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Effect of dental status on changes in mastication in patients with obesity following bariatric surgery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22324. [PMID: 21799822 PMCID: PMC3140511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients scheduled for bariatric surgery (BS) are encouraged to chew slowly in order to optimise the digestion process. The influence of dental status on patients' ability to comply with advice on chewing behaviour is poorly documented. This study aims to compare modifications of chewing function before and after BS in three groups of obese patients differing in dental status. Method and Findings A cohort of 46 obese women provided three groups: FD group: fully dentate (7–10 functional dental units [FU]); PD group: partially dentate (4–6 FU) without partial dentures; DW group: partial and complete denture wearers. Chewing time (CT), number of chewing cycles (CC), and chewing frequency (CF) were measured before and after surgery during mastication of standardised samples of raw carrot, peanuts, banana, apple and jelly. The median particle-size distribution (D50) of the pre-swallowed bolus was also evaluated for peanut and carrot. Before surgery, the PD and DW groups exhibited greater mean CCs and CTs than the FD group (SNK p<0.05) and produced a bolus with higher granulometry (SNK, p<0.05) than the FD group. After surgery, CT and CC increased for all groups and for all foods, but not statistically significant for jelly. The resulting changes in bolus granulometry observed depended on both food and dental status. The granulometry of carrot bolus remained as fine or as coarse in FD and DW groups respectively as it was before surgery while it was significantly decreased in the PD group (Student's test, p<0.001). Conclusions After bariatric surgery, all the obese patients, regardless of dental status modified their chewing kinematics. The effects of this chewing behaviour on bolus granulometry depended on dental status and type of food. Further studies are needed to understand better the impact of dental status on feeding behaviour and nutrition in patients with obesity.
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Barr SB, Wright JC. Postprandial energy expenditure in whole-food and processed-food meals: implications for daily energy expenditure. Food Nutr Res 2010; 54:5144. [PMID: 20613890 PMCID: PMC2897733 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empirical evidence has shown that rising obesity rates closely parallel the increased consumption of processed foods (PF) consumption in USA. Differences in postprandial thermogenic responses to a whole-food (WF) meal vs. a PF meal may be a key factor in explaining obesity trends, but currently there is limited research exploring this potential link. Objective The goal was to determine if a particular PF meal has a greater thermodynamic efficiency than a comparable WF meal, thereby conferring a greater net-energy intake. Design Subjective satiation scores and postprandial energy expenditure were measured for 5–6 h after isoenergetic meals were ingested. The meals were either ‘whole’ or ‘processed’ cheese sandwiches; multi-grain bread and cheddar cheese were deemed whole, while white bread and processed cheese product were considered processed. Meals were comparable in terms of protein (15–20%), carbohydrate (40–50%), and fat (33–39%) composition. Subjects were healthy women (n=12) and men (n=5) studied in a crossover design. Results There were no significant differences in satiety ratings after the two meals. Average energy expenditure for the WF meal (137±14.1 kcal, 19.9% of meal energy) was significantly larger than for the PF meal (73.1±10.2 kcal, 10.7% of meal energy). Conclusion Ingestion of the particular PF meal tested in this study decreases postprandial energy expenditure by nearly 50% compared with the isoenergetic WF meal. This reduction in daily energy expenditure has potential implications for diets comprised heavily of PFs and their associations with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie B Barr
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
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Labonté ED, Pfluger PT, Cash JG, Kuhel DG, Roja JC, Magness DP, Jandacek RJ, Tschöp MH, Hui DY. Postprandial lysophospholipid suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation: the molecular link between group 1B phospholipase A2 and diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2010; 24:2516-24. [PMID: 20215528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Decrease in fat catabolic rate on consuming a high-fat diet contributes to diet-induced obesity. This study used group 1B phospholipase A(2) (Pla2g1b)-deficient mice, which are resistant to hyperglycemia, to test the hypothesis that Pla2g1b and its lipolytic product lysophospholipid suppress hepatic fat utilization and energy metabolism in promoting diet-induced obesity. The metabolic consequences of hypercaloric diet, including body weight gain, energy expenditure, and fatty acid oxidation, were compared between Pla2g1b(+/+) and Pla2g1b(-/-) mice. The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice displayed normal energy balance when fed chow, but were resistant to obesity when challenged with a hypercaloric diet. Obesity resistance in Pla2g1b(-/-) mice is due to their ability to maintain elevated energy expenditure and core body temperature when subjected to hypercaloric diet, which was not observed in Pla2g1b(+/+) mice. The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice also displayed increased postprandial hepatic fat utilization due to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, PPAR-delta, PPAR-gamma, cd36/Fat, and Ucp2, which coincided with reduced postprandial plasma lysophospholipid levels. Lysophospholipids produced by Pla2g1b hydrolysis suppress hepatic fat utilization and down-regulate energy expenditure, thereby preventing metabolically beneficial adaptation to a high-fat diet exposure in promoting diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Labonté
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 E. Galbraith Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Mero AA, Huovinen H, Matintupa O, Hulmi JJ, Puurtinen R, Hohtari H, Karila TAM. Moderate energy restriction with high protein diet results in healthier outcome in women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:4. [PMID: 20205751 PMCID: PMC2822830 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study compares two different weight reduction regimens both with a moderately high protein intake on body composition, serum hormone concentration and strength performance in non-competitive female athletes. METHODS Fifteen normal weighted women involved in recreational resistance training and aerobic training were recruited for the study (age 28.5 +/- 6.3 yr, height 167.0 +/- 7.0 cm, body mass 66.3 +/- 4.2 kg, body mass index 23.8 +/- 1.8, mean +/- SD). They were randomized into two groups. The 1 KG group (n = 8; energy deficit 1100 kcal/day) was supervised to reduce body weight by 1 kg per week and the 0.5 KG group (n = 7; energy deficit 550 kcal/day) by 0.5 kg per week, respectively. In both groups protein intake was kept at least 1.4 g/kg body weight/day and the weight reduction lasted four weeks. At the beginning of the study the energy need was calculated using food and training diaries. The same measurements were done before and after the 4-week weight reduction period including total body composition (DXA), serum hormone concentrations, jumping ability and strength measurements RESULTS During the 4-week weight reduction period there were no changes in lean body mass and bone mass, but total body mass, fat mass and fat percentage decreased significantly in both groups. The changes were greater in the 1 KG group than in the 0.5 KG group in total body mass (p < 0.001), fat mass (p < 0.001) and fat percentage (p < 0.01). Serum testosterone concentration decreased significantly from 1.8 +/- 1.0 to 1.4 +/- 0.9 nmol/l (p < 0.01) in 1 KG and the change was greater in 1 KG (30%, p < 0.001) than in 0.5 KG (3%). On the other hand, SHBG increased significantly in 1 KG from 63.4 +/- 17.7 to 82.4 +/- 33.0 nmol/l (p < 0.05) during the weight reducing regimen. After the 4-week period there were no changes in strength performance in 0.5 KG group, however in 1 KG maximal strength in bench press decreased (p < 0.05) while endurance strength in squat and counter movement jump improved (p < 0.05) CONCLUSION It is concluded that a weight reduction by 0.5 kg per week with ~1.4 g protein/kg body weight/day can be recommended to normal weighted, physically active women instead of a larger (e.g. 1 kg per week) weight reduction because the latter may lead to a catabolic state. Vertical jumping performance is improved when fat mass and body weight decrease. Thus a moderate weight reduction prior to a major event could be considered beneficial for normal built athletes in jumping events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti A Mero
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Huovinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olle Matintupa
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Risto Puurtinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Tuomo AM Karila
- Hospital Orton, Helsinki, Finland
- Orthopaedic Department, Gisborne Hospital, New Zealand
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Tabarean IV, Osborn O, Mitsukawa K, Schaefer J, Dubins J, Holmberg KH, Klein I, Klaus J, Gomez LF, Kolb H, Secrest J, Jochems J, Myashiro K, Buckley P, Hadcock JR, Eberwine J, Conti B, Bartfai T. Insulin causes hyperthermia by direct inhibition of warm-sensitive neurons. Diabetes 2010; 59:43-50. [PMID: 19846801 PMCID: PMC2797943 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temperature and nutrient homeostasis are two interdependent components of energy balance regulated by distinct sets of hypothalamic neurons. The objective is to examine the role of the metabolic signal insulin in the control of core body temperature (CBT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of preoptic area administration of insulin on CBT in mice was measured by radiotelemetry and respiratory exchange ratio. In vivo 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake into brown adipose tissue (BAT) was measured in rats after insulin treatment by positron emission tomography combined with X-ray computed tomography imaging. Insulin receptor-positive neurons were identified by retrograde tracing from the raphe pallidus. Insulin was locally applied on hypothalamic slices to determine the direct effects of insulin on intrinsically warm-sensitive neurons by inducing hyperpolarization and reducing firing rates. RESULTS Injection of insulin into the preoptic area of the hypothalamus induced a specific and dose-dependent elevation of CBT mediated by stimulation of BAT thermogenesis as shown by imaging and respiratory ratio measurements. Retrograde tracing indicates that insulin receptor-expressing warm-sensitive neurons activate BAT through projection via the raphe pallidus. Insulin applied on hypothalamic slices acted directly on intrinsically warm-sensitive neurons by inducing hyperpolarization and reducing firing rates. The hyperthermic effects of insulin were blocked by pretreatment with antibodies to insulin or with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that insulin can directly modulate hypothalamic neurons that regulate thermogenesis and CBT and indicate that insulin plays an important role in coupling metabolism and thermoregulation at the level of anterior hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Iustin V. Tabarean
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia Osborn
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Olivia Osborn,
| | - Kayo Mitsukawa
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | - Izabella Klein
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Joe Klaus
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Luis F. Gomez
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Healthcare Imaging and Information Technology, Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Culver City, California
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Healthcare Imaging and Information Technology, Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Culver City, California
| | - James Secrest
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Healthcare Imaging and Information Technology, Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Culver City, California
| | - Jeanine Jochems
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Myashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - James Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Schoeller DA. The energy balance equation: looking back and looking forward are two very different views. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:249-54. [PMID: 19386028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance equation has served as an important tool for the study of bioenergetics. It is based on one of the most fundamental properties of thermodynamics and has been invaluable in understanding the interactions of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition. Recently, however, the obesity epidemic has extended the use of the equation to the creation of public health messages for preventing or even reversing secular trends in body mass index. This usage often fails to consider how changes in any one term of the equation can lead to accommodations in one or both of the other two terms. It is concluded that research and public health messages should not simply consider how interventions affect just energy expenditure or energy intake, but rather how they affect the balance or gap between energy intake and expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Ghrelin restores 'lean-type' hunger and energy expenditure profiles in morbidly obese subjects but has no effect on postgastrectomy subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:317-25. [PMID: 19188925 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of ghrelin on appetite and energy expenditure in lean, obese and postgastrectomy subjects. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PATIENTS Nine lean subjects (mean body mass index (BMI) 23.5+/-3 kg/m(2)) and nine morbidly obese subjects (mean BMI 51.4+/-10 kg/m(2)) and eight postgastrectomy subjects (mean BMI 22.4+/-1.0 kg/m(2)). INTERVENTIONS Subjects were infused with either intravenous ghrelin (5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) or saline over 270 min. They were given a fixed energy breakfast followed by a free buffet lunch towards the end of the infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual analogue scales were used to record hunger and energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Ghrelin increased energy intake at the buffet lunch in lean subjects (a 41% increase, P<0.01) and obese subjects (35% increase, P=0.04) but not in postgastrectomy subjects. Lean subjects showed a characteristic preprandial rise and postprandial fall in hunger scores, which was exaggerated by ghrelin infusion. Obese subjects showed little variation in hunger scores, but a 'lean-type' pattern was restored when given exogenous ghrelin. Ghrelin had no effect on resting metabolic rate but did increase respiratory quotient (RQ) in obese subjects. Ghrelin also increased RQ variability over time in all three groups (ANOVA, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hunger scores are abnormal in the obese, perhaps because of impaired ghrelin secretion. The effect of ghrelin in restoring normal hunger profiles in the obese suggests causality, confirming an important role in eating behaviour. Ghrelin also increases RQ in obese humans and increased RQ variability in all groups. This suggests that ghrelin regulates substrate utilization and may promote metabolic flexibility.
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Acute effects of three high-fat meals with different fat saturations on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and satiety. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:39-45. [PMID: 19010571 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Secor SM. Specific dynamic action: a review of the postprandial metabolic response. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 179:1-56. [PMID: 18597096 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For more than 200 years, the metabolic response that accompanies meal digestion has been characterized, theorized, and experimentally studied. Historically labeled "specific dynamic action" or "SDA", this physiological phenomenon represents the energy expended on all activities of the body incidental to the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of a meal. Specific dynamic action or a component of postprandial metabolism has been quantified for more than 250 invertebrate and vertebrate species. Characteristic among all of these species is a rapid postprandial increase in metabolic rate that upon peaking returns more slowly to prefeeding levels. The average maximum increase in metabolic rate stemming from digestion ranges from a modest 25% for humans to 136% for fishes, and to an impressive 687% for snakes. The type, size, composition, and temperature of the meal, as well as body size, body composition, and several environmental factors (e.g., ambient temperature and gas concentration) can each significantly impact the magnitude and duration of the SDA response. Meals that are large, intact or possess a tough exoskeleton require more digestive effort and thus generate a larger SDA than small, fragmented, or soft-bodied meals. Differences in the individual effort of preabsorptive (e.g., swallowing, gastric breakdown, and intestinal transport) and postabsorptive (e.g., catabolism and synthesis) events underlie much of the variation in SDA. Specific dynamic action is an integral part of an organism's energy budget, exemplified by accounting for 19-43% of the daily energy expenditure of free-ranging snakes. There are innumerable opportunities for research in SDA including coverage of unexplored taxa, investigating the underlying sources, determinants, and the central control of postprandial metabolism, and examining the integration of SDA across other physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA.
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61
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Timlin MT, Pereira MA. Breakfast Frequency and Quality in the Etiology of Adult Obesity and Chronic Diseases. Nutr Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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The acute effects of psyllium on postprandial lipaemia and thermogenesis in overweight and obese men. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:1068-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507864804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity is one of the risk factors for developing CVD. At present, very little is known about the acute effects of dietary fibre on lipids, glucose and insulin, resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis in overweight and obese individuals. This study examined the postprandial metabolic effects of dietary fibre in overweight and obese men. Ten overweight and obese men consumed a mixed meal accompanied by either a high-fibre or low-fibre supplement on two separate visits, in a random order, 1 week apart. Two isoenergetic breakfast meals with similar composition were consumed by ten overweight/obese men. The meals contained either a low (3 g) or high (15 g) amount of fibre, low-fibre meal (LFM) and high-fibre meal (HFM) respectively. Analysis was carried out using paired t test and ANOVA. Serum TAG incremental area under the curve during 6 h of the postprandial period was significantly lower after the consumption of HFM compared with LFM. At the first hour of the postprandial period, plasma apo B48 concentration after consumption of HFM was significantly lower compared with LFM. The resting energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis after both meals was similar during 6 h of the postprandial period. Collectively, these findings suggest that a single acute dose of dietary fibre in the form of psyllium supplement can decrease arterial exposure to TAG and modify chylomicron responses in the postprandial period.
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Nakade M, Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Amano Y, Mori K, Akabayashi A. Correlation between food intake change patterns and body weight loss in middle-aged women in Japan. Obes Res Clin Pract 2007; 1:I-II. [PMID: 24351448 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of food intake change which are effective for weight loss have not been clearly researched yet. The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between food intake change patterns and body weight loss. One hundred and two overweight women completed a 2-day dietary record before and after a 12-week weight-reduction program, and 28 food groups were classified. Patterns of food intake change were derived by cluster analysis, and compared with the changes of physical measurements and nutrition intake. As a result, decreasing Japanese foods pattern (DJP), increasing healthy foods pattern (IHP) and changing staple foods pattern (CSP) were classified. DJP and CSP mainly changed staple food intake. IHP decreased sugars, oils, beans except soybeans and meat intake, and increased fruits and seafood intake. DJP decreased fat and carbohydrate intake most but CSP showed least change. IHP also decreased fat and carbohydrate intake but maintained protein intake. Although no significant differences were seen in the change of energy intake between IHP and DJP or CSP, subjects of IHP showed the largest reduction in mean body weight, BMI, %body fat, waist circumference and serum triacylglycerol after adjusting for age and baseline values. Body weight, BMI and %body fat maintained their significance further adjusting for changes in energy intake and the number of walking steps. Food intake change patterns affected the magnitude of body weight loss independent of energy intake. In addition to energy intake, assessment of food intake change patterns could be useful for effective weight loss.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Nakade
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jung Su Lee
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakubo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Amano
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mori
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Akabayashi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
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64
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Stob NR, Bell C, van Baak MA, Seals DR. Thermic effect of food and beta-adrenergic thermogenic responsiveness in habitually exercising and sedentary healthy adult humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:616-22. [PMID: 17463294 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermic effect of food (TEF) is an important physiological determinant of total daily energy expenditure (EE) and energy balance. TEF is believed to be mediated in part by sympathetic nervous system activation and consequent beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation of metabolism. TEF is greater in habitually exercising than in sedentary adults, despite similar postprandial sympathetic nervous system activation. We determined whether augmented TEF in habitually exercising adults is associated with enhanced peripheral thermogenic responsiveness to beta-AR stimulation. In separate experiments in 22 sedentary and 29 habitually exercising adults, we measured the increase in EE (indirect calorimetry, ventilated hood) during beta-AR stimulation (intravenous isoproterenol: 6, 12, and 24 ng x kg fat-free mass(-1) x min(-1)) and EE before and after a liquid meal (40% of resting EE; 53% carbohydrate, 32% fat, 15% protein). The increase in EE during incremental isoproterenol administration was greater (P = 0.01) in habitual exercisers (0.34 +/- 0.03, 0.54 +/- 0.04, 0.81 +/- 0.05 kJ/min; means +/- SE) than in sedentary adults (0.26 +/- 0.03, 0.40 +/- 0.03, 0.64 +/- 0.04 kJ/min). The area under the TEF response curve was also greater (P = 0.04) in habitual exercisers (160 +/- 9 kJ) than in sedentary adults (130 +/- 11 kJ) and was positively related to beta-AR thermogenic responsiveness (r = 0.32, P = 0.02). We conclude that TEF is related to beta-AR thermogenic responsiveness and that the greater TEF in habitual exercisers is attributable in part to their augmented beta-AR thermogenic responsiveness. Our results also suggest that peripheral thermogenic responsiveness to beta-AR stimulation is a physiological determinant of TEF and hence energy balance in healthy adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Stob
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Oomen JM, Waijers PMCM, van Rossum C, Hoebee B, Saris WHM, van Baak MA. Influence of ß2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms on diet-induced thermogenesis. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:647-54. [PMID: 16277765 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the control of energy metabolism and expenditure. Diet-induced thermogenesis is mediated partly by the ß-adrenergic component of this system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of genetic variation in the ß2-adrenoceptor in diet-induced thermogenesis. Data from twenty-four subjects (fourteen men and ten women; BMI 26·7(sem 0·8) kg/m2; age 45·2(sem1·4) years) with different polymorphisms of the ß2-adrenoceptor at codon 16 (Gly16Gly, Gly16Arg or Arg16Arg) were recruited for this study. Subjects were given a high-carbohydrate liquid meal, and the energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, and plasma concentrations of NEFA, glycerol, glucose, insulin and catecholamines were measured before and over 4 h after the meal. The AUC of energy expenditure (diet-induced thermogenesis) was not significantly different between polymorphism groups, nor was the response of any of the other measured variables to the meal. In a multiple regression model, the only variable that explained a significant proportion (32 %) of the variation in diet-induced thermogenesis was the increase in plasma adrenaline in response to the meal (P<0·05). The ß2-adrenoceptor codon16 polymorphisms did not contribute significantly. In conclusion, an independent contribution of the codon 16 polymorphism of the ß2-adrenoceptor gene to the variation in thermogenic response to a high-carbohydrate meal could not be demonstrated. The interindividual variation in thermogenic response to the meal was correlated with variations in the plasma adrenaline response to the meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Oomen
- Department of Human Biology/NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Pannacciulli N, Ortega E, Koska J, Salbe AD, Bunt JC, Krakoff J. Glucose response to an oral glucose tolerance test predicts weight change in non-diabetic subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:632-9. [PMID: 17372313 PMCID: PMC1894686 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose exerts a dual action in the regulation of energy balance, consisting of inhibition of energy intake and stimulation of energy expenditure. Whether blood glucose affects long-term regulation of body weight in humans remains to be established. We sought to test the hypothesis that the post-challenge glucose response is a predictor of weight change. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed a prospective analysis of the impact of glucose response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a mixed-meal test (MT) on subsequent changes in body weight (BW) on 253 Pima Indians (166 men and 87 women) with normal glucose regulation at baseline and follow-up (follow-up: 7 +/- 4 years). Main outcome measures included BW change (total, percent, and annual), plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during OGTT and MT [total and incremental areas under the curve (AUCs)], resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry), and insulin action (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp). RESULTS Total and incremental glucose AUCs during the OGTT (but not the MT) were negatively associated with BW change (total, percent, and annual), both before and after adjusting for sex, age, initial BW, follow-up time, insulin action, RMR, fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and insulin response. Total and incremental glucose AUCs during the OGTT were independent determinants of final BW with age, initial BW, follow-up time, fasting plasma insulin concentrations, and RMR. DISCUSSION Higher post-challenge glucose response protects against BW gain in subjects with normal glucose regulation. We propose that this action may be because of the effect of glucose on food intake and/or thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pannacciulli
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016, USA.
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Blaak EE, Hul G, Verdich C, Stich V, Martinez JA, Petersen M, Feskens EFM, Patel K, Oppert JM, Barbe P, Toubro S, Polak J, Anderson I, Astrup A, Macdonald I, Langin D, Sørensen T, Saris WH. Impaired fat-induced thermogenesis in obese subjects: the NUGENOB study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:653-63. [PMID: 17372316 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study energy expenditure before and 3 hours after a high-fat load in a large cohort of obese subjects (n = 701) and a lean reference group (n = 113). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Subjects from seven European countries underwent a 1-day clinical study with a liquid test meal challenge containing 95% fat (energy content was 50% of estimated resting energy expenditure). Fasting and 3-hour postprandial energy expenditures, as well as metabolites and hormones, were determined. RESULTS Obese subjects had a reduced postprandial energy expenditure after the high-fat load, independent of body composition, age, sex, research center, and resting energy expenditure, whereas within the obese group, thermogenesis increased again with increasing BMI category. Additionally, insulin resistance, habitual physical activity, postprandial plasma triacylglycerols, and insulin were all independently positively related to the postprandial energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure, adjusted for fat-free mass, increased with degree of obesity, a difference that disappeared after adjustment for fat mass. Furthermore, insulin resistance, fasting plasma free fatty acids, and cortisol were positively associated, whereas fasting plasma leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were negatively associated, with resting energy expenditure. DISCUSSION The 3-hour fat-induced thermogenic response is reduced in obesity. It remains to be determined whether this blunted thermogenic response is a contributory factor or an adaptive response to the obese state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Stiegler P, Cunliffe A. The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Med 2006; 36:239-62. [PMID: 16526835 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200636030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is increasing rapidly. Research efforts for effective treatment strategies still focus on diet and exercise programmes, the individual components of which have been investigated in intervention trials in order to determine the most effective recommendations for sustained changes in bodyweight. The foremost objective of a weight-loss trial has to be the reduction in body fat leading to a decrease in risk factors for metabolic syndrome. However, a concomitant decline in lean tissue can frequently be observed. Given that fat-free mass (FFM) represents a key determinant of the magnitude of resting metabolic rate (RMR), it follows that a decrease in lean tissue could hinder the progress of weight loss. Therefore, with respect to long-term effectiveness of weight-loss programmes, the loss of fat mass while maintaining FFM and RMR seems desirable. Diet intervention studies suggest spontaneous losses in bodyweight following low-fat diets, and current data on a reduction of the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of the diet show promising outcomes. Exercise training is associated with an increase in energy expenditure, thus promoting changes in body composition and bodyweight while keeping dietary intake constant. The advantages of strength training may have greater implications than initially proposed with respect to decreasing percentage body fat and sustaining FFM. Research to date suggests that the addition of exercise programmes to dietary restriction can promote more favourable changes in body composition than diet or physical activity on its own. Moreover, recent research indicates that the macronutrient content of the energy-restricted diet may influence body compositional alterations following exercise regimens. Protein emerges as an important factor for the maintenance of or increase in FFM induced by exercise training. Changes in RMR can only partly be accounted for by alterations in respiring tissues, and other yet-undefined mechanisms have to be explored. These outcomes provide the scientific rationale to justify further randomised intervention trials on the synergies between diet and exercise approaches to yield favourable modifications in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stiegler
- Department of Human and Health Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
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69
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Marrades MP, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Differences in short-term metabolic responses to a lipid load in lean (resistant) vs obese (susceptible) young male subjects with habitual high-fat consumption. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:166-74. [PMID: 16900083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of macronutrients oxidation ability in the postprandial response to a high lipid load in the mechanisms conferring resistance or susceptibility to obesity. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Nine lean and nine obese young male subjects with habitual similar high-fat intake (>40 % of energy) and comparable physical activity were selected and categorized as 'resistant', those who remained lean (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2), and 'susceptible', those who were obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Fasting blood samples were taken for the evaluation of blood metabolic and hormonal variables. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrates oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry, in the fasting state and every 30 min for 3 h after a rich lipid meal (fat 94.7%) supplied to cover the 50% of the volunteers energy requirements. The study was performed at the Metabolic Unit of the University of Navarra. RESULTS Fasting RMR and lipid oxidation were higher in obese-susceptible subjects. However, similar values were found in both groups after adjustment for fat mass and free fat mass. The cumulative postprandial fat oxidation was also similar in both groups (despite having different tissue metabolic activity), whereas cumulative carbohydrate oxidation was lower in the obese-susceptible group. The thermic effect of food (% of dietary induced thermogenesis) was lower (P<0.05) in the susceptible-obese subjects. The energy and fat balance were more positive in the obesity-susceptible individuals after the high fat load, who also showed higher fasting homeostatic model assessment index, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia. CONCLUSION Lean-resistant individuals came closer to achieving fat balance than obese-susceptible subjects. These metabolic and hormonal differences are probably genetically determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Marrades
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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70
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Abstract
The increasing global health problems of overweight and obesity are associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers, among other health concerns. Vegetarian diets are associated with reduced body weight, lower incidence of certain chronic disease, and lower medical costs compared with non-vegetarian diets. We reviewed the literature to ascertain the extent to which and by what mechanism(s) a plant-based diet may mediate body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Berkow
- Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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71
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Lainscak M, Keber I, Anker SD. Body composition changes in patients with systolic heart failure treated with beta blockers: a pilot study. Int J Cardiol 2006; 106:319-22. [PMID: 16337039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is an independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF). Beta blockers can reduce body energy expenditure and improve efficiency of substrate utilization. AIM To assess the changes in body composition in non-cachectic patients with CHF treated with beta blockers. METHODS We prospectively followed 41 non-cachectic ambulatory CHF patients (mean age 67 +/- 10 years, ejection fraction 37 +/- 4%) treated with beta blockers for at least 6 months. Body composition was measured by bioimpedance. RESULTS At baseline 16/41 patients were treated with beta blockers while at the end of follow-up all patients received beta blockers (31/41 at full recommended dose). During follow up of 263 +/- 106 days body weight (83.1 +/- 16.7 vs. 83.0 +/- 16.9 kg), body mass index (29.3 +/- 5.5 vs. 29.3 +/- 5.6) and total body water did not change (51.2 +/- 6.4% vs. 51.0 +/- 6.4%), while total body fat mass (27.4 +/- 9.6 to 28.3 +/- 10.2 kg, median change +0.89 kg, p = 0.01) and percent of total body fat increased (32.3 +/- 7.4% to 33.4 +/- 7.5%, median change +0.7%, p < 0.001). New York Heart Association class and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire improved from 2.9 +/- 0.4 and 48 +/- 15 to 2.3 +/- 0.6 and 32 +/- 16, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION In patients with CHF, treatment with beta blockers can increase total body fat mass and total body fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja Lainscak
- General Hospital Murska Sobota, Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Vrbnjaka 6 SI-9000, Murska Sobota, Slovenia.
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72
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Watanabe T, Nomura M, Nakayasu K, Kawano T, Ito S, Nakaya Y. Relationships between thermic effect of food, insulin resistance and autonomic nervous activity. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2006; 53:153-8. [PMID: 16538009 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.53.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermic effect of food (TEF) is higher in lean than in obese human subjects. OBJECTIVE Relationships between TEF and insulin resistance during meals, from the point of view of autonomic nervous activity, were evaluated. METHODS Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated in 20 young adults using the spectral analysis of heart rate variability from one hour before to two hours after a meal. Heart rate data were analyzed based on low frequency components (LF power, 0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency components (HF power, 0.15-0.40 Hz), and LF/HF ratios. Energy expenditure and the TEF were measured 30 min after a meal. Homeostasis model of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was also measured. RESULTS The LF/HF ratio was significantly increased 30 min after a meal (p<0.05). No correlation between LF power and HF power with TEF was found, but the LF/HF ratio was significantly and positively correlated with TEF (r=+0.56, p<0.05). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between the HOMA-IR and TEF (r=-0.601, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that a reduction in insulin sensitivity induces a poor response of sympathetic nervous activity in the postprandial phase and a reduction in postprandial energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Watanabe
- Department of Digestive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Am J Med 2005; 118:991-7. [PMID: 16164885 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of a low-fat, plant-based diet on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, while controlling for exercise in free-living individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In an outpatient setting, 64 overweight, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a low-fat, vegan diet or a control diet based on National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines, without energy intake limits, and were asked to maintain exercise unchanged. Dietary intake, body weight and composition, resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and insulin sensitivity were measured at baseline and 14 weeks. RESULTS Mean +/- standard deviation intervention-group body weight decreased 5.8 +/- 3.2 kg, compared with 3.8 +/- 2.8 kg in the control group (P = .012). In a regression model of predictors of weight change, including diet group and changes in energy intake, thermic effect of food, resting metabolic rate, and reported energy expenditure, significant effects were found for diet group (P < .05), thermic effect of food (P < .05), and resting metabolic rate (P < .001). An index of insulin sensitivity increased from 4.6 +/- 2.9 to 5.7 +/- 3.9 (P = .017) in the intervention group, but the difference between groups was not significant (P = .17). CONCLUSION Adoption of a low-fat, vegan diet was associated with significant weight loss in overweight postmenopausal women, despite the absence of prescribed limits on portion size or energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Barnard
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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75
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Abstract
Wagenmakers discusses the paper by Petersen and colleagues on insulin resistance in young lean individuals and its association with reduced phosphate transport into muscle cells and impaired mitochondrial energy generation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J M Wagenmakers
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Costa-Font J, Gil J. Obesity and the incidence of chronic diseases in Spain: a seemingly unrelated probit approach. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2005; 3:188-214. [PMID: 15941678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Western societies can reduce avoidable mortality and morbidity by better understanding the relationship between obesity and chronic disease. This paper examines the empirical association between obesity and the incidence of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol. We analyze a broadly representative Spanish dataset, the 1999 Survey on Disabilities, Impairments and Health Status, using a health production theoretical framework together with a seemingly unrelated probit model approach that controls for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity. Its findings provide evidence of a positive and significant, although specification-dependent, association between obesity and the prevalence of all chronic illness examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Costa-Font
- Departament de Teoria Econòmica and CAEPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
America is experiencing a major obesity epidemic. The ramifications of this epidemic are immense since obesity is associated with chronic metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. Reduced physical activity and/or increased energy intakes are important factors in this epidemic. Additionally, a genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms affecting biochemical pathways that regulate fat oxidation, energy expenditure, or energy intake. However, these pathways are also impacted by specific foods and nutrients. Vitamin C status is inversely related to body mass. Individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status; thus, vitamin C depleted individuals may be more resistant to fat mass loss. Food choices can impact post-meal satiety and hunger. High-protein foods promote postprandial thermogenesis and greater satiety as compared to high-carbohydrate, low-fat foods; thus, diet regimens high in protein foods may improve diet compliance and diet effectiveness. Vinegar and peanut ingestion can reduce the glycemic effect of a meal, a phenomenon that has been related to satiety and reduced food consumption. Thus, the effectiveness of regular exercise and a prudent diet for weight loss may be enhanced by attention to specific diet details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S Johnston
- Department of Nutrition, Arizona State University East, 7001 E. Williams Field Rd., Mesa, AZ 85212, USA.
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Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 23:373-85. [PMID: 15466943 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years, proponents of some fad diets have claimed that higher amounts of protein facilitate weight loss. Only in recent years have studies begun to examine the effects of high protein diets on energy expenditure, subsequent energy intake and weight loss as compared to lower protein diets. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of randomized investigations on the effects of high protein diets on dietary thermogenesis, satiety, body weight and fat loss. There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake. Some evidence suggests that diets higher in protein result in an increased weight loss and fat loss as compared to diets lower in protein, but findings have not been consistent. In dietary practice, it may be beneficial to partially replace refined carbohydrate with protein sources that are low in saturated fat. Although recent evidence supports potential benefit, rigorous longer-term studies are needed to investigate the effects of high protein diets on weight loss and weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Halton
- Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a common secondary complication of chronic spinal cord injury and is associated with adverse metabolic sequelae. Because positive energy balance is the fundamental cause of obesity, we herein review the current knowledge pertaining to total daily energy expenditure, including resting metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and physical activity, in the spinal cord injury population. RECENT FINDINGS Commonly used equations to predict resting metabolic rate overestimate measured requirements in chronic spinal cord injury by 5-32%. Measured resting metabolic rate is 14-27% lower in persons with spinal cord injury versus those without, due to decreased fat-free mass and sympathetic nervous system activity in this population. However, preliminary evidence suggests that neither the metabolic activity of the fat-free body, nor the obligatory phase of the thermic effect of food is different between those with and without injury. Physical activity levels, especially in those with tetraplegia and complete lesions, are lower than recommended or lower than those of able-bodied persons. SUMMARY New equations to predict resting metabolic rate should be validated and prospectively tested in a large sample of men and women with complete and incomplete paraplegia and tetraplegia. Whether the facultative phase of the thermic effect of food is different between those with and without SCI remains to be elucidated. Persons with chronic spinal cord injury, and perhaps those with tetraplegia and complete lesions especially, should be encouraged to engage in increased frequency, intensity and/or duration of physical activity. Future research efforts should explore the effects of level and completeness of neurological lesion on resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Buchholz
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Objective Daily energy expenditure consists of three components: basal metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and the energy cost of physical activity. Here, data on diet-induced thermogenesis are reviewed in relation to measuring conditions and characteristics of the diet. Methods Measuring conditions include nutritional status of the subject, physical activity and duration of the observation. Diet characteristics are energy content and macronutrient composition. Results Most studies measure diet-induced thermogenesis as the increase in energy expenditure above basal metabolic rate. Generally, the hierarchy in macronutrient oxidation in the postprandial state is reflected similarly in diet-induced thermogenesis, with the sequence alcohol, protein, carbohydrate, and fat. A mixed diet consumed at energy balance results in a diet induced energy expenditure of 5 to 15 % of daily energy expenditure. Values are higher at a relatively high protein and alcohol consumption and lower at a high fat consumption. Protein induced thermogenesis has an important effect on satiety. In conclusion, the main determinants of diet-induced thermogenesis are the energy content and the protein- and alcohol fraction of the diet. Protein plays a key role in body weight regulation through satiety related to diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Soares MJ, Cummings SJ, Mamo JCL, Kenrick M, Piers LS. The acute effects of olive oil v. cream on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2004; 91:245-52. [PMID: 14756910 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the source of dietary fat on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates, was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57-73 years, with BMI 21.9-38.3 kg/m(2). A single blind, randomised, paired comparison of two high-fat, isoenergetic, mixed test meals was conducted. The major source of fat was either cream (CREAM) or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). RMR, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no differences in body weight, RMR, fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions. DIT (EVOO 97 (SD 46) v. CREAM 76 (SD 69) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5.2 (SD 2.5) v. CREAM 4.1 (SD 3.7)% energy) did not differ between the two test meals. The postprandial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates, relative to their respective fasting values (DeltaCOX), was significantly lower following the EVOO meal (EVOO 10.6 (SD 8.3) v. CREAM 17.5 (SD 10) g/5 h; paired t test, P=0.023), while postprandial fat oxidation rates (DeltaFOX) were significantly higher (EVOO 0.0 (SD 4.4) v. CREAM -3.6 (sd 4.0) g/5 h; P=0.028). In the eight obese subjects, however, DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal (EVOO 5.1 (SD 2.0) v. CREAM 2.5 (sd 2.9) %; P=0.01). This was accompanied by a significantly lower DeltaCOX (EVOO 10.9 (SD 9.9) v. CREAM 17.3 (SD 10.5) g/5 h; P=0.03) and significantly higher DeltaFOX (EVOO 0.11 (SD 4.4) v. CREAM -4.1 (SD 4.5) g/5 h, P=0.034). The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postprandial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soares
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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Abstract
An increase in the risk of cancer is one of the consequences of obesity. The predominant cancers associated with obesity have a hormonal base and include breast, prostate, endometrium, colon and gallbladder cancers. As the basis for understanding the problem of obesity has advanced, a number of new ideas have emerged about the relationship of obesity to cancer. The conversion of androstenedione secreted by the adrenal gland into estrone by aromatase in adipose tissue stroma provides an important source of estrogen for the postmenopausal woman. This estrogen may play an important role in the development of endometrial and breast cancer. Of interest is that experimental animals lacking aromatase or the estrogen receptor alpha are obese. Leptin is one of the many products produced by fat cells and has given rise to the ideas that the fat cell is an endocrine cell and that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ. The increased release of cytokines from this tissue may play a role in the inflammatory state that is associated with obesity. The gut also plays an important role in signaling satiety in response to food intake. Colon cancer is an important human disease, and experimental mice lacking gastrin are obese and have an increased risk of developing colon cancer in response to carcinogenic drugs. Efforts to control obesity through preventive strategies and treatment can be expected to have a benefit in reducing the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Beta-blockers are the most frequently used drugs for the treatment of hypertension. Apart from concerns regarding potential adverse metabolic effects on lipids or insulin sensitivity, beta-blockers can also cause weight gain in some patients. This fact appears little known to clinical practitioners and trialists. Thus, only a minority of clinical trials with beta-blockers report weight changes during treatment. In trials that do report weight changes, beta-blockers are associated with a weight gain of 1.2 (range -0.4-3.5) kg. This may be attributable to the fact that beta blockade can decrease metabolic rate by 10%. Beta-blockers may also have other negative effects on energy metabolism. Obesity management in overweight hypertensive patients may therefore be more difficult in the presence of beta-blocker treatment. We therefore question the use of beta-blockers as first-line therapy for overweight or obese patients with uncomplicated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pischon
- Franz Volhard Clinic-Charité and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Cunningham E, Marcason W. Is it possible to burn calories by eating grapefruit or vinegar? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2001; 101:1198. [PMID: 11678492 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Cunningham
- American Dietetic Association's Knowledge Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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86
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Sharma AM, Pischon T, Hardt S, Kunz I, Luft FC. Hypothesis: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: A systematic analysis. Hypertension 2001; 37:250-4. [PMID: 11230280 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the arguments put forward against the primary use of beta-blockers has been concern about adverse metabolic effects, such as unfavorable effects on lipids or insulin sensitivity. Another less-appreciated potential drawback is their propensity to cause weight gain in some patients. In 8 evaluable prospective randomized controlled trials that lasted >/=6 months, body weight was higher in the beta-blocker than in the control group at the end of the study. The median difference in body weight was 1.2 kg (range -0.4 to 3.5 kg). A regression analysis suggested that beta-blockers were associated with an initial weight gain during the first few months. Thereafter, no further weight gain compared with controls was apparent. There was no relationship between demographic characteristics and changes in body weight. Based on these observations, the first-line use of beta-blockers in obese hypertensive patients should be reviewed. Obesity management in overweight hypertensive patients may be more difficult in the face of beta-blocker treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sharma
- Franz Volhard Clinic and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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87
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Schiffelers SL, Saris WH, van Baak MA. The effect of an increased free fatty acid concentration on thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in obese and lean men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:33-8. [PMID: 11244455 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether a certain increase in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration leads to similar increases in lipid oxidation and energy expenditure in obese and lean men. DESIGN The study protocol consisted of a 30 min baseline period after which subjects received an i.v. bolus of 1000 IE heparin. Then consecutive infusions of 4.9, 9.8 and 19.6 microl/kg fat-free mass (FFM).min of a lipid heparin mixture were started, each infusion for 30 min. SUBJECTS Eleven obese and 13 lean men with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 34.2+/-1.0 (+/-s.e.m.) and 23.9+/-0.5 kg/m(2) and age 46.0+/-1.0 and 42.6+/-1.5 y, respectively. MEASUREMENTS Energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and carbohydrate and lipid oxidation were continuously measured by indirect calorimetry. At the end of each infusion period, a blood sample was taken for FFA, glycerol, insulin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, noradrenaline and adrenaline determination. RESULTS At baseline, plasma FFA levels were comparable in both groups. Lipid heparin infusion increased plasma FFA concentration by 301+/-47 micromol/l and 332+/-27 micromol/l in obese and lean men. Energy expenditure increased similarly in obese and lean men (0.34+/-0.08 vs 0.40+/-0.08 kJ/min, NS) during lipid heparin infusion, whereas RER decreased similarly in both groups. Lipid oxidation rates were comparable at baseline and increased similarly in obese and lean men (19+/-5 vs 13+/-4 mg/min, NS). Baseline plasma insulin levels were higher in the obese, but did not change during lipid heparin infusion. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were similar at baseline, but increased significantly less in the obese during lipid heparin infusion. Baseline noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. During lipid heparin infusion, plasma noradrenaline levels decreased significantly, but plasma adrenaline levels remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSION A certain increase in plasma FFA concentration leads to similar increases in lipid oxidation and energy expenditure in obese and lean men. The accumulation of fat in obese subjects may therefore be more likely to be due to a defect in adipose tissue lipolysis than a defect in lipid oxidation. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 33-38
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Schiffelers
- Nutrition Toxicology and Environment Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The aetiology and treatment of obesity have been fraught with disappointment for researchers, because the mechanisms that control fuel homeostasis and adiposity are incompletely understood. It is assumed that regulatory processes match the dietary fuel supply with energy requirements in order to maintain a stable body mass and adiposity. In this context several theories have been proposed to explain the laws of thermodynamics describing the conservation and transformation of energy in living organisms. In the light of new evidence it can now be hypothesized that the control of body weight and composition depends on an axis with three interrelated and self-controlled components: (1) food intake; (2) nutrient turnover and thermogenesis; (3) body fat stores. Complex feedback mechanisms underlie all these components. The major factors involved in obesity seem to be dietary and physical activity habits. These factors are affected by susceptibility genes that in turn may influence energy expenditure, fuel metabolism, muscle fibre function and appetite or food preferences. However, the increasing rates of obesity cannot be explained exclusively by changes in the gene pool, although genetic variants that were previously 'silent' are now being triggered by the high availability of energy- and fat-dense foods, and by the increasingly sedentary lifestyle of modern societies. The study of factors such as genetics and lifestyle implicated in weight gain and obesity is crucial for predictions about the future impact of the global epidemic of obesity, and provides a unique opportunity for the implementation of preventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is an important component of the autonomic nervous system, and thus plays a major role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The SNS is of particular importance in the control of the cardiovascular system and of a number of metabolic processes. Alterations in SNS effects on metabolism have been implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity, and the SNS is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity. This review provides an overview of the anatomical and physiological aspects of the SNS, before considering the evidence showing a role for the SNS in the development or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snitker
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, 725 W Lombard St. Rm. S-413, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Toth MJ, Sites CK, Poehlman ET. Hormonal and physiological correlates of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in middle-aged, premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:2771-5. [PMID: 10443677 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.8.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the hormonal and physiological correlates of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in middle-aged women will increase our knowledge of factors that promote changes in energy balance and adiposity. We measured resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in 59 middle-aged, premenopausal women (mean+/-sD age, 47+/-2 yr) to examine the hormonal and physiological correlates of energy and substrate metabolism. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured at rest using indirect calorimetry and urinary nitrogen excretion and for 180 min after the ingestion of a liquid meal (10 kcal/kg fat-free mass; 410+/-44 Cal). Fasting hormone levels were measured by RIA, glucose tolerance was determined by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and peak aerobic capacity was determined by a treadmill test. Using stepwise regression analysis, we found that resting energy expenditure was predicted by fat-free mass and serum leptin concentration (r2 = 66%; P < 0.01), fat oxidation was predicted by resting energy expenditure (r2 = 17%; P < 0.01), and carbohydrate oxidation was predicted by serum leptin and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (r2 = 21%;P < 0.01). Novariables were related to postprandial energy expenditure or substrate oxidation. We conclude that in middle-aged, premenopausal women, variation in resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation is primarily explained by fat-free mass and serum leptin levels. Thus, changes in metabolically active tissue mass or leptin concentration may partially contribute to changes in resting energy expenditure or substrate oxidation in middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Toth
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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