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Kim HS, Jeon I, Noh JE, Lee H, Hong KS, Lee N, Pei Z, Song J. Intracerebral Transplantation of BDNF-overexpressing Human Neural Stem Cells (HB1.F3.BDNF) Promotes Migration, Differentiation and Functional Recovery in a Rodent Model of Huntington's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:130-137. [PMID: 32408403 PMCID: PMC7237270 DOI: 10.5607/en20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormally expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. The huntingtin gene mutation leads to the progressive degeneration of striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSN) and reduces the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in HD patient's brain. BDNF is an essential neurotrophic factor for the cortico-striatal synaptic activity and the survival of GABAergic neurons. In this study, we transplanted BDNF-overexpressing human neural stem cells (HB1.F3.BDNF) into the contra-lateral side of unilateral quinolinic acid (QA)-lesioned striatum of HD rat model. The results of in vivo transplantation were monitored using various behavioral tests, 4.7 T animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemical staining. We observed that the QA-lesioned rats receiving HB1.F3.BDNF cells exhibited significant behavioral improvements in the stepping, rotarod and apomorphine-induced rotation tests. Interestingly, contralaterally transplanted cells were migrated to the QA-lesioned striatum and the size of lateral ventricle was reduced. Histological analyses further revealed that the transplanted cells, which had migrated to the QA lesion site, were differentiated into the cells of GABAergic, MSN-type neurons expressing DARPP-32, and neural networks were established between the transplanted cells and the host brain, as revealed by retrograde tracing. Finally, there was a significant reduction of inflammatory response in HB1.F3.BDNF-transplanted HD animal model, compared with vehicle-transplanted group. Taken together, these results suggest that HB1.F3.BDNF can be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat HD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 3496, Korea
| | - Iksoo Jeon
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Noh
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Division of Magnetic Imaging Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Division of Magnetic Imaging Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Nayeon Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affi liated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jihwan Song
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- iPS Bio, Inc., Seongnam 1322, Korea
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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53
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Yuan Y, Wu C, Ling EA. Heterogeneity of Microglia Phenotypes: Developmental, Functional and Some Therapeutic Considerations. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2375-2393. [PMID: 31584369 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in complex brain environment. They first exist as amoeboid microglial cells (AMCs) in the developing brain, but with brain maturation, they transform into ramified microglial cells (RMCs). In pathological conditions, microglia are activated and have been classified into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The roles of AMCs, RMCs and M1/M2 microglia phenotypes especially in pathological conditions have been the focus of many recent studies. METHODS Here, we review the early development of the AMCs and RMCs and discuss their specific functions with reference to their anatomic locations, immunochemical coding etc. M1 and M2 microglia phenotypes in different neuropathological conditions are also reviewed. RESULTS Activated microglia are engaged in phagocytosis, production of proinflammatory mediators, trophic factors and synaptogenesis etc. Prolonged microglia activation, however, can cause damage to neurons and oligodendrocytes. The M1 and M2 phenotypes featured prominently in pathological conditions are discussed in depth. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia phenotype is being modulated by multiple factors including external and internal stimuli, local demands, epigenetic regulation, and herbal compounds. CONCLUSION Prevailing views converge that M2 polarization is neuroprotective. Thus, proper therapeutic designs including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal agents may be beneficial in suppression of microglial activation, especially M1 phenotype, for amelioration of neuroinflammation in different neuropathological conditions. Finally, recent development of radioligands targeting 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in activated microglia may hold great promises clinically for early detection of brain lesion with the positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore
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Savage JC, St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, El Hajj H, Novak SW, Sanchez MG, Cicchetti F, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial physiological properties and interactions with synapses are altered at presymptomatic stages in a mouse model of Huntington's disease pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:98. [PMID: 32241286 PMCID: PMC7118932 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognitive and motor abilities by primarily targeting the striatum and cerebral cortex. HD is caused by a mutation elongating the CAG repeats within the Huntingtin gene, resulting in HTT protein misfolding. Although the genetic cause of HD has been established, the specific susceptibility of neurons within various brain structures has remained elusive. Microglia, which are the brain's resident macrophages, have emerged as important players in neurodegeneration. Nevertheless, few studies have examined their implication in HD. METHODS To provide novel insights, we investigated the maturation and dysfunction of striatal microglia using the R6/2 mouse model of HD. This transgenic model, which presents with 120+/-5 CAG repeats, displays progressive motor deficits beginning at 6 weeks of age, with full incapacitation by 13 weeks. We studied microglial morphology, phagocytic capacity, and synaptic contacts in the striatum of R6/2 versus wild-type (WT) littermates at 3, 10, and 13 weeks of age, using a combination of light and transmission electron microscopy. We also reconstructed dendrites and determined synaptic density within the striatum of R6/2 and WT littermates, at nanoscale resolution using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS At 3 weeks of age, prior to any known motor deficits, microglia in R6/2 animals displayed a more mature morphological phenotype than WT animals. Microglia from R6/2 mice across all ages also demonstrated increased phagocytosis, as revealed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, microglial processes from 10-week-old R6/2 mice made fewer contacts with synaptic structures than microglial processes in 3-week-old R6/2 mice and age-matched WT littermates. Synaptic density was not affected by genotype at 3 weeks of age but increased with maturation in WT mice. The location of synapses was lastly modified in R6/2 mice compared with WT controls, from targeting dendritic spines to dendritic trunks at both 3 and 10 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that microglia may play an intimate role in synaptic alteration and loss during HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Savage
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Hassan El Hajj
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sammy Weiser Novak
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Sanchez
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, T2-50, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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55
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Amyloid Fibril-Induced Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter Disruption Contributes to Complement C1q-Mediated Microglial Pruning of Glutamatergic Synapses. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2290-2300. [PMID: 32008166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement C1q plays a critical role in microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses and in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling is associated with increased synaptic C1q production and subsequent microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the rodent models of AD. Here, we explored the role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in the synaptic C1q production and microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in a rat model of AD. Activation of astrocyte and reduction glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) were noted after bilateral microinjection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic that upregulates GLT1 expression. Bilateral microinjection of ceftriaxone recovered GLT1 expression, decreased synaptic C1q production, suppressed microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1, and attenuated synaptic and cognitive deficits in rats microinjected with Aβ1-40. In contrast, artificial suppression of GLT1 activity by DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) in naïve rats induced synaptic C1q expression and microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area, resulting in synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. These findings demonstrated that impairment of astrocytic glutamate transporter plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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56
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Kelly R, Joers V, Tansey MG, McKernan DP, Dowd E. Microglial Phenotypes and Their Relationship to the Cannabinoid System: Therapeutic Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030453. [PMID: 31973235 PMCID: PMC7037317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, the motor symptoms of which are associated classically with Lewy body formation and nigrostriatal degeneration. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the progression of this disease, by which microglia become chronically activated in response to α-synuclein pathology and dying neurons, thereby acquiring dishomeostatic phenotypes that are cytotoxic and can cause further neuronal death. Microglia have a functional endocannabinoid signaling system, expressing the cannabinoid receptors in addition to being capable of synthesizing and degrading endocannabinoids. Alterations in the cannabinoid system—particularly an upregulation in the immunomodulatory CB2 receptor—have been demonstrated to be related to the microglial activation state and hence the microglial phenotype. This paper will review studies that examine the relationship between the cannabinoid system and microglial activation, and how this association could be manipulated for therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kelly
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
- Center for Translation Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Declan P. McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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57
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Kawai S, Kurganov E, Miyata S. Transient increase of microglial C1q expression in the circumventricular organs of adult mouse during LPS-induced inflammation. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:392-400. [PMID: 31904875 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are the brain regions that lack the blood-brain barrier and allow free entry of blood-derived molecules, offering specialized niche to initiate rapid and early neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Complement component 1q (C1q) is shown to be the first recognition component of the complement pathway and has a crucial function in the brain under pathological conditions. In the present study, we found that C1q expression in CX3CR1-positive microglia was increased in the CVOs and their neighbouring brain regions of adult mice at 1 day after a single administration of 1 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas it returned to control levels at 3 days after LPS stimulation. C1q expression was also seen to localize at synapsin-positive presynaptic axonal terminals in various brain regions. Thus, the present study demonstrates a transient upregulation of microglial C1q expression in the CVOs and their adjacent brain regions, indicating that a transient upregulation of C1q is possibly concerned with physiological responses at early phase of brain inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are specialized brain regions that lack the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and initiate neuroinflammatory responses in the brains. The present study showed that the expression of complement protein C1q was highly increased in microglia of the CVOs and their adjacent brain regions. Moreover, C1q expression was observed to localize specifically at presynaptic axonal terminals in the CVOs and their neighbouring brain regions. Thus, the present study indicates that C1q is possibly correlated with physiological responses at early phase of brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kawai
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erkin Kurganov
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
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58
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Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Zai GC, Freeman N, Pouget JG, Greco J, Tampakeras M, Shaikh SA, Herbert D, Emmerson H, Cheema SY, Braganza N, Müller DJ, Voineskos AN, Remington G, Kennedy JL. Association Study of the Complement Component C4 Gene in Tardive Dyskinesia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1339. [PMID: 31849639 PMCID: PMC6901959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that may develop in schizophrenia patients being treated long-term with antipsychotic medication. TD interferes with voluntary movements and leads to stigma, and can be associated with treatment non-adherence. The etiology of TD is unclear, but it appears to have a genetic component. There is emerging evidence of immune dysregulation in TD. In the current study, we set out to investigate the complex schizophrenia-associated complement component 4 (C4) gene for possible association with TD occurrence and TD severity as assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) in a sample of 129 schizophrenia patients of European ancestry. We have genotyped the copy numbers of long and short forms of C4A and C4B gene variants in 129 European ancestry patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We did not find predicted C4A or C4B expression to be nominally associated with TD risk or severity. However, we found the number of copies of C4BL to be nominally associated with TD severity (p = 0.020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gwyneth C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Freeman
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Greco
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Tampakeras
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sajid A Shaikh
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deanna Herbert
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Emmerson
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheraz Y Cheema
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Braganza
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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59
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Comella Bolla A, Valente T, Miguez A, Brito V, Gines S, Solà C, Straccia M, Canals JM. CD200 is up-regulated in R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224901. [PMID: 31790427 PMCID: PMC6886799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are particularly sensitive to the presence of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. However, there are many evidences that cells from the peripheral immune system and central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, namely microglia, play an important role in the etiology and the progression of HD. However, it remains unclear whether MSNs neurodegeneration is mediated by a non-cell autonomous mechanism. The homeostasis in the healthy CNS is maintained by several mechanisms of interaction between all brain cells. Neurons can control microglia activation through several inhibitory mechanisms, such as the CD200-CD200R1 interaction. Due to the complete lack of knowledge about the CD200-CD200R1 system in HD, we determined the temporal patterns of CD200 and CD200R1 expression in the neocortex, hippocampus and striatum in the HD mouse models R6/1 and HdhQ111/7 from pre-symptomatic to manifest stages. In order to explore any alteration in the peripheral immune system, we also studied the levels of expression of CD200 and CD200R1 in whole blood. Although CD200R1 expression was not altered, we observed and increase in CD200 gene expression and protein levels in the brain parenchyma of all the regions we examined, along with HD pathogenesis in R6/1 mice. Interestingly, the expression of CD200 mRNA was also up-regulated in blood following a similar temporal pattern. These results suggest that canonical neuronal-microglial communication through CD200-CD200R1 interaction is not compromised, and CD200 up-regulation in R6/1 brain parenchyma could represent a neurotrophic signal to sustain or extend neuronal function in the latest stages of HD as pro-survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Comella Bolla
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Miguez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Brito
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Gines
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (JMC)
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (JMC)
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60
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Carrasco L. Brain Microbiota in Huntington's Disease Patients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2622. [PMID: 31798558 PMCID: PMC6861841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important challenges facing medical science is to better understand the cause of neuronal pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Such is the case for Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic disorder primarily caused by a triplet expansion in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Although aberrant HTT is expressed from embryogenesis, it remains puzzling as to why the onset of disease symptoms manifest only after several decades of life. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of microbial infection in brain tissue from patients with HD, reasoning that perhaps mutated HTT could be deleterious for immune cells and neural tissue, and could facilitate microbial colonization. Using immunohistochemistry approaches, we observed a variety of fungal structures in the striatum and frontal cortex of seven HD patients. Some of these fungi were found in close proximity to the nucleus, or even as intranuclear inclusions. Identification of the fungal species was accomplished by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Interestingly, some genera, such as Ramularia, appeared unique to HD patients, and have not been previously described in other neurodegenerative diseases. Several bacterial species were also identified both by PCR and NGS. Notably, a curved and filamentous structure that immunoreacts with anti-bacterial antibodies was characteristic of HD brains and has not been previously observed in brain tissue from neurodegenerative patients. Prevalent bacterial genera included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Burkholderia. Collectively, our results represent the first attempt to identify the brain microbiota in HD. Our observations suggest that microbial colonization may be a risk factor for HD and might explain why the onset of the disease appears after several decades of life. Importantly, they may open a new field of investigation and could help in the design of new therapeutic strategies for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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61
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Chen C, Lv Y, Hu C, Xu XF, Zhang RQ, Xiao K, Ma Y, Gao LP, Li JL, Shi Q, Wang J, Shi Q, Dong XP. Alternative complement pathway is activated in the brains of scrapie-infected rodents. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:81-94. [PMID: 31720785 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of complement system in central nervous system (CNS) of the patients suffering from prion diseases or animal models infected with prion agents experimentally is reported repeatedly, but which pathways are involved in the complement system during prion infection is not well documented. Here, we evaluated the level of complement factor B (CFB), which is the key factor that triggers alterative pathway (AP) of complement in the brain tissues of scrapie-infected mice with various methodologies. We found that the levels of mRNA and protein of CFB significantly increased in the brain tissues of scrapie-infected mice. Morphologically, the increased CFB-specific signal overlapped with the elevated C3 signal in brain sections of scrapie-infected mice, meanwhile overlapped with damaged neurons and activated microglia, but not with the proliferative astrocytes. Additionally, the level of complement factor P (CFP), the key positive regulator of AP, also increased remarkably in the brain tissues of infected mice. The transcriptional levels of CD55 and CD46, two negative regulators of AP, decreased without significance in brain tissues of scrapie-infected mice at the terminal stage. However, the mRNA and protein levels of CFH, another negative regulator of AP, increased. Through the dynamic analyses of the expressions of CFB, CFP, and CFH in brain sections of 139A-infected mice, which were collected at different time-points during incubation period, illustrated time-dependent increase levels of each factor during the incubation period of scrapie infection. Taken together, our data here demonstrate that the AP of complement cascade is activated in the CNS microenvironment during prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Le Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Center of Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimeinei, South Rd 16, Beijing, 100700, China.
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62
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Lee JD, Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Complement dysregulation in the central nervous system during development and disease. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101340. [PMID: 31708347 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is an important arm of the immune system that plays a key role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from infection. Recently, it has also become clear that complement proteins have fundamental roles in the developing and aging CNS that are distinct from their roles in immunity. During neurodevelopment, complement signalling is involved in diverse processes including neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and synaptic pruning. In acute neurotrauma and ischamic brain injury, complement drives inflammation and neuronal death, but also neuroprotection and regeneration. In diseases of the aging CNS including dementias and motor neuron disease, chronic complement activation is associated with glial activation, and synapse and neuron loss. Proper regulation of complement is thus essential to allow for an appropriately developed CNS and prevention of excessive damage following neurotrauma or during neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for functional roles of complement in brain formation, and its dysregulation during acute and chronic disease. We also provide working models for how complement can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, and either protect, or propagate neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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63
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Creus-Muncunill J, Ehrlich ME. Cell-Autonomous and Non-cell-Autonomous Pathogenic Mechanisms in Huntington's Disease: Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:957-978. [PMID: 31529216 PMCID: PMC6985401 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion in the trinucleotide CAG repeat in exon-1 in the huntingtin gene, located on chromosome 4. When the number of trinucleotide CAG exceeds 40 repeats, disease invariably is manifested, characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. The huntingtin (Htt) protein and its mutant form (mutant huntingtin, mHtt) are ubiquitously expressed but although multiple brain regions are affected, the most vulnerable brain region is the striatum. Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) preferentially degenerate, followed by the cortical pyramidal neurons located in layers V and VI. Proposed HD pathogenic mechanisms include, but are not restricted to, excitotoxicity, neurotrophic support deficits, collapse of the protein degradation mechanisms, mitochondrial dysfunction, transcriptional alterations, and disorders of myelin. Studies performed in cell type-specific and regionally selective HD mouse models implicate both MSN cell-autonomous properties and cell-cell interactions, particularly corticostriatal but also with non-neuronal cell types. Here, we review the intrinsic properties of MSNs that contribute to their selective vulnerability and in addition, we discuss how astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, together with aberrant corticostriatal connectivity, contribute to HD pathophysiology. In addition, mHtt causes cell-autonomous dysfunction in cell types other than MSNs. These findings have implications in terms of therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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64
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Nainu F, Salim E, Asri RM, Hori A, Kuraishi T. Neurodegenerative disorders and sterile inflammation: lessons from a Drosophila model. J Biochem 2019; 166:213-221. [PMID: 31251338 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, are common but difficult to treat. As effective medical interventions are limited, those diseases will likely continue adversely affecting people's health. There is evidence that the hyperactivation of innate immunity is a hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and polyglutamine diseases. In mammalian and fly CNS, the presence of noninfectious ligands, including danger-associated molecular patterns, is recognized by (micro)glial cells, inducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Such inflammation may contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative states. Studies using fruit flies have shed light on the types of signals, receptors and cells responsible for inducing the inflammation that leads to neurodegeneration. Researchers are using fly models to assess the mechanisms of sterile inflammation in the brain and its link to progressive neurodegeneration. Given the similarity of its physiological system and biochemical function to those of mammals, especially in activating and regulating innate immune signalling, Drosophila can be a versatile model system for studying the mechanisms and biological significance of sterile inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Such knowledge would greatly facilitate the quest for a novel effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma No. 5 Pintu 4 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Shizenken, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rangga Meidianto Asri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma No. 5 Pintu 4 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aki Hori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma No. 5 Pintu 4 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma No. 5 Pintu 4 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
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65
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Utilizing supervised machine learning to identify microglia and astrocytes in situ: implications for large-scale image analysis and quantification. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 328:108424. [PMID: 31494186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of histological tissue samples plays a crucial role in deciphering preclinical disease and injury mechanisms. High-resolution images can be obtained quickly however data acquisition are often bottlenecked by manual analysis methodologies. NEW METHOD We describe and validate a pipeline for a novel machine learning-based analytical method, using the Opera High-Content Screening system and Harmony software, allowing for detailed image analysis of cellular markers in histological samples. RESULTS To validate the machine learning pipeline, analyses of single proteins in mouse brain sections were utilized. To demonstrate adaptability of the pipeline for multiple cell types and epitopes, the percent brain coverage of microglial cells, identified by ionized calcium binding adaptors molecule 1 (Iba1), and of astrocytes, by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated no significant differences between automated and manual analyses protocols. Further to examine the robustness of this protocol for multiple proteins simultaneously labeling of rat brain sections were utilized; co-localization of astrocytic endfeet on blood vessels, using aquaporin-4 and tomato lectin respectively, were efficiently identified and quantified by the novel pipeline and were not significantly different between the two analyses protocols. Comparison with Existing Methods: The automated platform maintained the sensitivity and accuracy of manual analysis, while accomplishing the analyses in 1/200th of the time. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the benefits and potential of adapting an automated high-throughput machine-learning analytical approach for the analysis ofin situ tissue samples, show effectiveness across different animal models, while reducing analysis time and increasing productivity.
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66
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Parker SE, Hanton AM, Stefanou SN, Noakes PG, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. Revisiting the role of the innate immune complement system in ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:223-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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67
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Yu-Taeger L, Stricker-Shaver J, Arnold K, Bambynek-Dziuk P, Novati A, Singer E, Lourhmati A, Fabian C, Magg J, Riess O, Schwab M, Stolzing A, Danielyan L, Nguyen HHP. Intranasal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates the Abnormal Dopamine Transmission System and Inflammatory Reaction in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington Disease. Cells 2019; 8:E595. [PMID: 31208073 PMCID: PMC6628278 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrastriatal administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown beneficial effects in rodent models of Huntington disease (HD). However, the invasive nature of surgical procedure and its potential to trigger the host immune response may limit its clinical use. Hence, we sought to evaluate the non-invasive intranasal administration (INA) of MSC delivery as an effective alternative route in HD. GFP-expressing MSCs derived from bone marrow were intranasally administered to 4-week-old R6/2 HD transgenic mice. MSCs were detected in the olfactory bulb, midbrain and striatum five days post-delivery. Compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated littermates, MSC-treated R6/2 mice showed an increased survival rate and attenuated circadian activity disruption assessed by locomotor activity. MSCs increased the protein expression of DARPP-32 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and downregulated gene expression of inflammatory modulators in the brain 7.5 weeks after INA. While vehicle treated R6/2 mice displayed decreased Iba1 expression and altered microglial morphology in comparison to the wild type littermates, MSCs restored both, Iba1 level and the thickness of microglial processes in the striatum of R6/2 mice. Our results demonstrate significantly ameliorated phenotypes of R6/2 mice after MSCs administration via INA, suggesting this method as an effective delivering route of cells to the brain for HD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Yu-Taeger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Janice Stricker-Shaver
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Arnold
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Patrycja Bambynek-Dziuk
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Arianna Novati
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Singer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Claire Fabian
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Janine Magg
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Hoa Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Departments of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
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68
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Cho K. Emerging Roles of Complement Protein C1q in Neurodegeneration. Aging Dis 2019; 10:652-663. [PMID: 31165008 PMCID: PMC6538225 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an ancient and primary component system that rapidly reacts to defend the body against external pathogens. C1 is the initial responder of classical pathway of the innate immune system. C1 is comprised of C1q, C1r, and C1s. Among them, C1q is known to interact with diverse ligands, which can perform various functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Because C1q participates in the clearance of pathogens, its interaction with novel receptors is expected to facilitate apoptosis induction, which could prevent the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could delay the aging process. Because senescence-associated secreting phenotype determinants are generally inflammatory cytokines or immune factors to activate immune cells. In the central nervous system, C1q has diverse neuroprotective roles against pathogens and inflammation. Most of neurodegenerative diseases show region specific pathology feature in the brain. It has been suggested the evidences that the active site and amount of C1q may be disease specific. This review considers currently the emerging and under-recognized roles of C1q in neurodegeneration and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. Future studies on the roles of C1q in regulating disease progression should consider these aspects, including the age-dependent onset time of each neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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69
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Subhramanyam CS, Wang C, Hu Q, Dheen ST. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:112-120. [PMID: 31077796 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, being the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and contributes towards brain development under normal conditions. However, when there is a neuronal injury or other insult, depending on the type and magnitude of stimuli, microglia will be activated to secrete either proinflammatory factors that enhance cytotoxicity or anti-inflammatory neuroprotective factors that assist in wound healing and tissue repair. Excessive microglial activation damages the surrounding healthy neural tissue, and the factors secreted by the dead or dying neurons in turn exacerbate the chronic activation of microglia, causing progressive loss of neurons. It is the case observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review gives a detailed account of the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, resolving chronic inflammation mediated by microglia bears great promise as a novel treatment strategy to reduce neuronal damage and to foster a permissive environment for further regeneration effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore
| | - Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore.
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore.
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70
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Xu N, Li AD, Ji LL, Ye Y, Wang ZY, Tong L. miR-132 regulates the expression of synaptic proteins in APP/PS1 transgenic mice through C1q. Eur J Histochem 2019; 63. [PMID: 31060348 PMCID: PMC6511887 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is usually accompanied by synaptic loss in both the hippocampus and neocortex. In the early stage of AD, amyloid β-induced synapse changes is the main reason, while in the later stage, the accumulation of Tau protein promotes synapse degeneration as the key factor leading to dementia. MicroRNA (miRNA) is closely related to the expression changes of many AD-related genes. One of the most abundant brain-enriched miRNAs is miR-132, which has been shown to regulate both neuron morphogenesis and plasticity. It has been reported that miR-132 is significantly reduced in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Genetic deletion of miR-132 in mice promotes Aβ deposition, leading to impaired memory and enhanced Tau pathology, but how the miRNA-mediated gene expression dysregulation contributes to AD pathology remains unclear. Here we found the possible downstream target of miR-132 by in silico analysis, namely C1q. C1q is the primary protein of classical complement cascade, which is highly expressed in the synaptic regions of the central nervous system in Alzheimer’s patients. However, it is not clear whether miR-132 plays a role in AD through regulating C1q. To address this question, the APP/PS1 transgenic mice were transfected with miR-132 and given C1 inhibitors. Behavior tests were conducted to assess memory and cognitive abilities seven days after administration. In addition, we analyzed the expression of PSD95, Synapsin-1 and phosphorylated (p)- Synapsin. We found that the expression levels of the synaptic proteins treated with miR-132 or C1INH were significantly increased compared with the AD group. Further RT-qPCR result suggested that miR-132 might regulate C1q expression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang.
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71
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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72
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Carpanini SM, Torvell M, Morgan BP. Therapeutic Inhibition of the Complement System in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 30886620 PMCID: PMC6409326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays critical roles in development, homeostasis, and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) throughout life; however, complement dysregulation in the CNS can lead to damage and disease. Complement proteins, regulators, and receptors are widely expressed throughout the CNS and, in many cases, are upregulated in disease. Genetic and epidemiological studies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarker measurements and pathological analysis of post-mortem tissues have all implicated complement in multiple CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), neurotrauma, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Given this body of evidence implicating complement in diverse brain diseases, manipulating complement in the brain is an attractive prospect; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), critical to protect the brain from potentially harmful agents in the circulation, is also impermeable to current complement-targeting therapeutics, making drug design much more challenging. For example, antibody therapeutics administered systemically are essentially excluded from the brain. Recent protocols have utilized "Trojan horse" techniques to transport therapeutics across the BBB or used osmotic shock or ultrasound to temporarily disrupt the BBB. Most research to date exploring the impact of complement inhibition on CNS diseases has been in animal models, and some of these studies have generated convincing data; for example, in models of MS, NMO, and stroke. There have been a few recent clinical trials of available anti-complement drugs in CNS diseases associated with BBB impairment, for example the use of the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) eculizumab in NMO, but for most CNS diseases there have been no human trials of anti-complement therapies. Here we will review the evidence implicating complement in diverse CNS disorders, from acute, such as traumatic brain or spine injury, to chronic, including demyelinating, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss the particular problems of drug access into the CNS and explore ways in which anti-complement therapies might be tailored for CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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73
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Denis HL, Lauruol F, Cicchetti F. Are immunotherapies for Huntington's disease a realistic option? Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:364-377. [PMID: 29487401 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases includes dysregulation of the immune system, with some elements that precede disease onset. However, if these alterations are prominent, why have clinical trials targeting this system failed to translate into long-lasting meaningful benefits for patients? This review focuses on Huntington's disease, a genetic disorder marked by notable cerebral and peripheral inflammation. We summarize ongoing and completed clinical trials that have involved pharmacological approaches to inhibit various components of the immune system and their pre-clinical correlates. We then discuss new putative treatment strategies using more targeted immunotherapies such as vaccination and intrabodies and how these may offer new hope in the treatment of Huntington's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélèna L Denis
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Florian Lauruol
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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74
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Boros FA, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1549231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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75
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Guo DB, Zhu XQ, Li QQ, Liu GMY, Ruan GP, Pang RQ, Chen YH, Wang Q, Wang JX, Liu JF, Chen Q, Pan XH. Efficacy and mechanisms underlying the effects of allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on acute radiation injury in tree shrews. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1447-1468. [PMID: 30066056 PMCID: PMC6214845 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) exert strong immunomodulatory effects and can repair organs. However, their roles in radiation injury remain unclear. We show that in tree shrews with acute radiation injury, injected UC-MSCs significantly improved survival rates, reduced lung inflammation and apoptosis, prevented pulmonary fibrotic processes, recovered hematopoiesis, and increased blood counts. A protein microarray analysis showed that serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 and the growth factors BMP-5, BMP-7, HGF, insulin, NT-4, VEGFR3, and SCF were significantly higher, while those of the inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TIMP-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ra, and IL-8 and the fibrosis-related factors PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA, TGF-β1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-4 were significantly lower in UC-MSC-injected animals. A transcriptome analysis of PBMCs showed that the mRNA expression of C1q was upregulated, while that of HLA-DP was downregulated after UC-MSC injection. These results confirm the immunohistochemistry results. eGFP-labeled UC-MSCs were traced in vivo and found in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, thymus, small intestine and bone marrow. Our findings suggest that UC-MSC transplantation may be a novel therapeutic approach for treating acute radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Bin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Gao-Mi-Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guang-Ping Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Rong-Qing Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hao Chen
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ju-Fen Liu
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xing-Hua Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming General Hospital, Army Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
- Cell Biological Therapy Center of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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76
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Song WM, Colonna M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1048-1058. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Simmons DA, James ML, Belichenko NP, Semaan S, Condon C, Kuan J, Shuhendler AJ, Miao Z, Chin FT, Longo FM. TSPO-PET imaging using [18F]PBR06 is a potential translatable biomarker for treatment response in Huntington's disease: preclinical evidence with the p75NTR ligand LM11A-31. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2893-2912. [PMID: 29860333 PMCID: PMC6077813 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that has no cure. HD therapeutic development would benefit from a non-invasive translatable biomarker to track disease progression and treatment response. A potential biomarker is using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) radiotracer to detect microglial activation, a key contributor to HD pathogenesis. The ability of TSPO-PET to identify microglial activation in HD mouse models, essential for a translatable biomarker, or therapeutic efficacy in HD patients or mice is unknown. Thus, this study assessed the feasibility of utilizing PET imaging with the TSPO tracer, [18F]PBR06, to detect activated microglia in two HD mouse models and to monitor response to treatment with LM11A-31, a p75NTR ligand known to reduce neuroinflammation in HD mice. [18F]PBR06-PET detected microglial activation in striatum, cortex and hippocampus of vehicle-treated R6/2 mice at a late disease stage and, notably, also in early and mid-stage symptomatic BACHD mice. After oral administration of LM11A-31 to R6/2 and BACHD mice, [18F]PBR06-PET discerned the reductive effects of LM11A-31 on neuroinflammation in both HD mouse models. [18F]PBR06-PET signal had a spatial distribution similar to ex vivo brain autoradiography and correlated with microglial activation markers: increased IBA-1 and TSPO immunostaining/blotting and striatal levels of cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. These results suggest that [18F]PBR06-PET is a useful surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy in HD mice with high potential as a translatable biomarker for preclinical and clinical HD trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadia P Belichenko
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Semaan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Condon
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kuan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Miao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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78
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Hunter M, Demarais NJ, Faull RLM, Grey AC, Curtis MA. Subventricular zone lipidomic architecture loss in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 146:613-630. [PMID: 29804301 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human subventricular zone (SVZ) has a defined cytological and neurochemical architecture, with four constituent laminae that act in concert to support its neurogenic activity. Lipidomic specialisation has previously been demonstrated in the neurologically normal human SVZ, with enrichment of functionally important lipid classes in each lamina. The SVZ is also responsive to neurodegenerative disorders, where thickening of the niche and enhanced proliferation of resident cells were observed in Huntington's disease (HD) brains. In this study, we hypothesised lipidomic changes in the HD SVZ. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry, this analysis shows differences in the lipidomic architecture in the post-mortem Vonsattel grade III cases. Relative to matched, neurologically normal specimens (N = 4), the lipidomic signature of the HD SVZ (N = 4) was characterized by loss of sulfatides and triglycerides in the myelin layer, with an ectopic and focal accumulation of sphingomyelins and ceramide-1-phosphate observed in this lamina. A striking loss of lipidomic patterning was also observed in the ependymal layer, where the local abundance of phosphatidylinositols was significantly reduced in HD. This comprehensive spatially resolved lipidomic analysis of the human HD SVZ identifies alterations in lipid architecture that may shed light on the mechanisms of SVZ responses to neurodegeneration in HD. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Demarais
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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79
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Greco A, Ralli M, De Virgilio A, Inghilleri M, Fusconi M, de Vincentiis M. Letter to the Editor: Autoimmune pathogenic mechanisms in Huntington's disease. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:942-943. [PMID: 30005855 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Greco
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Roma, Italy
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- Othorhinolaryngology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Mi, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Inghilleri
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Fusconi
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco de Vincentiis
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Roma, Italy
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80
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Tenner AJ, Stevens B, Woodruff TM. New tricks for an ancient system: Physiological and pathological roles of complement in the CNS. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:3-13. [PMID: 29958698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanisms underlying the functions of the complement system in the central nervous system (CNS) and systemically, namely opsonization, chemotaxis, membrane lysis, and regulation of inflammation are the same, the plethora of functions that complement orchestrates in the central nervous system (CNS) is complex. Strictly controlled expression of complement effector molecules, regulators and receptors across the gamut of life stages (embryogenesis, development and maturation, aging and disease) dictate fascinating contributions for this ancient system. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that complement functions differ widely across distinct brain regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly identified roles for complement in the brain, including its roles in CNS development and function, during aging and in the processes of neurodegeneration. The diversity and selectively of beneficial and detrimental activities of complement, while challenging, should lead to precision targeting of specific components to provide disease modifying treatments for devastating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders that are still without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tenner
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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81
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Presymptomatic change in microRNAs modulates Tau pathology. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9251. [PMID: 29915328 PMCID: PMC6006352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are 18~23 nucleotides long non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. To explore whether miR alterations in tauopathy contribute to pathological conditions, we first determined which hippocampal miRs are altered at the presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of tauopathy using rTg4510 mice (Tau mice), a well-characterized tauopathy model. miR-RNA pairing analysis using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed 401 genes that can be regulated by 71 miRs altered in Tau hippocampi at the presymptomatic stage. Among several miRs confirmed with real-time qPCR, miR142 (−3p and −5p) in Tau hippocampi were significantly upregulated by two-weeks of age and onward. Transcriptome studies by RNAseq and IPA revealed several overlapping biological and disease associated pathways affected by either Tau or miR142 overexpression, including Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (Tnfr2) signaling pathways. Similar to what was observed in Tau brains, overexpressing miR142 in wildtype cortical neurons augments mRNA levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (Gfap) and Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (Csf1), accompanied by a significant increase in microglia and reactive astrocyte numbers. Taken together, our study suggests that miR alterations by Tau overexpression may contribute to the neuroinflammation observed in Tau brains.
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82
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Alpaugh M, Galleguillos D, Forero J, Morales LC, Lackey SW, Kar P, Di Pardo A, Holt A, Kerr BJ, Todd KG, Baker GB, Fouad K, Sipione S. Disease-modifying effects of ganglioside GM1 in Huntington's disease models. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1537-1557. [PMID: 28993428 PMCID: PMC5666311 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric problems. Previous studies indicated that levels of brain gangliosides are lower than normal in HD models and that administration of exogenous ganglioside GM1 corrects motor dysfunction in the YAC128 mouse model of HD In this study, we provide evidence that intraventricular administration of GM1 has profound disease-modifying effects across HD mouse models with different genetic background. GM1 administration results in decreased levels of mutant huntingtin, the protein that causes HD, and in a wide array of beneficial effects that include changes in levels of DARPP32, ferritin, Iba1 and GFAP, modulation of dopamine and serotonin metabolism, and restoration of normal levels of glutamate, GABA, L-Ser and D-Ser. Treatment with GM1 slows down neurodegeneration, white matter atrophy and body weight loss in R6/2 mice. Motor functions are significantly improved in R6/2 mice and restored to normal in Q140 mice, including gait abnormalities that are often resistant to treatments. Psychiatric-like and cognitive dysfunctions are also ameliorated by GM1 administration in Q140 and YAC128 mice. The widespread benefits of GM1 administration, at molecular, cellular and behavioural levels, indicate that this ganglioside has strong therapeutic and disease-modifying potential in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Alpaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danny Galleguillos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Juan Forero
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Preeti Kar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew Holt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn G Todd
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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83
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Liu SY, Yu XL, Zhu J, Liu XM, Zhang Y, Dong QX, Ma S, Liu RT. Intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates motor and cognitive deficits and neuropathology in R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease by decreasing mutant huntingtin protein level and normalizing NF-κB signaling pathway. Brain Res 2018; 1697:21-33. [PMID: 29902468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive movement disorders and cognitive deficits, which is caused by a CAG-repeat expansion encoding an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin protein (HTT). Reduction of mutant HTT levels and inhibition of neuroinflammation has been proposed as a major therapeutic strategy in treating HD. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy has been firmly established for the treatment of several autoimmune or inflammatory neurological diseases, either as adjunctive treatment or as first-line therapy. However, whether IVIg has therapeutic potential on HD remains unclear. Here we for the first time demonstrated that IVIg treatment remarkably rescued motor and cognitive deficits, prevented synaptic degeneration, attenuated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in R6/2 mouse model. Further investigation showed that the beneficial effects of IVIg resulted from the reduced levels of mutant HTT and inhibition of NF-κB signalling pathway. These findings suggest that IVIg is a promising therapeutic potential for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Quan-Xiu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Shandong Institute of Biological Products, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Rui-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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84
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Kim HW, Lee HS, Kang JM, Bae SH, Kim C, Lee SH, Schwarz J, Kim GJ, Kim JS, Cha DH, Kim J, Chang SW, Lee TH, Moon J. Dual Effects of Human Placenta-Derived Neural Cells on Neuroprotection and the Inhibition of Neuroinflammation in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:814-830. [PMID: 29871515 PMCID: PMC6047269 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease
in the elderly and the patients suffer from uncontrolled movement disorders due to loss of
dopaminergic (DA) neurons on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We previously reported
that transplantation of human fetal midbrain-derived neural precursor cells restored the
functional deficits of a 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rodent model of PD but its
low viability and ethical issues still remain to be solved. Albeit immune privilege and
neural differentiation potentials suggest mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various
tissues including human placenta MSCs (hpMSCs) for an alternative source, our
understanding of their therapeutic mechanisms is still limited. To expand our knowledge on
the MSC-mediated PD treatment, we here investigated the therapeutic mechanism of hpMSCs
and hpMSC-derived neural phenotype cells (hpNPCs) using a PD rat model. Whereas both
hpMSCs and hpNPCs protected DA neurons in the SNpc at comparable levels, the hpNPC
transplantation into 6-OHDA treated rats exhibited longer lasting recovery in motor
deficits than either the saline or the hpMSC treated rats. The injected hpNPCs induced
delta-like ligand (DLL)1 and neurotrophic factors, and influenced environments prone to
neuroprotection. Compared with hpMSCs, co-cultured hpNPCs more efficiently protected
primary neural precursor cells from midbrain against 6-OHDA as well as induced their
differentiation into DA neurons. Further experiments with conditioned media from hpNPCs
revealed that the secreted factors from hpNPCs modulated immune responses and neural
protection. Taken together, both DLL1-mediated contact signals and paracrine factors play
critical roles in hpNPC-mediated improvement. First showing here that hpMSCs and their
neural derivative hpNPCs were able to restore the PD-associated deficits via dual
mechanisms, neuroprotection and immunosuppression, this study expanded our knowledge of
therapeutic mechanisms in PD and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Bae
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,2 Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chul Kim
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- 4 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- 5 Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Kim
- 6 Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Cha
- 7 Deparment of Ob and Gyn, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joopyung Kim
- 8 Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- 9 Department of Ob and Gyn, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- 10 Formulae Pharmacology Department, School of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,2 Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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85
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Parikh NU, Jacob A, Cwiklinski K, Sandhu P, Le K, Loftus AW, Schwartz SA, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Complement Proteins in the Neuropathology Associated with Opiate Abuse and HIV-1 Co-Morbidity. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:816-832. [PMID: 29058550 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1371891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system which is a critical mediator of innate immunity plays diverse roles in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection such as clearing HIV-1 and promoting productive HIV-1 replication. In the development of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND), there may be an imbalance between complement activation and regulation, which may contribute to the neuronal damage as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. It is well recognized that opiate abuse exacerbates HIV-1 neuropathology, however, little is known about the role of complement proteins in opiate induced neuromodulation, specifically in the presence of co-morbidity such as HIV-1 infection. Complement levels are significantly increased in the HIV-1-infected brain, thus HIV-induced complement synthesis may represent an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS in the brain, but remains underexplored. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies are able to initiate complement activation in HIV-1 infected CNS cells such as microglia and astrocytes during the course of disease progression; however, this complement activation fails to clear and eradicate HIV-1 from infected cells. In addition, the antiretroviral agents used for HIV therapy cause dysregulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial, and adipocyte cell function, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We speculate that both HIV-1 and opiates trigger a cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus that modulates the complement cascade to exacerbate the virus-induced neurological damage. We examined the expression levels of C1q, SC5b-9, C5L2, C5aR, C3aR, and C9 key members of the complement cascade both in vivo in post mortem brain frontal cortex tissue from patients with HAND who used/did not use heroin, and in vitro using human microglial cultures treated with HIV tat and/or heroin. We observed significant expression of C1q and SC5b-9 by immunofluorescence staining in both the brain cortical and hippocampal region in HAND patients who abused heroin. Additionally, we observed increased gene expression of C5aR, C3aR, and C9 in the brain tissue of both HIV-1 infected patients with HAND who abused and did not abuse heroin, as compared to HIV negative controls. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of complement proteins C9, C5L2, C5aR, and C3aR in HIV transfected microglia and an additional increase in the levels of these complement proteins in heroin-treated HIV transfected microglia. This study highlights the a) potential roles of complement proteins in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related neurodegenerative disorders; b) the combined effect of an opiate, like heroin, and HIV viral protein like HIV tat on complement proteins in normal human microglial cells and HIV transfected microglial cells. In the context of HAND, targeting selective steps in the complement cascade could help ameliorating the HIV burden in the CNS, thus investigations of complement-related therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HAND are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander Jacob
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Prateet Sandhu
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kevin Le
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander W Loftus
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
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86
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Abstract
Microglia are a subset of tissue macrophages that constitute the major immune cell type of the central nervous system. These cells have long been known to change their morphology and functions in response to various neurological insults. Recently, a plethora of unbiased transcriptomics studies have revealed that across a broad spectrum of neurodegeneration-like disease models, microglia adopt a similar activation signature and perform similar functions. Despite these commonalities in response, the role of microglia has been described as both positive and negative in different murine disease models. In humans, genetic association studies have revealed strong connections between microglia genes and various neurodegenerative diseases, and mechanistic investigations of these mutations have added another layer of complexity. Here, we provide an overview of studies that have built a case for a common microglial response to neurodegeneration and discuss pathways that may be important to initiate and sustain this response; delineate the multifaceted functions of activated microglia spanning different diseases; and discuss insights from studying genes associated with disease in humans. We argue that strong evidence causally links activated microglia function to neurodegeneration and discuss what seems to be a conflict between mouse models and human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur M Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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87
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Ament SA, Pearl JR, Cantle JP, Bragg RM, Skene PJ, Coffey SR, Bergey DE, Wheeler VC, MacDonald ME, Baliga NS, Rosinski J, Hood LE, Carroll JB, Price ND. Transcriptional regulatory networks underlying gene expression changes in Huntington's disease. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7435. [PMID: 29581148 PMCID: PMC5868199 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional changes occur presymptomatically and throughout Huntington's disease (HD), motivating the study of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) in HD We reconstructed a genome-scale model for the target genes of 718 transcription factors (TFs) in the mouse striatum by integrating a model of genomic binding sites with transcriptome profiling of striatal tissue from HD mouse models. We identified 48 differentially expressed TF-target gene modules associated with age- and CAG repeat length-dependent gene expression changes in Htt CAG knock-in mouse striatum and replicated many of these associations in independent transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. Thirteen of 48 of these predicted TF-target gene modules were also differentially expressed in striatal tissue from human disease. We experimentally validated a specific model prediction that SMAD3 regulates HD-related gene expression changes using chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) of mouse striatum. We found CAG repeat length-dependent changes in the genomic occupancy of SMAD3 and confirmed our model's prediction that many SMAD3 target genes are downregulated early in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Ament
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jocelynn R Pearl
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cantle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Robert M Bragg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Skene
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | | | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jim Rosinski
- CHDI Management, CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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88
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Sartain SE, Turner NA, Moake JL. Brain microvascular endothelial cells exhibit lower activation of the alternative complement pathway than glomerular microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7195-7208. [PMID: 29555686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and bone marrow transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) are associated with excessive activation of the alternative complement pathway (AP) and with severe renal, but rarely cerebral, microvascular damage. Here, we compared AP activation and regulation in human glomerular and brain microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs and BMVECs, respectively) unstimulated or stimulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Compared with GMVECs and under both experimental conditions, BMVECs had increased gene expression of the AP-related genes C3, CFB, and C5 and decreased expression of CFD This was associated with increased expression in BMVECs (relative to GMVECs) of the genes for surface and soluble regulatory molecules (CD46, THBD, CD55, CFI, and CFH) suppressing formation of the AP C3 and C5 convertases. Of note, unlike GMVECs, BMVECs generated extremely low levels of C3a and C5a and displayed decreased activation of the AP (as measured by a lower percentage of Ba generation than GMVECs). Moreover, BMVECs exhibited increased function of CD141, mediating activation of the natural anticoagulant protein C, compared with GMVECs. We also found that the C3a receptor (C3aR) is present on both cell types and that TNF greatly increases C3AR1 expression in GMVECs, but only slightly in BMVECs. Higher AP activation and C3a generation in GMVECs than in BMVECs, coupled with an increase in C3aR production in TNF-stimulated GMVECs, provides a possible explanation for the predominance of renal damage, and the absence of cerebral injury, in individuals with episodes of aHUS and TA-TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Sartain
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030.
| | - Nancy A Turner
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Joel L Moake
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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89
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Zelek WM, Watkins LM, Howell OW, Evans R, Loveless S, Robertson NP, Beenes M, Willems L, Brandwijk R, Morgan BP. Measurement of soluble CD59 in CSF in demyelinating disease: Evidence for an intrathecal source of soluble CD59. Mult Scler 2018; 25:523-531. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518758927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: CD59, a broadly expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, is the principal cell inhibitor of complement membrane attack on cells. In the demyelinating disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), elevated complement protein levels, including soluble CD59 (sCD59), were reported in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Objectives: We compared sCD59 levels in CSF and matched plasma in controls and patients with MS, NMOSD and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and investigated the source of CSF sCD59 and whether it was microparticle associated. Methods: sCD59 was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Hycult; HK374-02). Patient and control CSF was subjected to western blotting to characterise anti-CD59-reactive materials. CD59 was localised by immunostaining and in situ hybridisation. Results: CSF sCD59 levels were double those in plasma (CSF, 30.2 ng/mL; plasma, 16.3 ng/mL). Plasma but not CSF sCD59 levels differentiated MS from NMOSD, MS from CIS and NMOSD/CIS from controls. Elimination of microparticles confirmed that CSF sCD59 was not membrane anchored. Conclusion: CSF levels of sCD59 are not a biomarker of demyelinating diseases. High levels of sCD59 in CSF relative to plasma suggest an intrathecal source; CD59 expression in brain parenchyma was low, but expression was strong on choroid plexus (CP) epithelium, immediately adjacent the CSF, suggesting that this is the likely source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta M Zelek
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lewis M Watkins
- Institute of Life Science (ILS), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Science (ILS), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Rhian Evans
- Institute of Life Science (ILS), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | - B Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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90
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Morgan BP. Complement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:113-124. [PMID: 29134267 PMCID: PMC5794825 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of complement as an important player in normal brain development and pathological remodelling has come as a major surprise to most scientists working in neuroscience and almost all those working in complement. That a system, evolved to protect the host against infection, should have these unanticipated roles has forced a rethink about what complement might be doing in the brain in health and disease, where it is coming from, and whether we can, or indeed should, manipulate complement in the brain to improve function or restore homeostasis. Complement has been implicated in diverse neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases well reviewed elsewhere, from depression through epilepsy to demyelination and dementia, in most complement drives inflammation to exacerbate the disease. Here, I will focus on just one disease, the most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer's disease. I will briefly review the current understanding of what complement does in the normal brain, noting, in particular, the many gaps in understanding, then describe how complement may influence the genesis and progression of pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, I will discuss the problems and pitfalls of therapeutic inhibition of complement in the Alzheimer brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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91
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Rudzki L, Szulc A. "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29896124 PMCID: PMC5987016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok, Poland.,Three Towns Resource Centre, Saltcoats, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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92
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Hernandez MX, Jiang S, Cole TA, Chu SH, Fonseca MI, Fang MJ, Hohsfield LA, Torres MD, Green KN, Wetsel RA, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. Prevention of C5aR1 signaling delays microglial inflammatory polarization, favors clearance pathways and suppresses cognitive loss. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:66. [PMID: 28923083 PMCID: PMC5604420 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1, a receptor for the complement activation proinflammatory fragment, C5a, suppressed pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. To validate that the effect of the antagonist was specifically via C5aR1 inhibition, mice lacking C5aR1 were generated and compared in behavior and pathology. In addition, since C5aR1 is primarily expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage, and only to a lesser extent on endothelial cells and neurons in brain, gene expression in microglia isolated from adult brain at multiple ages was compared across all genotypes. METHODS C5aR1 knock out mice were crossed to the Arctic AD mouse model, and characterized for pathology and for behavior performance in a hippocampal dependent memory task. CX3CR1GFP and CCR2RFP reporter mice were bred to C5aR1 sufficient and knockout wild type and Arctic mice to enable sorting of microglia (GFP-positive, RFP-negative) isolated from adult brain at 2, 5, 7 and 10 months of age followed by RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS A lack of C5aR1 prevented behavior deficits at 10 months, although amyloid plaque load was not altered. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages near the plaques in the Arctic brain with or without C5aR1. Microglia were sorted from infiltrating monocytes (GFP and RFP-positive) for transcriptome analysis. RNA-seq analysis identified inflammation related genes as differentially expressed, with increased expression in the Arctic mice relative to wild type and decreased expression in the Arctic/C5aR1KO relative to Arctic. In addition, phagosomal-lysosomal gene expression was increased in the Arctic mice relative to wild type but further increased in the Arctic/C5aR1KO mice. A decrease in neuronal complexity was seen in hippocampus of 10 month old Arctic mice at the time that correlates with the behavior deficit, both of which were rescued in the Arctic/C5aR1KO. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with microglial polarization in the absence of C5aR1 signaling reflecting decreased induction of inflammatory genes and enhancement of degradation/clearance pathways, which is accompanied by preservation of CA1 neuronal complexity and hippocampal dependent cognitive function. These results provide links between microglial responses and loss of cognitive performance and, combined with the previous pharmacological approach to inhibit C5aR1 signaling, support the potential of this receptor as a novel therapeutic target for AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Hernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tracy A Cole
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Present Address: Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria I Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody J Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria D Torres
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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93
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Loveless S, Neal JW, Howell OW, Harding KE, Sarkies P, Evans R, Bevan RJ, Hakobyan S, Harris CL, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Tissue microarray methodology identifies complement pathway activation and dysregulation in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:507-520. [PMID: 28707765 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway has potential contributions to both white (WM) and grey matter (GM) pathology in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A quantitative assessment of complement involvement is lacking. Here we describe the use of Tissue MicroArray (TMA) methodology in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to investigate the localization of complement pathway proteins in progressive MS cortical GM and subcortical WM. Antibodies targeting complement proteins C1q, C3b, regulatory proteins C1 inhibitor (C1INH, complement receptor 1 (CR1), clusterin, factor H (FH) and the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) were utilised alongside standard markers of tissue pathology. All stained slides were digitised for quantitative analysis. We found that numbers of cells immunolabelled for HLA-DR, GFAP, C5aR, C1q and C3b were increased in WM lesions (WML) and GM lesions (GML) compared to normal appearing WM (NAWM) and GM (NAGM), respectively. The complement regulators C1INH, CR1, FH and clusterin were more abundant in WM lesions, while the number of C1q+ neurons were increased and the number of C1INH+, clusterin+, FH+ and CR1+ neurons decreased in GM lesions. The number of complement component positive cells (C1q, C3b) correlated with complement regulator expression in WM, but there was no statistical association between complement activation and regulator expression in the GM. We conclude that TMA methodology and quantitative analysis provides evidence of complement dysregulation in MS GML, including an association of the numerical density of C1q+ cells with tissue lesions. Our work confirms that complement activation and dysregulation occur in all cases of progressive MS and suggest that complement may provide potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James W Neal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E Harding
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Sarkies
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian Evans
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Hakobyan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Harris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
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Loveless S, Neal JW, Howell OW, Harding KE, Sarkies P, Evans R, Bevan RJ, Hakobyan S, Harris CL, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Tissue microarray methodology identifies complement pathway activation and dysregulation in progressive multiple sclerosis. BRAIN PATHOLOGY (ZURICH, SWITZERLAND) 2017. [PMID: 28707765 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12546.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement pathway has potential contributions to both white (WM) and grey matter (GM) pathology in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A quantitative assessment of complement involvement is lacking. Here we describe the use of Tissue MicroArray (TMA) methodology in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to investigate the localization of complement pathway proteins in progressive MS cortical GM and subcortical WM. Antibodies targeting complement proteins C1q, C3b, regulatory proteins C1 inhibitor (C1INH, complement receptor 1 (CR1), clusterin, factor H (FH) and the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) were utilised alongside standard markers of tissue pathology. All stained slides were digitised for quantitative analysis. We found that numbers of cells immunolabelled for HLA-DR, GFAP, C5aR, C1q and C3b were increased in WM lesions (WML) and GM lesions (GML) compared to normal appearing WM (NAWM) and GM (NAGM), respectively. The complement regulators C1INH, CR1, FH and clusterin were more abundant in WM lesions, while the number of C1q+ neurons were increased and the number of C1INH+, clusterin+, FH+ and CR1+ neurons decreased in GM lesions. The number of complement component positive cells (C1q, C3b) correlated with complement regulator expression in WM, but there was no statistical association between complement activation and regulator expression in the GM. We conclude that TMA methodology and quantitative analysis provides evidence of complement dysregulation in MS GML, including an association of the numerical density of C1q+ cells with tissue lesions. Our work confirms that complement activation and dysregulation occur in all cases of progressive MS and suggest that complement may provide potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James W Neal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E Harding
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Sarkies
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian Evans
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Hakobyan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Harris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
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95
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Chen X, Wang S, Cao W. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunomodulation in cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:8-14. [PMID: 28778534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of immune responses has been identified to involve in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal activation of glia cells and/or infiltration of peripheral adaptive immune cells always sustains neuroinflammation and the disease progression. Obviously, the regulation of neuroinflammation has become a potential therapeutic strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit complex interactions with various immune cells including T cells, macrophages and especially resident glia cells in the central nervous system. In response to tissue injury signals, MSCs adopt specific phenotype to suppress or promote immune responses depending on the inflammatory microenvironment they reside. Therefore, manipulation of MSCs may hold great potentials to improve MSC-based therapy on neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review MSC-mediated immunomodulation in cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, providing fundamental information for guiding appropriate applications of MSCs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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96
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Yang HM, Yang S, Huang SS, Tang BS, Guo JF. Microglial Activation in the Pathogenesis of Huntington's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:193. [PMID: 28674491 PMCID: PMC5474461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats (>36) in exon 1 of HTT gene that encodes huntingtin protein. Although HD is characterized by a predominant loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, previous studies point to a critical role of aberrant accumulation of mutant huntingtin in microglia that contributes to the progressive neurodegeneration in HD, through both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which function to surveil the microenvironment at a quiescent state. In response to various pro-inflammatory stimuli, microglia become activated and undergo two separate phases (M1 and M2 phenotype), which release pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors (TGF-β, CD206, and Arg1), respectively. Immunoregulation by microglial activation could be either neurotoxic or neuroprotective. In this review, we summarized current understanding about microglial activation in the pathogenesis and progression of HD, with a primary focus of M1 and M2 phenotype of activated microglia and their corresponding signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, AtlantaGA, United States
| | - Shan-Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsChangsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesChangsha, China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsChangsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DiseasesChangsha, China
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97
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Au NPB, Ma CHE. Recent Advances in the Study of Bipolar/Rod-Shaped Microglia and their Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:128. [PMID: 28522972 PMCID: PMC5415568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and they contribute to primary inflammatory responses following CNS injuries. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. Most previous research efforts have attempted to delineate the role of ramified and amoeboid microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to ramified and amoeboid microglia, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia were first described by Franz Nissl in 1899 and their presence in the brain was closely associated with the pathology of infectious diseases and sleeping disorders. However, studies relating to bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are very limited, largely due to the lack of appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Recent studies have reported the formation of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains in in vivo models of CNS injury, including diffuse brain injury, focal transient ischemia, optic nerve transection and laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). These bipolar/rod-shaped microglia formed end-to-end alignments in close proximity to the adjacent injured axons, but they showed no interactions with blood vessels or other types of glial cell. Recent studies have also reported on a highly reproducible in vitro culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia that acts as a powerful tool with which to characterize this form of microglia. The molecular aspects of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are of great interest in the field of CNS repair. This review article focuses on studies relating to the morphology and transformation of microglia into the bipolar/rod-shaped form, along with the differential gene expression and spatial distribution of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in normal and pathological CNSs. The spatial arrangement of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia is crucial in the reorganization and remodeling of neuronal and synaptic circuitry following CNS injuries. Finally, we discuss the potential neuroprotective roles of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia, and the possibility of transforming ramified/amoeboid microglia into bipolar/rod-shaped microglia. This will be of considerable clinical benefit in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating various neurodegenerative diseases and promoting CNS repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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98
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Wilson H, De Micco R, Niccolini F, Politis M. Molecular Imaging Markers to Track Huntington's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2017; 8:11. [PMID: 28194132 PMCID: PMC5278260 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, monogenic dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by repeat expansion mutation in the huntingtin gene. The accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein, forming intranuclear inclusions, subsequently leads to degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum and cortical areas. Genetic testing can identify HD gene carriers before individuals develop overt cognitive, psychiatric, and chorea symptoms. Thus, HD gene carriers can be studied in premanifest stages to understand and track the evolution of HD pathology. While advances have been made, the precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HD are unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been employed to understand HD pathology in presymptomatic and symptomatic disease stages. PET imaging uses radioactive tracers to detect specific changes, at a molecular level, which could be used as markers of HD progression and to monitor response to therapeutic treatments for HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs). This review focuses on available PET techniques, employed in cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies, as biomarkers for HD, and highlights future potential PET targets. PET studies have assessed changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors, brain metabolism, microglial activation, and recently phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) as markers to track HD progression. Alterations in PDE10A expression are the earliest biochemical change identified in HD gene carriers up to 43 years before predicted symptomatic onset. Thus, PDE10A expression could be a promising marker to track HD progression from early premanifest disease stages. Other PET targets which have been less well investigated as biomarkers include cannabinoid, adenosine, and GABA receptors. Future longitudinal studies are required to fully validate these PET biomarkers for use to track disease progression from far-onset premanifest to manifest HD stages. PET imaging is a crucial neuroimaging tool, with the potential to detect early changes and validate sensitivity of biomarkers for tracking HD pathology. Moreover, continued development of novel PET tracers provides exciting opportunities to investigate new molecular targets, such as histamine and serotonin receptors, to further understand the mechanisms underlying HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Rosa De Micco
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
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99
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Nitkiewicz J, Borjabad A, Morgello S, Murray J, Chao W, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ. HIV induces expression of complement component C3 in astrocytes by NF-κB-dependent activation of interleukin-6 synthesis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:23. [PMID: 28122624 PMCID: PMC5267445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activation of the complement system contributes to some central nervous system diseases but the role of complement in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is unclear. METHODS We used real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to detect complement expression in postmortem brain tissue from HAND patients and controls. To further investigate the basis for viral induction of gene expression in the brain, we studied the effect of HIV on C3 expression by astrocytes, innate immune effector cells, and targets of HIV. Human fetal astrocytes (HFA) were infected with HIV in culture and cellular pathways and factors involved in signaling to C3 expression were elucidated using pharmacological pathway inhibitors, antisense RNA, promoter mutational analysis, and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We found significantly increased expression of complement components including C3 in brain tissues from patients with HAND and C3 was identified by immunocytochemistry in astrocytes and neurons. Exposure of HFA to HIV in culture-induced C3 promoter activity, mRNA expression, and protein production. Use of pharmacological inhibitors indicated that induction of C3 expression by HIV requires NF-κB and protein kinase signaling. The relevance of NF-κB regulation to C3 induction was confirmed through detection of NF-κB translocation into nuclei and inhibition through overexpression of the physiological NF-κB inhibitor, I-κBα. C3 promoter mutation analysis revealed that the NF-κB and SP binding sites are dispensable for the induction by HIV, while the proximal IL-1β/IL-6 responsive element is essential. HIV-treated HFA secreted IL-6, exogenous IL-6 activated the C3 promoter, and anti-IL-6 antibodies blocked HIV activation of the C3 promoter. The activation of IL-6 transcription by HIV was dependent upon an NF-κB element within the IL-6 promoter. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HIV activates C3 expression in primary astrocytes indirectly, through NF-κB-dependent induction of IL-6, which in turn activates the C3 promoter. HIV induction of C3 and IL-6 in astrocytes may contribute to HIV-mediated inflammation in the brain and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Nitkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Present Address: PSI-CRO, Wisniowy Business Park C, 1 Sierpnia 6A, 02-134 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alejandra Borjabad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Manhattan HIV Brain Bank, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Jacinta Murray
- Manhattan HIV Brain Bank, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversitySchool of Medicine, Richmond, 23298 VA USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversitySchool of Medicine, Richmond, 23298 VA USA
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
| | - David J. Volsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1468 Madison Avenue, Annenberg Building, 21st Floor, Room 42, New York, 10029 NY USA
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100
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Singhrao SK, Harding A, Chukkapalli S, Olsen I, Kesavalu L, Crean S. Apolipoprotein E Related Co-Morbidities and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:935-48. [PMID: 26923007 DOI: 10.3233/jad150690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of advancement in clinical services is to provide a health care system that enhances an individual's quality of life. Incidence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and associated dementia coupled with the advancing age of the population, have led to an increase in the worldwide challenge to the healthcare system. In order to overcome these challenges, prior knowledge of common, reliable risk factors and their effectors is essential. Oral health constitutes one such relatively unexplored but indispensable risk factor for aforementioned co-morbidities, in the form of poor oral hygiene and tooth loss during aging. Behavioral traits such as low education, smoking, poor diet, neglect of oral health, lack of exercise, and hypertension are few of the risk factors that are shared commonly among these conditions. In addition, common genetic susceptibility traits such as the apolipoprotein E gene, together with an individual's lifestyle can also influence the development of co-morbidities such as periodontitis, atherosclerosis/stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This review specifically addresses the susceptibility of apolipoprotein E gene allele 4 as the plausible commonality for the etiology of co-morbidities that eventually result from periodontal diseases and ultimately progress to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim K Singhrao
- Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Alice Harding
- Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sasanka Chukkapalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - StJohn Crean
- Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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