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Inflammation, Fibrosis and Cancer: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Options and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030552. [PMID: 35158821 PMCID: PMC8833582 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is a salient factor in multiple chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. In this review, we provided an in-depth analysis of the relationships and distinctions between uncontrolled inflammation, fibrosis and cancers, while emphasizing the challenges and opportunities of developing novel therapies for the treatment and/or management of these diseases. We described how drug delivery systems, combination therapy and the integration of tissue-targeted and/or pathways selective strategies could overcome the challenges of current agents for managing and/or treating chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. We also recognized the value of the re-evaluation of the disease-specific roles of multiple pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers-as well as the application of data from single-cell RNA sequencing in the success of future drug discovery endeavors.
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Wrona D, Majkutewicz I, Świątek G, Dunacka J, Grembecka B, Glac W. Dimethyl Fumarate as the Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Mediators Inhibitor in Prevention of Streptozotocin-Induced Neuroinflammation in Aged Rats. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:33-52. [PMID: 35027835 PMCID: PMC8749052 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s342280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intracerebroventricular-(ICV)-streptozotocin-(STZ)-induced neuroinflammation is a model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compatible with the inflammation hypothesis of ageing (“inflammaging” state). Previously, we observed age-dependent (young vs aged) dimethyl fumarate (DMF)-induced anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain along with improvement in cognitive functions in rats with the ICV-STZ-induced model of AD. To evaluate whether DMF reduces neuroinflammation based on the peripheral inflammatory response inhibition, we determined peripheral inflammatory mediators in young and aged rats with the ICV-STZ-induced AD pathology following DMF therapy. Materials and Methods Young (4-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) rats were fed with 0.4% DMF rat chow for 21 consecutive days after ICV-STZ (3 mg/ventricle) injections. After behavioral testing, blood and spleens were collected to determine the numbers of leukocytes (WBC), lymphocytes and their subpopulations, haematological parameters, the concanavalin (Con)-A-induced production and plasma concentration of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and corticosterone (COR). Results Age-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of the DMF treatment in rats with ICV-STZ injections manifested as decreased peripheral WBC and lymphocyte numbers, including TCD3+CD4+CD8−, TCD3+CD4−CD8+, B (CD45RA+) and NK (161a+), in aged rats. Furthermore, DMF lowered the blood and spleen lymphocyte production of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-6 in young and aged rats, whereas it enhanced the plasma level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and lymphocyte’s ability to produce it in aged rats only. In parallel to changes in peripheral WBC numbers in the model of AD, DMF decreased the red blood cell number, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and mean platelet volume in aged, but not young, rats. In contrast to controls, DMF did not influence the COR response in STZ groups. Conclusion Besides preventing neuroinflammation, DMF acts on the pro-/anti-inflammatory balance in the periphery and causes an anti-inflammatory shift in T lymphocytes which could contribute to DMF’s therapeutic effects in the ICV-STZ-induced model of AD, in particular, in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wrona
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Irena Majkutewicz
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Świątek
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Joanna Dunacka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Beata Grembecka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
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Liu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Tang J, Hong S, Hong L. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates stress urinary incontinence by reversing ECM remodeling via the Nrf2-TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in mice. Int Urogynecol J 2022; 33:1231-1242. [PMID: 34982187 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-021-05061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Mechanical trauma and oxidative injury are involved in the pathogenesis of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and oxidative stress (OS) is considered a potential therapeutic target. The antioxidant properties of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a potent activator of Nrf2, have been highlighted recently. We therefore predicted that DMF might have therapeutic effects on mechanical trauma-induced SUI. METHODS The SUI mice model was established by vaginal distension (VD). Leak point pressure (LPP), serum OS biomarkers, cell proliferation and apoptosis, collagen, elastin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), Nrf2, the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway, and the associated tissue growth factors in the anterior vaginal wall were measured in either wild-type or Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2-/-) female C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS The results showed that DMF improved the VD-induced LPP reduction, alleviated oxidative injury, stimulated cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the anterior vaginal wall tissue of mice. Moreover, DMF treatment reduced the hydrolysis of ECM proteins by MMP2 and MMP9. The above effects may be mediated by a series of tissue growth factors, including α-SMA, PAI-1, and TIMP-2, with the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway as the core regulatory mechanism. In further study, Nrf2-/- mice were used to replicate the SUI model. And the difference is that DMF failed to reactivate the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, nor did it improve LPP. CONCLUSIONS Dimethyl fumarate can ameliorate urethra closure dysfunction in the VD-induced SUI mice model, and the therapeutic effect of DMF is mediated by the Nrf2-dominated antioxidant system and its downstream TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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Li N, Wang Y, Wang X, Sun N, Gong YH. Pathway network of pyroptosis and its potential inhibitors in acute kidney injury. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106033. [PMID: 34915124 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide problem, and there is no effective drug to eliminate AKI. The death of renal cells is an important pathological basis of intrinsic AKI. At present, targeted therapy for TEC death is a research hotspot in AKI therapy. There are many ways of cell death involved in the occurrence and development of AKI, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. This article mainly focuses on the role of pyroptosis in AKI. The assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is a key event in the occurrence of pyroptosis, which is affected by many factors, such as the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, mitochondrial instability and excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome can trigger its downstream inflammatory cytokines, which will lead to pyroptosis and eventually induce AKI. In this paper, we reviewed the possible mechanism of pyroptosis in AKI and the potential effective inhibitors of various key targets in this process. It may provide potential therapeutic targets for novel intrinsic AKI therapies based on pyroptosis, so as to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China; Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China; Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China; Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Na Sun
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China; Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yan-Hua Gong
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China; Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Heidenreich PA, Lin S, Gholami P, Moore VR, Burk ML, Glassman PA, Cunningham FE, Sahay A. Interventions to Increase Leukocyte Testing during Treatment with Dimethyl Fumarate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910312. [PMID: 34639610 PMCID: PMC8507868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a treatment for multiple sclerosis, may cause leukopenia and infection. Accordingly, periodic white blood cell (WBC) monitoring is recommended. We sought to evaluate the US Department of Veteran Affairs’ safety program which provides facilities with a list of patients prescribed DMF therapy without a documented white blood cell count (WBC). We identified 118 sites with patients treated with DMF from 1 January 2016 through 30 September 2016. Each site was asked if any of seven interventions were used to improve WBC monitoring (academic detailing, provider education without academic detailing, electronic clinical reminders, request for provider action plan, draft orders for WBC monitoring, patient mailings, and patient calls). The survey response rate was 78%. For the 92 responding sites (78%) included sites (1115 patients) the mean rate of WBC monitoring was 54%. In multivariate analysis, academic detailing increased the rate by 17% (95% CI 4 to 30%, p = 0.011) and provider education increased the rate by 9% (95% CI 0.6 to 18%, p = 0.037). The WBC monitoring rate increased by 3.8% for each additional intervention used (95% CI 1.2–6.4%, p = 0.005). Interventions focused on the physician, including academic detailing, were associated with improved WBC monitoring for patients at risk for leukopenia from DMF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Heidenreich
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (S.L.); (P.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-849-1205
| | - Shoutzu Lin
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (S.L.); (P.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Parisa Gholami
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (S.L.); (P.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Von R. Moore
- Veterans Affairs Center for Medication Safety Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (V.R.M.); (M.L.B.); (F.E.C.)
| | - Muriel L. Burk
- Veterans Affairs Center for Medication Safety Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (V.R.M.); (M.L.B.); (F.E.C.)
| | - Peter A. Glassman
- Veterans Affairs VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Washington, DC 20004, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Francesca E. Cunningham
- Veterans Affairs Center for Medication Safety Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (V.R.M.); (M.L.B.); (F.E.C.)
| | - Anju Sahay
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (S.L.); (P.G.); (A.S.)
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Li Y, Jia Y, Xu Y, Li K. DMF Activates NRF2 to Inhibit the Pro-Invasion Ability of TAMs in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706448. [PMID: 34476214 PMCID: PMC8406629 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) account for more than 50% of the cells in the tumor immune microenvironment of patients with breast cancer. A high TAM density is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Targeting TAMs is a promising therapeutic strategy because they promote tumor growth, development, and metastasis. In this study, we found that dimethyl formamide (DMF) significantly inhibited the tumor invasion-promoting ability of TAMs in the co-culture system and further showed that DMF functioned by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in TAMs. The orthotopic 4T1 cell inoculation model and the spontaneous mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle tumor-antigen tumor model were used to evaluate the antitumor effect of DMF. The results showed that DMF significantly inhibited tumor metastasis and increased T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, NRF2 activation was necessary for DMF to exert its function, and DMF can play a role in breast cancer as an anticancer drug targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaxu Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Mousavi K, Niknahad H, Li H, Jia Z, Manthari RK, Zhao Y, Shi X, Chen Y, Ahmadi A, Azarpira N, Khalvati B, Ommati MM, Heidari R. The activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling blunts cholestasis-induced liver and kidney injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:911-927. [PMID: 34484683 PMCID: PMC8403611 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a severe clinical complication that severely damages the liver. Kidneys are also the most affected extrahepatic organs in cholestasis. The pivotal role of oxidative stress has been mentioned in the pathogenesis of cholestasis-induced organ injury. The activation of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is involved in response to oxidative stress. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential role of Nrf2 signaling activation in preventing bile acids-induced toxicity in the liver and kidney. Dimethyl fumarate was used as a robust activator of Nrf2 signaling. Rats underwent bile duct ligation surgery and were treated with dimethyl fumarate (10 and 40 mg/kg). Severe oxidative stress was evident in the liver and kidney of cholestatic animals (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the expression and activity of Nrf2 and downstream genes were time-dependently decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant mitochondrial depolarization, decreased ATP levels, and mitochondrial permeabilization were detected in bile duct-ligated rats (P < 0.05). Histopathological alterations included liver necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation and kidney interstitial inflammation, and cast formation. It was found that dimethyl fumarate significantly decreased hepatic and renal injury in cholestatic animals (P < 0.05). Based on these data, the activation of the cellular antioxidant response could serve as an efficient therapeutic option for managing cholestasis-induced organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mousavi
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Huifeng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zhipeng Jia
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, Visakhapatnam, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yuanyu Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Asrin Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 75919-51176, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
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Li H, Zheng C, Han J, Zhu J, Liu S, Jin T. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: A T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716747. [PMID: 34381337 PMCID: PMC8350166 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is a widely studied immune checkpoint that modulates signaling pathways related to T cell activation. The use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is a promising immune therapy strategy for cancer patients. However, individuals treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may develop immune-related adverse events due to excessive immune reactions. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. T cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis play vital roles in the pathogenesis of MS. A better understanding of the complex relationship between the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and T cells may extend our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for MS. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in MS and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXia Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Sivinski J, Zhang DD, Chapman E. Targeting NRF2 to treat cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:61-73. [PMID: 34102289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NRF2 is a basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor that is the master regulator of redox homeostasis. Under basal conditions, the cellular level of NRF2 is low due to a posttranslational regulation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). But, when an organism is challenged with oxidative or xenobiotic stress, the NRF2 pathway is activated by inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that normally marks NRF2 for destruction. For several decades, researchers have searched for molecules that can intentionally activate NRF2, as this was shown to be a means to prevent certain diseases, at least in animal models. In the present era, there are many compounds known to activate the NRF2 pathway including natural products and synthetic compounds, covalent and non-covalent compounds, and others. However, it was also revealed that like many protective pathways, the NRF2 pathway has a dark side. Just as NRF2 can protect normal cells from damage, it can protect malignant cells from damage. As cells transform, they are exposed to many stressors and aberrant upregulation of NRF2 can facilitate transformation and it can help cancer cells to grow, to spread, and to resist treatment. For this reason, researchers are also interested in the discovery and development of NRF2 inhibitors. In the present review, we will begin with a general discussion of NRF2 structure and function, we will discuss the latest in NRF2 non-covalent activators, and we will discuss the current state of NRF2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Sivinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Peripheral nervous system in multiple sclerosis-understanding the involvement via autonomic nervous system. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2731-2736. [PMID: 34036450 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical and paraclinical findings that demonstrate that multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: Narrative review. RESULTS MS is traditionally defined as a chronic demyelinating immune-mediated disease of the CNS. However, there is emerging evidence that MS is a disease that does not solely affect the CNS but can manifest with PNS involvement as well. Several pathology studies have reported on signs of demyelination in the PNS, as well as on structural and functional involvement of the PNS in persons with MS (pwMS). From the functional aspect, several studies have shown autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement in the form of sudomotor dysfunction measured with quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) in different stages of MS, adding to the growing body of evidence that indicate PNS involvement in MS. In this review the clinical, pathological, neurophysiological, and imaging findings that demonstrate that MS affects the PNS as well as the CNS are summarized, with the emphasis on the ANS abnormalities. CONCLUSION Further large-scale research is needed in order to fully understand the frequency and importance of PNS affection in MS.
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Lal R, Dhaliwal J, Dhaliwal N, Dharavath RN, Chopra K. Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by dimethyl fumarate ameliorates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174044. [PMID: 33745959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target in treating various diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the protective role of the Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)- induced arthritis model. DMF (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) were orally administered for 14 days. Pain-related tests, paw volume, and arthritic scores were measured weekly. Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels were estimated. Nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were also evaluated. NF-κB, Nrf2, HO-1, and COX-2 levels were estimated in the joint tissue. DMF treatment exerted anti-arthritic activity by enhancing the nociceptive threshold, improving arthritis scores, and reducing paw edema. Also, DMF suppressed changes in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators and enhanced Nrf2 and HO-1 levels in CFA-injected rats. These findings indicate that the anti-arthritic activity of DMF may be mediated by the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which reduced oxidative damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Lal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jatinder Dhaliwal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Navneet Dhaliwal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Sezgin-Bayindir Z, Losada-Barreiro S, Bravo-Díaz C, Sova M, Kristl J, Saso L. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery to Improve the Therapeutic Benefits of NRF2 Modulators in Cancer Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:685. [PMID: 33925605 PMCID: PMC8145905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The disadvantages of conventional anticancer drugs, such as their low bioavailability, poor targeting efficacy, and serious side effects, have led to the discovery of new therapeutic agents and potential drug delivery systems. In particular, the introduction of nano-sized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) has opened new horizons for effective cancer treatment. These are considered potential systems that provide deep tissue penetration and specific drug targeting. On the other hand, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-based anticancer treatment approaches have attracted tremendous attention and produced encouraging results. However, the lack of effective formulation strategies is one of the factors that hinder the clinical application of NRF2 modulators. In this review, we initially focus on the critical role of NRF2 in cancer cells and NRF2-based anticancer treatment. Subsequently, we review the preparation and characterization of NDDSs encapsulating NRF2 modulators and discuss their potential for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Sezgin-Bayindir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sonia Losada-Barreiro
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Carlos Bravo-Díaz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Matej Sova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Julijana Kristl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Hoogendoorn A, Avery TD, Li J, Bursill C, Abell A, Grace PM. Emerging Therapeutic Applications for Fumarates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:239-254. [PMID: 33618840 PMCID: PMC7954891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumarates are successfully used for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Their antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties make fumarates attractive therapeutic candidates for other pathologies. The exact working mechanisms of fumarates are, however, not fully understood. Further elucidation of the mechanisms is required if these drugs are to be successfully repurposed for other diseases. Towards this, administration route, dosage, and treatment timing, frequency, and duration are important parameters to consider and optimize with clinical paradigms in mind. Here, we summarize the rapidly expanding literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fumarates, including a discussion on two recently FDA-approved fumarates VumerityTM and BafiertamTM. We review emerging applications of fumarates, focusing on neurological and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas D Avery
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Bursill
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Abell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Chen K, Wu S, Ye S, Huang H, Zhou Y, Zhou H, Wu S, Mao Y, Shangguan F, Lan L, Chen B. Dimethyl Fumarate Induces Metabolic Crisie to Suppress Pancreatic Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:617714. [PMID: 33692690 PMCID: PMC7937954 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.617714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an approved drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis therapy. Multiple studies have demonstrated other pharmacological activities of DMF such as an anti-cancer agent. In particular, studies have shown that DMF can modulate the NRF2/HO1/NQO1 antioxidant signal pathway and inactivate NF-κB to suppress the growth of colon and breast cancer cells, and induce cell death. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-tumor activities of DMF in pancreatic cancer (PC) focusing on cell death as the predominant mechanism of response. We showed that both mitochondrial respiration and aerobic glycolysis were severely depressed following treatment with DMF and the effects could be abrogated by treatment with L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Importantly, we verified that DMF induced metabolic crisis and that cell death was not related to alterations in ROS. Our data implied that MTHFD1 could be a potential downstream target of DMF identified by molecular docking analysis. Finally, we confirmed that MTHFD1 is up-regulated in PC and overexpression of MTHFD1 was negatively related to outcomes of PC patients. Our data indicate that DMF induces metabolic crisie to suppress cell growth and could be a potential novel therapy in the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Laboratory of Precision Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Laboratory of Precision Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shijia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yefan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fugen Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linhua Lan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Dubrall D, Pflock R, Kosinska J, Schmid M, Bleich M, Himmerkus N, Offermanns S, Schwaninger M, Sachs B. Do dimethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid elicit common, potentially HCA 2 -mediated adverse reactions? A combined epidemiological-experimental approach. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3813-3824. [PMID: 33605454 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Dimethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid activate the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2 ) and induce flushing. It is not known whether HCA2 mediates other adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to these two substances. This study aims to compare ADRs associated with dimethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid, and to discuss whether they are HCA2 -mediated. METHODS We identified spontaneous reports of suspected ADRs to dimethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid in the European Adverse Drug Reaction Database (EudraVigilance). These reports were analysed at different hierarchical levels of the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). In addition, we screened murine organs for HCA2 expression. RESULTS Similarities in the ADR profile of dimethyl fumarate and nicotinic acid included "gastrointestinal signs and symptoms" (odds ratio [OR] 0.8 [0.6-1.1]), "hepatobiliary investigations" (OR 1.3 [0.7-2.5]) and "anxiety disorders and symptoms" (OR 0.9 [0.3-2.2]) in High Level Group Terms; "diarrhoea (excluding infective)" (OR 1.2 [0.7-1.8]) and "liver function analyses" (OR 1.3 [0.7-2.6]) in High Level Terms; and "diarrhoea" (OR 1.2 [0.7-2.0]) and "vomiting" (OR 0.9 [0.4-1.7]) in Preferred Terms. In analogy, HCA2 was expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and central nervous system (CNS) of murine organs. A discrepant ADR profile was seen for "lymphopenia" (n = 777) at the preferred term level (only reported for dimethyl fumarate) and "blood glucose increased" (more often reported for nicotinic acid; OR 0.1 [0.0-0.5]). CONCLUSION The gastrointestinal ADRs common to both substances may be mediated by HCA2 . Other ADRs not common to both substances are compound or indication-specific reactions and likely do not involve HCA2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dubrall
- Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René Pflock
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosinska
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernhardt Sachs
- Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.,Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
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Dietrich M, Hecker C, Nasiri M, Samsam S, Issberner A, Kohne Z, Hartung HP, Albrecht P. Neuroprotective Properties of Dimethyl Fumarate Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography in Non-inflammatory Animal Models. Front Neurol 2021; 11:601628. [PMID: 33519681 PMCID: PMC7838501 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.601628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While great advances have been made in the immunomodulatory treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), there is still an unmet need for drugs with neuroprotective potential. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been suggested to exert both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in MS. To investigate if DMF has neuroprotective effects independent of immunomodulation we evaluated its effects in the non-inflammatory animal models of light-induced photoreceptor loss and optic nerve crush. This might also reveal applications for DMF besides MS, such as age related macular degeneration. Retinal neurodegeneration was longitudinally assessed by in vivo retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and glutathione (GSH) measurements as well as histological investigations were performed to clarify the mode of action. For light-induced photoreceptor loss, one eye of C57BL/6J mice was irradiated with a LED cold light lamp while for optic nerve crush the optic nerve was clamped behind the eye bulb. The other eye served as control. GSH was measured in the optic nerve, choroid and retina and immunohistological staining of retinal microglia (Iba1) was performed. Mice were treated with 15 or 30 mg DMF/kg bodyweight or vehicle. While no protective effects were observed in optic nerve crush, in the light-induced retinal degeneration model DMF treatment significantly reduced retinal degeneration. In these mice, GSH levels in the retina and surrounding choroid were increased and histological investigations revealed less microglial activation in the outer retinal layers, suggesting both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Milad Nasiri
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sogol Samsam
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Issberner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zippora Kohne
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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UBXN7 cofactor of CRL3 KEAP1 and CRL2 VHL ubiquitin ligase complexes mediates reciprocal regulation of NRF2 and HIF-1α proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118963. [PMID: 33444648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UBXN7 is a cofactor protein that provides a scaffold for both CRL3KEAP1 and CRL2VHL ubiquitin ligase complexes involved in the regulation of the NRF2 and HIF-1α protein levels respectively. NRF2 and HIF-1α are surveillance transcription factors that orchestrate the cellular response to oxidative stress (NRF2) or to hypoxia (HIF-1α). Since mitochondria are the main oxygen sensors as well as the principal producers of ROS, it can be presumed that they may be able to modulate the activity of CRL3KEAP1 and CRL2VHL complexes in response to stress. We have uncovered a new mechanism of such regulation that involves the UBXN7 cofactor protein and its regulation by mitochondrial MUL1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. High level of UBXN7 leads to HIF-1α accumulation, whereas low level of UBXN7 correlates with an increase in NRF2 protein. The reciprocal regulation of HIF-1α and NRF2 by UBXN7 is coordinated under conditions of oxidative stress or hypoxia. In addition, this molecular mechanism leads to different metabolic states; high level of UBXN7 and accumulation of HIF-1α support glycolysis, whereas inactivation of UBXN7 and activation of NRF2 confer increased OXPHOS. We describe a new mechanism by which MUL1 E3 ubiquitin ligase modulates the UBXN7 cofactor protein level and provides a reciprocal regulation of CRL3KEAP1 and CRL2VHL ubiquitin ligase complexes. Furthermore, we delineate how this regulation is reflected in NRF2 and HIF-1α accumulation and determines the metabolic state as well as the adaptive response to mitochondrial stress.
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Gómez-Moreno M, Sánchez-Seco VG, Moreno-García S, Cámara PS, Sabin-Muñoz J, Ayuso-Peralta L, Oreja-Guevara C, Díaz-Díaz J, Sainz de la Maza S, Costa-Frossard L, Pilo de la Fuente B, Aladro-Benito Y. Cancer diagnosis in a Spanish cohort of multiple sclerosis patients under dimethylfumarate treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102747. [PMID: 33524928 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential increase of cancer incidence is one of the main safety concerns of the disease-modifying therapies employed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Detailed description of patients who developed cancer among a prospective cohort of Spanish MS patients on dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment. METHODS We describe patients who developed cancer among a cohort of 886 MS patients on DMF treatment (2681 patient-years), with a median time of exposure of 39.5 months (IQR 23-51.5), who participated in a multicentre and prospective real-world study conducted in 16 Spanish National Health System hospitals from February 2014 to May 2019. Local researchers were periodically contacted by the investigation team to monitor safety issues. Cancer histories were collected from the medical records and the information was updated at July 30th 2020. RESULTS Eight Caucasian women developed cancer, which accounts for 0.9% and an accumulated malignancy rate of 298.39 cases per 100,000 patient-years of DMF exposure. At the time of cancer diagnosis, age was between 33 to 67 years and median time on DMF treatment 16.5 months (range 1-53). Two patients had familiar history of cancer. No specific cancer lines were found (breast cancer in 2 cases, thyroid in 3, urothelial carcinoma, cervix and a progression to leiomyosarcoma from a mitotically active leiomyoma). DMF was withdrawn during cancer treatment in 6 patients and reintroduced later. All cancers except one are in complete remission. The patient with leiomyosarcoma died by cancer progression. CONCLUSION A relationship between cancers and DMF is unlikely because the malignancy rate was similar to that of the age-and sex-matched general population, and because of the absence of specific tumour cell lines. Nevertheless, as with other immunosuppressive DMTs, clinicians treating MS should be aware of any potential cancer symptom and demand proper testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Avenida Gran Vía del Este, 80, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Galán Sánchez-Seco
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Moreno-García
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Salgado Cámara
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Sabin-Muñoz
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Calle Joaquín Rodrigo, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Ayuso-Peralta
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carr. de Alcalá, s/n, 28805 Meco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Calle del Prof Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Díaz-Díaz
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Calle del Prof Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Sainz de la Maza
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology,Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, M-607, km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology,Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, M-607, km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pilo de la Fuente
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology,Hospital Universitario Getafe, Carr. Madrid - Toledo, Km 12,500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Aladro-Benito
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology,Hospital Universitario Getafe, Carr. Madrid - Toledo, Km 12,500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
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Cattani-Cavalieri I, da Maia Valença H, Moraes JA, Brito-Gitirana L, Romana-Souza B, Schmidt M, Valença SS. Dimethyl Fumarate Attenuates Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249658. [PMID: 33352854 PMCID: PMC7767202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is mainly caused by burning of fossil fuels, such as diesel, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to adverse health effects induced by inflammation and oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester and acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. We investigated the potential therapeutic effects of DMF on pulmonary damage caused by chronic exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Mice were challenged with DEPs (30 μg per mice) by intranasal instillation for 60 consecutive days. After the first 30 days, the animals were treated daily with 30 mg/kg of DMF by gavage for the remainder of the experimental period. We demonstrated a reduction in total inflammatory cell number in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of mice subjected to DEP + DMF as compared to those exposed to DEPs alone. Importantly, DMF treatment was able to reduce lung injury caused by DEP exposure. Intracellular total reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite (OONO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly lower in the DEP + DMF than in the DEP group. In addition, DMF treatment reduced the protein expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) in lung lysates from DEP-exposed mice, whereas total nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 expression was decreased below baseline in the DEP + DMF group compared to both the control and DEP groups. Lastly, DMF markedly reduced DEP-induced expression of nitrotyrosine, glutathione peroxidase-1/2 (Gpx-1/2), and catalase in mouse lungs. In summary, DMF treatment effectively reduced lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by chronic DEP exposure. Consequently, it may lead to new therapies to diminish lung injury caused by air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Cattani-Cavalieri
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helber da Maia Valença
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - João Alfredo Moraes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Lycia Brito-Gitirana
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Bruna Romana-Souza
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20943-000, Brazil;
| | - Martina Schmidt
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-50-363-3322
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
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Novel Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Inducers Based on Dimethyl Fumarate Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249541. [PMID: 33333908 PMCID: PMC7765375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducers based on dimethyl fumarate (DMF) structure are reported in this paper. These compounds are obtained by modification of the DMF backbone. Particularly, maintaining the α, β-unsaturated dicarbonyl function as the central chain crucial for HO-1 induction, different substituted or unsubstituted phenyl rings are introduced by means of an ester or amide linkage. Symmetric and asymmetric derivatives are synthesized. All compounds are tested on a human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 to assay their capacity for modifying HO-1 expression. Compounds 1b, 1l and 1m stand out for their potency as HO-1 inducers, being 2–3 fold more active than DMF, and for their ability to reverse reactive oxygen species (ROS) production mediated using palmitic acid (PA). These properties, coupled with a low toxicity toward LX-2 cell lines, make these compounds potentially useful for treatment of diseases in which HO-1 overexpression may counteract inflammation, such as hepatic fibrosis. Docking studies show a correlation between predicted binding free energy and experimental HO-1 expression data. These preliminary results may support the development of new approaches in the management of liver fibrosis.
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Bousquet J, Cristol JP, Czarlewski W, Anto JM, Martineau A, Haahtela T, Fonseca SC, Iaccarino G, Blain H, Fiocchi A, Canonica GW, Fonseca JA, Vidal A, Choi HJ, Kim HJ, Le Moing V, Reynes J, Sheikh A, Akdis CA, Zuberbier T. Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for research to develop adaptation strategies. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:58. [PMID: 33292691 PMCID: PMC7711617 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPARγ:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2α:Elongation initiation factor 2α). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT1R axis (AT1R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany. .,University Hospital Montpellier, 273 avenue d'Occitanie, 34090, Montpellier, France. .,MACVIA-France, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Hormonologie, PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Josep M Anto
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobAL, Barcelona, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Martineau
- Institute for Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susana C Fonseca
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesu Children's Research Hospital Holy See, Rome, Italy
| | - G Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Clinic-Humanitas University & Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Joao A Fonseca
- CINTESIS, Center for Research in Health Technology and Information Systems, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; and Medida,, Lda Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alain Vidal
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Maison de la Paix, Geneva, Switzerland.,AgroParisTech-Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- SME Service Department, Strategy and Planning Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Jacques Reynes
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany
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72
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Clerici S, Boletta A. Role of the KEAP1-NRF2 Axis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3458. [PMID: 33233657 PMCID: PMC7699726 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is a transcription factor that coordinates the antioxidant response in many different tissues, ensuring cytoprotection from endogenous and exogenous stress stimuli. In the kidney, its function is essential in appropriate cellular response to oxidative stress, however its aberrant activation supports progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies in renal cell carcinoma, similarly to what happens in other nonrenal cancers. While at the moment direct inhibitors of NRF2 are not available, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate its hyperactivation in specific tumor types is crucial as it may open new therapeutic perspectives. Here, we focus our attention on renal cell carcinoma, describing how NRF2 hyperactivation can contribute to tumor progression and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanism whereby the many pathways that are generally altered in these tumors converge to dysregulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Diseases, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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73
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Zeng T, Tang Z, Liang L, Suo D, Li L, Li J, Yuan Y, Guan XY, Li Y. PDSS2-Del2, a new variant of PDSS2, promotes tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via activating NF-κB. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3184-3197. [PMID: 33064899 PMCID: PMC7718950 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Our previous study identified a novel alternative splicing variant of prenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2) in HCC characterized by a deletion of exon 2, named PDSS2‐Del2, which is devoid of the tumor‐suppressive function of full‐length PDSS2 (PDSS2‐FL). To better understand the clinical significance of PDSS2‐Del2, we performed a BaseScope™ assay on an HCC tissue microarray and found that positive staining for PDSS2‐Del2 predicted a worse overall survival in patients with HCC (P = 0.02). PDSS2‐Del2 levels correlated significantly with microvessel counts in HCC tumor tissues. Importantly, PDSS2‐Del2 overexpression functionally promoted HCC metastasis, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo migration assays. In vivo assays also demonstrated that PDSS2‐Del2 increased angiogenesis in xenografts. Furthermore, we discovered that elevated PDSS2‐Del2 expression in HCC tumor cells decreased fumarate levels and activated the canonical nuclear factor‐κB pathway. The epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and WNT/β‐catenin signaling pathways were also activated by overexpression. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a fumaric acid ester, effectively reduced the metastasis induced by PDSS2‐Del2 as observed with in vivo spleen‐liver metastasis animal experiments. DMF is a prescribed oral therapy for multiple sclerosis and it might be a potential treatment for metastasis of patients with HCC. Early clinical trials are needed to validate its potential in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daqin Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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74
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Xue D, Zhou X, Qiu J. Emerging role of NRF2 in ROS-mediated tumor chemoresistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110676. [PMID: 32858502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a central cause for the tumor management failure. Cancer cells disrupt the redox homeostasis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory mechanisms, leading to tumor progression and chemoresistance. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of neutralizing cellular ROS and restoring redox balance. Understanding the role of NRF2 in ROS-mediated chemoresistance can be helpful in the development of chemotherapy strategies with better efficiency. In this review, we sum up the roles of ROS in the development of chemoresistance to classical chemotherapy agents including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin, and how to overcome ROS-mediated tumor chemoresistance by targeting NRF2. Finally, we propose that targeting NRF2 might be a promising strategy to resist ROS-driven chemoresistance and acquire better efficacy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiongming Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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75
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Mita-Mendoza NK, Magallon-Tejada A, Parmar P, Furtado R, Aldrich M, Saidi A, Taylor T, Smith J, Seydel K, Daily JP. Dimethyl fumarate reduces TNF and Plasmodium falciparum induced brain endothelium activation in vitro. Malar J 2020; 19:376. [PMID: 33087130 PMCID: PMC7579885 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with morbidity and mortality despite the use of potent anti-malarial agents. Brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction from oxidative and inflammatory host responses and products released by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE), are likely the major contributors to the encephalopathy, seizures, and brain swelling that are associated with CM. The development of adjunctive therapy to reduce the pathological consequences of host response pathways could improve outcomes. A potentially protective role of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway, which serves as a therapeutic target in brain microvascular diseases and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis was tested to protect endothelial cells in an in vitro culture system subjected to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or infected red blood cell exposure. NRF2 is a transcription factor that mediates anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. Methods To accurately reflect clinically relevant parasite biology a unique panel of parasite isolates derived from patients with stringently defined CM was developed. The effect of TNF and these parasite lines on primary human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMVEC) activation in an in vitro co-culture model was tested. HBMVEC activation was measured by cellular release of IL6 and nuclear translocation of NFκB. The transcriptional and functional effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an FDA approved drug which induces the NRF2 pathway, on host and parasite induced HBMVEC activation was characterized. In addition, the effect of DMF on parasite binding to TNF stimulated HBMVEC in a semi-static binding assay was examined. Results Transcriptional profiling demonstrates that DMF upregulates the NRF2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response, ErbB4 Signaling Pathway, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) Signaling and downregulates iNOS Signaling and the Neuroinflammation Signaling Pathway on TNF activated HBMVEC. The parasite lines derived from eight paediatric CM patients demonstrated increased binding to TNF activated HBMVEC and varied in their binding and activation of HBMVEC. Overall DMF reduced both TNF and CM derived parasite activation of HBMVEC. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that targeting the NRF2 pathway in TNF and parasite activated HBMVEC mediates multiple protective pathways and may represent a novel adjunctive therapy to improve infection outcomes in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neida K Mita-Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Magallon-Tejada
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Research in Parasitology, Gorgas Memorial Research Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Priyanka Parmar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Furtado
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Aldrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alex Saidi
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joe Smith
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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76
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dos S. Baião D, da Silva DVT, Paschoalin VMF. Beetroot, a Remarkable Vegetable: Its Nitrate and Phytochemical Contents Can be Adjusted in Novel Formulations to Benefit Health and Support Cardiovascular Disease Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E960. [PMID: 33049969 PMCID: PMC7600128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot in healthy and hypertensive individuals are undeniable and irrefutable. Nitrate and nitrate-derived nitrite are precursors for nitric oxide synthesis exhibiting an effect on cardiomyocytes and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, improving endothelial function, reducing arterial stiffness and stimulating smooth muscle relaxation, decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Beetroot phytochemicals like betanin, saponins, polyphenols, and organic acids can resist simulated gastrointestinal digestion, raising the hypothesis that the cardioprotective effects of beetroots result from the combination of nitrate/nitrite and bioactive compounds that limit the generation of reactive oxygen species and modulate gene expression. Nitrate and phytochemical concentrations can be adjusted in beet formulations to fulfill requirements for acute or long-term supplementations, enhancing patient adherence to beet intervention. Based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, beet nitrate and its bioactive phytochemicals are promising as a novel supportive therapy to ameliorate cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vania M. F. Paschoalin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (D.d.S.B.); (D.V.T.d.S.)
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77
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Solana-Manrique C, Sanz FJ, Ripollés E, Bañó MC, Torres J, Muñoz-Soriano V, Paricio N. Enhanced activity of glycolytic enzymes in Drosophila and human cell models of Parkinson's disease based on DJ-1 deficiency. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:137-148. [PMID: 32726690 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative debilitating disorder characterized by progressive disturbances in motor, autonomic and psychiatric functions. One of the genes involved in familial forms of the disease is DJ-1, whose mutations cause early-onset PD. Besides, it has been shown that an over-oxidized and inactive form of the DJ-1 protein is found in brains of sporadic PD patients. Interestingly, the DJ-1 protein plays an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress and also participates in mitochondrial homeostasis. Valuable insights into potential PD pathogenic mechanisms involving DJ-1 have been obtained from studies in cell and animal PD models based on DJ-1 deficiency such as Drosophila. Flies mutant for the DJ-1β gene, the Drosophila ortholog of human DJ-1, exhibited disease-related phenotypes such as motor defects, increased reactive oxygen species production and high levels of protein carbonylation. In the present study, we demonstrate that DJ-1β mutants also show a significant increase in the activity of several regulatory glycolytic enzymes. Similar results were obtained in DJ-1-deficient SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, thus suggesting that loss of DJ-1 function leads to an increase in the glycolytic rate. In such a scenario, an enhancement of the glycolytic pathway could be a protective mechanism to decrease ROS production by restoring ATP levels, which are decreased due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results also show that meclizine and dimethyl fumarate, two FDA-approved compounds with different clinical applications, are able to attenuate PD-related phenotypes in both models. Moreover, we found that they may exert their beneficial effect by increasing glycolysis through the activation of key glycolytic enzymes. Taken together, these results are consistent with the idea that increasing glycolysis could be a potential disease-modifying strategy for PD, as recently suggested. Besides, they also support further evaluation and potential repurposing of meclizine and dimethyl fumarate as modulators of energy metabolism for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Edna Ripollés
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - M Carmen Bañó
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Josema Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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78
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De Nuccio C, Bernardo A, Troiano C, Brignone MS, Falchi M, Greco A, Rosini M, Basagni F, Lanni C, Serafini MM, Minghetti L, Visentin S. NRF2 and PPAR-γ Pathways in Oligodendrocyte Progenitors: Focus on ROS Protection, Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promotion of Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7216. [PMID: 33003644 PMCID: PMC7583077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate protection from oxidative and inflammatory reactions, together with the promotion of oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) differentiation, is needed to recover from myelin damage in demyelinating diseases. Mitochondria are targets of inflammatory and oxidative insults and are essential in oligodendrocyte differentiation. It is known that nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor/antioxidant responsive element (NRF2/ARE) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/PPAR-γ response element (PPAR-γ/PPRE) pathways control inflammation and overcome mitochondrial impairment. In this study, we analyzed the effects of activators of these pathways on mitochondrial features, protection from inflammatory/mitochondrial insults and cell differentiation in OP cultures, to depict the specificities and similarities of their actions. We used dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) and pioglitazone (pio) as agents activating NRF2 and PPAR-γ, respectively, and two synthetic hybrids acting differently on the NRF2/ARE pathway. Only DMF and compound 1 caused early effects on the mitochondria. Both DMF and pio induced mitochondrial biogenesis but different antioxidant repertoires. Moreover, pio induced OP differentiation more efficiently than DMF. Finally, DMF, pio and compound 1 protected from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) insult, with pio showing faster kinetics of action and compound 1 a higher activity than DMF. In conclusion, NRF2 and PPAR-γ by inducing partially overlapping pathways accomplish complementary functions aimed at the preservation of mitochondrial function, the defense against oxidative stress and the promotion of OP differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Nuccio
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonietta Bernardo
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Carmen Troiano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Mario Falchi
- National Research Center on HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anita Greco
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.L.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | - Luisa Minghetti
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.G.)
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79
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Vinogradova EV, Zhang X, Remillard D, Lazar DC, Suciu RM, Wang Y, Bianco G, Yamashita Y, Crowley VM, Schafroth MA, Yokoyama M, Konrad DB, Lum KM, Simon GM, Kemper EK, Lazear MR, Yin S, Blewett MM, Dix MM, Nguyen N, Shokhirev MN, Chin EN, Lairson LL, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Forli S, Teijaro JR, Cravatt BF. An Activity-Guided Map of Electrophile-Cysteine Interactions in Primary Human T Cells. Cell 2020; 182:1009-1026.e29. [PMID: 32730809 PMCID: PMC7775622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic compounds originating from nature or chemical synthesis have profound effects on immune cells. These compounds are thought to act by cysteine modification to alter the functions of immune-relevant proteins; however, our understanding of electrophile-sensitive cysteines in the human immune proteome remains limited. Here, we present a global map of cysteines in primary human T cells that are susceptible to covalent modification by electrophilic small molecules. More than 3,000 covalently liganded cysteines were found on functionally and structurally diverse proteins, including many that play fundamental roles in immunology. We further show that electrophilic compounds can impair T cell activation by distinct mechanisms involving the direct functional perturbation and/or degradation of proteins. Our findings reveal a rich content of ligandable cysteines in human T cells and point to electrophilic small molecules as a fertile source for chemical probes and ultimately therapeutics that modulate immunological processes and their associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel M Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Esther K Kemper
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Lazear
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sifei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa M Dix
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Rosito M, Testi C, Parisi G, Cortese B, Baiocco P, Di Angelantonio S. Exploring the Use of Dimethyl Fumarate as Microglia Modulator for Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080700. [PMID: 32756501 PMCID: PMC7465338 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain is critical for the prevention of the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs acting on brain redox balance can be promising for the treatment of neurodegeneration. For more than four decades, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and other derivatives of fumaric acid ester compounds have been shown to mitigate a number of pathological mechanisms associated with psoriasis and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, DMF has been shown to exert a neuroprotective effect on the central nervous system (CNS), possibly through the modulation of microglia detrimental actions, observed also in multiple brain injuries. In addition to the hypothesis that DMF is linked to the activation of NRF2 and NF-kB transcription factors, the neuroprotective action of DMF may be mediated by the activation of the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant pathway and the regulation of brain iron homeostasis. This review will focus on the role of DMF as an antioxidant modulator in microglia processes and on its mechanisms of action in the modulation of different pathways to attenuate neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Claudia Testi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Barbara Cortese
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-Nanotechnology Institute, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Baiocco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli” Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (S.D.A.)
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Fil D, Chacko BK, Conley R, Ouyang X, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM, Zuberi AR, Lutz CM, Napierala M, Napierala JS. Mitochondrial damage and senescence phenotype of cells derived from a novel frataxin G127V point mutation mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045229. [PMID: 32586831 PMCID: PMC7406325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN). Most FRDA patients are homozygous for large expansions of GAA repeat sequences in intron 1 of FXN, whereas a fraction of patients are compound heterozygotes, with a missense or nonsense mutation in one FXN allele and expanded GAAs in the other. A prevalent missense mutation among FRDA patients changes a glycine at position 130 to valine (G130V). Herein, we report generation of the first mouse model harboring an Fxn point mutation. Changing the evolutionarily conserved glycine 127 in mouse Fxn to valine results in a failure-to-thrive phenotype in homozygous animals and a substantially reduced number of offspring. Like G130V in FRDA, the G127V mutation results in a dramatic decrease of Fxn protein without affecting transcript synthesis or splicing. FxnG127V mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit significantly reduced proliferation and increased cell senescence. These defects are evident in early passage cells and are exacerbated at later passages. Furthermore, increased frequency of mitochondrial DNA lesions and fragmentation are accompanied by marked amplification of mitochondrial DNA in FxnG127V cells. Bioenergetics analyses demonstrate higher sensitivity and reduced cellular respiration of FxnG127V cells upon alteration of fatty acid availability. Importantly, substitution of FxnWT with FxnG127V is compatible with life, and cellular proliferation defects can be rescued by mitigation of oxidative stress via hypoxia or induction of the NRF2 pathway. We propose FxnG127V cells as a simple and robust model for testing therapeutic approaches for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Balu K Chacko
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robbie Conley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aamir R Zuberi
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jill S Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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82
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Valencia-Sanchez C, Carter JL. An evaluation of dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1399-1405. [PMID: 32543241 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1763304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years there has been a dramatic rise in available disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an oral drug approved by the FDA for relapsing MS with unique immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors provide the reader with a review of the literature obtained via a PubMed database search and provide their expert opinion on the use of DMF in clinical practice. The article details DMF's mechanism of action, long-term data on efficacy, tolerability and safety. EXPERT OPINION Since approval, growing experience with DMF in clinical practice demonstrates a combination of efficacy, ease of administration along with an acceptable safety profile. The authors believe that DMF is a valuable long-term treatment option in patients with relapsing MS. However, long-term follow up studies are needed to provide further data on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) risk stratification for MS patients on treatment with DMF. Indeed, despite the strong association with lymphopenia, not all patients with DMF associated PML experienced prolonged overall lymphopenia, suggesting that additional predictive metrics are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valencia-Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research , Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan L Carter
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research , Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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83
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Cores Á, Piquero M, Villacampa M, León R, Menéndez JC. NRF2 Regulation Processes as a Source of Potential Drug Targets against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E904. [PMID: 32545924 PMCID: PMC7356958 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 acts by controlling gene expression, being the master regulator of the Phase II antioxidant response, and also being key to the control of neuroinflammation. NRF2 activity is regulated at several levels, including protein degradation by the proteasome, transcription, and post-transcription. The purpose of this review is to offer a concise and critical overview of the main mechanisms of NRF2 regulation and their actual or potential use as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marta Piquero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The transcription factor NRF2 is one of the body's major defense mechanisms, driving transcription of >300 antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated genes that are involved in many critical cellular processes including redox regulation, proteostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and primary metabolism. The transcription factor NRF2 and natural products have an intimately entwined history, as the discovery of NRF2 and much of its rich biology were revealed using natural products both intentionally and unintentionally. In addition, in the last decade a more sinister aspect of NRF2 biology has been revealed. NRF2 is normally present at very low cellular levels and only activated when needed, however, it has been recently revealed that chronic, high levels of NRF2 can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and may play a role in other diseases. Again, this "dark side" of NRF2 was revealed and studied largely using a natural product, the quassinoid, brusatol. In the present review, we provide an overview of NRF2 structure and function to orient the general reader, we will discuss the history of NRF2 and NRF2-activating compounds and the biology these have revealed, and we will delve into the dark side of NRF2 and contemporary issues related to the dark side biology and the role of natural products in dissecting this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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85
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Inoue Y, Uchiyama A, Sekiguchi A, Yamazaki S, Fujiwara C, Yokoyama Y, Ogino S, Torii R, Hosoi M, Akai R, Iwawaki T, Ishikawa O, Motegi S. Protective effect of dimethyl fumarate for the development of pressure ulcers after cutaneous ischemia‐reperfusion injury. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:600-608. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inoue
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Sahori Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Chisako Fujiwara
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Yoko Yokoyama
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Mari Hosoi
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Ryoko Akai
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Sei‐ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
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86
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Jin W. Novel Insights into PARK7 (DJ-1), a Potential Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Target, and Implications for Cancer Progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051256. [PMID: 32357493 PMCID: PMC7288009 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of PARK7 is upregulated in various types of cancer, suggesting its potential role as a critical regulator of the pathogenesis of cancer and in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington disease. PARK7 activates various intracellular signaling pathways that have been implicated in the induction of tumor progression, which subsequently enhances tumor initiation, continued proliferation, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, secreted PARK7 has been identified as a high-risk factor for the pathogenesis and survival of various cancers. This review summarizes the current understanding of the correlation between the expression of PARK7 and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Disease and Cell Regulation, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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87
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Potential Benefits of Nrf2/Keap1 Targeting in Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040321. [PMID: 32316115 PMCID: PMC7222398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent pancreatic islet cell destruction occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines. Loss of β-cell integrity secondary to oxidation leads to an inability to appropriately synthesize and secrete insulin. Allogenic islet cell transplantation (ICT) has risen as a therapeutic option to mitigate problematic hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, during the process of transplantation, islet cells are exposed to oxidatively caustic conditions that severely decrease the islet cell yield. Islet cells are at a baseline disadvantage to sustain themselves during times of metabolic stress as they lack a robust anti-oxidant defense system, glycogen stores, and vascularity. The Nrf2/Keap1 system is a master regulator of antioxidant genes that has garnered attention as pharmacologic activators have shown a protective response and a low side effect profile. Herein, we present the most recently studied Nrf2/Keap1 activators in pancreas for application in ICT: Dh404, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Furthermore, we discuss that Nrf2/Keap1 is a potential target to ameliorate oxidative stress at every step of the Edmonton Protocol.
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88
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Sampani K, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Kodukula K, Chen X. Klotho Pathways, Myelination Disorders, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Epigenetic Drugs. Biores Open Access 2020; 9:94-105. [PMID: 32257625 PMCID: PMC7133426 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2020.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we outline a rationale for identifying neuroprotectants aimed at inducing endogenous Klotho activity and expression, which is epigenetic action, by definition. Such an approach should promote remyelination and/or stimulate myelin repair by acting on mitochondrial function, thereby heralding a life-saving path forward for patients suffering from neuroinflammatory diseases. Disorders of myelin in the nervous system damage the transmission of signals, resulting in loss of vision, motion, sensation, and other functions depending on the affected nerves, currently with no effective treatment. Klotho genes and their single-pass transmembrane Klotho proteins are powerful governors of the threads of life and death, true to the origin of their name, Fates, in Greek mythology. Among its many important functions, Klotho is an obligatory co-receptor that binds, activates, and/or potentiates critical fibroblast growth factor activity. Since the discovery of Klotho a little over two decades ago, it has become ever more apparent that when Klotho pathways go awry, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction take over, and age-related chronic disorders are likely to follow. The physiological consequences can be wide ranging, potentially wreaking havoc on the brain, eye, kidney, muscle, and more. Central nervous system disorders, neurodegenerative in nature, and especially those affecting the myelin sheath, represent worthy targets for advancing therapies that act upon Klotho pathways. Current drugs for these diseases, even therapeutics that are disease modifying rather than treating only the symptoms, leave much room for improvement. It is thus no wonder that this topic has caught the attention of biomedical researchers around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Anastasios N. Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
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89
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Hennig P, Fenini G, Di Filippo M, Beer HD. Electrophiles Against (Skin) Diseases: More Than Nrf2. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 32053878 PMCID: PMC7072181 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin represents an indispensable barrier between the organism and the environment and is the first line of defense against exogenous insults. The transcription factor NRF2 is a central regulator of cytoprotection and stress resistance. NRF2 is activated in response to oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrophiles. These electrophiles oxidize specific cysteine residues of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1, leading to KEAP1 inactivation and, subsequently, NRF2 activation. As oxidative stress is associated with inflammation, the NRF2 pathway plays important roles in the pathogenesis of common inflammatory diseases and cancer in many tissues and organs, including the skin. The electrophile and NRF2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an established and efficient drug for patients suffering from the common inflammatory skin disease psoriasis and the neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of DMF and other NRF2 activators. Recent evidence suggests that electrophiles not only activate NRF2, but also target other inflammation-associated pathways including the transcription factor NF-κB and the multi-protein complexes termed inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are central regulators of inflammation and are involved in many inflammatory conditions. Most importantly, the NRF2 and inflammasome pathways are connected at different levels, mainly antagonistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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90
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Serafini MM, Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Simoni E, Caporaso R, Dacrema M, Romanoni I, Govoni S, Racchi M, Daglia M, Rosini M, Lanni C. Modulation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway by Curcuma- and Garlic-Derived Hybrids. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1597. [PMID: 32047434 PMCID: PMC6997134 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that binds to the promoter region of the antioxidant response element (ARE), inducing the coordinated up-regulation of antioxidant and detoxification genes. We recently synthesized a set of new molecules by combining the functional moieties of curcumin and diallyl sulfide, both known to induce the expression of antioxidant phase II enzymes by activating Nrf2 pathway. The aim of the study is to investigate the ability of such compounds to activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE cytoprotective pathway, in comparison with two reference Nrf2-activators: curcumin and dimethyl fumarate, a drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, since Nrf2 pathway is known to be regulated also by epigenetic modifications, including key modifications in microRNA (miRNA) expression, the effects of the hybrids on the expression levels of selected miRNAs, associated with Nrf2 signaling pathway have also been investigated. The results show that compounds exert antioxidant effect by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing the ARE-regulated expression of its downstream target genes, such as HO-1 and NQO1, with two hybrids to a higher extent than curcumin. In addition, some molecules induce changes in the expression levels of miR-125b-5p, even if to a lesser extent than curcumin. However, no changes have been observed in the expression levels of mRNA coding for glutathione synthetase, suggesting that the modulation of this mRNA is not strictly under the control of miR-125b-5p, which could be influenced by other miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Maria Serafini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Simoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Caporaso
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Dacrema
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Romanoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Brandes MS, Gray NE. NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091419899782. [PMID: 31964153 PMCID: PMC6977098 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419899782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions including among others Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Friedrich’s ataxia, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. The endogenous antioxidant response pathway protects cells from oxidative stress by increasing the expression of cytoprotective enzymes and is regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). In addition to regulating the expression of antioxidant genes, NRF2 has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and modulate both mitochondrial function and biogenesis. This is because mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are features of many neurodegenerative diseases as well NRF2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Here, we review evidence for a beneficial role of NRF2 in neurodegenerative conditions and the potential of specific NRF2 activators as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikah S. Brandes
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nora E. Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Fu CY, Chen J, Lu XY, Zheng MZ, Wang LL, Shen YL, Chen YY. Dimethyl fumarate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial injury by activating Nrf2 pathway in cardiomyocytes. Life Sci 2019; 235:116863. [PMID: 31513817 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether dimethyl fumarate (DMF) can protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced myocardial injury. MAIN METHODS H9c2 cells pretreated with or without DMF were stimulated with LPS. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. Nrf2 and HO-1 expression were detected using Western blotting. Mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial superoxide production were observed using confocal microscope. Mitochondrial respiration function was measured using Seahorse bioanalyzer. KEY FINDINGS (1) The cell viability decreased, LDH release and apoptosis increased in LPS- challenged H9c2 cells. DMF pretreatment brought a higher cell viability, and a lower LDH leakage and apoptosis than those of LPS group (P < 0.01). (2) DMF pretreatment resulted in an increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and enhanced nuclear Nrf2 level in LPS-challenged cells (P < 0.01). (3) Nrf2-siRNA could inhibit DMF-induced enhancement of HO-1 expression and cell viability, and partly abolish DMF-induced reduction of LDH leakage and apoptosis. (4) ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 could not only prevent the DMF-induced enhancement of nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1, but also inhibit DMF-induced increase in cell viability. (5) Compared with LPS-challenged cells, DMF pretreatment caused a lower production of mitochondrial superoxide and a higher mitochondrial membrane potential, which could be abolished by Nrf2-siRNA. (6) DMF could attenuate LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and improve mitochondrial respiration function by enhancement of the oxygen consumption rate of basal respiration and ATP production in LPS-challenged cells (P < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE DMF protects cardiomyocytes against LPS-induced damage. ERK1/2-dependent activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway is responsible for DMF-induced cardioprotection via reduction of oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondrial morphology and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Lu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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