51
|
Daws LC, Gould GG. Ontogeny and regulation of the serotonin transporter: providing insights into human disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:61-79. [PMID: 21447358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was one of the first neurotransmitters for which a role in development was identified. Pharmacological and gene knockout studies have revealed a critical role for 5-HT in numerous processes, including cell division, neuronal migration, differentiation and synaptogenesis. An excess in brain 5-HT appears to be mechanistically linked to abnormal brain development, which in turn is associated with neurological disorders. Ambient levels of 5-HT are controlled by a vast orchestra of proteins, including a multiplicity of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT receptors, heteroreceptors, enzymes and transporters. The 5-HT transporter (SERT, 5-HTT) is arguably the most powerful regulator of ambient extracellular 5-HT. SERT is the high-affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT and exerts tight control over the strength and duration of serotonergic neurotransmission. Perturbation of its expression level or function has been implicated in many diseases, prominent among them are psychiatric disorders. This review synthesizes existing information on the ontogeny of SERT during embryonic and early postnatal development though adolescence, along with factors that influence its expression and function during these critical developmental windows. We integrate this knowledge to emphasize how inappropriate SERT expression or its dysregulation may be linked to the pathophysiology of psychiatric, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynette C Daws
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pfeiffer S, Boyle J, Daly S, Dowd E, Haase J, McLaughlin D. Human amniocytes regulate serotonin levels by active uptake and express genes suggestive of a wider role in facilitating neurotransmitter regulation in the fetal environment. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:341-9. [PMID: 20528162 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal serotonin levels, which mediate multiple developmental processes, are highly regulated. However, an incomplete picture exists on the component parts of such regulation during fetal growth. Serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are found in the amniotic fluid, also containing significant numbers of amniocytes, previously thought to be the result of cell shedding as a byproduct of growth. The aim of the present study was to examine human amniocytes as a potentially active and dynamic component of serotonin regulation in the fetal environment. Using amniocytes derived from multiple donors of amniocentesis, we found all components necessary for serotonin metabolism. We identified a strong expression of the serotonin transporter and confirmed the high-affinity serotonin transporter-mediated uptake of serotonin (5-HT), along with uptake via the norepinephrine transporter, and an evidence of 5-HT breakdown due to the expression of the degradative enzymes monoamine oxidase A and B. Additionally, wider expression analysis for biogenic amine and cholinergic metabolism suggests a capability for cholinergic synthesis and release and for catecholamine storage. Our results shed new light on amniocytes, consistent with a role in the homeostasis of neurotransmitters during fetal development. Moreover, these results may provide clinical significance for amniocytes as new targets for uptake inhibitors such as tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and drugs of abuse such as cocaine, with implications on their regulation during pregnancy. This work shows for the first time an inherent in vivo function of amniocytes and more broadly implicates them as a new and active component of the fetal-maternal regulatory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shona Pfeiffer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Scialli AR. Paroxetine exposure during pregnancy and cardiac malformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:175-7. [PMID: 20175190 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
54
|
Bérard A. Paroxetine exposure during pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations: what is the evidence? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:171-4. [PMID: 19950383 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anick Bérard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
van Gelder MMHJ, van Rooij IALM, Miller RK, Zielhuis GA, de Jong-van den Berg LTW, Roeleveld N. Teratogenic mechanisms of medical drugs. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:378-94. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
56
|
Abstract
Psychoactive drug use by pregnant women has the potential to effect fetal development; the effects are often thought to be drug-specific and gestational age dependent. This article describes the effects of three drugs with similar molecular targets that involve monoaminergic transmitter systems: cocaine, methamphetamine, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat maternal depression during pregnancy. We propose a possible common epigenetic mechanism for their potential effects on the developing child. We suggest that exposure to these substances acts as a stressor that affects fetal programming, disrupts fetal placental monoamine transporter expression and alters neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter system development. We also discuss neurobehavioral techniques that may be useful in the early detection of the effects of in utero drug exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Salisbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Fligny C, Hatia S, Amireault P, Mallet J, Côté F. Mammalian prenatal development: the influence of maternally derived molecules. Bioessays 2009; 31:935-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
58
|
In vitro and in vivo reproduction toxicology of 12 monoaminergic reuptake inhibitors: Possible mechanisms of infrequent cardiovascular anomalies. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:270-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
59
|
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most commonly used medications, with a prescription frequency of 2.3% in pregnant women. Although most babies born to women who take SSRIs during pregnancy are normal, there is accumulating evidence that maternal SSRI treatment during pregnancy may cause adverse reproductive outcomes. Maternal SSRI treatment during the first trimester has been implicated in increased risks of birth defects, specifically cardiac abnormalities, in the infant, whereas third-trimester treatment has been linked to various neonatal complications, including symptoms of neonatal withdrawal and toxicity, prematurity, low birth weight and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Although data on neurobehavioural and long-term cognitive problems among children of women who were treated with SSRIs during pregnancy remain limited, the possibility of such functional abnormalities is an additional concern. On the other hand, untreated maternal depression also carries serious risks for both the mother and the baby, and SSRIs are one of the best available treatments. Thus, pregnant women who require treatment for depression and their physicians often face a difficult choice regarding the use of SSRIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sura Alwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Tiozzo S, Murray M, Degnan BM, De Tomaso AW, Croll RP. Development of the neuromuscular system during asexual propagation in an invertebrate chordate. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2081-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
61
|
Nasyrova DI, Sapronova AY, Balbashev AV, Kudrin VS, Klodt PM, Raevskii KS, Ugryumov MV. Development of central and peripheral serotonin-producing systems in rats in ontogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093009010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
62
|
Tuccori M, Testi A, Antonioli L, Fornai M, Montagnani S, Ghisu N, Colucci R, Corona T, Blandizzi C, Tacca MD. Safety concerns associated with the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants during pregnancy: A review. Clin Ther 2009; 31 Pt 1:1426-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
63
|
Reisoli E, De Lucchini S, Anelli T, Biagioni S, Nardi I, Ori M. Overexpression of 5-HT2B receptor results in retinal dysplasia and defective ocular morphogenesis in Xenopus embryos. Brain Res 2008; 1244:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
64
|
Pavone LM, Spina A, Muto RL, Santoro D, Mastellone V, Avallone L. Heart valve cardiomyocytes of mouse embryos express the serotonin transporter SERT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:419-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
65
|
Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D, Wajnberg R, Avgil M, Di Gianantonio E, Clementi M, Weber-Schoendorfer C, Schaefer C, Ornoy A. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicentre, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66:695-705. [PMID: 18754846 PMCID: PMC2661986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have suggested a possible association between maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in early pregnancy and cardiovascular anomalies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the teratogenic risk of paroxetine and fluoxetine. METHODS This multicentre, prospective, controlled study evaluated the rate of major congenital anomalies after first-trimester gestational exposure to paroxetine, fluoxetine or nonteratogens. RESULTS We followed up 410 paroxetine, 314 fluoxetine first-trimester exposed pregnancies and 1467 controls. After exclusion of genetic and cytogenetic anomalies, there was a higher rate of major anomalies in the SSRI groups compared with the controls [paroxetine 18/348 (5.2%), fluoxetine 12/253 (4.7%) and controls 34/1359 (2.5%)]. The main risk applied to cardiovascular anomalies [paroxetine 7/348 (2.0%), crude odds ratio (OR) 3.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13, 10.58; fluoxetine 7/253 (2.8%), crude OR, 4.81 95% CI 1.56, 14.71; and controls 8/1359 (0.6%)]. On logistic regression analysis only cigarette smoking of >or=10 cigarettes day(-1) and fluoxetine exposure were significant variables for cardiovascular anomalies. The adjusted ORs for paroxetine and fluoxetine were 2.66 (95% CI 0.80, 8.90) and 4.47 (95% CI 1.31, 15.27), respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests a possible association between cardiovascular anomalies and first-trimester exposure to fluoxetine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orna Diav-Citrin
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israel Ministry of HealthJerusalem, Israel
| | - Svetlana Shechtman
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israel Ministry of HealthJerusalem, Israel
| | - Dafna Weinbaum
- the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel
| | - Rebecka Wajnberg
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israel Ministry of HealthJerusalem, Israel
| | - Meytal Avgil
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israel Ministry of HealthJerusalem, Israel
- the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Christof Schaefer
- Pharmakovigilanz-und Beratungszentrum für EmbryonaltoxikologieBerlin, Germany
| | - Asher Ornoy
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israel Ministry of HealthJerusalem, Israel
- the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Murphy DL, Fox MA, Timpano KR, Moya PR, Ren-Patterson R, Andrews AM, Holmes A, Lesch KP, Wendland JR. How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:932-60. [PMID: 18824000 PMCID: PMC2730952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Discovered and crystallized over sixty years ago, serotonin's important functions in the brain and body were identified over the ensuing years by neurochemical, physiological and pharmacological investigations. This 2008 M. Rapport Memorial Serotonin Review focuses on some of the most recent discoveries involving serotonin that are based on genetic methodologies. These include examples of the consequences that result from direct serotonergic gene manipulation (gene deletion or overexpression) in mice and other species; an evaluation of some phenotypes related to functional human serotonergic gene variants, particularly in SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene; and finally, a consideration of the pharmacogenomics of serotonergic drugs with respect to both their therapeutic actions and side effects. The serotonin transporter (SERT) has been the most comprehensively studied of the serotonin system molecular components, and will be the primary focus of this review. We provide in-depth examples of gene-based discoveries primarily related to SLC6A4 that have clarified serotonin's many important homeostatic functions in humans, non-human primates, mice and other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, NIH, Building 10, Room 3D41, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1264, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Narboux-Nême N, Pavone LM, Avallone L, Zhuang X, Gaspar P. Serotonin transporter transgenic (SERTcre) mouse line reveals developmental targets of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:994-1005. [PMID: 18789954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; synonyms, SERT, 5-HTT) is expressed much more broadly during development than in adulthood. To obtain a full picture of all sites of SERT expression during development we used a new mouse model where Cre recombinase was inserted into the gene encoding the serotonin transporter. Two reporter mouse lines, ROSA26R and the Tau(mGFP), allowed to map all the cells that express SERT at any point during development. Combined LacZ histochemistry and GFP immunolabelling showed neuronal cell bodies and axon fiber tracts. Earliest recombination in embryos was visible in the periphery in the heart and liver by E10.5 followed by recombination in the brain in raphe serotonergic neurons by E12.5. Further, recombination in non-serotonin neurons was visible in the choroid plexus, roof plate, and neural crest derivatives; by E15.5, recombination was found in the dorsal thalamus, cingulate cortex, CA3 field of the hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells, superior olivary nucleus and cochlear nucleus. Postnatally, SERT mediated recombination was visible in the medial prefrontal cortex and layer VI neurons in the isocortex. Recombined cells were co-labelled with Neu-N, but not with GAD67, and were characterized by long range projections (corpus callosum, fornix, thalamocortical). This fate map of serotonin transporter expressing cells emphasizes the broad expression of SERT in non-serotonin neurons during development and clarifies the localization of SERT expression in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. The identification of targets of SSRIs and serotonin releasers during embryonic and early postnatal life helps understanding the very diverse physiological consequences of administration of these drugs during development.
Collapse
|
68
|
Powell AW, Sassa T, Wu Y, Tessier-Lavigne M, Polleux F. Topography of thalamic projections requires attractive and repulsive functions of Netrin-1 in the ventral telencephalon. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e116. [PMID: 18479186 PMCID: PMC2584572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the topography of thalamocortical (TC) axon projections is initiated before they reach the cortex, in the ventral telencephalon (VTel). However, at this point, the molecular mechanisms patterning the topography of TC projections in the VTel remains poorly understood. Here, we show that a long-range, high-rostral to low-caudal gradient of Netrin-1 in the VTel is required in vivo for the topographic sorting of TC axons to distinct cortical domains. We demonstrate that Netrin-1 is a chemoattractant for rostral thalamic axons but functions as a chemorepulsive cue for caudal thalamic axons. In accordance with this model, DCC is expressed in a high-rostromedial to low-caudolateral gradient in the dorsal thalamus (DTh), whereas three Unc5 receptors (Unc5A–C) show graded expression in the reverse orientation. Finally, we show that DCC is required for the attraction of rostromedial thalamic axons to the Netrin-1–rich, anterior part of the VTel, whereas DCC and Unc5A/C receptors are required for the repulsion of caudolateral TC axons from the same Netrin-1–rich region of the VTel. Our results demonstrate that a long-range gradient of Netrin-1 acts as a counteracting force from ephrin-A5 to control the topography of TC projections before they enter the cortex. The functional properties of each structure in the central nervous system are critically dependent on the precision of neuronal connectivity. The cerebral cortex in particular is a highly organized structure divided into many distinct cortical areas underlying important sensory, motor, and cognitive functions in the brain. Each primary cortical area receives its synaptic inputs from the periphery via the dorsal thalamus. The main relay station for sensory information to the cortex, the thalamus, can be divided into specific nuclei projecting topographically to individual cortical areas. How is the complex topography of thalamic axon projection to individual cortical areas specified during development? Recent evidence demonstrated that thalamic axons are routed to different cortical domains before they enter the cortex, by putative axon guidance cues present in the ventral forebrain. In the present study, we provide evidence that a secreted axon guidance cue, Netrin-1, expressed in a long-range gradient in the ventral forebrain, plays a critical role in the establishment of the topography of thalamic projections by directing different subsets of axons to specific cortical domains. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for shaping the topographical patterns of thalamocortical axon projections in mammals. A long-range gradient of Netrin-1 plays a critical role in the specification of the topography of thalamocortical projections in the ventral telencephalon. The function of Netrin-1 requires both its attractive and repulsive functions to guide different subsets of thalamic axons to specific cortical domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton W Powell
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Takayuki Sassa
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongqin Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Franck Polleux
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Do malnutrition and fluoxetine neonatal treatment program alterations in heart morphology? Life Sci 2008; 82:1131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
70
|
Dubé F, Amireault P. Local serotonergic signaling in mammalian follicles, oocytes and early embryos. Life Sci 2007; 81:1627-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
71
|
Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA, Olney RS, Friedman JM. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2684-92. [PMID: 17596602 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa066584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the safety of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in human pregnancy is sparse. Concern has been raised about the risk of congenital heart defects associated with the use of SSRIs in pregnancy. METHODS We obtained data on 9622 case infants with major birth defects and 4092 control infants born from 1997 through 2002 from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Case infants were ascertained through birth-defects surveillance systems in eight U.S. states; controls were selected randomly from the same geographic areas. Mothers completed a standardized telephone interview regarding exposure to potential risk factors, including medications, before and during pregnancy. Exposure to SSRIs was defined as treatment with any SSRI from 1 month before to 3 months after conception. Birth defects were assigned to 26 categories and subcategories. RESULTS There were no significant associations between maternal use of SSRIs overall during early pregnancy and congenital heart defects or most other categories or subcategories of birth defects. Maternal SSRI use was associated with anencephaly (214 infants, 9 exposed; adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 5.1), craniosynostosis (432 infants, 24 exposed; adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.0), and omphalocele (181 infants, 11 exposed; adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.7). CONCLUSIONS Maternal use of SSRIs during early pregnancy was not associated with significantly increased risks of congenital heart defects or of most other categories of birth defects. Associations were observed between SSRI use and three types of birth defects, but the absolute risks were small, and these observations require confirmation by other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sura Alwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Immunomodulation by maternal autoantibodies of the fetal serotoninergic 5-HT4 receptor and its consequences in early BALB/c mouse embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:34. [PMID: 17445258 PMCID: PMC1891104 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The presence of functional 5-HT4 receptors in human and its involvement in neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) have prompted us to study the receptor expression and role during embryogenesis. Earlier we managed to demonstrate that female BALB/c mice immunized against the second extracellular loop (SEL) of the 5-HT4 receptor gave birth to pups with heart block. To explain this phenomenon we investigated the expression of 5-HT4 receptors during mouse embryogenesis. At the same time we looked whether the consequence of 5-HT4 receptor immunomodulation observed earlier is in relation to receptor expression. We studied the expression of 5-HT4 receptor at the mRNA level and its two isoforms 5-HT4(a) and 5-HT4(d) at the protein level in embryos from BALB/c mice, at 8th, 12th, 18th gestation days (GD) and 1 day post natal (DPN). Simultaneously the receptor activity was inhibited by rising antibodies, in female mice against SEL of the receptor. The mice were mated and embryos were collected at 8th, 12th, 18th GD and 1 DPN. Results 5-HT4 receptor mRNA increased in brain from 12th GD to 1 DPN. Its expression gradually decreased in heart and disappeared at birth. This was consistent with expression of the receptor isoforms 5-HT4(a) and (d). Abnormalities like decreased number of embryos, growth delay, spina bifida and sinus arrhythmia from 12th GD were documented in pups of mice showing anti-5-HT4 receptor antibodies. Conclusion serotoninergic 5-HT4 receptor plays an important role in mouse foetal development. In BALB/c mice there is a direct relation between the expression of receptor and the deleterious effect of maternal anti-5-HT4 receptor autoantibodies in early embryogenesis.
Collapse
|
73
|
Neckameyer WS, Coleman CM, Eadie S, Goodwin SF. Compartmentalization of neuronal and peripheral serotonin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 6:756-69. [PMID: 17376153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, one enzyme (Drosophila tryptophan-phenylalanine hydroxylase, DTPHu) hydroxylates both tryptophan to yield 5-hydroxytryptophan, the first step in serotonin synthesis, and phenylalanine, to generate tyrosine. Analysis of the sequenced Drosophila genome identified an additional enzyme with extensive homology to mammalian tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which we have termed DTRHn. We have shown that DTRHn can hydroxylate tryptophan in vitro but displays differential activity relative to DTPHu when using tryptophan as a substrate. Recent studies in mice identified the presence of two TPH genes, Tph1 and Tph2, from distinct genetic loci. Tph1 represents the non-neuronal TPH gene, and Tph2 is expressed exclusively in the brain. In this article, we show that DTRHn is neuronal in expression and function and thus represents the Drosophila homologue of Tph2. Using a DTRHn-null mutation, we show that diminished neuronal serotonin affects locomotor, olfactory and feeding behaviors, as well as heart rate. We also show that DTPHu functions in vivo as a phenylalanine hydroxylase in addition to its role as the peripheral TPH in Drosophila, and is critical for non-neuronal developmental events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Neckameyer
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis, University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Sachinidis A, Schwengberg S, Hippler-Altenburg R, Mariappan D, Kamisetti N, Seelig B, Berkessel A, Hescheler J. Identification of small signalling molecules promoting cardiac-specific differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 18:303-14. [PMID: 17170517 DOI: 10.1159/000097608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of signalling cascades involved in cardiomyogenesis is crucial for optimising the generation of cardiomyocytes from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) (in vitro). We used a transgenic ES cell lineage expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) promoter (palphaMHC-EGFP) to investigate the effects of 33 small molecules interfering with several signalling cascades on cardiomyogenesis. Interestingly, the L-Type Ca2+ channel blocker Verapamil as well as Cyclosporin, an inhibitor of the protein phosphatase 2B, exerted the most striking pro-cardiomyogenic effect. Forskolin (adenylate cyclase stimulator) exerted the most striking anti-cardiomyogenic effect. The cardiomyogenic effect of Cyclosporin and Verapamil correlated with an expression of early cardiac markers Nkx2.5 and GATA4. Compared to the effects on late developmental stage embryoid bodies (EBs) stimulation of early developmental stage EBs (1-day old) with Verapamil or Cyclosporin for 48 h resulted in a potent cardiomyogenic effect. Accordingly, enhanced expression of alpha-MHC mRNA and EGFP mRNA was observed after stimulation of the early developmental stage EBs for 48 h. No expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECM-1) as well as of neuronal genes (Nestin, Neurofilament H) has been observed demonstrating a preferentially pro-cardiomyogenic effect by both molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agapios Sachinidis
- Centre of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Pavone LM, Mithbaokar P, Mastellone V, Avallone L, Gaspar P, Maharajan V, Baldini A. Fate map of serotonin transporter-expressing cells in developing mouse heart. Genesis 2007; 45:689-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
76
|
Côté F, Fligny C, Bayard E, Launay JM, Gershon MD, Mallet J, Vodjdani G. Maternal serotonin is crucial for murine embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 104:329-34. [PMID: 17182745 PMCID: PMC1713169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606722104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The early appearance of serotonin and its receptors during prenatal development, together with the many effects serotonin exerts during CNS morphogenesis, strongly suggest that serotonin influences the development and maturation of the mammalian brain before it becomes a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter. Sites of early serotonin biosynthesis, however, have not been detected in mouse embryos or extraembryonic structures, suggesting that the main source of serotonin could be of maternal origin. This hypothesis was tested by using knockout mice lacking the tph1 gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. Genetic crosses were performed to compare the phenotype of pups born from homozygous and heterozygous mothers. Observations provide the first clear evidence that (i) maternal serotonin is involved in the control of morphogenesis during developmental stages that precede the appearance of serotonergic neurons and (ii) serotonin is critical for normal murine development. Most strikingly, the phenotype of tph1-/- embryos depends more on the maternal genotype than on that of the concepti. Consideration of the maternal genotype may thus help to clarify the influence of other genes in complex diseases, such as mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Côté
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Bâtiment CERVI, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Cécile Fligny
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Bâtiment CERVI, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elisa Bayard
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Bâtiment CERVI, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France; and
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jacques Mallet
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Bâtiment CERVI, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Guilan Vodjdani
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Bâtiment CERVI, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Levin M, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Of minds and embryos: left-right asymmetry and the serotonergic controls of pre-neural morphogenesis. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:171-85. [PMID: 16679764 DOI: 10.1159/000091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a clinically important neurotransmitter regulating diverse aspects of cognitive function, sleep, mood, and appetite. Increasingly, it is becoming appreciated that serotonin signaling among non-neuronal cells is a novel patterning mechanism existing throughout diverse phyla. Here, we review the evidence implicating serotonergic signaling in embryonic morphogenesis, including gastrulation, craniofacial and bone patterning, and the generation of left-right asymmetry. We propose two models suggesting movement of neurotransmitter molecules as a novel mechanism for how bioelectrical events may couple to downstream signaling cascades and gene activation networks. The discovery of serotonin-dependent patterning events occurring long before the development of the nervous system opens exciting new avenues for future research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Lesch KP, Mössner R. Inactivation of 5HT transport in mice: modeling altered 5HT homeostasis implicated in emotional dysfunction, affective disorders, and somatic syndromes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:417-56. [PMID: 16722245 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29784-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have not only become an essential tool for investigating the neurobiological function of genes that are involved in the etiopathogenesis of human behavioral and psychiatric disorders but are also fundamental in the development novel therapeutic strategies. As an example, inactivation of the serotonin (5HT) transporter (5Htt, Slc6a4) gene in mice expanded our view of adaptive 5HT uptake regulation and maintenance of 5HT homeostasis in the developing human brain and molecular processes underlying anxiety-related traits, as well as affective spectrum disorders including depression. 5Htt-deficient mice have been employed as a model complementary to direct studies of genetically complex traits and disorders, with important findings in biochemical, morphological, behavioral, and pharmacological areas. Based on growing evidence for a critical role of the 5HTT in the integration of synaptic connections in the rodent, nonhuman primate, and human brain during critical periods of development and adult life, more in-depth knowledge of the molecular mechanisms implicated in these fine-tuning processes is currently evolving. Moreover, demonstration of a joint influence of the 5HTT variation and environmental sources during early brain development advanced our understanding of the mechanism of genexgene and genexenvironment interactions in the developmental neurobiology of anxiety and depression. Lastly, imaging techniques, which become increasingly elaborate in displaying the genomic influence on brain system activation in response to environmental cues, have provided the means to bridge the gap between small effects of 5HTT variation and complex behavior, as well as psychopathological dimensions. The combination of elaborate genetic, epigenetic, imaging, and behavioral analyses will continue to generate new insight into 5HTT's role as a master control gene of emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Lesch
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Amireault P, Dubé F. Serotonin and Its Antidepressant-Sensitive Transport in Mouse Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes and Early Embryos1. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:358-65. [PMID: 15858217 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.039313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), is a neurohormone found in various nonneural tissues, including the gonads of many invertebrates, in which it regulates spawning and oocyte meiotic maturation. The possibility that a local serotonergic network might also exist in the female gonads of vertebrate species, including mammals, remains poorly documented. To clarify this possibility, we investigated mouse cumulus cells, oocytes, and embryos for three key serotonergic components, namely, 5-HT itself; the rate-limiting enzyme for its production, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1); and the 5-HT-specific transporter (SLC6A4) required for modulating its cellular effects. Using a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we showed that mouse cumulus cells, oocytes, and embryos contain 5-HT and SLC6A4, while only cumulus cells possess the 5-HT-producing enzyme TPH1 and may thus be the local source of 5-HT observed in their neighboring cells. With a semiquantitative assay in single cells, we demonstrated that 5-HT can actively be taken up by isolated oocytes when it is supplied exogenously in vitro. This 5-HT transport in isolated oocytes is driven by a classical serotonin transporter, expressed up to the blastocyst stage, that is sensitive to the antidepressants fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, which belong to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor family. All together, our results show that 5-HT may be produced locally by cumulus cells and that it can be actively taken up by mammalian oocytes and embryos as part of a likely larger serotonergic network possibly regulating various developmental processes much earlier than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Amireault
- Département d'obstétrique-gynécologie, Université de Montréal and Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec H2X 1P1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Menegola E, Broccia ML, Di Renzo F, Massa V, Giavini E. Effects of excess and deprivation of serotonin on in vitro neuronal differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2005; 40:52-6. [PMID: 14723575 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2004)40<52:eoeado>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) possesses developmental functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. Rodent embryos express 5HT receptors even before neural development, but the role of this neurochemical seems to be particularly important during axonal morphogenesis and differentiation and in neural crest cell migration. Moreover, 5HT inhibitors are teratogenic in mammals, inducing brain and heart abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonphysiological concentrations of 5HT (5HT excess as well as deprivation) on developing rat neural cells using the micromass method. This simple and rapid micromass method allows the culture of mesencephalic cells capable of achieving and maintaining a significant degree of differentiation. Mesencephalic cells from 13 d post coitum (pc) rat were cultured and exposed to exogenous 5HT (1, 10, 50, or 100 microM) or to the specific 5HT2 receptor inhibitor mianserin (0.5, 5, 25, or 50 microM) during the whole culture period (5 d). The micromass morphology, the cytoskeletal organization, the pathological apoptosis, and the differentiative capability of cultured mesencephalic cells have been analyzed. The results show that 10-100 microM 5HT and 0.5-50 microM mianserin are able to disrupt the normal micromass morphology; 5HT and mianserin are unable to interfere with the cytoskeletal structures; mianserin (but not 5HT) induces pathological apoptosis on micromass cells at concentration levels of 0.5-50 microM; 5HT (but not mianserin) alters the neural differentiation at concentration levels of 10-100 microM. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that an excess of 5HT inhibits the capability of mesencephalic neurons to differentiate as shown by the alterations of the expression of the neuronal differentiative proteins glial-derived neurotrophic factor and Neu-N; on the other hand, the blocking of 5HT2 receptors induces apoptosis in differentiating neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Menegola
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Hines RN, Adams J, Buck GM, Faber W, Holson JF, Jacobson SW, Keszler M, McMartin K, Segraves RT, Singer LT, Sipes IG, Williams PL. NTP-CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of fluoxetine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 71:193-280. [PMID: 15334524 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
82
|
Ansorge MS, Zhou M, Lira A, Hen R, Gingrich JA. Early-Life Blockade of the 5-HT Transporter Alters Emotional Behavior in Adult Mice. Science 2004; 306:879-81. [PMID: 15514160 DOI: 10.1126/science.1101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reduced serotonin transporter (5-HTT) expression is associated with abnormal affective and anxiety-like symptoms in humans and rodents, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Transient inhibition of 5-HTT during early development with fluoxetine, a commonly used serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, produced abnormal emotional behaviors in adult mice. This effect mimicked the behavioral phenotype of mice genetically deficient in 5-HTT expression. These findings indicate a critical role of serotonin in the maturation of brain systems that modulate emotional function in the adult and suggest a developmental mechanism to explain how low-expressing 5-HTT promoter alleles increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ansorge
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Bhasin N, Kernick E, Luo X, Seidel HE, Weiss ER, Lauder JM. Differential regulation of chondrogenic differentiation by the serotonin2B receptor and retinoic acid in the embryonic mouse hindlimb. Dev Dyn 2004; 230:201-9. [PMID: 15162499 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes are coordinately expressed with serotonin 2B (5-HT2B) receptors at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal (E-M) interaction in the mouse embryo (Bhasin et al., 1999). The promoter of the 5-HT2B receptor contains potential RA response element (RAREs) as well as an AP-2 site. Because both retinoid and serotonergic signaling have been implicated in the regulation of chondrogenic differentiation, the present study investigated whether these signals may work together to regulate this morphogenetic process in hindlimb bud micromass cultures. Results indicate that 5-HT promotes [35S]sulfate incorporation (chondrogenic differentiation) by activation of 5-HT2B receptors, which use the mitogen activated protein kinase (p42 MAPK) signal transduction pathway, whereas RA dose-dependently inhibits sulfate incorporation and promotes expression of RARbeta, which could lead to inhibition of p38 MAPK. No evidence was found to support the possibility that RA negatively regulates expression of 5-HT2B receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that 5-HT and RA may act as opposing signals to regulate chondrogenic differentiation in the developing hindlimb, possibly mediated by different MAPK signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bhasin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7090, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Abstract
Besides neuronal transmission, serotonin (5-HT) also acts as a trophic signal during the development of the central nervous and neural crest systems. In this study, we report that in addition to trophic effect, 5-HT increases the proliferation of fetal heart cells. We showed for the first time that the cultured heart cells, express serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which confirmed the previously observed accumulation of 5-HT in developing heart. The influence of 5-HT on developing heart cells is studied throughout the dosage. We found that 5-HT concentration at physiological level, 4 microM, permits an optimal proliferation of heart cells as indicated by the number of 5-bromo-deoxyuridine immunoreactive (BrdU-im) cells and myosin heavy chain immunoreactive cells (MF20-im); fluctuation towards either concentrations reduce the proliferation. We hypothesized that 5-HTT plays a role in the heart development. Our study indicated that the blockade of 5-HT uptake by paroxetine decreased the number of BrdU-im cells and MF20-im cells. These data indicate a role of 5-HT and 5-HTT on heart development. Abnormal 5-HT level or misuse of 5-HT uptake blocker may alter the heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Sari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, MS508, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Côté F, Thévenot E, Fligny C, Fromes Y, Darmon M, Ripoche MA, Bayard E, Hanoun N, Saurini F, Lechat P, Dandolo L, Hamon M, Mallet J, Vodjdani G. Disruption of the nonneuronal tph1 gene demonstrates the importance of peripheral serotonin in cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13525-30. [PMID: 14597720 PMCID: PMC263847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2233056100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) controls a wide range of biological functions. In the brain, its implication as a neurotransmitter and in the control of behavioral traits has been largely documented. At the periphery, its modulatory role in physiological processes, such as the cardiovascular function, is still poorly understood. The rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), is encoded by two genes, the well characterized tph1 gene and a recently identified tph2 gene. In this article, based on the study of a mutant mouse in which the tph1 gene has been inactivated by replacement with the beta-galactosidase gene, we establish that the neuronal tph2 is expressed in neurons of the raphe nuclei and of the myenteric plexus, whereas the nonneuronal tph1, as detected by beta-galactosidase expression, is in the pineal gland and the enterochromaffin cells. Anatomic examination of the mutant mice revealed larger heart sizes than in wild-type mice. Histological investigation indicates that the primary structure of the heart muscle is not affected. Hemodynamic analyses demonstrate abnormal cardiac activity, which ultimately leads to heart failure of the mutant animals. This report links loss of tph1 gene expression, and thus of peripheral 5-HT, to a cardiac dysfunction phenotype. The tph1-/- mutant may be valuable for investigating cardiovascular dysfunction observed in heart failure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Côté
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091 et Institut Fédératif de Recherche 70, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Vitalis T, Alvarez C, Chen K, Shih JC, Gaspar P, Cases O. Developmental expression pattern of monoamine oxidases in sensory organs and neural crest derivatives. J Comp Neurol 2003; 464:392-403. [PMID: 12900932 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to act as a morphogen in craniofacial and heart development and in the migration of neural crest derivatives. Some of these structures are capable of capturing 5-HT during development, but nothing is known about the localization of the main monoamine degradation enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, in these developing tissues. We generated a highly specific antibody to MAOB; immunoreactivity is entirely abolished in brain extracts or brain sections of mice lacking MAOB. From the use of this antibody and specific riboprobes, we report that MAOB is expressed early in a variety of neural crest derivatives, in facial sensory organs, and in the heart. From E11.5 to P0, MAOB was found to be strongly expressed in the following neural crest derivatives: the aorta, cranial mesenchyme (developing bones, sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia, cartilages, thyroid, and striate muscles), dental mesenchyme, several soft palate derivatives, and boundary cap cells (E11.5-P4). Boundary cap cells contribute to the formation of nerve exit-entry points between the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Several facial sensory organs also contained MAOB mRNA, protein, and activity. High MAOB expression was noted in the olfactory placode, the dorsal part of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve layer (probably the ensheathing glia), the cochlear ganglionic cells, the taste buds, and the Merkel cells in the vibrissae follicles. Finally, we found that MAOB is massively expressed in the pharyngeal organ, heart, liver, and mast cells. In contrast, MAOA expression was restricted to the sympathetic ganglia and to the meningeal and capillary blood vessels. The pattern of MAOB expression generally matched the previously reported patterns of expression of the plasma 5-HT transporter expression or of the histamine biosynthetic enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase, suggesting a role for MAOB in fine regulation of the levels of 5-HT and histamine in the developing embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Vitalis
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E6BT London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Portbury AL, Chandra R, Groelle M, McMillian MK, Elias A, Herlong JR, Rios M, Roffler-Tarlov S, Chikaraishi DM. Catecholamines act via a beta-adrenergic receptor to maintain fetal heart rate and survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H2069-77. [PMID: 12574001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00588.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking catecholamines die before birth, some with cardiovascular abnormalities. To investigate the role of catecholamines in development, embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) fetuses were cultured and heart rate monitored. Under optimal oxygenation, wild-type and catecholamine-deficient fetuses had the same initial heart rate (200-220 beats/min), which decreased by 15% in wild-type fetuses during 50 min of culture. During the same culture period, catecholamine-deficient fetuses dropped their heart rate by 35%. Hypoxia reduced heart rate of wild-type fetuses by 35-40% in culture and by 20% in utero, assessed by echocardiography. However, catecholamine-deficient fetuses exhibited greater hypoxia-induced bradycardia, reducing their heart rate by 70-75% in culture. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) agonist, reversed this extreme bradycardia, restoring the rate of catecholamine-deficient fetuses to that of nonmutant siblings. Moreover, isoproterenol rescued 100% of catecholamine-deficient pups to birth in a dose-dependent, stereo-specific manner when administered in the dam's drinking water. An alpha-AR agonist was without effect. When wild-type fetuses were cultured with adrenoreceptor antagonists to create pharmacological nulls, blockade of alpha-ARs with 10 microM phentolamine or beta-ARs with 10 microM bupranolol alone or in combination did not reduce heart rate under optimal oxygenation. However, when combined with hypoxia, beta-AR blockade reduced heart rate by 35%. In contrast, the muscarinic blocker atropine and the alpha-AR antagonist phentolamine had no effect. These data suggest that beta-ARs mediate survival in vivo and regulate heart rate in culture. We hypothesize that norepinephrine, acting through beta-ARs, maintains fetal heart rate during periods of transient hypoxia that occur throughout gestation, and that catecholamine-deficient fetuses die because they cannot withstand hypoxia-induced bradycardia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Portbury
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Launay JM. Sérotonine et système cardio-vasculaire : rôle du récepteur sérotoninergique 5-HT2B. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)34085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
89
|
Barrel pattern formation requires serotonin uptake by thalamocortical afferents, and not vesicular monoamine release. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11517274 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-17-06862.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalamocortical neurons innervating the barrel cortex in neonatal rodents transiently store serotonin (5-HT) in synaptic vesicles by expressing the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). 5-HTT knock-out (ko) mice reveal a nearly complete absence of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex by immunohistochemistry, and of barrels, both at P7 and adulthood. Quantitative electron microscopy reveals that 5-HTT ko affects neither the density of synapses nor the length of synaptic contacts in layer IV. VMAT2 ko mice, completely lacking activity-dependent vesicular release of monoamines including 5-HT, also show a complete lack of 5-HT in the cortex but display largely normal barrel fields, despite sometimes markedly reduced postnatal growth. Transient 5-HTT expression is thus required for barrel pattern formation, whereas activity-dependent vesicular 5-HT release is not.
Collapse
|
90
|
Nebigil CG, Etienne N, Schaerlinger B, Hickel P, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Developmentally regulated serotonin 5-HT2B receptors. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:365-72. [PMID: 11378296 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(01)00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) binds to numerous cognate receptors to initiate its biological effects. In this review, we have focused on the 5-HT2B receptor to address how signaling and expression of this receptor is specifically implicated in embryonic development and adult health and disease. Transduction of the 5-HT2B signaling is complex, including phospholipase C and A2 stimulation, cGMP production and a mitogenic signal that integrates the tyrosine kinase-signaling pathway. Furthermore, 5-HT, through the 5-HT2B receptors, has the ability to control serotonergic differentiation of committed neuron-like cells. In addition, 5-HT2B receptors are actively involved in the transient action of 5-HT during embryonic morphogenesis. Our recent data presented the first genetic evidence that 5-HT via 5-HT2B receptors regulates cardiac embryonic development and adult functions and suggested that this receptor subtype may be involved in other physiopathological situations. In particular, 5-HT-dependent molecular mechanisms may be involved in embryonic development and postnatal maturation of the enteric nervous system. Also, the involvement of the 5-HT2B receptor in the vascular growth often observed in hypertension is likely. These probably result from reactivation of developmentally regulated receptors in pathological situations. Finally, embryonic functions of 5-HT2 receptors observed in Drosophila gastrulation suggest evolutionary conserved mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Nebigil
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université L. Pasteur de Strasbourg, BP 163-67404 Cedex, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Nebigil CG, Hickel P, Messaddeq N, Vonesch JL, Douchet MP, Monassier L, György K, Matz R, Andriantsitohaina R, Manivet P, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Ablation of serotonin 5-HT(2B) receptors in mice leads to abnormal cardiac structure and function. Circulation 2001; 103:2973-9. [PMID: 11413089 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.24.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of factors regulating myocardial structure and function is important to understand the pathogenesis of heart disease. Because little is known about the molecular mechanism of cardiac functions triggered by serotonin, the link between downstream signaling circuitry of its receptors and the heart physiology is of widespread interest. None of the serotonin receptor (5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), or 5-HT(2C)) disruptions in mice have resulted in cardiovascular defects. In this study, we examined 5-HT(2B) receptor-mutant mice to assess the putative role of serotonin in heart structure and function. METHODS AND RESULTS We have generated G(q)-coupled 5-HT(2B) receptor-null mice by homologous recombination. Surviving 5-HT(2B) receptor-mutant mice exhibit cardiomyopathy with a loss of ventricular mass due to a reduction in number and size of cardiomyocytes. This phenotype is intrinsic to cardiac myocytes. 5-HT(2B) receptor-mutant ventricles exhibit dilation and abnormal organization of contractile elements, including Z-stripe enlargement and N-cadherin downregulation. Echocardiography and ECG both confirm the presence of left ventricular dilatation and decreased systolic function in the adult 5-HT(2B) receptor-mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS Mutation of 5-HT(2B) receptor leads to a cardiomyopathy without hypertrophy and a disruption of intercalated disks. 5-HT(2B) receptor is required for cytoskeleton assembly to membrane structures by its regulation of N-cadherin expression. These results constitute, for the first time, strong genetic evidence that serotonin, via the 5-HT(2B) receptor, regulates cardiac structure and function.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biomarkers
- Body Weight
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cell Separation
- Cell Size
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Hemodynamics/genetics
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Organ Size
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B
- Receptors, Serotonin/deficiency
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Sex Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Nebigil
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Zhou FC, Sari Y, Zhang JK, Goodlett CR, Li T. Prenatal alcohol exposure retards the migration and development of serotonin neurons in fetal C57BL mice. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 126:147-55. [PMID: 11248348 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete neural tube fusion (iNTF), induced by alcohol, in midline floor and roof plates was found in our recent study. In this study, serotonin (5-HT) neurons, known to be born entirely in the midline raphe at brainstem, were examined during their development with fetal alcohol exposure. Weight-matched C57BL mice pregnant dams were divided into three groups on E8: one received ethanol via a chocolate Sustacal liquid diet providing 20% ethanol-derived calories as the sole source of nutrients (ALC); the second received an isocaloric Sustacal liquid diet and was pair-fed to individual dams in the ethanol-fed group (PF); the third was fed ad lib rat chow (Chow). Fetal brains were obtained on E15 and were processed for immunostaining of 5-HT and its trophic factor, S100 beta. The ascending 5-HT neurons, in normal development, appear bilaterally near midline on E12, and by E15, as seen in chow and PF groups, migrate from the midline germinal zone laterally and dorsally to their final position with rich fibers. In contrast, in the E15 ALC group, many 5-HT-im neurons were found remaining in the midline germinal region or had migrated, but with under-differentiated, sparse fibers. There were 20--30% fewer 5-HT-im neurons in ALC as compared to PF and Chow. In addition, the number of S100 beta cells was less in ALC as compared with PF and Chow groups. No difference was found between PF and Chow in number of 5-HT-im or S100 beta-im cells. The 5-HT neurons found compromised in migration and differentiation may, in part, stem from failure of access to floor plate or midline tissue induction and the insufficient support by S100 beta. As 5-HT neurons have been implicated for signaling brain maturation, fewer 5-HT neurons may have lasting effects on the development of brain or, if persistent in the adult, profoundly affect adult brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Lauder JM, Wilkie MB, Wu C, Singh S. Expression of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors in the mouse embryo. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:653-62. [PMID: 10978843 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression patterns of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors during mouse embryogenesis were investigated using highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Differential and overlapping spatio-temporal patterns of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptor immunoreactivity were observed during active phases of morphogenesis of a variety of embryonic tissues, including neuroepithelia of brain and spinal cord, notochord, somites, cranial neural crest, craniofacial mesenchyme and epithelia, heart myocardium and endocardial cushions, tooth germs, whisker follicles, cartilage and striated muscle. The functional significance of these receptors was tested by exposing headfold stage mouse embryos to different subtype-selective 5-HT(2) receptor antagonists for 2 days in whole embryo culture. The most potent was the pan 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist ritanserin, which has high affinity for the 5-HT(2B) receptor. Ritanserin caused 100% malformed embryos at a dose of 1 microM. The 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist mianserin also caused a significant number of malformed embryos, but only when used at a 10 fold higher dose (10 microM). Ketanserin, which primarily targets 5-HT(2A) receptors, did not cause a significant number of malformed embryos at any dose tested. Together with previous evidence that 5-HT acts as an important morphoregulatory signal during mouse embryogenesis, present evidence for the early and continued expression of functional 5-HT(2) receptors throughout gestation raises the possibility that psychotropic drugs taken during pregnancy could interfere with developmental actions of 5-HT during prenatal development of neural and non-neural tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lauder
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, CB 7090, NC 27599-7090, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Nebigil CG, Choi DS, Dierich A, Hickel P, Le Meur M, Messaddeq N, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Serotonin 2B receptor is required for heart development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9508-13. [PMID: 10944220 PMCID: PMC16895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) regulates cardiovascular functions during embryogenesis and adulthood. 5-HT binds to numerous cognate receptors to initiate its biological effects. However, none of the 5-HT receptor disruptions in mice have yet resulted in embryonic defects. Here we show that 5-HT(2B) receptor is an important regulator of cardiac development. We found that inactivation of 5-HT(2B) gene leads to embryonic and neonatal death caused by heart defects. 5-HT(2B) mutant embryos exhibit a lack of trabeculae in the heart and a specific reduction in the expression levels of a tyrosine kinase receptor, ErbB-2, leading to midgestation lethality. These in vivo data suggest that the Gq-coupled receptor 5-HT(2B) uses the signaling pathway of tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-2 for cardiac differentiation. All surviving newborn mice display a severe ventricular hypoplasia caused by impaired proliferative capacity of myocytes. In adult mutant mice, cardiac histopathological changes including myocyte disarray and ventricular dilation were consistently observed. Our results constitute genetic evidence that 5-HT via 5-HT(2B) receptor regulates differentiation and proliferation of developing and adult heart. This mutation provides a genetic model for cardiopathy and should facilitate studies of both the pathogenesis and therapy of cardiac disorders in humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/pathology
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiopathology
- Female
- Fetal Death
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, erbB-2/genetics
- Heart/embryology
- Heart/physiopathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Nebigil
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université L. Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Colas JF, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Maternal and zygotic control of serotonin biosynthesis are both necessary for Drosophila germband extension. Mech Dev 1999; 87:67-76. [PMID: 10495272 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the accompanying paper, we report that Drosophila gastrulae genetically depleted for the 5-HT(2Dro) serotonin receptor or for serotonin show abnormal germband extension. In wild-type gastrulae, peaks of both the 5-HT(2Dro) receptor and serotonin coincide precisely with the onset of germband extension. Here, we assessed the genetic requirement for this peak of serotonin. We report the characterisation of the serotonin content of individual Drosophila embryos, progeny from flies heterozygous for mutations in genes that are involved in the serotonin synthesis pathway and include the GTP-cyclohydrolase, tryptophan hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase loci. The peak of serotonin synthesis at the beginning of germband extension appears strictly dependent upon the maternal deposition of biopterins, products of GTP-cyclohydrolase and cofactors of tryptophan hydroxylase and upon the zygotic synthesis of both tryptophan hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase enzymes. Mutant embryos with an impairment in this peak of serotonin synthesis die with a cuticular organisation which is also observed in embryos deficient for the 5-HT(2Dro) receptor. This characteristic cuticular phenotype is thus the hallmark of desynchronisation of the morphogenetic movements during gastrulation. Together, these findings provide additional support for the notion that serotonin, acting through the 5-HT(2Dro) receptor, is necessary for proper gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Colas
- CR C. Bernard 'Pathologie expérimentale et communications cellulaires', IFR Hôpital Lariboisière, Service de Biochimie, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Yew DT, Chan WY. Early appearance of acetylcholinergic, serotoninergic, and peptidergic neurons and fibers in the developing human central nervous system. Microsc Res Tech 1999; 45:389-400. [PMID: 10402266 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19990615)45:6<389::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal experiments have already shown that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are not only important for normal functioning of the adult central nervous system (CNS) but are also crucial to its development. However, information on the spatio-temporal distribution of these endogenous substances in the developing human CNS is still scarce. With the use of immunocytochemical staining and a constant supply of properly fixed human abortuses from southern China, an early appearance of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin, and substance P immunoreactivities was detected first in the spinal cord (weeks 5 to 7 of gestation), then in the brainstem nuclei (weeks 11 to 12). Their overlapping localizations in many regions of the CNS suggest possible interactions among neurons containing these substances, which are in turn important for the proper establishment of the neuronal circuitry. Immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y appeared initially in the lateral region of upper segments of the spinal cord at week 12 of gestation, then spread latero-medially and cranio-caudally to the sacral region. In the hippocampus, neuropeptide Y neurons appeared from week 15 onwards. Serotoninergic neurons were found in the dorsal raphe nucleus at week 10 and then decreased in number as the fetus grew older. Somatostatin releasing inhibitory factor, vasopressin, and oxytocin were detected in the hypothalamus from weeks 12 to 14 onwards, and monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, parvalbumin, calbindin D28K, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found in the visual cortex at midgestation. The early appearance and the abundance of the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the developing CNS indicate that they may play a key role in neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Yew
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Boldyrev AA, Carpenter DO, Huentelman MJ, Peters CM, Johnson P. Sources of reactive oxygen species production in excitotoxin- stimulated cerebellar granule cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:320-4. [PMID: 10079182 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rat cerebellar granule cells in the presence of the excitotoxins N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) and by the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was Ca2+-dependent and resulted in decreased cell viability. Exposure of stimulated cells to rotenone (a respiratory chain inhibitor) did not decrease ROS levels and did not affect short-term cell viability. In cells stimulated by NMDA and KA, exposure to indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and nialamide (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) caused a decrease in ROS levels and increased cell viability occurred in NMDA-treated cells. In contrast, PMA-stimulated neurons did not show decreased ROS levels when exposed to indomethacin and nialamide. These studies suggest that there is a multiplicity of routes for Ca2+-dependent ROS production in neurons but that ROS generation by cyclooxygenase and monoamine oxidase is not controlled by protein kinase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Boldyrev
- Department of Biochemistry, International Biotechnological Center of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Hansson SR, Mezey E, Hoffman BJ. Serotonin transporter messenger RNA expression in neural crest-derived structures and sensory pathways of the developing rat embryo. Neuroscience 1999; 89:243-65. [PMID: 10051233 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that serotonin plays an important role in the early development of both neural and non-neural tissues from vertebrate and invertebrate species. Serotonin is removed from the extracellular space by the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter, thereby limiting its action on receptors. In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to delineate serotonin transporter messenger RNA expression during rat embryonic development. Serotonin transporter messenger RNA was widely expressed beginning prior to organogenesis and throughout the second half of gestation. Strikingly, serotonin transporter messenger RNA was detected in neural crest cells, some of which respond to serotonin in vitro, and neural crest-derived tissues, such as autonomic ganglia, tooth primordia, adrenal medulla, chondrocytes and neuroepithelial cells, in the skin, heart, intestine and lung. Within the peripheral sensory pathways, two major cells types were serotonin transporter messenger RNA-positive: (i) sensory ganglionic neurons and (ii) neuroepithelial cells which serve as targets for the outgrowing sensory neurons. Several sensory organs (cochlear and retinal ganglionic cells, taste buds, whisker and hair follicles) contained serotonin transporter messenger RNA by late gestation. The expression of serotonin transporter messenger RNA throughout the sensory pathways from central nervous system relay stations [Hansson S. R. et al. (1997) Neuroscience 83, 1185-1201; Lebrand C. et al. (1996) Neuron 17, 823-835] to sensory nerves and target organs as shown in this study suggests that serotonin may regulate peripheral synaptogenesis, and thereby influence later processing of sensory stimuli. If the early detection of serotonin transporter messenger RNA in skin and gastrointestinal and airway epithelia correlates with protein activity, it may permit establishment of a serotonin concentration gradient across epithelia, either from serotonin in the amniotic fluid or from neuronal enteric serotonin, as a developmental cue. Our results demonstrating serotonin transporter messenger RNA in the craniofacial and cardiac areas identify this gene product as the transporter most likely responsible for the previously identified accumulation of serotonin in skin and tooth germ [Lauder J. M. and Zimmerman E. F. (1988) J. craniofac. Genet. devl Biol. 8, 265-276], and the fluoxetine-sensitive effects on craniofacial [Lauder J. M. et al. (1988) Development 102, 709-720; Shuey D. L. et al. (1992) Teratology 46, 367-378; Shuey D. L. et al. (1993) Anat. Embryol., Berlin 187, 75-85] and cardiac [Kirby M. L. and Waldo K. L. (1995) Circulation Res. 77, 211-215; Yavarone M. S. et al. (1993) Teratology 47, 573-584] malformations. Serotonin transporter messenger RNA was detected in several neural crest cell lineages and may be useful as an early marker for the sensory lineage in particular. The distribution of serotonin transporter messenger RNA in early development supports the hypothesis that serotonin may play a role in neural crest cell migration and differentiation [Lauder J. M. (1993) Trends Neurosci. 16, 233-240], and that the morphogenetic actions of serotonin may be regulated by transport. The striking pattern of serotonin transporter messenger RNA throughout developing sensory pathways suggests that serotonin may play a role in establishing patterns of connectivity critical to processing sensory stimuli. As a target for drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamine derivatives and antidepressants, expression of serotonin transporter during development may reflect critical periods of vulnerability for fetal drug exposure. The widespread distribution of serotonin transporter messenger RNA during ontogeny suggests a previously unappreciated role of serotonin in diverse physiological systems during embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Hansson
- Unit on Molecular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4090, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Changes in the physiological roles of neurotransmitters during individual development. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 29:11-21. [PMID: 10088145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The classical neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines) are multifunctional substances involved in intra- and intercellular signaling at all stages of ontogenesis in multicellular animals. A cyclical scheme is proposed to describe age-related changes in neurotransmitter functions at different stages of development from oocyte maturation to neuron formation. This may reflect not only the temporospatial organization of neurotransmitter processes, but also the origin of the functions of acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines from the protosynapses of the cleaved embryo to neuronal synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Buznikov
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Choi DS, Kellermann O, Richard S, Colas JF, Bolaños-Jimenez F, Tournois C, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Mouse 5-HT2B receptor-mediated serotonin trophic functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 861:67-73. [PMID: 9928240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5-HT2B receptors, in addition to phospholipase C stimulation, are able to trigger activation of the proto-oncogene product p21ras. During mouse embryogenesis, a peak of 5-HT2B receptor expression is detected at the neurulation stage; we localized the 5-HT2B expression in neural crest cells, heart myocardium, and somites. The requirement for functional 5-HT2B receptors shortly after gastrulation, is supported by culture of embryos exposed to 5-HT2B-high affinity antagonist such as ritanserin, which induces morphological defects in the cephalic region, heart and neural tube. Functional 5-HT2B receptors are also expressed during the serotonergic differentiation of the mouse F9 teratocarcinoma-derived clonal cell line 1C11. Upon 2 days of induction by cAMP, 5-HT2B receptors become functional, and on day 4, the appearance of 5-HT2A receptors coincides with the onset of active serotonin transporter by these cells. Active serotonin uptake is modulated by serotonin suggesting autoreceptor functions for 5-HT2B receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Choi
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université L. Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|