concern about their environmental impact. The effects of Ag NPs to aquatic plants remain scarcely studied, especially in extended exposures. This paper aims to evaluate Ag NPs effects in Lemna minor at individual and sub-individual levels, focusing on three variables: Ag form (NPs versus ions - Ag+), NPs surface coating (citrate vs polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP) and exposure period (7 vs 14days). Endpoints were assessed at individual level (specific growth rate, chlorosis incidence and number of fronds per colony) and sub-individual level (enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)). Generally, plants exposed to all Ag forms underwent decays on growth rate and fronds per colony, and increases on chlorosis, GPX and GST, but no effects on CAT. The most sensitive endpoints were specific growth rate and GPx activity, showing significant effects down to 0.05mg/L for Ag NPs and 3μg/L for Ag+, after 14days. Ag+ showed higher toxicity with a 14d-EC50 of 0.0037mg Ag/L. Concerning surface coating, PVP-Ag NPs were more deleterious on growth rate and fronds per colony, whereas citrate-Ag NPs affected more the chlorosis incidence and GPx and GST activities. The exposure period significantly affected chlorosis: 14days triggered a chlorosis increase in Ag+-exposed plants and a decrease in Ag NPs-exposed plants when compared to 7days. Ag NPs induced an oxidative stress status in cells, thus ensuing upregulated enzymatic activity as a self-defense mechanism. Since Ag NPs dissolution might occur on a steady and continuous mode along time, and the average longevity of fronds, we propose longer exposures periods than the recommended by the OECD guideline. This approach would provide more relevant and holistic evidences on the overall response of freshwater plants to Ag NPs in an ecological relevant scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P P Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Jesus
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Aguiar
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal-Brazil
| | - Marco Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - António J A Nogueira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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57
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Liu C, Leng W, Vikesland PJ. Controlled Evaluation of the Impacts of Surface Coatings on Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2726-2734. [PMID: 29381855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly being incorporated into a range of consumer products and as such there is significant potential for the environmental release of either the AgNPs themselves or Ag+ ions. When AgNPs are exposed to environmental systems, the engineered surface coating can potentially be displaced or covered by naturally abundant macromolecules. These capping agents, either engineered or incidental, potentially block reactants from surface sites and can alter nanoparticle transformation rates. We studied how surface functionalization affects the dissolution of uniform arrays of AgNPs fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and two molecular weights of thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG; 1000 and 5000 Da) were tested as model capping agents. Dissolution experiments were conducted in air-saturated phosphate buffer containing 550 mM NaCl. Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure changes in AgNP height over time. The measured dissolution rate for unfunctionalized AgNPs was 1.69 ± 0.23 nm/d, while the dissolution rates for BSA, PEG1000, and PEG5000 functionalized samples were 0.39 ± 0.05, 0.20 ± 0.10, and 0.14 ± 0.07 nm/d, respectively. PEG provides a steric barrier restricting mass transfer of reactants to sites on the AgNP surface and thus diminishes the dissolution rate. The effects of BSA, however, are more complicated with BSA initially enhancing dissolution, but providing protection against dissolution over extended time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), and the Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT) , Virginia Tech , 418 Durham Hall , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061-0246 , United States
| | - Weinan Leng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), and the Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT) , Virginia Tech , 418 Durham Hall , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061-0246 , United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), and the Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT) , Virginia Tech , 418 Durham Hall , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061-0246 , United States
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58
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Pardha-Saradhi P, Shabnam N, Sharmila P, Ganguli AK, Kim H. Differential sensitivity of light-harnessing photosynthetic events in wheat and sunflower to exogenously applied ionic and nanoparticulate silver. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:340-351. [PMID: 29220750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential impacts of inevitable leaks of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into environment on human beings need attention. Owing to the vitality of photosynthesis in maintaining life and ecosystem functioning, impacts of exogenously applied nanoparticulate and Ag+ on photosystem (PS)II function, which governs overall photosynthesis, in wheat and sunflower were evaluated. PSII efficiency and related Chl a fluorescence kinetics of these two plants remained unaffected by AgNPs. However, Ag+ caused a significant decline in the PSII activity and related fluorescence steps in wheat, but not in sunflower. Electron flow between QA and PQ pool was found most sensitive to Ag+. Number of active reaction centers, electron transport, trapping of absorbed light for photochemistry, and performance index declined, while dissipation of absorbed light energy as heat significantly increased in wheat exposed to Ag+. Total antioxidant activity in sunflower was least affected by both Ag and AgNPs. In contrast, in the case of wheat, the antioxidant activity was declined by Ag+ but not by AgNPs. Further, the amount of silver absorbed by plants exposed to Ag+ was higher than that absorbed by plants exposed to AgNPs. While wheat retained majority of Ag in its roots, sunflower showed major Ag accumulation in stem. Photosynthetic events in sunflower, unlike wheat, were least affected as no detectable Ag levels was recorded in their leaves. Our findings revealed that AgNPs seemed non/less-toxic to light harnessing photosynthetic machinery of wheat, compared to Ag+. Photosynthetic events in sunflower were not affected by Ag+, either, as its translocation to leaves was restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - P Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ashok K Ganguli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India; Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-X, Sector-64, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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Movafeghi A, Khataee A, Abedi M, Tarrahi R, Dadpour M, Vafaei F. Effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza: Evaluation of growth parameters, pigment contents and antioxidant enzyme activities. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:130-138. [PMID: 29478632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are essential components of all ecosystems and play a critical role in environmental fate of nanoparticles. However, the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles on plants are not well documented. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are produced worldwide in large quantities for a wide range of purposes. In the present study, the uptake of TiO2-NPs by the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the consequent effects on the plant were evaluated. Initially, structural and morphological characteristics of the used TiO2-NPs were determined using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. As a result, an anatase structure with the average crystalline size of 8nm was confirmed for the synthesized TiO2-NPs. Subsequently, entrance of TiO2-NPS to plant roots was verified by fluorescence microscopic images. Activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes, as well as, changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents as physiological indices were assessed to investigate the effects of TiO2-NPs on S. polyrrhiza. The increasing concentration of TiO2-NPs led to the significant decrease in all of the growth parameters and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The activity of superoxide dismutase enhanced significantly by the increasing concentration of TiO2-NPs. Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity could be explained as promoting antioxidant system to scavenging the reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the activity of peroxidase was notably decreased in the treated plants. Reduced peroxidase activity could be attributed to either direct effect of these particles on the molecular structure of the enzyme or plant defense system damage due to reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Mahboubeh Abedi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Roshanak Tarrahi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Dadpour
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vafaei
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
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60
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Fikirdeşici Ergen Ş, Üçüncü Tunca E. Nanotoxicity modelling and removal efficiencies of ZnONP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:16-26. [PMID: 28436678 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1319324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the aim is to investigate the toxic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and is to analyze the removal of ZnONP in aqueous medium by the consortium consisted of Daphnia magna and Lemna minor. Three separate test groups are formed: L. minor ([Formula: see text]), D. magna ([Formula: see text]), and L. minor + D. magna ([Formula: see text]) and all these test groups are exposed to three different nanoparticle concentrations ([Formula: see text]). Time-dependent, concentration-dependent, and group-dependent removal efficiencies are statistically compared by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and statistically significant differences are observed. The optimum removal values are observed at the highest concentration [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and realized at [Formula: see text] for all test groups [Formula: see text]. There is no statistically significant differences in removal at low concentrations [Formula: see text] in terms of groups but [Formula: see text] test groups are more efficient than [Formula: see text] test groups in removal of ZnONP, at [Formula: see text] concentration. Regression analysis is also performed for all prediction models. Different models are tested and it is seen that cubic models show the highest predicted values (R2). In toxicity models, R2 values are obtained at (0.892, 0.997) interval. A simple solution-phase method is used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. Dynamic Light Scattering and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are used to detect the particle size of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Üçüncü Tunca
- b Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu University , Fatsa , Ordu , Turkey
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61
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Modlitbová P, Novotný K, Pořízka P, Klus J, Lubal P, Zlámalová-Gargošová H, Kaiser J. Comparative investigation of toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cd-based quantum dots and Cd salt in freshwater plant Lemna minor L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:334-341. [PMID: 28858706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of two different sources of cadmium, i.e. CdCl2 and Cd-based Quantum Dots (QDs), for freshwater model plant Lemna minor L. Cadmium telluride QDs were capped with two coating ligands: glutathione (GSH) or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). Growth rate inhibition and final biomass inhibition of L. minor after 168-h exposure were monitored as toxicity endpoints. Dose-response curves for Cd toxicity and EC50168h values were statistically evaluated for all sources of Cd to uncover possible differences among the toxicities of tested compounds. Total Cd content and its bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in L. minor after the exposure period were also determined to distinguish Cd bioaccumulation patterns with respect to different test compounds. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) with lateral resolution of 200µm was employed in order to obtain two-dimensional maps of Cd spatial distribution in L. minor fronds. Our results show that GSH- and MPA-capped Cd-based QDs have similar toxicity for L. minor, but are significantly less toxic than CdCl2. However, both sources of Cd lead to similar patterns of Cd bioaccumulation and distribution in L. minor fronds. Our results are in line with previous reports that the main mediators of Cd toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic plants are Cd2+ ions dissolved from Cd-based QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Modlitbová
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Novotný
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Klus
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Lubal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zlámalová-Gargošová
- Faculty of Chemistry - The Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Taran N, Storozhenko V, Svietlova N, Batsmanova L, Shvartau V, Kovalenko M. Effect of Zinc and Copper Nanoparticles on Drought Resistance of Wheat Seedlings. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:60. [PMID: 28105609 PMCID: PMC5247391 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a colloidal solution of Cu,Zn-nanoparticles on pro-oxidative/antioxidative balance and content of photosynthetic pigments and leaf area of winter wheat plants of steppe (Acveduc) and forest-steppe (Stolichna) ecotypes was investigated in drought conditions. It has been shown that Cu,Zn-nanoparticles decreased the negative effect of drought action upon plants of steppe ecotype Acveduc. In particular, increased activity of antioxidative enzymes reduced the level of accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and stabilized the content of photosynthetic pigments and increased relative water content in leaves. Colloidal solution of Cu,Zn-nanoparticles had less significant influence on these indexes in seedlings of the Stolichna variety under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Taran
- Educational and Scientific Centre ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Storozhenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Svietlova
- Educational and Scientific Centre ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Ludmila Batsmanova
- Educational and Scientific Centre ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Viktor Shvartau
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 31/17, Vasylkivska St., Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
| | - Mariia Kovalenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
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63
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Sendra M, Yeste MP, Gatica JM, Moreno-Garrido I, Blasco J. Direct and indirect effects of silver nanoparticles on freshwater and marine microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:279-289. [PMID: 28371711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a considerable increase in the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are found in many every-day consumer products including textiles, plastics, cosmetics, household sprays and paints. The release of those AgNPs into aquatic environments could be causing ecological damage. In this study we assess the toxicity of AgNPs of different sizes to two species of microalgae, from freshwater and marine environment (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum respectively). Dissolution processes affect the form and concentration of AgNPs in both environments. Dissolution of Ag from AgNPs was around 25 times higher in marine water. Nevertheless, dissolution of AgNPs in both culture media seems to be related to the small size and higher surface area of NPs. In marine water, the main chemical species were AgCl2- (53.7%) and AgCl3-2 (45.2%). In contrast, for freshwater, the main chemical species were Ag+ (26.7%) and AgCl- (4.3%). The assessment of toxicological responses, specifically growth, cell size, cell complexity, chlorophyll a, reactive oxygen species, cell membrane damage and effective quantum yield of PSII, corroborated the existence of different toxicity mechanisms for microalgae. Indirect effects, notably dissolved Ag ions, seem to control toxicity to freshwater microalgae, whereas direct effects, notably attachment onto the cell surface and the internalization of AgNPs inside cells, seem to determine toxicity to the marine species studied. This research contributes to knowledge on the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in determining the behavior of NPs in different aquatic environments and the interaction with microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sendra
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - M P Yeste
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J M Gatica
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - I Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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64
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Stegemeier JP, Colman BP, Schwab F, Wiesner MR, Lowry GV. Uptake and Distribution of Silver in the Aquatic Plant Landoltia punctata (Duckweed) Exposed to Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4936-4943. [PMID: 28383882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are expected to receive Ag0 and Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs) through anthropogenic waste streams. The speciation of silver in Ag-NPs affects their fate in ecosystems, but its influence on interactions with aquatic plants is still unclear. Here, the Ag speciation and distribution was measured in an aquatic plant, duckweed (Landoltia punctata), exposed to Ag0 or Ag2S NPs, or to AgNO3. The silver distribution in duckweed roots was visualized using synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping and Ag speciation was determined using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Duckweed exposed to Ag2S-NPs or Ag0-NPs accumulated similar Ag concentrations despite an order of magnitude smaller dissolved Ag fraction measured in the exposure medium for Ag2S-NPs compared to Ag0-NPs. By 24 h after exposure, all three forms of silver had accumulated on and partially in the roots regardless of the form of Ag exposed to the plants. Once associated with duckweed tissue, Ag0-NPs had transformed primarily into silver sulfide and silver thiol species. This suggests that plant defenses were active within or at the root surface. The Ag2S-NPs remained as Ag2S, while AgNO3 exposure led to Ag0 and sulfur-associated Ag species in plant tissue. Thus, regardless of initial speciation, Ag was readily available to duckweed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin P Colman
- Department of Biology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Fabienne Schwab
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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65
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Toxicity of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles on a Freshwater Green Algal Strain of Chlorella vulgaris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9528180. [PMID: 28473991 PMCID: PMC5394891 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9528180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A freshwater microalga strain of Chlorella vulgaris was used to investigate toxic effects induced by nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) in suspension. Algal cells were exposed during 96 h to 0–100 mg L−1 of NiO-NPs and analyzed by flow cytometry. Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles in tested media showed a soluble fraction (free Ni2+) of only 6.42% for 100 mg L−1 of NiO-NPs, indicating the low solubility capacity of these NPs. Toxicity analysis showed cellular alterations which were related to NiO-NPs concentration, such as inhibition in cell division (relative cell size and granularity), deterioration of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll synthesis and photochemical reactions of photosynthesis), and oxidative stress (ROS production). The change in cellular viability demonstrated to be a very sensitive biomarker of NiO-NPs toxicity with EC50 of 13.7 mg L−1. Analysis by TEM and X-ray confirmed that NiO-NPs were able to cross biological membranes and to accumulate inside algal cells. Therefore, this study provides a characterization of both physicochemical and toxicological properties of NiO-NPs suspensions in tested media. The use of the freshwater strain of C. vulgaris demonstrated to be a sensitive bioindicator of NiO-NPs toxicity on the viability of green algae.
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66
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Jiang HS, Yin L, Ren NN, Xian L, Zhao S, Li W, Gontero B. The effect of chronic silver nanoparticles on aquatic system in microcosms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:395-402. [PMID: 28117183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) inevitably discharge into aquatic environments due to their abundant use in antibacterial products. It was reported that in laboratory conditions, AgNPs display dose-dependent toxicity to aquatic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, macrophytes, snails and fishes. However, AgNPs could behave differently in natural complex environments. In the present study, a series of microcosms were established to investigate the distribution and toxicity of AgNPs at approximately 500 μg L-1 in aquatic systems. As a comparison, the distribution and toxicity of the same concentration of AgNO3 were also determined. The results showed that the surface layer of sediment was the main sink of Ag element for both AgNPs and AgNO3. Both aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) and animals (Gambusia affinis and Radix spp) significantly accumulated Ag. With short-term treatment, phytoplankton biomass was affected by AgNO3 but not by AgNPs. Chlorophyll content of H. verticillata increased with both AgNPs and AgNO3 short-term exposure. However, the biomass of phytoplankton, aquatic plant and animals was not significantly different between control and samples treated with AgNPs or AgNO3 for 90 d. The communities, diversity and richness of microbes were not significantly affected by AgNPs and AgNO3; in contrast, the nitrification rate and its related microbe (Nitrospira) abundance significantly decreased. AgNPs and AgNO3 may affect the nitrogen cycle and affect the environment and, since they might be also transferred to food web, they represent a risk for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, IMM, FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Liyan Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Agricultural College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Na Na Ren
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ling Xian
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, IMM, FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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67
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Sodium Tallow Amphopolycarboxyglycinate-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Suppress Early and Late Blight of Solanum lycopersicum and Stimulate the Growth of Tomato Plants. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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68
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Karimi J, Mohsenzadeh S. Physiological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate Toxicity in Triticum aestivum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-017-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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69
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Jiang HS, Yin LY, Ren NN, Zhao ST, Li Z, Zhi Y, Shao H, Li W, Gontero B. Silver nanoparticles induced reactive oxygen species via photosynthetic energy transport imbalance in an aquatic plant. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:157-167. [PMID: 28044463 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1278802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) commercialization has increased environmental exposure, including aquatic ecosystem. It has been reported that the AgNPs have damaging effects on photosynthesis and induce oxidative stress, but the toxic mechanism of AgNPs is still a matter of debate. In the present study, on the model aquatic higher plant Spirodela polyrhiza, we found that AgNPs affect photosynthesis and significantly inhibit Photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII). The changes of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), light-induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching [Y(NPQ)] and non-light-induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching [Y(NO)] showed that AgNPs inhibit the photo-protective capacity of PSII. AgNPs induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are mainly produced in the chloroplast. The activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) was also very sensitive to AgNPs. The internalized Ag, regardless of whether the exposure was Ag+ or AgNPs had the same capacity to generate ROS. Our results support the hypothesis that intra-cellular AgNP dissociate into high toxic Ag+. Rubisco inhibition leads to slowing down of CO2 assimilation. Consequently, the solar energy consumption decreases and then the excess excitation energy promotes ROS generation in chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,c BIP UMR 7281, Aix Marseille Univ CNRS , 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France
| | - Li Yan Yin
- d Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University , Haikou , China
| | - Na Na Ren
- e College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
| | - Su Ting Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Zhi Li
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yongwei Zhi
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Hui Shao
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Li
- a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China.,f Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- c BIP UMR 7281, Aix Marseille Univ CNRS , 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France
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70
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Shabnam N, Sharmila P, Pardha-Saradhi P. Impact of ionic and nanoparticle speciation states of silver on light harnessing photosynthetic events in Spirodela polyrhiza. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:80-86. [PMID: 27483000 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1216083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to wide range of applications, nanotechnology is growing expeditiously. Likely negative impact of nanoparticles (NPs), which are inevitably released into our surroundings, on living organisms is of growing concern. Findings presented here are outcome of investigations carried out to evaluate the impact of ionic and NP speciation states of silver on light harnessing photosynthetic events in Spirodela polyrhiza fronds. Fronds exposed to ionic speciation state showed significant decline in PS (photosystem) II efficiency (Fv/Fm; variable fluorescence/maximal fluorescence), while those exposed to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) showed marginal decline. Accordingly, decline in amplitude of Chl a fluorescence transients was sharper in fronds treated with Ag+ than those treated with Ag-NPs. Of the various phases Chl a fluorescence transient, J-I phase [which reflects reduction of plastoquinone (PQ) pool] was most sensitive to both Ag+ and Ag-NPs. Phenomenological yield models, built using Biolyzer software, revealed that fronds exposed to Ag+ possessed significantly lower potential to trap and harness absorbed light energy for photochemical reactions than those exposed to Ag-NPs. Accordingly, dissipation of absorbed light energy as heat was significantly higher in fronds exposed to Ag+ than those exposed to Ag-NPs. These findings revealed that NP speciation state of silver is significantly less toxic to light harnessing photosynthetic machinery of S. polyrhiza, compared to ionic speciation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- a Department of Environmental Studies , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - P Sharmila
- b Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
| | - P Pardha-Saradhi
- a Department of Environmental Studies , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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71
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Cox A, Venkatachalam P, Sahi S, Sharma N. Reprint of: Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in plants: A review of current research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 110:33-49. [PMID: 27569179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have become widely used in recent years for many manufacturing and medical processes. Recent literature suggests that many metallic nanomaterials including those of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) cause significant toxic effects in animal cell culture and animal models, however, toxicity studies using plant species are limited. This review examines current progress in the understanding of the effect of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on plant species. There are many facets to this ongoing environmental problem. This review addresses the effects of NPs on oxidative stress-related gene expression, genotoxicity, seed germination, and root elongation. It is largely accepted that NP exposure results in the cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to both positive and negative effects on plant growth. However, factors such as NP size, shape, surface coating and concentration vary greatly among studies resulting in conflicting reports of the effect at times. In addition, plant species tend to differ in their reaction to NP exposure, with some showing positive effects of NP augmentation while many others showing detrimental effects. Seed germination studies have shown to be less effective in gauging phytotoxicity, while root elongation studies have shown more promise. Given the large increase in nanomaterial applications in consumer products, agriculture and energy sectors, it is critical to understand their role in the environment and their effects on plant life. A closer look at nanomaterial-driven ecotoxicity is needed. Ecosystem-level studies are required to indicate how these nanomaterials transfer at the critical trophic levels affecting human health and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA; Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA.
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72
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ÇEKİÇ FÖ, EKİNCİ S, İNAL MS, ÜNAL D. Silver nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in tomato plants. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1608-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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73
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Gomes MADC, Hauser-Davis RA, de Souza AN, Vitória AP. Metal phytoremediation: General strategies, genetically modified plants and applications in metal nanoparticle contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:133-147. [PMID: 27611221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of metals in different environmental compartments poses a risk to both the environment and biota health. In particular, the continuous increase of these elements in soil ecosystems is a major worldwide concern. Phytoremediation has been gaining more attention in this regard. This approach takes advantage of the unique and selective uptake capabilities of plant root systems, and applies these natural processes alongside the translocation, bioaccumulation, and contaminant degradation abilities of the entire plant and, although it is a relatively recent technology, beginning in the 90's, it is already considered a green alternative solution to the problem of metal pollution, with great potential. This review focuses on phytoremediation of metals from soil, sludge, wastewater and water, the different strategies applied, the biological and physico-chemical processes involved and the advantages and limitations of each strategy. Special note is given to the use of transgenic species and phytoremediation of metallic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angélica da Conceição Gomes
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense ''Darcy Ribeiro'' (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, CEP: 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Adriane Nunes de Souza
- Universidade Estácio de Sá - Estácio, Av. 28 de Março, 423 - Centro - Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28020-740, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Angela Pierre Vitória
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense ''Darcy Ribeiro'' (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
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74
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Zhou W, Liu YL, Stallworth AM, Ye C, Lenhart JJ. Effects of pH, Electrolyte, Humic Acid, and Light Exposure on the Long-Term Fate of Silver Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12214-12224. [PMID: 27741391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the evolution in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) properties during a series of 10-50 day experiments on suspensions with different pH (5-9), electrolyte type (NaNO3 and NaCl) and concentration (2 and 6 mM), Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) concentration (0-13.2 mg C/L), and light exposure (artificial sun light exposure for 8 h per day or dark). Of these factors, pH most influenced the AgNPs' properties as it modifies surface charge as well as AgNP dissolution and oxidation and Ag+ reduction reactions. As a result, particle behavior differed in basic and acidic conditions. Trends with pH varied, however, based on the electrolyte and SRHA concentration. In the presence of chloride which forms AgCl(s), for example, we observed the particle size decreased with increasing pH. The opposite was observed in identical systems in NaNO3. This behavior was modified by SRHA, with increasing SRHA reducing dissolution and enhancing stability. Light exposure enhanced processes resulting in AgNP dissolution, resulting in higher dissolved Ag concentrations than under similar conditions in the dark. Overall, our results highlight how AgNP properties evolve over time and provide insight needed to confidently extend model system behavior to predict the environmental fate of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yen-Ling Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Audrey M Stallworth
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chunsong Ye
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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75
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Cox A, Venkatachalam P, Sahi S, Sharma N. Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in plants: A review of current research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:147-163. [PMID: 27288991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have become widely used in recent years for many manufacturing and medical processes. Recent literature suggests that many metallic nanomaterials including those of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) cause significant toxic effects in animal cell culture and animal models, however, toxicity studies using plant species are limited. This review examines current progress in the understanding of the effect of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on plant species. There are many facets to this ongoing environmental problem. This review addresses the effects of NPs on oxidative stress-related gene expression, genotoxicity, seed germination, and root elongation. It is largely accepted that NP exposure results in the cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to both positive and negative effects on plant growth. However, factors such as NP size, shape, surface coating and concentration vary greatly among studies resulting in conflicting reports of the effect at times. In addition, plant species tend to differ in their reaction to NP exposure, with some showing positive effects of NP augmentation while many others showing detrimental effects. Seed germination studies have shown to be less effective in gauging phytotoxicity, while root elongation studies have shown more promise. Given the large increase in nanomaterial applications in consumer products, agriculture and energy sectors, it is critical to understand their role in the environment and their effects on plant life. A closer look at nanomaterial-driven ecotoxicity is needed. Ecosystem-level studies are required to indicate how these nanomaterials transfer at the critical trophic levels affecting human health and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA; Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA.
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76
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Thwala M, Klaine SJ, Musee N. Interactions of metal-based engineered nanoparticles with aquatic higher plants: A review of the state of current knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1677-1694. [PMID: 26757140 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The rising potential for the release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into aquatic environments requires evaluation of risks to protect ecological health. The present review examines knowledge pertaining to the interactions of metal-based ENPs with aquatic higher plants, identifies information gaps, and raises considerations for future research to advance knowledge on the subject. The discussion focuses on ENPs' bioaccessibility; uptake, adsorption, translocation, and bioaccumulation; and toxicity effects on aquatic higher plants. An information deficit surrounds the uptake of ENPs and associated dynamics, because the influence of ENP characteristics and water quality conditions has not been well documented. Dissolution appears to be a key mechanism driving bioaccumulation of ENPs, whereas nanoparticulates often adsorb to plant surfaces with minimal internalization. However, few reports document the internalization of ENPs by plants; thus, the role of nanoparticulates' internalization in bioaccumulation and toxicity remains unclear, requiring further investigation. The toxicities of metal-based ENPs mainly have been associated with dissolution as a predominant mechanism, although nano toxicity has also been reported. To advance knowledge in this domain, future investigations need to integrate the influence of ENP characteristics and water physicochemical parameters, as their interplay determines ENP bioaccessibility and influences their risk to health of aquatic higher plants. Furthermore, harmonization of test protocols is recommended for fast tracking the generation of comparable data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1677-1694. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melusi Thwala
- Source Directed Scientific Measures Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Zoology Department, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen J Klaine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ndeke Musee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Zou X, Li P, Huang Q, Zhang H. The different response mechanisms of Wolffia globosa: Light-induced silver nanoparticle toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:97-105. [PMID: 27130969 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising bactericide. Plants are a major point of entry of contaminants into trophic chains. Here, the physiological responses of Wolffia globosa to AgNPs have been probed using different light schemes, and these data may reveal new insights into the toxic mechanism of AgNPs. W. globosa was grown in culture medium and treated with different concentrations of AgNPs for 24h under pre- and post-illuminated conditions. However, fluorescence quenching, the accumulation of sugar and the reduction of Hill reaction activity were found in response to the AgNP-stresses. In the pre-illuminated condition, oxidative damage was obvious, as indicated by the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and an up-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The maximum increases of MDA content and SOD activity were 1.14 and 2.52 times the respective controls when exposed to 10mg/L AgNPs. In contrast, in the post-illuminated condition, the alterations in photosynthetic pigment and soluble proteins content were more significant than the alterations in oxidative stress. The contents of chlorophyll a, carotenoids and soluble protein decreased to 77.7%, 66.2% and 72.9% of the controls after treatment with the highest concentration of AgNPs (10mg/L). Based on the different physiological responses, we speculated that in the pre-illuminated condition, oxidative stress was responsible for the decline in the oxygen evolution rate, while in the post-illuminated condition, the decrease in the Hill reaction activity could be attributed to the blocking of electron transfer and an insufficient proton supply. Our findings demonstrate that environmental factors regulate the physiological responses of plants to AgNPs through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Ningbo Research Center for Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
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78
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Li CC, Wang YJ, Dang F, Zhou DM. Mechanistic understanding of reduced AgNP phytotoxicity induced by extracellular polymeric substances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 308:21-8. [PMID: 26808239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge gap concerning the potential effects of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), a common organic material but highly variable in their composition of microbial origin, on the fate and phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) still remains. A 48-h root elongation toxicity test showed that AgNP toxicity to wheat Triticum aestivum L. was dramatically alleviated by EPS isolated from Pseudomonas putida, as revealed by 7-59% increase in relative root elongation (RRE), 8-99% increase in root weight, 27-32% decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and 11-43% decrease in H2O2 content compared to the treatment with AgNP in the absence of EPS. This was coincident with 7-69% decrease in root Ag concentrations. Our results showed that EPS could protect wheat seedlings from AgNP toxicity by reducing dissolved Ag concentration ([Ag]diss) and by forming AgNP-EPS complex. The FTIR spectra further showed that the amide, carboxyl, and phosphoryl functional groups of EPS were involved in binding with AgNP and/or Ag(+). All these processes worked simultaneously to reduce AgNP bioavailability, and subsequently mitigate AgNP toxicity. These findings highlight the importance of EPS in AgNP biogeochemistry in the terrestrial environment. EPS could be highly useful in developing strategies to counteract the phytotoxicty of metal-based nanoparticles in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Fei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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79
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Huang J, Cheng J, Yi J. Impact of silver nanoparticles on marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1343-54. [PMID: 27080522 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used commercially at a large scale, they infiltrate the environment at a rapid pace. However, the impact of large quantities of AgNPs on aquatic ecosystems is still largely unknown. In aquatic ecosystems, the phytoplanktons have a vital ecological function and, therefore, the potential impact of AgNPs on the microalgae community has elicited substantial concern. Therefore, in this study, the impacts of AgNPs on a marine diatom, the Skeletonema costatum, are investigated, with a focus on their photosynthesis and associated mechanisms. Exposure to AgNPs at a concentration of 0.5 mg l(-1) significantly induces excess intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS, 122%) and reduces 28% of their cell viability. More importantly, exposure to AgNPs reduces the algal chlorophyll-a content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted, which revealed that AgNPs obstruct the light absorption of algae because they adhere to their surface. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) demonstrates that exposure to AgNPs significantly inhibits the conversion of light energy into photosynthetic electron transport. Moreover, the genes of the photosystem II reaction center protein (D1) are significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) upon exposure to 5 mg l(-1) AgNPs. These results suggest that the physical adhesion and effects of shading of AgNPs on algae might affect their light energy delivery system and damage the crucial protein function of PSII. The photosynthesis inhibition effect of AgNPs is largely different from Ag(+) . This study shows that AgNPs at higher concentrations might have serious consequences for the succession of the phytoplankton communities and aquatic ecosystem equilibrium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Environmental Science Programs, School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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Van Koetsem F, Xiao Y, Luo Z, Du Laing G. Impact of water composition on association of Ag and CeO₂ nanoparticles with aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5277-5287. [PMID: 26564182 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential association of (citrate-stabilized) Ag (14.1 ± 1.0 nm) and CeO2 (6.7 ± 1.2 nm) engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), or their ionic counterparts, with the submerged aquatic plant Elodea canadensis, was examined and, in particular, parameters affecting the distribution of the nanoparticles (or metal ions) between plant biomass and the water phase were assessed using five distinct aqueous matrices (i.e. tap water, 10 % Hoagland's solution and three natural surface water samples). Individual plants were exposed to varying concentrations of Ag and CeO2 ENPs or Ag(+) and Ce(3+) ions during 72-h-lasting batch experiments. A dose-dependent increase of silver or cerium in plant biomass was observed for both the nanoparticles and the ions, whereby exposure to the latter systematically resulted in significantly higher biomass concentrations. Furthermore, the apparent plant uptake of CeO2 ENPs appeared to be higher than that for Ag ENPs when comparing similar exposure concentrations. These findings suggest that association with E. canadensis might be affected by particle characteristics such as size, composition, surface charge or surface coating. Moreover, the stability of the ENPs or ions in suspension/solution may be another important aspect affecting plant exposure and uptake. The association of the nanoparticles or ions with E. canadensis was affected by the physicochemical characteristics of the water sample. The silver biomass concentration was found to correlate significantly with the electrical conductivity (EC), dry residue (DR) and Cl(-), K, Na and Mg content in the case of Ag ENPs or with the EC, inorganic carbon (IC) and Cl(-), NO3 (-), Na and Mg content in the case of Ag(+) ions, whereas significant relationships between the cerium biomass concentration and the EC, DR, IC and Ca content or the pH, EC, DR, IC and Cl(-), Ca and Mg content were obtained for CeO2 ENPs or Ce(3+) ions, respectively. Results also indicated that the Ag ENPs and Ag(+) ions might potentially be toxic towards E. canadensis whereas no evidence of phytotoxicity was noted in the case of CeO2 ENPs or Ce(3+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Van Koetsem
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yi Xiao
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Gijs Du Laing
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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81
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Chronic Effects of Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Marine Invertebrate Larvae: A Proof of Concept Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132457. [PMID: 26171857 PMCID: PMC4501789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, have become increasingly popular in consumer products. However, data on their potential biological effects on marine organisms, especially invertebrates, remain very limited. This proof of principle study reports the chronic sub-lethal toxicity of two coated AgNPs (oleic acid coated AgNPs and polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs) on marine benthic invertebrate larvae across three phyla (i.e., the barnacle Balanus Amphitrite, the slipper-limpet Crepidula onyx, and the polychaete Hydroides elegans) in terms of growth, development, and metamorphosis. Bioaccumulation and biodistribution of silver were also investigated. Larvae were also exposed to silver nitrate (AgNO3) in parallel to distinguish the toxic effects derived from nano-silver and the aqueous form of silver. The sub-lethal effect of chronic exposure to coated AgNPs resulted in a significant retardation in growth and development, and reduction of larval settlement rate. The larval settlement rate of H. elegans was significantly lower in the coated AgNP treatment than the AgNO3 treatment, suggesting that the toxicity of coated AgNPs might not be solely evoked by the release of silver ions (Ag+) in the test medium. The three species accumulated silver effectively from coated AgNPs as well as AgNO3, and coated AgNPs were observed in the vacuoles of epithelial cell in the digestive tract of C. onyx. Types of surface coatings did not affect the sub-lethal toxicity of AgNPs. This study demonstrated that coated AgNPs exerted toxic effects in a species-specific manner, and their exposure might allow bioaccumulation of silver, and affect growth, development, and settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. This study also highlighted the possibility that coated AgNPs could be taken up through diet and the toxicity of coated AgNPs might be mediated through toxic Ag+ as well as the novel modalities of coated AgNPs.
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82
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Song L, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM. Comparative toxicity of copper nanoparticles across three Lemnaceae species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:217-224. [PMID: 25765374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles can end up in aquatic ecosystems due to their widespread application. Even though the toxicological effects of metallic nanoparticles to a diversity of species have been reported extensively, the toxicological data achieved in different studies are not always comparable and little is known regarding the comparative toxicity of nanoparticles across species, as different test strategies and endpoints were applied. To attempt to fill this knowledge gap, Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza were exposed to 25 nm spherical copper nanoparticles to investigate the inhibiting effect of copper nanoparticle suspensions across species at three endpoints: total frond area, frond number and dry weight based relative growth rate. The total frond area based relative growth rate was found to be the most sensitive endpoint, with an EC50 of 1.15±0.09 mg/L for S. polyrhiza, 0.84±0.12 mg/L for L. minor and 0.64±0.05 mg/L for W. arrhiza. Both the particles and the copper ions contributed to the inhibiting effects of copper nanoparticle suspensions at all endpoints studied. Dose-response related inhibiting effects caused by the copper ions were found at all endpoints studied, whereas the particles only showed dose-response related inhibiting effects on the total frond area based relative growth rate. This suggests that different physiological processes are involved in case of exposure to particles and copper ions. W. arrhiza was found to be the most sensitive species tested and S. polyrhiza was the least sensitive species tested, when the inhibiting effect was evaluated based on the relative growth rate calculated from total frond area. These findings exemplify the importance of identifying the suitable endpoints of toxicity assessment and considering the intrinsic differences between species when evaluating the toxicological profile of metallic nanoparticles across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Song
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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83
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Toxic effects of nickel oxide bulk and nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Lemna gibba L. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:501326. [PMID: 26075242 PMCID: PMC4449884 DOI: 10.1155/2015/501326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aquatic plant Lemna gibba L. was used to investigate and compare the toxicity induced by 30 nm nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) and nickel(II) oxide as bulk (NiO-Bulk). Plants were exposed during 24 h to 0–1000 mg/L of NiO-NPs or NiO-Bulk. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles in solution indicated agglomerations of NiO-NPs in culture medium and a wide size distribution was observed. Both NiO-NPs and NiO-Bulk caused a strong increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, especially at high concentration (1000 mg/L). These results showed a strong evidence of a cellular oxidative stress induction caused by the exposure to NiO. Under this condition, NiO-NPs and NiO-Bulk induced a strong inhibitory effect on the PSII quantum yield, indicating an alteration of the photosynthetic electron transport performance. Under the experimental conditions used, it is clear that the observed toxicity impact was mainly due to NiO particles effect. Therefore, results of this study permitted determining the use of ROS production as an early biomarker of NiO exposure on the aquatic plant model L. gibba used in toxicity testing.
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84
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Kohan-Baghkheirati E, Geisler-Lee J. Gene Expression, Protein Function and Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana Responding to Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Silver Ions, Cold, Salt, Drought, and Heat. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:436-467. [PMID: 28347022 PMCID: PMC5312895 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, AgNPs have caused environmental concerns. To understand the risks of AgNPs, Arabidopsis microarray data for AgNP, Ag⁺, cold, salt, heat and drought stresses were analyzed. Up- and down-regulated genes of more than two-fold expression change were compared, while the encoded proteins of shared and unique genes between stresses were subjected to differential enrichment analyses. AgNPs affected the fewest genes (575) in the Arabidopsis genome, followed by Ag⁺ (1010), heat (1374), drought (1435), salt (4133) and cold (6536). More genes were up-regulated than down-regulated in AgNPs and Ag⁺ (438 and 780, respectively) while cold down-regulated the most genes (4022). Responses to AgNPs were more similar to those of Ag⁺ (464 shared genes), cold (202), and salt (163) than to drought (50) or heat (30); the genes in the first four stresses were enriched with 32 PFAM domains and 44 InterPro protein classes. Moreover, 111 genes were unique in AgNPs and they were enriched in three biological functions: response to fungal infection, anion transport, and cell wall/plasma membrane related. Despite shared similarity to Ag⁺, cold and salt stresses, AgNPs are a new stressor to Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Kohan-Baghkheirati
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
| | - Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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85
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Canivet L, Dubot P, Garçon G, Denayer FO. Effects of engineered iron nanoparticles on the bryophyte, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp, after foliar exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:499-505. [PMID: 25576736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of iron nanoparticles on bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens) were studied following foliar exposure. We used iron nanoparticles (Fe-NP) representative of industrial emissions from the metallurgical industries. After a characterization of iron nanoparticles and the validation of nanoparticle internalization in cells, the effects (cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of membrane) of iron nanoparticles were determined through the axenic culturing of Physcomitrella patens exposed at five different concentrations (5 ng, 50 ng, 500 ng, 5 µg and 50 µg per plant). Following exposure, the plant health, measured as ATP concentrations, was not impacted. Moreover, we studied oxidative stress in three ways: through the measure of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, through malondialdehyde (MDA) production and also through glutathione regulation. At concentrations tested over a short period, the level of ROS, MDA and glutathione were not significantly disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Canivet
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, EA4483, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse - BP83, 59006 Lille cedex, France.
| | - P Dubot
- MCMC - ICMPE UMR 7182, rue H. Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - G Garçon
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Département de Toxicologie, Santé publique et Environnement, EA4483, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse - BP83, 59006 Lille cedex, France
| | - F-O Denayer
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, EA4483, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse - BP83, 59006 Lille cedex, France
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86
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Juganson K, Ivask A, Blinova I, Mortimer M, Kahru A. NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1788-804. [PMID: 26425431 PMCID: PMC4578397 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production and use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) inevitably results in their higher concentrations in the environment. This may lead to undesirable environmental effects and thus warrants risk assessment. The ecotoxicity testing of a wide variety of ENMs rapidly evolving in the market is costly but also ethically questionable when bioassays with vertebrates are conducted. Therefore, alternative methods, e.g., models for predicting toxicity mechanisms of ENMs based on their physico-chemical properties (e.g., quantitative (nano)structure-activity relationships, QSARs/QNARs), should be developed. While the development of such models relies on good-quality experimental toxicity data, most of the available data in the literature even for the same test species are highly variable. In order to map and analyse the state of the art of the existing nanoecotoxicological information suitable for QNARs, we created a database NanoE-Tox that is available as Supporting Information File 1. The database is based on existing literature on ecotoxicology of eight ENMs with different chemical composition: carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium dioxide (CeO2), copper oxide (CuO), and iron oxide (FeO x ; Fe2O3, Fe3O4). Altogether, NanoE-Tox database consolidates data from 224 articles and lists altogether 1,518 toxicity values (EC50/LC50/NOEC) with corresponding test conditions and physico-chemical parameters of the ENMs as well as reported toxicity mechanisms and uptake of ENMs in the organisms. 35% of the data in NanoE-Tox concerns ecotoxicity of Ag NPs, followed by TiO2 (22%), CeO2 (13%), and ZnO (10%). Most of the data originates from studies with crustaceans (26%), bacteria (17%), fish (13%), and algae (11%). Based on the median toxicity values of the most sensitive organism (data derived from three or more articles) the toxicity order was as follows: Ag > ZnO > CuO > CeO2 > CNTs > TiO2 > FeO x . We believe NanoE-Tox database contains valuable information for ENM environmental hazard estimation and development of models for predicting toxic potential of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katre Juganson
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095 South Australia, Australia
| | - Irina Blinova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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87
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Raja muthuramalingam T, Shanmugam C, Gunasekaran D, Duraisamy N, Nagappan R, Krishnan K. Bioactive bile salt-capped silver nanoparticles activity against destructive plant pathogenic fungi through in vitro system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) capped silver nanoparticles are employed to counteract the fungusColletotrichum gloeosporioideswhich causes anthracnose disease in a wide number of plants throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nallusamy Duraisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | | | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
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88
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Nair PMG, Chung IM. Physiological and molecular level effects of silver nanoparticles exposure in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:105-13. [PMID: 25048895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and molecular level changes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exposure were investigated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg L(-1)) AgNPs for one week. Significant reduction in root elongation, shoot and root fresh weights, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were observed. Exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg L(-1) of AgNPs caused significant increase in hydrogen peroxide formation and lipid peroxidation in shoots and roots, increased foliar proline accumulation and decreased sugar contents. AgNPs exposure resulted in a dose dependant increase in reactive oxygen species generation and also caused cytotoxicity as evidenced by increased dihydroethidium, 3'-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein and propidium iodide fluorescence. Tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester assay showed decreased mitochondrial membrane potential with increasing concentrations of AgNPs exposure in roots. Real Time PCR analysis showed differential transcription of genes related to oxidative stress tolerance viz. FSD1, MSD1, CSD1, CSD2, CATa, CATb, CATc, APXa and APXb in shoots and roots of rice seedlings. The overall results suggest that exposure to AgNPs caused significant physiological and molecular level changes, oxidative stress and also resulted in the induction oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms in rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Gopalakrishnan Nair
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ill Min Chung
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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89
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Üçüncü E, Özkan AD, Kurşungöz C, Ülger ZE, Ölmez TT, Tekinay T, Ortaç B, Tunca E. Effects of laser ablated silver nanoparticles on Lemna minor. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:251-257. [PMID: 24529395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates and models the effect of laser ablated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the development of the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. Toxic effects of five different AgNP concentrations (8, 16, 32, 96 and 128 μg L(-1)) on L. minor were recorded over seven days under simulated natural conditions. Biosorption of AgNPs by L. minor was modeled using four sorption isotherms, and the sorption behavior was found to agree most closely with the Langmuir-Freundlich model (R(2)=0.997). While toxic effects of AgNPs could be observed in all models and concentrations, the greatest increase in toxicity was in the 8-32 μg L(-1) range. Dry weight- and frond number-based inhibition experiments suggest that growth inhibition does not necessarily scale with AgNP concentration, and that slight fluctuations in inhibition rates exist over certain concentration ranges. Very close fits (R(2)=0.999) were obtained for all removal models, suggesting that the fluctuations are not caused by experimental variation. In addition, L. minor was found to be a successful bioremediation agent for AgNPs, and displayed higher removal rates for increasing AgNP doses. FT-IR spectroscopy suggests that carbonyl groups are involved in AgNP remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Üçüncü
- Ankara University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Alper D Özkan
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey
| | - Canan Kurşungöz
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey
| | - Zeynep E Ülger
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey
| | - Tolga T Ölmez
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey
| | - Turgay Tekinay
- Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Ankara 06830, Turkey; Gazi University, Polatlı Science and Literature Faculty, Ankara 06900, Turkey.
| | - Bülend Ortaç
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey
| | - Evren Tunca
- Bilkent University, UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Turkey; University of Muğla, Department of Geological Engineering, 48000 Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey; Ordu University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, 52400 Fatsa, Ordu, Turkey.
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90
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Jiang HS, Qiu XN, Li GB, Li W, Yin LY. Silver nanoparticles induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of antioxidant systems in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1398-1405. [PMID: 24619507 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used commercially because of their antibacterial properties. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in the toxicity of AgNPs to bacteria, animals, and algae. The authors used Spirodela polyrhiza to investigate whether AgNPs can induce oxidative stress in higher plants. Results showed that there was a dose-dependent increase in levels of reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, and the antioxidant glutathione content in 6-nm AgNP treatments. Catalase activity and malondialdehyde content in 6-nm AgNP treatments was significantly higher than the control at silver concentrations of 5 mg L(-1) . Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and antioxidant glutathione and malondialdehyde content were not significantly different at 10 mg L(-1) of AgNPs (6 nm and 20 nm). Treatment with 20 µg L(-1) Ag(+) (the amount almost equal to 10 mg L(-1) AgNPs released) did not change the reactive oxygen species level or antioxidant enzymes activity. Micron-sized Ag particles had no effect on S. polyrhiza. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, compared with the control, chloroplasts in S. polyrhiza treated with 6-nm and 20-nm AgNPs accumulated starch grains and had reduced intergranal thylakoids. These results clearly indicate that AgNPs are able to cause oxidative stress and affect the chloroplast structure and function of S. polyrhiza, and this effect was not caused by Ag(+) released from particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, HaiKou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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91
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Geisler-Lee J, Brooks M, Gerfen JR, Wang Q, Fotis C, Sparer A, Ma X, Berg RH, Geisler M. Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:301-318. [PMID: 28344224 PMCID: PMC5304678 DOI: 10.3390/nano4020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about nanotechnology have prompted studies on how the release of these engineered nanoparticles impact our environment. Herein, the impact of 20 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the life history traits of Arabidopsis thaliana was studied in both above- and below-ground parts, at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Both gross phenotypes (in contrast to microscopic phenotypes) and routes of transport and accumulation were investigated from roots to shoots. Wild type Arabidopsis growing in soil, regularly irrigated with 75 μg/L of AgNPs, did not show any obvious morphological change. However, their vegetative development was prolonged by two to three days and their reproductive growth shortened by three to four days. In addition, the germination rates of offspring decreased drastically over three generations. These findings confirmed that AgNPs induce abiotic stress and cause reproductive toxicity in Arabidopsis. To trace transport of AgNPs, this study also included an Arabidopsis reporter line genetically transformed with a green fluorescent protein and grown in an optical transparent medium with 75 μg/L AgNPs. AgNPs followed three routes: (1) At seven days after planting (DAP) at S1.0 (stages defined by Boyes et al. 2001 [41]), AgNPs attached to the surface of primary roots and then entered their root tips; (2) At 14 DAP at S1.04, as primary roots grew longer, AgNPs gradually moved into roots and entered new lateral root primordia and root hairs; (3) At 17 DAP at S1.06 when the Arabidopsis root system had developed multiple lateral roots, AgNPs were present in vascular tissue and throughout the whole plant from root to shoot. In some cases, if cotyledons of the Arabidopsis seedlings were immersed in melted transparent medium, then AgNPs were taken up by and accumulated in stomatal guard cells. These findings in Arabidopsis are the first to document specific routes and rates of AgNP uptake in vivo and in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Marjorie Brooks
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Jacob R Gerfen
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Christin Fotis
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Anthony Sparer
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - R Howard Berg
- Integrated Microscopy Facility, The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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92
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McShan D, Ray PC, Yu H. Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:116-127. [PMID: 24673909 PMCID: PMC4281024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver is an ancient antibiotic that has found many new uses due to its unique properties on the nanoscale. Due to its presence in many consumer products, the toxicity of nanosilver has become a hot topic. This review summarizes recent advances, particularly the molecular mechanism of nanosilver toxicity. The surface of nanosilver can easily be oxidized by O2 and other molecules in the environmental and biological systems leading to the release of Ag+, a known toxic ion. Therefore, nanosilver toxicity is closely related to the release of Ag+. In fact, it is difficult to determine what portion of the toxicity is from the nano-form and what is from the ionic form. The surface oxidation rate is closely related to the nanosilver surface coating, coexisting molecules, especially thiol-containing compounds, lighting conditions, and the interaction of nanosilver with nucleic acids, lipid molecules, and proteins in a biological system. Nanosilver has been shown to penetrate the cell and become internalized. Thus, nanosilver often acts as a source of Ag+ inside the cell. One of the main mechanisms of toxicity is that it causes oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species and causes damage to cellular components including DNA damage, activation of antioxidant enzymes, depletion of antioxidant molecules (e.g., glutathione), binding and disabling of proteins, and damage to the cell membrane. Several major questions remain to be answered: (1) the toxic contribution from the ionic form versus the nano-form; (2) key enzymes and signaling pathways responsible for the toxicity; and (3) effect of coexisting molecules on the toxicity and its relationship to surface coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McShan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Paresh C Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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93
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Sharma VK, Siskova KM, Zboril R, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Organic-coated silver nanoparticles in biological and environmental conditions: fate, stability and toxicity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 204:15-34. [PMID: 24406050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents the overview of processes involved in transformation of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological systems and in the aquatic environment. The coating on AgNPs greatly influences the fate, stability, and toxicity of AgNPs in aqueous solutions, biological systems, and the environment. Several organic-coated AgNP systems are discussed to understand their stability and toxicity in biological media and natural water. Examples are presented to demonstrate how a transformation of organic-coated AgNPs in an aqueous solution is affected by the type of coating, pH, kind of electrolyte (mono- or divalent), ionic strength, organic ligands (inorganic and organic), organic matter (fulvic and humic acids), redox conditions (oxic and anoxic), and light. Results of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ecotoxicity of coated AgNPs to food chain members (plants, bacteria, and aquatic and terrestrial organisms) are reviewed. Key factors contributing to toxicity are the size, shape, surface coating, surface charge, and conditions of silver ion release. AgNPs may directly damage the cell membranes, disrupt ATP production and DNA replication, alternate gene expressions, release toxic Ag(+) ion, and produce reactive oxygen species to oxidize biological components of the cell. A progress made on understanding the mechanism of organic-coated AgNP toxicity using different analytical techniques is presented.
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94
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Perreault F, Popovic R, Dewez D. Different toxicity mechanisms between bare and polymer-coated copper oxide nanoparticles in Lemna gibba. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 185:219-227. [PMID: 24286697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we investigated how the presence of a polymer shell (poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) alters the toxicity of CuO NPs in Lemna gibba. Based on total Cu concentration, core-shell CuO NPs were 10 times more toxic than CuO NPs, inducing a 50% decrease of growth rate at 0.4 g l(-1) after 48-h of exposure while a concentration of 4.5 g l(-1) was required for CuO NPs for a similar effect. Toxicity of CuO NPs was mainly due to NPs solubilization in the media. Based on the accumulated copper content in the plants, core-shell CuO NPs induced 4 times more reactive oxygen species compared to CuO NPs and copper sulfate, indicating that the presence of the polymer shell changed the toxic effect induced in L. gibba. This effect could not be attributed to the polymer alone and reveals that surface modification may change the nature of NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec in Montreal, Case Postal 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Radovan Popovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec in Montreal, Case Postal 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - David Dewez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec in Montreal, Case Postal 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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95
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Nair PMG, Chung IM. Assessment of silver nanoparticle-induced physiological and molecular changes in Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8858-69. [PMID: 24723349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated at physiological and molecular levels. The seedlings were grown in sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles and silver ions (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) in 1/4 Hoagland's medium for 14 days under submerged hydroponic conditions. Significantly higher reduction in the total chlorophyll and increase in anthocyanin content were observed after exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg/L silver nanoparticles as compared to similar concentrations of silver ions. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly after exposure to 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L of silver nanoparticles and 0.5 and 1 mg/L of silver ions. Qualitative analysis with dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and rhodamine 123 fluorescence showed a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species production and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in the roots of seedlings exposed to different concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Real-time PCR analysis showed significant upregulation in the expression of sulfur assimilation, glutathione biosynthesis, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase genes upon exposure to silver nanoparticles as compared with silver ions. Overall, based on the physiological and molecular level responses, it was observed that exposure to silver nanoparticles exerted more toxic response than silver ions in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Gopalakrishnan Nair
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
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Thwala M, Musee N, Sikhwivhilu L, Wepener V. The oxidative toxicity of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles towards the aquatic plant Spirodela punctuta and the role of testing media parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1830-1843. [PMID: 23917884 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity effects of silver (nAg) and zinc oxide (nZnO) engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on the duckweed Spirodela punctuta were studied to investigate the potential risks posed by these ENPs towards higher aquatic plants. The influence of media abiotic factors on the stability of the ENPs was also evaluated. Marked agglomeration of ENPs was observed after introduction into testing media whereby large particles settled out of suspension and accumulated at the bottom of testing vessels. The high ionic strength (IS) promoted agglomeration of ENPs because it reduced the inter-particle repulsion caused by a reduction in their surface charge. Low dissolution was observed for nAg, reaching only 0.015% at 1000 mg L(-1), whilst improved dissolution was observed for nZnO, only falling below analytical quantification at 0.1 mg L(-1) and lower. The quantification of free radicals namely, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), indicated the induction of oxidative stress in plants exposed to the ENPs. A definite dose influence was observed for ROS/RNS volumes in plants exposed to nZnO for 14 days, a response not always observed. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plants indicated varying degrees of oxidative toxicity caused by exposure to ENPs. This toxicity was driven mainly by particulates in plants exposed to nAg, whilst dissolved Zn(2+) was the main driver for toxicity in plants exposed to nZnO. Our findings suggest that the toxicity of nAg and nZnO could be caused by both the particulates and ionic forms, as modified by media properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melusi Thwala
- Nanotech Environmental Impacts Research Group, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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97
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Vannini C, Domingo G, Onelli E, Prinsi B, Marsoni M, Espen L, Bracale M. Morphological and proteomic responses of Eruca sativa exposed to silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68752. [PMID: 23874747 PMCID: PMC3715538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commercial products, and there are growing concerns about their impact on the environment. Information about the molecular interaction of AgNPs with plants is lacking. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to AgNPs and to differentiate between particle specific and ionic silver effects we determined the morphological and proteomic changes induced in Eruca sativa (commonly called rocket) in response to AgNPs or AgNO3. Seedlings were treated for 5 days with different concentrations of AgNPs or AgNO3. A similar increase in root elongation was observed when seedlings were exposed to 10 mg Ag L(1) of either PVP-AgNPs or AgNO3. At this concentration we performed electron microscopy investigations and 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) proteomic profiling. The low level of overlap of differentially expressed proteins indicates that AgNPs and AgNO3 cause different plant responses. Both Ag treatments cause changes in proteins involved in the redox regulation and in the sulfur metabolism. These responses could play an important role to maintain cellular homeostasis. Only the AgNP exposure cause the alteration of some proteins related to the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole indicating these two organelles as targets of the AgNPs action. These data add further evidences that the effects of AgNPs are not simply due to the release of Ag ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Vannini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell' Insubria, Varese, Italy. candida.vannini @uninsubria.it
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98
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Xu F, Piett C, Farkas S, Qazzaz M, Syed NI. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) cause degeneration of cytoskeleton and disrupt synaptic machinery of cultured cortical neurons. Mol Brain 2013; 6:29. [PMID: 23782671 PMCID: PMC3695839 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), owing to their effective antimicrobial properties, are being widely used in a broad range of applications. These include, but are not limited to, antibacterial materials, the textile industry, cosmetics, coatings of various household appliances and medical devices. Despite their extensive use, little is known about AgNP safety and toxicity vis-à-vis human and animal health. Recent studies have drawn attention towards potential neurotoxic effects of AgNPs, however, the primary cellular and molecular targets of AgNP action/s remain to be defined. RESULTS Here we examine the effects of ultra fine scales (20 nm) of AgNPs at various concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 50 μg/ml) on primary rat cortical cell cultures. We found that AgNPs (at 1-50 μg/ml) not only inhibited neurite outgrowth and reduced cell viability of premature neurons and glial cells, but also induced degeneration of neuronal processes of mature neurons. Our immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy studies further demonstrated that AgNPs induced the loss of cytoskeleton components such as the β-tubulin and filamentous actin (F-actin). AgNPs also dramatically reduced the number of synaptic clusters of the presynaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin, and the postsynaptic receptor density protein PSD-95. Finally, AgNP exposure also resulted in mitochondria dysfunction in rat cortical cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that AgNPs induce toxicity in neurons, which involves degradation of cytoskeleton components, perturbations of pre- and postsynaptic proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death. Our study clearly demonstrates the potential detrimental effects of AgNPs on neuronal development and physiological functions and warns against its prolific usage.
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