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Miller SJ, Campbell CE, Jimenez-Corea HA, Wu GH, Logan R. Neuroglial Senescence, α-Synucleinopathy, and the Therapeutic Potential of Senolytics in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824191. [PMID: 35516803 PMCID: PMC9063319 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for PD and the complicated intricacies of the pathology are still being worked out. Much of the research on PD has focused on neurons, since the disease is characterized by neurodegeneration. However, neuroglia has become recognized as key players in the health and disease of the central nervous system. This review provides a current perspective on the interactive roles that α-synuclein and neuroglial senescence have in PD. The self-amplifying and cyclical nature of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, α-synucleinopathy, neuroglial senescence, neuroglial chronic activation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. Finally, the compelling role that senolytics could play as a therapeutic avenue for PD is explored and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Miller
- Pluripotent Diagnostics Corp. (PDx), Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Guan-Hui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Robert Logan
- Pluripotent Diagnostics Corp. (PDx), Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Eastern Nazarene College, Quincy, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Logan,
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Lawrie S, Coe S, Mansoubi M, Welch J, Razzaque J, Hu MT, Dawes H. Dietary Patterns and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 42:393-402. [PMID: 35512773 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2056544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence-based treatment for nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited. Lifestyle-based improvements including dietary changes may be a potential management strategy. The intent of this research was to investigate the extent to which 3 dietary indices (Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay [MIND], Dietary Inflammation Index [DII], and Healthy Diet Indicator [HDI-2020]) are associated with overall and individual nonmotor symptom severity among individuals with PD. METHOD An exploratory cross-sectional analysis of dietary (food frequency questionnaire) and clinical data was undertaken, including measures of overall nonmotor symptom severity, such as fatigue, depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive impairment. The relationship between each dietary score and symptom outcome was assessed by linear regression for continuous variables and through general linear model analysis for tertiles of dietary adherence. RESULTS None of the dietary indices significantly predicted the total nonmotor symptom severity score. The HDI predicted a significant decrease in fatigue scores as measured by the NeuroQoL fatigue item (standardized β = -.19, p = 0.022), after adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, years since diagnosis, physical activity level, education, and smoking. Self-reported depression symptoms reduced by .17 (standardized β) for each unit increase in HDI score (p = 0.035), after controlling for age, gender, energy intake, and years since diagnosis. No other significant associations were evident between dietary scores and any other nonmotor symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that fatigue and depression in PD may be modified by diet; however, more research is needed using a larger sample to replicate these findings. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2056544 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lawrie
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Shelly Coe
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Maedeh Mansoubi
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Welch
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre Clinical Cohort Team, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamil Razzaque
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre Clinical Cohort Team, Oxford, UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Oxford Health BRC, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Belingheri M, Chiu YHM, Renzetti S, Bhasin D, Wen C, Placidi D, Oppini M, Covolo L, Padovani A, Lucchini RG. Relationships of Nutritional Factors and Agrochemical Exposure with Parkinson's Disease in the Province of Brescia, Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3309. [PMID: 35328997 PMCID: PMC8954923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures to agrochemicals and nutritional factors may be associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD). None of the studies to date has examined the combined effects of diet and agricultural chemical exposure together. To address these research gaps, we aimed to assess the association of nutritional factors and agrochemical exposure with the risk of PD. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the association of nutritional and agrochemical exposures with PD, adjusting for gender, age, socio-economic status, head injury, family history, smoking, metals exposure, and α-synuclein gene polymorphism. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression was applied to examine the effect of dietary components as a mixture. We recruited 347 cases and 389 controls. Parent history of PD (OR = 4.15, 95%CI: 2.10, 8.20), metals exposure (OR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.61-3.89), SNCA rs356219 polymorphism (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.04-1.87 for TC vs. TT; OR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.43-3.28 for CC vs. TT), agrochemical exposures (OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.41-3.16), and being born in the Brescia province (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.17-2.90) were significantly associated with PD. Conversely, fish intake and coffee consumption had a protective effect. The study confirmed the role of environmental exposures in the genesis of PD. Fish intake and coffee consumption are protective factors even when agricultural chemical exposures exist. Genetic factors and metals exposure were confirmed as risk factors for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Belingheri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20090 Monza, Italy
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Y.-H.M.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.R.); (D.P.); (M.O.); (L.C.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Deepika Bhasin
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Chi Wen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Y.-H.M.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.R.); (D.P.); (M.O.); (L.C.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Manuela Oppini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.R.); (D.P.); (M.O.); (L.C.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.R.); (D.P.); (M.O.); (L.C.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.R.); (D.P.); (M.O.); (L.C.); (R.G.L.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 11200, USA
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Mahlknecht P, Marini K, Werkmann M, Poewe W, Seppi K. Prodromal Parkinson's disease: hype or hope for disease-modification trials? Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35184752 PMCID: PMC8859908 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal in Parkinson's disease (PD) research remains the identification of treatments that are capable of slowing or even halting the progression of the disease. The failure of numerous past disease-modification trials in PD has been attributed to a variety of factors related not only to choosing wrong interventions, but also to using inadequate trial designs and target populations. In patients with clinically established PD, neuronal pathology may already have advanced too far to be modified by any intervention. Based on such reasoning, individuals in yet prediagnostic or prodromal disease stages, may provide a window of opportunity to test disease-modifying strategies. There is now sufficient evidence from prospective studies to define diagnostic criteria for prodromal PD and several approaches have been studied in observational cohorts. These include the use of PD-risk algorithms derived from multiple established risk factors for disease as well as follow-up of cohorts with single defined prodromal markers like hyposmia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders, or PD gene carriers. In this review, we discuss recruitment strategies for disease-modification trials in various prodromal PD cohorts, as well as potential trial designs, required trial durations, and estimated sample sizes. We offer a concluding outlook on how the goal of implementing disease-modification trials in prodromal cohorts might be achieved in the future.
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Klusek J, Fairchild A, Moser C, Mailick MR, Thurman AJ, Abbeduto L. Family history of FXTAS is associated with age-related cognitive-linguistic decline among mothers with the FMR1 premutation. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:7. [PMID: 35026985 PMCID: PMC8903682 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women who carry a premutation allele of the FMR1 gene are at increased vulnerability to an array of age-related symptoms and disorders, including age-related decline in select cognitive skills. However, the risk factors for age-related decline are poorly understood, including the potential role of family history and genetic factors. In other forms of pathological aging, early decline in syntactic complexity is observed and predicts the later onset of neurodegenerative disease. To shed light on the earliest signs of degeneration, the present study characterized longitudinal changes in the syntactic complexity of women with the FMR1 premutation across midlife, and associations with family history of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and CGG repeat length. METHODS Forty-five women with the FMR1 premutation aged 35-64 years at study entry participated in 1-5 longitudinal assessments spaced approximately a year apart (130 observations total). All participants were mothers of children with confirmed fragile X syndrome. Language samples were analyzed for syntactic complexity and participants provided information on family history of FXTAS. CGG repeat length was determined via molecular genetic testing. RESULTS Hierarchical linear models indicated that women who reported a family history of FXTAS exhibited faster age-related decline in syntactic complexity than those without a family history, with that difference emerging as the women reached their mid-50 s. CGG repeat length was not a significant predictor of age-related change. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that women with the FMR1 premutation who have a family history of FXTAS may be at increased risk for neurodegenerative disease, as indicated by age-related loss of syntactic complexity. Thus, family history of FXTAS may represent a personalized risk factor for age-related disease. Follow-up study is needed to determine whether syntactic decline is an early indicator of FXTAS specifically, as opposed to being a more general age-related cognitive decline associated with the FMR1 premutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Klusek
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, SC 29208, Columbia, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Carly Moser
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, SC 29208, Columbia, USA
| | - Marsha R. Mailick
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Angela John Thurman
- grid.416958.70000 0004 0413 7653Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- grid.416958.70000 0004 0413 7653Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Yim RLH, Leung KMM, Poon CCM, Irwin MG. Peri‐operative management of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Anaesthesia 2022; 77 Suppl 1:123-133. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.15617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. H. Yim
- Department of Anaesthesiology Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - K. M. M. Leung
- Department of Anaesthesiology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - C. C. M. Poon
- Department of Anaesthesiology Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - M. G. Irwin
- Department of Anaesthesiology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Zhang M, Chen H, Liu G, Wang X, Wang Z, Feng T, Zhang Y. Correlation Between Lacunae and the Wearing-off Phenomenon in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:67-74. [PMID: 35046657 PMCID: PMC8760975 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s342688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacunae are imaging biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and are correlated with the degree of gait instability in Parkinson's disease (PD). The wearing-off phenomenon (WO) occurs more frequently in PD patients as disease progresses. The present study aimed to investigate the overall impact of the quantity and location of lacunae on the WO in PD. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective, single-center study included 315 consecutive eligible patients with PD from Beijing Tiantan Hospital from May 2016 to August 2018. We collected data on demographics and clinical features, assessed lacunae and examined the presence of the WO. The association between lacunae and the WO was assessed using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS The number of lacunae was significantly associated with the WO in patients with PD according to a model adjusted for age at onset, disease duration, Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) staging, Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS III) total score and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEED) (P=0.037, OR 1.156, 95% CI 1.009, 1.325) and to a model further adjusted for other CSVD imaging biomarkers (P=0.046, OR 1.172, 95% CI 1.003, 1.369). Following additional adjustment for other potential confounders, the association remained significant (P=0.043, OR 1.195, 95% CI 1.005, 1.421). Lacunae in subcortical areas (P=0.004, OR 0.498, 95% CI 0.308, 0.803) and basal ganglia (P=0.046, OR 1.616, 95% CI 1.009, 2.587), especially in the caudate nuclei (P=0.023, OR 1.104, 95% CI 0.185, 0.881), were significantly associated with the WO in PD patients. CONCLUSION Our finding highlights the significant association between lacune and the WO, and lacunae may be an independent contributor to the WO in PD patients. Promoting neurovascular health may prevent the progression of the WO in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Genliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Environmental triggers of Parkinson's disease - Implications of the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105601. [PMID: 34954321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) may take decades to develop, during which many risk or protective factors may come into play to initiate the pathogenesis or modify its progression to clinical PD. The lack of understanding of this prodromal phase of PD and the factors involved has been a major hurdle in the study of PD etiology and preventive strategies. Although still controversial, the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses that PD may start peripherally in the olfactory structures and/or the gut provides a theoretical platform to identify the triggers and modifiers of PD prodromal development and progression. This is particularly true for the search of environmental causes of PD as the olfactory structures and gut are the major human mucosal interfaces with the environment. In this review, we lay out our personal views about how the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses may help us search for the environmental triggers and modifiers for PD, summarize available experimental and epidemiological evidence, and discuss research gaps and strategies.
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Li X, Fan X, Yang H, Liu Y. Review of Metabolomics-Based Biomarker Research for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1041-1057. [PMID: 34826053 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), as the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is seriously affecting the life quality of the elderly. However, there is still a lack of efficient medical methods to diagnosis PD before apparent symptoms occur. In recent years, clinical biomarkers including genetic, imaging, and tissue markers have exhibited remarkable benefits in assisting PD diagnoses. Due to the advantages of high-throughput detection of metabolites and almost non-invasive sample collection, metabolomics research of PD is widely used for diagnostic biomarker discovery. However, there are also a few shortages for those identified biomarkers, such as the scarcity of verifications regarding the sensitivity and specificity. Thus, reviewing the research progress of PD biomarkers based on metabolomics techniques is of great significance for developing PD diagnosis. To comprehensively clarify the progress of current metabolic biomarker studies in PD, we reviewed 20 research articles regarding the discovery and validation of biomarkers for PD diagnosis from three mainstream academic databases (NIH PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Elsevier ScienceDirect). By analyzing those materials, we summarized the metabolic biomarkers identified by those metabolomics studies and discussed the potential approaches used for biomarker verifications. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of PD metabolomics research in the past two decades and particularly discusses the validation of disease biomarkers. We hope those discussions might provide inspiration for PD biomarker discovery and verification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Liaoning Province, 110036, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Liaoning Province, 110036, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtian Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Liaoning Province, 110036, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Liaoning Province, 110036, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. .,Natural Products Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
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Lamontagne-Proulx J, Coulombe K, Dahhani F, Côté M, Guyaz C, Tremblay C, Di Marzo V, Flamand N, Calon F, Soulet D. Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) at the Enteric Level in a Synucleinopathy Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124218. [PMID: 34959768 PMCID: PMC8703327 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha-synuclein protein (αSyn) is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Considerable evidence suggests that PD involves an early aggregation of αSyn in the enteric nervous system (ENS), spreading to the brain. While it has previously been reported that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) acts as neuroprotective agents in the brain in murine models of PD, their effect in the ENS remains undefined. Here, we studied the effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an ω-3 PUFA), on the ENS, with a particular focus on enteric dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Thy1-αSyn mice, which overexpress human αSyn, were fed ad libitum with a control diet, a low ω-3 PUFA diet or a diet supplemented with microencapsulated DHA and then compared with wild-type littermates. Our data indicate that Thy1-αSyn mice showed a lower density of enteric dopaminergic neurons compared with non-transgenic animals. This decrease was prevented by dietary DHA. Although we found that DHA reduced microgliosis in the striatum, we did not observe any evidence of peripheral inflammation. However, we showed that dietary intake of DHA promoted a build-up of ω-3 PUFA-derived endocannabinoid (eCB)-like mediators in plasma and an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the redox regulator, Nrf2 in the ENS. Taken together, our results suggest that DHA exerts neuroprotection of enteric DAergic neurons in the Thy1-αSyn mice, possibly through alterations in eCB-like mediators, GLP-1 and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lamontagne-Proulx
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Fadil Dahhani
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (F.D.); (V.D.); (N.F.)
- Canada Excellence Research in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Mélissa Côté
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Cédric Guyaz
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (F.D.); (V.D.); (N.F.)
- Canada Excellence Research in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) et Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (F.D.); (V.D.); (N.F.)
- Canada Excellence Research in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Laboratoire International Associé OptiNutriBrain, (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Soulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.L.-P.); (K.C.); (M.C.); (C.T.); (F.C.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF) et Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-654-2296
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Gorecki AM, Anyaegbu CC, Anderton RS. TLR2 and TLR4 in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: the environment takes a toll on the gut. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:47. [PMID: 34814947 PMCID: PMC8609261 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable, devastating disorder that is characterized by pathological protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. In recent years, growing evidence has implicated the gut environment and the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis and progression of PD, especially in a subset of people who exhibit prodromal gastrointestinal dysfunction. Specifically, perturbations of gut homeostasis are hypothesized to contribute to α-synuclein aggregation in enteric neurons, which may spread to the brain over decades and eventually result in the characteristic central nervous system manifestations of PD, including neurodegeneration and motor impairments. However, the mechanisms linking gut disturbances and α-synuclein aggregation are still unclear. A plethora of research indicates that toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4, are critical mediators of gut homeostasis. Alongside their established role in innate immunity throughout the body, studies are increasingly demonstrating that TLR2 and TLR4 signalling shapes the development and function of the gut and the enteric nervous system. Notably, TLR2 and TLR4 are dysregulated in patients with PD, and may thus be central to early gut dysfunction in PD. To better understand the putative contribution of intestinal TLR2 and TLR4 dysfunction to early α-synuclein aggregation and PD, we critically discuss the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in normal gut function as well as evidence for altered TLR2 and TLR4 signalling in PD, by reviewing clinical, animal model and in vitro research. Growing evidence on the immunological aetiology of α-synuclein aggregation is also discussed, with a focus on the interactions of α-synuclein with TLR2 and TLR4. We propose a conceptual model of PD pathogenesis in which microbial dysbiosis alters the permeability of the intestinal barrier as well as TLR2 and TLR4 signalling, ultimately leading to a positive feedback loop of chronic gut dysfunction promoting α-synuclein aggregation in enteric and vagal neurons. In turn, α-synuclein aggregates may then migrate to the brain via peripheral nerves, such as the vagal nerve, to contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration typically associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja M Gorecki
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Chidozie C Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Curtin University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Midwifery and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
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De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Miller GW, Greenamyre JT, Dorsey ER. Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:45-68. [PMID: 34719434 PMCID: PMC8842749 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fueled by aging populations and continued environmental contamination, the global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing. The disease, or more appropriately diseases, have multiple environmental and genetic influences but no approved disease modifying therapy. Additionally, efforts to prevent this debilitating disease have been limited. As numerous environmental contaminants (e.g., pesticides, metals, industrial chemicals) are implicated in PD, disease prevention is possible. To reduce the burden of PD, we have compiled preclinical and clinical research priorities that highlight both disease prediction and primary prevention. Though not exhaustive, the "PD prevention agenda" builds upon many years of research by our colleagues and proposes next steps through the lens of modifiable risk factors. The agenda identifies ten specific areas of further inquiry and considers the funding and policy changes that will be necessary to help prevent the world's fastest growing brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama atBirmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco VeteransAffairs Health Care System, School of Medicine, University ofCalifornia-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmnetal Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Universityof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health+Technology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Ånfors S, Kammerlind AS, Nilsson MH. Test-retest reliability of physical activity questionnaires in Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:399. [PMID: 34654388 PMCID: PMC8518162 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Parkinson's disease are less physically active than controls. It is important to promote physical activity, which can be assessed using different methods. Subjective measures include physical activity questionnaires, which are easy and cheap to administer in clinical practice. Knowledge of the psychometric properties of physical activity questionnaires for people with Parkinson's disease is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of physical activity questionnaires in individuals with Parkinson's disease without cognitive impairment. METHODS Forty-nine individuals with Parkinson's disease without cognitive impairment participated in a test-retest reliability study. At two outpatient visits 8 days apart, the participants completed comprehensive questionnaires and single-item questions: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) and Health on Equal Terms (HOET). Test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), limits of agreement, weighted kappa or the Svensson method. RESULTS Several of the physical activity questionnaires had relatively low test-retest reliability, including the comprehensive questionnaires (IPAQ-SF and PASE). Total physical activity according to IPAQ-SF had an ICC value of 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.66) and SEM was 2891 MET-min/week. The PASE total score had an ICC value of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.46-0.79), whereas the SEM was 30 points. The single-item scales of SGPALS-past six months (SGPALS-6 m) and HOET question 1 (HOET-q1) with longer time frames (6 or 12 months, respectively) showed better results. Weighted kappa values were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.45-0.83) for SGPALS-6 m and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.39-0.80) for HOET-q1, whereas the single-item questions with a shorter recall period had kappa values < 0.40. CONCLUSIONS Single-item questions with a longer time frame (6 or 12 months) for physical activity were shown to be more reliable than multi-item questionnaires such as the IPAQ-SF and PASE in individuals with Parkinson's disease without cognitive impairments. There is a need to develop a core outcome set to measure physical activity in people with Parkinson's disease, and there might be a need to develop new physical activity questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ånfors
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Sofi Kammerlind
- Futurum, Region Jönköping County, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria H Nilsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Yoon SY, Park YH, Lee HJ, Kang DR, Kim YW. Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson Disease Risk: Korean Nationwide Cohort Study With Repeated Health Screening Data. Neurology 2021; 98:e641-e652. [PMID: 34649886 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many previous studies, mostly performed in Western countries, on the effects of lifestyle factors on Parkinson's disease, used baseline lifestyle characteristics without directly accounting for changes in covariate values over time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of repeatedly measured lifestyle factors with Parkinson's disease risk in Korean population. METHODS We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study. Among 512,836 Koreans in the national health checkup database, we selected individuals who underwent health screening ≥ 3 times between 2002 and 2015 and followed up until December 31, 2015. Parkinson's disease was defined using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code G20 (with ≥ 3 times clinic visits for PD, to increase the diagnostic validity). Data on lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis with time-dependent covariates using generalized estimation equation models was performed to determine Parkinson's disease development. RESULTS During the 14-year follow-up, 2,655 patients developed Parkinson's disease. Smoking showed a dose-response inverse association with Parkinson's disease only in males (ex-smoker, Odds ratio [OR] =0.782, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.713-0.858; current smoker, OR = 0.556, 95% CI 0.488-0.632). Alcohol consumption and regular physical activity were related to reduced Parkinson's disease development in both sexes; however, alcohol consumption in males (≤ 3 per week, OR=0.717, 95% CI 0.658-0.780; ≥ 4 per week, OR = 0.745, 95% CI 0.644-0.861) and physical activity in females (moderate, OR=0.792, 95% CI 0.748-0.840; vigorous, OR = 0.830, 95% CI 0.756-0.911) had more consistent associations with Parkinson's disease development compared to those of either sex. Participants with regular health screening showed a consistent relationship between lifestyle factors and Parkinson's disease development, whereas lifestyle factors in those without regular health screening had a decreased relationship with PD, even smoking habit. CONCLUSIONS Analysis using repeatedly measured lifestyle factors showed an association between lifestyle factors and Parkinson's disease development. Characteristics of lifestyle data including repeated measurements, timing, or regularity might influence results, and future studies with appropriate lifestyle factors could increase Parkinson's disease risk prediction. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity are associated with reduced risk of Parkinson's disease in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Hyun Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parkinson's disease and the gut: Models of an emerging relationship. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:325-344. [PMID: 33857691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of fine motor function that impacts 1-2 out of 1,000 people. PD occurs predominately late in life and lacks a definitive biomarker for early detection. Recent cross-disciplinary progress has implicated the gut as a potential origin of PD pathogenesis. The gut-origin hypothesis has motivated research on gut PD pathology and transmission to the brain, especially during the prodromal stage (10-20 years before motor symptom onset). Early findings have revealed several possible triggers for Lewy pathology - the pathological hallmark of PD - in the gut, suggesting that microbiome and epithelial interactions may play a greater than appreciated role. But the mechanisms driving Lewy pathology and gut-brain transmission in PD remain unknown. Development of artificial α-Synuclein aggregates (α-Syn preformed fibrils) and animal disease models have recapitulated features of PD progression, enabling for the first time, controlled investigation of the gut-origin hypothesis. However, the role of specific cells in PD transmission, such as neurons, remains limited and requires in vitro models for controlled evaluation and perturbation. Human cell populations, three-dimensional organoids, and microfluidics as discovery platforms inch us closer to improving existing treatment for patients by providing platforms for discovery and screening. This review includes a discussion of PD pathology, conventional treatments, in vivo and in vitro models, and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Parkinson's Disease remains a common neurodegenerative disease with palliative versus causal treatments. Recently, the gut-origin hypothesis, where Parkinson's disease is thought to originate and spread from the gut to the brain, has gained traction as a field of investigation. However, despite the wealth of studies and innovative approaches to accelerate the field, there remains a need for in vitro tools to enable fundamental biological understanding of disease progression, and compound screening and efficacy. In this review, we present a historical perspective of Parkinson's Disease pathogenesis, detection, and conventional therapy, animal and human models investigating the gut-origin hypothesis, in vitro models to enable controlled discovery, and future outlooks for this blossoming field.
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Llamas-Velasco S, Contador I, Méndez-Guerrero A, Romero Ferreiro C, Benito-León J, Villarejo-Galende A, Bermejo-Pareja F. Physical activity and risk of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in a prospective population-based study (NEDICES). Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101485. [PMID: 34307002 PMCID: PMC8283037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether physical activity (PA) is a protective factor for the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonism after three years of follow-up. All participants of this study were obtained from the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES), a prospective population-based cohort survey of older subjects (≥65 years) that comprised 5278 census-based participants at baseline (1994-1995). A modified version of Rosow-Breslau questionnaire was applied to categorize PA into active versus sedentary group. The final diagnosis of PD and parkinsonism was made by an expert neurologist. Cox regression models (CRM) adjusted for several covariates (sex, age, education, alcohol consumption, tobacco, stroke, hypertension and body mass index) were used to calculate the association between PA (active group vs. sedentary) and risk of PD and parkinsonism after three years. 22 incident PD and 25 incident parkinsonism cases were identified among 2943 participants with available PA information (57.1% female; mean age = 73.28 ± 6.24 years) after three years of follow-up. The CRM showed that the active group (vs. sedentary) showed a lower risk of parkinsonism (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.18; 95% CI [0.07-0.51]; p = 0.0001). However, this effect was restricted to men (HR = 0.34; 95% CI [0.11-0.99], p < 0.05) for incident PD. PA may be a protective factor for incident parkinsonism, whereas this effect was only significant for men in the case of PD. The mechanisms implicated for brain maintenance in active individuals and the neurophysiological differences behind the role of sex on PD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Contador
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Science, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Romero Ferreiro
- Research Institute (imas12), Hospital 12 de Octubre, Epidemiology Section, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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68
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Does paraquat cause Parkinson's disease? A review of reviews. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:180-184. [PMID: 34400206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the extent to which a consensus exists in the scientific community regarding the relationship between exposure to paraquat and Parkinson's disease, a critical review of reviews was undertaken focusing on reviews published between 2006 and the present that offered opinions on the issue of causation. Systematic searches were undertaken of scientific databases along with searches of published bibliographies to identify English language reviews on the topic of paraquat and Parkinson's disease including those on the broader topic of environmental and occupational risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Of the 269 publications identified in the searches, there were twelve reviews, some with meta-analyses, that met the inclusion criteria. Information on methods used by the reviewers, if any, and source of funding was collected; the quality of the reviews was considered. No author of any published review stated that it has been established that exposure to paraquat causes Parkinson's disease, regardless of methods used and independent of funding source. A consensus exists in the scientific community that the available evidence does not warrant a claim that paraquat causes Parkinson's disease. Future research on this topic should focus on improving the quality of epidemiological studies including better exposure measures and identifying specific mechanisms of action. Future reviews of emerging evidence should be structured as systematic narrative reviews with meta-analysis if appropriate.
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69
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Redox Homeostasis and Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9971885. [PMID: 34394839 PMCID: PMC8355971 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9971885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species, such as those of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, are considered part of normal cellular metabolism and play significant roles that can impact several signaling processes in ways that lead to either cellular sustenance, protection, or damage. Cellular redox processes involve a balance in the production of reactive species (RS) and their removal because redox imbalance may facilitate oxidative damage. Physiologically, redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of many cellular processes. RS may serve as signaling molecules or cause oxidative cellular damage depending on the delicate equilibrium between RS production and their efficient removal through the use of enzymatic or nonenzymatic cellular mechanisms. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. For example, studies have shown that redox imbalance in the brain mediates neurodegeneration and alters normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Therefore, this review describes redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A clearer understanding of the redox-regulated processes in neurodegenerative disorders may afford opportunities for newer therapeutic strategies.
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Bakshi R, Macklin EA, Hung AY, Hayes MT, Hyman BT, Wills AM, Gomperts SN, Growdon JH, Ascherio A, Scherzer CR, Schwarzschild MA. Associations of Lower Caffeine Intake and Plasma Urate Levels with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease in the Harvard Biomarkers Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:505-510. [PMID: 32250320 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two purines, caffeine and urate, have been associated with a reduced risk of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) in multiple cohorts and populations. The Harvard Biomarkers Study (HBS) is a longitudinal study designed to accelerate the discovery and validation of molecular diagnostic and progression markers of early-stage PD. To investigate whether these 'reduced risk' factors are associated with PD within this cohort, we conducted a cross-sectional, case-control study in 566 subjects consisting of idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls. Caffeine intake as assessed by a validated questionnaire was significantly lower in idiopathic PD patients compared to healthy controls in males (mean difference -125 mg/day, p < 0.001) but not in females (mean difference -30 mg/day, p = 0.29). A strong inverse association was also observed with plasma urate levels both in males (mean difference -0.46 mg/dL, p = 0.017) and females (mean difference -0.45 mg/dL, p = 0.001). Both analyses stratified for sex and adjusted for age, body mass index, and either urate level or caffeine consumption, respectively. These results highlight the robustness of caffeine intake and urate as factors inversely associated with idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Bakshi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Macklin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Biostatistics Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert Y Hung
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Hayes
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Wills
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen N Gomperts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Growdon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Biostatistics Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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The Combination of Tradition and Future: Data-Driven Natural-Product-Based Treatments for Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9990020. [PMID: 34335855 PMCID: PMC8294954 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9990020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people. The personalized diagnosis and treatment remain challenges all over the world. In recent years, natural products are becoming potential therapies for many complex diseases due to their stability and low drug resistance. With the development of informatics technologies, data-driven natural product discovery and healthcare is becoming reality. For PD, however, the relevant research and tools for natural products are quite limited. Here in this review, we summarize current available databases, tools, and models for general natural product discovery and synthesis. These useful resources could be used and integrated for future PD-specific natural product investigations. At the same time, the challenges and opportunities for future natural-product-based PD care will also be discussed.
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Arce-López B, Alvarez-Erviti L, De Santis B, Izco M, López-Calvo S, Marzo-Sola ME, Debegnach F, Lizarraga E, López de Cerain A, González-Peñas E, Vettorazzi A. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070477. [PMID: 34357949 PMCID: PMC8310068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (44 PD and 24 AD) and from their healthy companions (25) from La Rioja region were analyzed. The studied mycotoxins were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2 and HT-2, ochratoxins A (OTA) and B (OTB), zearalenone, sterigmatocystin (STER), nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase in order to detect potential metabolites. Only OTA, OTB and STER were detected in the samples. OTA was present before (77% of the samples) and after (89%) the enzymatic treatment, while OTB was only detectable before (13%). Statistically significant differences in OTA between healthy companions and patients were observed but the observed differences might seem more related to gender (OTA levels higher in men, p-value = 0.0014) than the disease itself. STER appeared only after enzymatic treatment (88%). Statistical analysis on STER, showed distributions always different between healthy controls and patients (patients’ group > controls, p-value < 0.0001). Surprisingly, STER levels weakly correlated positively with age in women (rho = 0.3384), while OTA correlation showed a decrease of levels with age especially in the men with PD (rho = −0.4643).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (L.A.-E.); (M.I.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - María Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (L.A.-E.); (M.I.)
| | - Silvia López-Calvo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.L.-C.); (M.E.M.-S.)
| | - Maria Eugenia Marzo-Sola
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.L.-C.); (M.E.M.-S.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Izco M, Vettorazzi A, Forcen R, Blesa J, de Toro M, Alvarez-Herrera N, Cooper JM, Gonzalez-Peñas E, Lopez de Cerain A, Alvarez-Erviti L. Oral subchronic exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A induces key pathological features of Parkinson's disease in mice six months after the end of the treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112164. [PMID: 33819549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some epidemiological studies with different levels of evidence have pointed to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after exposure to environmental toxicants. A practically unexplored potential etiological factor is a group of naturally-occurring fungal secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been reported to be neurotoxic in mice. To further identify if OTA exposure could have a role in PD pathology, Balb/c mice were orally treated with OTA (0.21, 0.5 mg/kg bw) four weeks and left for six months under normal diet. Effects of OTA on the onset, progression of alpha-synuclein pathology and development of motor deficits were evaluated. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed that oral subchronic OTA treatment induced loss of striatal dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic cell dysfunction responsible for motor impairments. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels were increased in gut and brain. LAMP-2A protein was decreased in tissues showing alpha-synuclein pathology. Cell cultures exposed to OTA exhibited decreased LAMP-2A protein, impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy and decreased alpha-synuclein turnover which was linked to miRNAs deregulation, all reminiscent of PD. These results support the hypothesis that oral exposure to low OTA doses in mice can lead to biochemical and pathological changes reported in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Raquel Forcen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Av. Carlos V, 70, 28938, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria de Toro
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - J Mark Cooper
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Gower Street, London, UK.
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Adela Lopez de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes - key to understanding heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:349-361. [PMID: 33879872 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson disease (PD), pathological processes and neurodegeneration begin long before the cardinal motor symptoms develop and enable clinical diagnosis. In this prodromal phase, risk and prodromal markers can be used to identify individuals who are likely to develop PD, as in the recently updated International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society research criteria for prodromal PD. However, increasing evidence suggests that clinical and prodromal PD are heterogeneous, and can be classified into subtypes with different clinical manifestations, pathomechanisms and patterns of spatial and temporal progression in the CNS and PNS. Genetic, pathological and imaging markers, as well as motor and non-motor symptoms, might define prodromal subtypes of PD. Moreover, concomitant pathology or other factors, including amyloid-β and tau pathology, age and environmental factors, can cause variability in prodromal PD. Patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) exhibit distinct patterns of α-synuclein pathology propagation and might indicate a body-first subtype rather than a brain-first subtype. Identification of prodromal PD subtypes and a full understanding of variability at this stage of the disease is crucial for early and accurate diagnosis and for targeting of neuroprotective interventions to ensure efficacy.
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Chen N, Guo Z, Luo Z, Zheng F, Shao W, Yu G, Cai P, Wu S, Li H. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to mitophagy in paraquat-induced neuronal cell damage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116413. [PMID: 33422762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world due to its excellent weed control effects. Accumulating evidence has revealed that long-term exposure to PQ can significantly increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Hence, we investigated the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) in PQ-induced mitophagy, aiming to elaborate on possible molecular mechanisms involved in PQ-triggered neurotoxicity. Our results showed that ROS were increased, mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased at 100, 200, and 300 μM PQ concentrations, and autophagy pathways were activated at a concentration of 100 μM in neuronal cells. In addition, excessive mitophagy was observed in neurons exposed to 300 μM PQ for 24 h. Then, ROS-mediated mitochondrial fission was found to contribute to PQ-induced excessive mitophagy. Moreover, all aforementioned changes were significantly ameliorated by mdivi-1. Thus, our findings provide a novel neurotoxic mechanism and reveal the DRP1-mitochondrial fission pathway as a potential target for treatments of PQ-induced excessive mitophagy, serving as an alternative target for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Because harmful substances are transmitted and enriched in the food chain, the toxic effect of environmental paraquat is nonnegligible, and more investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengzhou Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhousong Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Wenya Shao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Guangxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Siying Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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De Miranda BR, Castro SL, Rocha EM, Bodle CR, Johnson KE, Greenamyre JT. The industrial solvent trichloroethylene induces LRRK2 kinase activity and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105312. [PMID: 33636387 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-environment interaction is implicated in the majority of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, and some of the most widespread environmental contaminants are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. Pesticides have long been connected to PD incidence, however, it has become increasingly apparent that other industrial byproducts likely influence neurodegeneration. For example, organic solvents, which are used in chemical, machining, and dry-cleaning industries, are of growing concern, as decades of solvent use and their effluence into the environment has contaminated much of the world's groundwater and soil. Like some pesticides, certain organic solvents, such as the chlorinated halocarbon trichloroethylene (TCE), are mitochondrial toxicants, which are collectively implicated in the pathogenesis of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Recently, we hypothesized a possible gene-environment interaction may occur between environmental mitochondrial toxicants and the protein kinase LRRK2, mutations of which are the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. In addition, emerging data suggests that elevated wildtype LRRK2 kinase activity also contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. To this end, we investigated whether chronic, systemic TCE exposure (200 mg/kg) in aged rats produced wildtype LRRK2 activation and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction. Interestingly, we found that TCE not only induced LRRK2 kinase activity in the brain, but produced a significant dopaminergic lesion in the nigrostriatal tract, elevated oxidative stress, and caused endolysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. Together, these data suggest that TCE-induced LRRK2 kinase activity contributed to the selective toxicity of dopaminergic neurons. We conclude that gene-environment interactions between certain industrial contaminants and LRRK2 likely influence PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Sandra L Castro
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Bodle
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Katrina E Johnson
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Cagac A. Farming, well water consumption, rural living, and pesticide exposure in early life as the risk factors for Parkinson disease in Igdir province. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25:129-133. [PMID: 32351250 PMCID: PMC8015530 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2020.2.20190104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate potential risk factors for Parkinson`s disease (PD) in elderly individuals rural living in Turkey. METHODS In total, 72 consecutive elderly Parkinson disease patients referred to the Neurology Clinic, Igdir State Hospital, Igdir, Turkey were included in the study. A structured questionnaire comprising questions on history of pastoral living, pit water consumption, and exposure to ionizing radiation and pesticides was administered to the patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of water consumption: well water consumption group and city network consumption group. RESULTS Of 72 patients with PD, 49 (68.1%) exposed to well water while 23 (31.9%) did not exposed to well water. The average duration of well water consumption was 20 (standard deviation 6) years (p less than 0.01) in group 1. Nitrate, sulfate and heavy metal levels were significantly higher in well water than in city network water (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION Consumption of well water containing heavy metals and nitrates in early life may contribute to the etiology of Parkinson disease in elderly individuals in Igdir province of Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Cagac
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. E-mail:
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Park JH, Lee CW, Nam MJ, Kim H, Kwon DY, Yoo JW, Lee KN, Han K, Jung JH, Park YG, Kim DH. Association of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Variability and the Risk of Developing Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2021; 96:e1391-e1401. [PMID: 33536275 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the longitudinal association among high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, HDL-C variability, and the risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study. We included 382,391 patients aged ≥65 years who underwent at least 3 health examinations provided by the Korean National Health Insurance System from 2008 to 2013 and followed up until 2017. Individuals with a history of PD and missing values were excluded (n = 1,987). We assessed HDL-C variability using 3 indices, including variability independent of the mean (VIM). A multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Among the 380,404 participants, 2,733 individuals were newly diagnosed with PD during a median follow-up period of 5 years. The lowest quartile (Q1) group of baseline HDL-C and mean HDL-C was associated with increased PD incidence as compared with the highest quartile (Q4) group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.34; and aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.30, respectively). The Q4 group of HDL-C variability (VIM) was associated with increased PD incidence compared to the Q1 group (aHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06-1.33). The group with the Q1 of baseline HDL-C and with the Q4 of HDL-C variability had the highest risk of PD incidence (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.31-1.96). CONCLUSION Lower HDL-C level and greater HDL-C variability were associated with a higher incidence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Park
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Woo Lee
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ji Nam
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Young Kwon
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoo
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Na Lee
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyung Jung
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gyu Park
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Smeyne RJ, Noyce AJ, Byrne M, Savica R, Marras C. Infection and Risk of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:31-43. [PMID: 33361610 PMCID: PMC7990414 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Bacterial or viral infection has been proposed as a potential risk factor, and there is supporting although not entirely consistent epidemiologic and basic science evidence to support its role. Encephalitis caused by influenza has included parkinsonian features. Epidemiological evidence is most compelling for an association between PD and hepatitis C virus. Infection with Helicobacter pylori may be associated not only with PD risk but also response to levodopa. Rapidly evolving knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome also suggests a role of resident bacteria in PD risk. Biological plausibility for the role for infectious agents is supported by the known neurotropic effects of specific viruses, particular vulnerability of the substantia nigra and even the promotion of aggregation of alpha-synuclein. A common feature of implicated viruses appears to be production of high levels of cytokines and chemokines that can cross the blood-brain barrier leading to microglial activation and inflammation and ultimately neuronal cell death. Based on multiple avenues of evidence it appears likely that specific bacterial and particularly viral infections may increase vulnerability to PD. The implications of this for PD prevention requires attention and may be most relevant once preventive treatments for at-risk populations are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Smeyne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matthew Byrne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kline EM, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Seibler P, Klein C, West A, Tansey MG. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Parkinson's Disease Converge on Immune Function and Inflammation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:25-36. [PMID: 33314312 PMCID: PMC8285924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a movement disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of the protein α-synuclein. Patients with iPD vary in age of symptom onset, rate of progression, severity of motor and non-motor symptoms, and extent of central and peripheral inflammation. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to act synergistically in iPD pathogenesis. We propose that environmental factors (pesticides and infections) increase the risk for iPD via the immune system and that the role of PD risk genes in immune cells is worthy of investigation. This review highlights the major PD-relevant genes expressed in immune cells and key environmental factors that activate immune cells and, alone or in combination with other factors, may contribute to iPD pathogenesis. By reviewing these interactions, we seek to enable the future development of immunomodulatory approaches to prevent or delay onset of iPD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Bacelis J, Compagno M, George S, Pospisilik JA, Brundin P, Naluai ÅT, Brundin L. Decreased Risk of Parkinson's Disease After Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis: A Nested Case-Control Study with Matched Cases and Controls. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:821-832. [PMID: 33682730 PMCID: PMC8150472 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the genetic risk landscape of autoimmune disorders and Parkinson's disease (PD) overlap. Additionally, anti-inflammatory medications used to treat RA might influence PD risk. OBJECTIVE To use a population-based approach to determine if there is an association between pre-occurring rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and later-life risk of PD. METHODS The study population was 3.6 million residents of Sweden, who were alive during part or all of the follow-up period; 1997-2016. We obtained diagnoses from the national patient registry and identified 30,032 PD patients, 8,256 of whom each was matched to ten controls based on birth year, sex, birth location, and time of follow-up. We determined the risk reduction for PD in individuals previously diagnosed with RA. We also determined if the time (in relation to the index year) of the RA diagnosis influenced PD risk and repeated the analysis in a sex-stratified setting. RESULTS Individuals with a previous diagnosis of RA had a decreased risk of later developing PD by 30-50% compared to individuals without an RA diagnosis. This relationship was strongest in our conservative analysis, where the first PD diagnosis occurred close to the earliest PD symptoms (odds ratio 0.47 (CI 95% 0.28-0.75, p = 0.0006); with the greatest risk reduction in females (odds ratio 0.40 (CI 95% 0,19-0.76, p = 0.002). DISCUSSION Our findings provide evidence that individuals diagnosed with RA have a significantly lower risk of developing PD than the general population. Our data should be considered when developing or repurposing therapies aimed at modifying the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bacelis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michele Compagno
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry West, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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82
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Gorecki AM, Bakeberg MC, Theunissen F, Kenna JE, Hoes ME, Pfaff AL, Akkari PA, Dunlop SA, Kõks S, Mastaglia FL, Anderton RS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Gut Homeostasis Influence Risk and Age-at-Onset of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:603849. [PMID: 33328979 PMCID: PMC7718032 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.603849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is increasingly focusing on gut inflammation as a contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD). Such gut inflammation is proposed to arise from a complex interaction between various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, however these factors are under-characterized. This study investigated the association between PD and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes responsible for binding of bacterial metabolites and intestinal homeostasis, which have been implicated in intestinal infections or inflammatory bowel disease. A case-control analysis was performed utilizing the following cohorts: (i) patients from the Australian Parkinson's Disease Registry (APDR) (n = 212); (ii) a Caucasian subset of the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort (n = 376); (iii) a combined control group (n = 404). The following SNPs were analyzed: PGLYRP2 rs892145, PGLYRP4 rs10888557, TLR1 rs4833095, TLR2 rs3804099, TLR4 rs7873784, CD14 rs2569190, MUC1 rs4072037, MUC2 rs11825977, CLDN2 rs12008279 and rs12014762, and CLDN4 rs8629. PD risk was significantly associated with PGLYRP4 rs10888557 genotype in both cohorts. PGLYRP2 rs892145 and TLR1 rs4833095 were also associated with disease risk in the APDR cohort, and TLR2 rs3804099 and MUC2 rs11825977 genotypes in the PPMI cohort. Interactive risk effects between PGLYRP2/PGLYRP4 and PGLYRP4/TLR2 were evident in the APDR and PPMI cohorts, respectively. In the APDR cohort, the PGLYRP4 GC genotype was significantly associated with age of symptom onset, independently of gender, toxin exposure or smoking status. This study demonstrates that genetic variation in the bacterial receptor PGLYRP4 may modulate risk and age-of-onset in idiopathic PD, while variants in PGLYRP2, TLR1/2, and MUC2 may also influence PD risk. Overall, this study provides evidence to support the role of dysregulated host-microbiome signaling and gut inflammation in PD, and further investigation of these SNPs and proteins may help identify people at risk of developing PD or increase understanding of early disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja M Gorecki
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Megan C Bakeberg
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frances Theunissen
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jade E Kenna
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Madison E Hoes
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Abigail L Pfaff
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - P Anthony Akkari
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah A Dunlop
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
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83
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Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Renzetti S, Broberg K, Caci M, Covolo L, Crippa P, Gelatti U, Hashim D, Oppini M, Pepe F, Pilotto A, Passeri C, Placidi D, Rizzetti MC, Turla M, Wahlberg K, Padovani A. Metal Exposure and SNCA rs356219 Polymorphism Associated With Parkinson Disease and Parkinsonism. Front Neurol 2020; 11:556337. [PMID: 33362685 PMCID: PMC7755861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.556337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In the province of Brescia, Italy, historical neurotoxic metal exposure has occurred for several decades. This study aimed to explore the role of metal exposure and genetics on Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Parkinsonism. Methods: Cases were enrolled from four local clinics for movement disorders. Randomly selected controls non-affected by neurological or psychiatric conditions were enrolled from the same health centers keeping a similar gender ratio and age distribution as for cases. Data on sociodemographic variables, clinical onset and life habits were collected besides accurate occupational and residential history. Blood samples were collected from all participants for genotyping of target polymorphisms in genes linked to PD and/or metal transport. Results: A total number of 432 cases and 444 controls were enrolled in the study, with average age of 71 years (72.2 for cases and 70 for controls). The average age at diagnosis was 65.9 years (SD 9.9). Among the potential risk factors, family history of PD or Parkinsonism showed the strongest association with the diseases (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.3, 7.6 on PD; OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.9, 9.5 for Parkinsonism), followed by polymorphism rs356219 in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.3, 3.3 for CC vs. TT on PD; OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1, 5.3 for CC vs. TT on Parkinsonism), exposure to metals (OR = 2.4;, 95% CI 1.3, 4.2 on PD), being born in a farm (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 2.8 on PD; OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.4, 4.9 on Parkinsonism) and being born in the province of Brescia (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.0, 2.9 on PD). Conditional OR of having PD depending by SNCA polymorphism and metal exposure highlights higher risk of PD among CC SNCA carriers and being exposed to metals. However, the interaction term was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Lifetime exposure to metals and genetic variation in SNCA gene are relevant determinants of PD and Parkinsonism in the highly industrialized area of Brescia, Italy. The lack of evidence of statistical interaction between environmental and genetic factors may be due to the low frequencies of subjects representing the exposure categories and the polymorphism variants and does not rule out the biological interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G. Lucchini
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Margherita Caci
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dana Hashim
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manuela Oppini
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pepe
- Neurology, Poliambulanza Foundation, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Parkinson Rehabilitation Center, Ospedale S. Isidoro - FERB Onlus, Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Passeri
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maira Cristina Rizzetti
- Parkinson Rehabilitation Center, Ospedale S. Isidoro - FERB Onlus, Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Karin Wahlberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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84
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Söderlund J, Nyholm D. A survey of lifestyle factors in dystonia. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01871. [PMID: 33025722 PMCID: PMC7749563 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about what causes dystonia is highly incomplete, especially about the impact of nongenetic factors. AIMS OF THE STUDY This cross-sectional survey-based explorative study examined different nongenetic factors in patients with dystonia. METHODS Information from both medical records and a questionnaire was collected. In total, 220 patients with dystonia were identified, of which 51 participated in the survey. RESULTS Women had a higher prevalence for cervical dystonia than men. Smoking was approximately twice as common in our studied population compared to the general Swedish population. Significantly more men than women met the criteria for low level of physical activity, yet the proportion of missing data was high in this category. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions on causality cannot be drawn in this preliminary study, further research is encouraged regarding the link between smoking and dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Söderlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Nyholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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85
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Yuan L, Chen X, Song Z, Le W, Zheng W, Liu X, Deng H. Extended Study of NUS1 Gene Variants in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:583182. [PMID: 33193043 PMCID: PMC7653662 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Genetic, environmental factors, and aging are its primary development contributors. Recently the nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) gene (NUS1) was reported as a candidate gene for PD, which raised our interest in the relationship between NUS1 and PD. This study was aimed to further explore the role of NUS1 variants in PD development. Genetic analysis for 308 Han-Chinese PD patients and 308 ethnically matched controls using whole exome sequencing was conducted. Additionally, a total of 60 articles involving in whole exome/whole genome sequencing or direct sequencing of the NUS1 gene from PubMed database between July 1, 2011 and August 26, 2020 were reviewed to evaluate PD-associated NUS1 variants. No potentially pathogenic NUS1 variant was found in 308 PD cases, and no frequency biases between 308 PD cases and 308 controls were observed for the only non-synonymous variant p.Asp179Glu (genotype: χ2 = 0.093, P = 0.761; allele: χ2 = 0.092, P = 0.762). No pathogenic or disease-associated NUS1 variant was reported in the 5,636 PD cases of the 60 articles. In summary, current findings indicate that NUS1 variant is not a common genetic factor contributing to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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86
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Brown EG, Goldman SM. Modulation of the Microbiome in Parkinson's Disease: Diet, Drug, Stool Transplant, and Beyond. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1406-1417. [PMID: 33034846 PMCID: PMC7851230 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome is altered in Parkinson's disease and likely plays a key role in its pathophysiology, affecting symptoms and response to therapy and perhaps modifying progression or even disease initiation. Gut dysbiosis therefore has a significant potential as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease, a condition elusive to disease-modifying therapy thus far. The gastrointestinal environment hosts a complex ecology, and efforts to modulate the relative abundance or function of established microorganisms are still in their infancy. Still, these techniques are being rapidly developed and have important implications for our understanding of Parkinson's disease. Currently, modulation of the microbiome can be achieved through non-pharmacologic means such as diet, pharmacologically through probiotic, prebiotic, or antibiotic use and procedurally through fecal transplant. Novel techniques being explored include the use of small molecules or genetically engineered organisms, with vast potential. Here, we review how some of these approaches have been used to date, important areas of ongoing research, and how microbiome modulation may play a role in the clinical management of Parkinson's disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Brown
- Division of Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Weill Institute of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- Division of Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Weill Institute of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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87
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Ito H, Yokoi D, Kobayashi R, Okada H, Kajita Y, Okuda S. The relationships between three-axis accelerometer measures of physical activity and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease: a single-center pilot study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:340. [PMID: 32912171 PMCID: PMC7488269 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various wearable devices for objectively evaluating motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been developed. Importantly, previous studies have suggested protective effects of physical activity in PD. However, the relationships between conventional clinical ratings for PD and three-axis accelerometer measures of physical activity (e.g., daily physical activity levels [PAL] or metabolic equivalents of task [METs]) are still unclear, particularly for METs. In the current study, we sought to elucidate these relationships on a daily basis, and to clarify optimal predictors for clinical states on a 30-min basis. Methods Patients who were hospitalized for adjustment of drugs or deep brain stimulation were enrolled. Using waist-worn three-axis accelerometers, PAL and METs parameter data were obtained and compared with UPDRS-3[On] and symptom diary data. We extracted data from the patients’ best and worst days, defined by the best and worst UPDRS-3[On] scores, respectively. Thus, 22 data sets from 11 patients were extracted. We examined the correlations and produced scatter plots to represent the relationships, then investigated which METs parameters and activity patterns were the best predictors for “On” and “dyskinesia”. Results The parameter “mean METs value within the 95–92.5 percentile range on a day (95–92.5 percentile value)” exhibited the strongest correlation with conventional daily clinical ratings (Rho: − 0.799 for UPDRS-3[On], 0.803 for On hours [p < 0.001]). Scatter plots suggested that PAL tended to have higher values in patients with involuntary movement. However, METs parameters focusing on higher METs seemed to alleviate this tendency. We clarified that “time over 2.0 METs” and “time over 1.5 METs” could be predictors for “On” and “dyskinesia” on a 30-min basis, respectively (AUROC: 0.779 and 0.959, 95% CI: 0.733–0.824 and 0.918–1.000). The specificity and sensitivity of the optimal activity pattern for “On” were 0.858 and 0.621. Conclusions This study suggested feasible activity patterns and METs parameters for objective evaluation of motor symptoms on a 30-min or daily basis. Three-axis accelerometer measures focusing on higher METs may be appropriate for evaluating physical activity. Further larger-scale studies are necessary to clarify the validity, reliability, and clinical utility of these objective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ito
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Daichi Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kakeyu Misayama rehabilitation center, 1308 Kakeyuonsen, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Rei Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okada
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Kajita
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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88
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Exendin-4 Reversed the PC12 Cell Damage Induced by circRNA CDR1as/miR-671/GSK3β Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:778-789. [PMID: 32889692 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of circRNA cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 antisense RNA(CDR1as)/miR-671/GSK3β signaling pathway on PC12 cell injury and the mechanism of Exendin-4 (Ex-4) in PC12 cell injury protection. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of circular RNA CDR1as and miR-671 in PC12 cells. By overexpressing or knocking out CDR1as, miR-671, and GSK3β, the role of CDR1as, miR-671, and GSK3β in PC12 cell injury was analyzed. The binding of CDR1as to miR-671 and GSK3β to miR-671 was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. PC12 cells were treated with 1-methyl-4 phenyl-pyridine ion (MPP+) to construct a PC12 cell damage model. PC12 cell transfection experiments were used to confirm the role of CDR1as/miR-671/GSK3β signal axis in PC12 cell damage, and the role of Ex-4 in the association of circRNA CDR1as/miR-671/GSK3β signaling axis and PC12 cell damage. PC12 cell damage was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Ex-4 reversed the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, and GSK-3β in MPP+-treated PC12 cells, and reduced MPP+-induced PC12 cell damage. CircRNA CDR1as upregulated the expression of GSK3β by sponge miR-671. Ex-4 downregulated CDR1as expression and upregulated miR-671 expression in MPP+-induced PC12 cell. Silencing of CDR1as reduced MPP+-induced PC12 cell damage. CDR1as transfection downregulated the expression of miR-671 in PC12 cells, promoted the expression and phosphorylated of GSK3β, and induced PC12 cell damage. GSK3β silencing reversed CDR1as-induced PC12 cell damage. CDR1as promoted the phosphorylation level of GSK3β in PC12 cells to cause cell damage; Ex-4 reversed the phosphorylation of GSK3β caused by CDR1as in PC12 cells and reduced the PC12 cell damage caused by CDR1as. Ex-4 reverses the damage of PC12 cells induced by CDR1as/miR-671/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Merola A, Romagnolo A, Dwivedi AK, Padovani A, Berg D, Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Fabbri M, Artusi CA, Zibetti M, Lopiano L, Pilotto A, Bonacina S, Morgante F, Zeuner K, Griewing C, Schaeffer E, Rodriguez-Porcel F, Kauffman M, Turcano P, de Oliveira LM, Palermo G, Shanks E, Del Sorbo F, Bonvegna S, Savica R, Munhoz RP, Ceravolo R, Cilia R, Espay AJ. Benign versus malignant Parkinson disease: the unexpected silver lining of motor complications. J Neurol 2020; 267:2949-2960. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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91
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Effect of small vessel disease burden and lacunes on gait/posture impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3617-3624. [PMID: 32458249 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The comorbidity of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may worsen gait impairment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the evidence remains scarce and controversial, and the mechanism of their potential interaction remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the overall impact of quantity and location of CSVD on gait/posture function in PD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 315 consecutive eligible patients with PD from Beijing Tiantan Hospital from May 2016 to August 2018. Associations of gait/posture subscores with the burden score of CSVD and four CSVD imaging markers were assessed using multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS Burden of CSVD was significantly associated with more severe gait/posture impairment in PD in the unadjusted model (β = 0.521, P = 0.011, 95% CI 0.118-0.923) and in the model adjusted for age, hypertension, ischemic stroke, low-density lipoprotein level, cholesterol level, and cognitive statues (β = 0.448, P = 0.047, 95% CI 0.006-0.891). The presence of lacunes, but not other CSVD markers, was significantly associated with higher gait/posture subscores after the adjustment (β = 0.492, P = 0.041, 95% CI 0.021-0.964), and the number of lacunes in the basal ganglia significantly correlated with the gait/posture subscores in patients with PD (P = 0.012, Spearman r = 0.161). CONCLUSIONS CSVD and lacunes in the basal ganglia may independently contribute to gait/posture dysfunction in PD. Promoting neurovascular health may preserve some gait/posture function of PD.
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92
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Gorecki AM, Dunlop SA, Rodger J, Anderton RS. The gut-brain axis and gut inflammation in Parkinson's disease: stopping neurodegeneration at the toll gate. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:601-604. [PMID: 32349553 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1763956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja M Gorecki
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science , Nedlands, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| | - Sarah A Dunlop
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science , Nedlands, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science , Nedlands, Australia.,Institute for Health Research and School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Australia
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93
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Sassone J, Reale C, Dati G, Regoni M, Pellecchia MT, Garavaglia B. The Role of VPS35 in the Pathobiology of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:199-227. [PMID: 32323152 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) gene located on chromosome 16 has recently emerged as a cause of late-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD) (PARK17). The gene encodes a 796-residue protein nearly ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. The protein localizes on endosomes where it assembles with other peripheral membrane proteins to form the retromer complex. How VPS35 mutations induce dopaminergic neuron degeneration in humans is still unclear. Because the retromer complex recycles the receptors that mediate the transport of hydrolase to lysosome, it has been suggested that VPS35 mutations lead to impaired lysosomal and autophagy function. Recent studies also demonstrated that VPS35 and the retromer complex influence mitochondrial homeostasis, suggesting that VPS35 mutations elicit mitochondrial dysfunction. More recent studies have identified a key role of VPS35 in neurotransmission, whilst others reported a functional interaction between VPS35 and other genes associated with familial PD, including α-SYNUCLEIN-PARKIN-LRRK2. Here, we review the biological role of VPS35 protein, the VPS35 mutations identified in human PD patients, and the potential molecular mechanism by which VPS35 mutations can induce progressive neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sassone
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Reale
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Dati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Regoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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94
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Peng B, Yang Q, B Joshi R, Liu Y, Akbar M, Song BJ, Zhou S, Wang X. Role of Alcohol Drinking in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072316. [PMID: 32230811 PMCID: PMC7177420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), increase as the population ages around the world. Environmental factors also play an important role in most cases. Alcohol consumption exists extensively and it acts as one of the environmental factors that promotes these neurodegenerative diseases. The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Chronic alcohol intake leads to elevated glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and permanent neuronal damage associated with malnutrition. The relationship and contributing mechanisms of alcohol with these three diseases are different. Epidemiological studies have reported a reduction in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in individuals who drink low amounts of alcohol; low or moderate concentrations of ethanol protect against β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity in hippocampal neurons; and excessive amounts of ethanol increase accumulation of Aβ and Tau phosphorylation. Alcohol has been suggested to be either protective of, or not associated with, PD. However, experimental animal studies indicate that chronic heavy alcohol consumption may have dopamine neurotoxic effects through the induction of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and an increase in the amount of α-Synuclein (αSYN) relevant to PD. The findings on the association between alcohol consumption and ALS are inconsistent; a recent population-based study suggests that alcohol drinking seems to not influence the risk of developing ALS. Additional research is needed to clarify the potential etiological involvement of alcohol intake in causing or resulting in major neurodegenerative diseases, which will eventually lead to potential therapeutics against these alcoholic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Daye 435100, China
| | - Rachna B Joshi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Internal Medicine, Stafford Medical, PA. 1364 NJ-72, Manahawkin, NJ 08050, USA
| | - Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Daye 435100, China
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience & Behavior, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: 1-617-732-5398 (S.Z.); 1-617-732-4186 (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: 1-617-732-5398 (S.Z.); 1-617-732-4186 (X.W.)
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95
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Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Bonvegna S, Cilia R. The gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: A culprit or a bystander? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:357-450. [PMID: 32247371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale metagenomics projects such as the Human Microbiome Project placed the gut microbiota under the spotlight of research on its role in health and in the pathogenesis several diseases, as it can be a target for novel therapeutical approaches. The emerging concept of a microbiota modulation of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored in several studies in animal models, as well as in human subjects. Particularly, research on changes in the composition of gut microbiota as a potential trigger for alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing interest. In the present review, we first provide the basis to the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in healthy subjects and the molecular basis of the gut-brain interaction, focusing on metabolic and neuroinflammatory factors that could trigger the alpha-synuclein conformational changes and aggregation. Then, we critically explored preclinical and clinical studies reporting on the changes in gut microbiota in PD, as compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiota and PD clinical features, discussing data consistently reported across studies, as well as the potential sources of inconsistencies. As a further step toward understanding the effects of gut microbiota on PD, we discussed the relationship between dysbiosis and response to dopamine replacement therapy, focusing on Levodopa metabolism. We conclude that further studies are needed to determine whether the gut microbiota changes observed so far in PD patients is the cause or, instead, it is merely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Regardless, studies so far strongly suggest that changes in microbiota appears to be impactful in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Thus, dysbiotic microbiota in PD could influence the disease course and response to medication, especially Levodopa. Future research will assess the impact of microbiota-directed therapeutic intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy.
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96
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De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:543-554. [PMID: 31996877 PMCID: PMC7941732 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are common chemicals used in industry throughout the world, however, there is evidence for adverse health effects from exposure to these compounds. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated solvent that has been used as a degreasing agent since the early 20th century. Due to its widespread use, TCE remains one of the most significant environmental contaminants in the US, and extensive research suggests TCE is a causative factor in a number of diseases, including cancer, fetal cardiac development, and neurotoxicity. TCE has also been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is variable concordance across multiple occupational epidemiological studies assessing TCE (or solvent) exposure and risk for PD. In addition, there remains a degree of uncertainty about how TCE elicits toxicity to the dopaminergic system. To this end, we review the specific neurotoxic mechanisms of TCE in the context of selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, we consider the complexity of combined risk factors that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration and discuss the limitations of single-factor exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST-7045, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, USA.
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β-adrenoreceptors and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:247-254. [PMID: 31999942 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-adrenoceptors are widely expressed in different human organs, mediate important body functions and are targeted by medications for various diseases (such as coronary heart disease and heart attack) and many β-adrenoceptor acting drugs are listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. β-adrenoceptor antagonists are used by billions of patients with neurological disorders, primarily for the treatment of migraine and action tremor (mainly essential tremor), worldwide. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS An observational study reported a link between the chronic use of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, while the chronic use of the β-adrenoceptor agonists was associated with a decreased risk. Further support of this association was provided by a dose-dependent decrease in the risk of Parkinson's disease with chronic β-adrenoceptor agonist (eg, salbutamol) use, and by functional data indicating a possible underlying molecular mechanism. Five additional epidemiological studies have examined the modulation of the risk of Parkinson's disease as a result of the use of β-adrenoceptor-acting drugs in different populations. Overall, similar estimates but different interpretations of the associations were provided. Several findings suggest that the increase in risk of Parkinson's disease associated with β-adrenoceptor antagonists use can be explained by reverse causation because prodromal Parkinson's disease is often associated with non-specific action tremor, which is usually treated with propranolol. The lower risk of Parkinson's disease seen in patients receiving β-adrenoceptor agonists is likely to be indirectly mediated by smoking because smoking has a strong inverse association with Parkinson's disease (people that smoke have a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease). Smoking also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is treated with β-adrenoceptor-agonist medications. Even if causal, the effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the risk of Parkinson's disease would be small compared with other Parkinson's disease risk factors and would be similar to the risk evoked by pesticide exposure. The estimated risk of Parkinson's disease because of β-adrenoceptor antagonists use corresponds to one case in 10 000 patients after 5 years of propranolol use, and would be considered a very rare adverse effect. Thus, not using β-adrenoceptor antagonists would severely harm patients with recommended indications, such as heart disease or migraine. Similarly, 50 000 people would have to be treated for 5 years with salbutamol to prevent Parkinson's disease in one patient, suggesting that primary preventive therapy studies on disease modification are not warranted. WHERE NEXT?: Epidemiological evidence for a causal relationship between use of β2-adrenoceptor antagonists and the increased risk of Parkinson's disease is weak, with other explanations for the association being more probable. Future observational studies are warranted to clarify this association. However, given the very low risk associated with propranolol, most clinicians are unlikely to change their treatment approach.
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99
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Jackson A, Forsyth CB, Shaikh M, Voigt RM, Engen PA, Ramirez V, Keshavarzian A. Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1245. [PMID: 31920905 PMCID: PMC6915094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting up to 1% of the population above the age of 60 and 4–5% of those above the age of 85. Little progress has been made on efforts to prevent disease development or halt disease progression. Diet has emerged as a potential factor that may prevent the development or slow the progression of PD. In this review, we discuss evidence for a role for the intestinal microbiome in PD and how diet-associated changes in the microbiome may be a viable approach to prevent or modify disease progression. Methods: We reviewed studies demonstrating that dietary components/foods were related to risk for PD. We reviewed evidence for the dysregulated intestinal microbiome in PD patients including abnormal shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition (i.e., dysbiosis) characterized by a loss of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) bacteria and increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bacteria. We also examined several candidate mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence PD including the NLRP3 inflammasome, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, vagal nerve signaling. Results: The PD-associated microbiome is associated with decreased production of SCFA and increased LPS and it is believed that these changes may contribute to the development or exacerbation of PD. Diet robustly impacts the intestinal microbiome and the Western diet is associated with increased risk for PD whereas the Mediterranean diet (including high intake of dietary fiber) decreases PD risk. Mechanistically this may be the consequence of changes in the relative abundance of SCFA-producing or LPS-containing bacteria in the intestinal microbiome with effects on intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia (i.e., systemic LPS), NLRP3 inflammasome activation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and the production of factors such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis. Conclusions: This review summarizes a model of microbiota-gut-brain-axis regulation of neuroinflammation in PD including several new mechanisms. We conclude with the need for clinical trials in PD patients to test this model for beneficial effects of Mediterranean based high fiber diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeja Jackson
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vivian Ramirez
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
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100
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The Role of Xenobiotics and Trace Metals in Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1405-1417. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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