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Social interaction, psychotic disorders and inflammation: A triangle of interest. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110697. [PMID: 36521587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction difficulties are a hallmark of psychotic disorders, which in some cases can be definitely traced back to autoimmunological causes. Interestingly, systemic and intrathecal inflammation have been shown to significantly influence social processing by increasing sensitivity to threatening social stimuli, which bears some resemblance to psychosis. In this article, we review evidence for the involvement of systemic and intrathecal inflammatory processes in psychotic disorders and how this might help to explain some of the social impairments associated with this group of disorders. Vice versa, we also discuss evidence for the immunomodulatory function of social interactions and their potential role for therapeutic interventions in psychotic disorders.
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Oyenubi A, Kollamparambil U. Does noncompliance with COVID-19 regulations impact the depressive symptoms of others? ECONOMIC MODELLING 2023; 120:106191. [PMID: 36628053 PMCID: PMC9816162 DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Before vaccines became commonly available, compliance with nonpharmaceutical only preventive measures offered protection against COVID-19 infection. Compliance is therefore expected to have physical health implications for the individual and others. Moreover, in the context of the highly contagious coronavirus, perceived noncompliance can increase the subjective risk assessment of contracting the virus and, as a result, increase psychological distress. However, the implications of (public) noncompliance on the psychological health of others have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Examining this is of utmost importance in light of the pandemic's elevated prevalence of depressive symptoms across countries. Using nationally representative data from South Africa, we explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and perceived noncompliance. We examine this relationship using a double machine learning approach while controlling for observable selection. Our result shows that the perception that neighbors are noncompliant is correlated with self-reported depressive symptoms. Therefore, in the context of a highly infectious virus, noncompliance has detrimental effects on the wellbeing of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Oyenubi
- School of Economics & Finance University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
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McGuire AP, Elmore C, Szabo YZ, Kurz AS, Mendoza C, Umucu E, Creech SK. Exploring the trajectory and correlates of social isolation for veterans across a 6-month period during COVID-19. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281575. [PMID: 36857305 PMCID: PMC9977007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation is a relevant problem for veterans who are at risk for disengaging from others as a function of transition stress from military life to civilian life, and given high rates of exposure to trauma and psychological distress. Few researchers have examined social isolation in veterans over time, particularly during COVID-19 that led to significant barriers and restrictions on social interactions. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to assess veterans' experience of social isolation and its mental health and social functioning correlates during a 6-month period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 188 United States veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. A total of four assessments were administered: one every two months for a total duration of six months. The average number of completed assessments across all participants was 3.70 (SD = 0.75) with 159 participants (84.13%) completing all four timepoints. Surveys included measures of global mental health and social functioning as indicated by perceived emotional support, quality of marriage, and couple satisfaction. Multilevel modeling was used to assess 1) growth models to determine whether social isolation changed over time and the trajectory of that change (i.e., linear or quadratic); and 2) whether social isolation was related to both concurrent and prospective indicators of mental health and social functioning. All analyses included person mean centered and grand mean centered isolation to assess for within-and between-person effects. Veterans reported a quadratic trajectory in social isolation that decreased slightly and stabilized over time. Findings indicate that higher social isolation, at both the within- and between-person level, was negatively associated with concurrent emotional support, mental health, quality of marriage, and couple satisfaction. However, all prospective effects were nonsignificant at the within-person level. Results suggest although isolation may decrease over time, veterans report worse mental health and social functioning during times when they report higher levels of social isolation compared to themselves and others. Future work is needed to determine if interventions can be applied during those times to prevent or target those negative associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. McGuire
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States of America
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Colby Elmore
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Yvette Z. Szabo
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States of America
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States of America
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States of America
| | - A. Solomon Kurz
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States of America
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States of America
| | - Corina Mendoza
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States of America
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States of America
| | - Emre Umucu
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Suzannah K. Creech
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States of America
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School of the University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America
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Eyasu Alemu N, Josephine Adeagbo M, Melese B. The Risk of Interpersonal Violence against Women with Disabilities in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICA NURSING SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Lay-Yee R, Matthews T, Moffitt T, Poulton R, Caspi A, Milne B. Are trajectories of social isolation from childhood to mid-adulthood associated with adult depression or suicide outcomes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:373-382. [PMID: 36456781 PMCID: PMC9715405 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social isolation has been shown to have negative effects on mental health outcomes though little is known about trajectories across the life course. We examined the relationship between trajectory groups and selected mental health outcomes in mid-adulthood. METHODS We previously created a typology of social isolation based on onset during the life course and persistence into adulthood, using group-based trajectory analysis of longitudinal data from a New Zealand birth cohort. The typology comprises four groups: 'never-isolated', 'adult-only', 'child-only', and 'persistent (child-adult) isolation'. We undertook logistic regression analyses of three mental health outcomes with trajectory group as the predictor, adjusting for sex and a range of familial and child-behavioural factors. RESULTS Lifetime suicide attempt, and depression and suicide ideation in mid-adulthood were each associated with adult-only but not child-only social isolation. Depression in mid-adulthood was also associated with persistent child-adult social isolation. CONCLUSION Although our findings are associational and not causal, they indicate that interrupting persistent social isolation may help to prevent adult depression whereas halting adult social isolation may ameliorate both depression and suicide outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lay-Yee
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Department of Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Terrie Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barry Milne
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sex-specific impacts of social isolation on loneliness, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and biomarkers: Results from the social environment and biomarker of aging study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104872. [PMID: 36493576 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate sex-specific associations between social isolation and psychological outcomes and biomarkers among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults using a nationally representative population-based cohort study. METHODS Data from 757 participants from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS) were retrieved for analysis, and all participants were stratified by sex. The associations between social isolation and psychological outcomes (loneliness, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment) at the 4-year follow-up were examined by multivariate logistic regression models, and associations between social isolation and biomarkers at the 4-year follow-up were examined by multivariate generalized linear models (GLMs). RESULTS For men, social isolation was not associated with the development of loneliness. However, being married (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.32 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.74], p<0.001) was associated with a lower risk of loneliness, indicating potential protective effects of marriage for men. On the other hand, social isolation was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of loneliness in women (aOR 2.26 [1.01-5.09], p<0.001). Social isolation was not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for other demographics. For men, being married (aOR 0.51 [0.26-0.99], p<0.05) or having good self-reported health (aOR 0.44 [0.21-0.92], p<0.05) was protective against depressive symptoms. For women, only good self-reported health (aOR 0.30 [0.13-0.70], p<0.01) provided protective effects against depressive symptoms. Similarly, other demographic factors (being married and having a higher educational level) but not social isolation were associated with lower risks of cognitive impairment. No significant associations were noted between social isolation and selected biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Sex-different associations between social isolation and loneliness were noted; the effects of demographic factors, such as being married, self-reported health status, and high education levels, on subsequent loneliness, depression, and cognitive function were also sex-different. Further intervention studies are needed to explore sex-specific approaches to deal with the interplay of social isolation, loneliness, psychological outcomes and other demographic factors.
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Adlington K, Vasquez C, Pearce E, Wilson CA, Nowland R, Taylor BL, Spring S, Johnson S. 'Just snap out of it' - the experience of loneliness in women with perinatal depression: a Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:110. [PMID: 36849948 PMCID: PMC9970854 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and the arrival of a new baby is a time of great transition and upheaval. Women often experience social isolation and loneliness at this time and may develop depression, particularly in the postnatal period. Qualitative studies have reported that loneliness is also a feature of perinatal depression. However, until now there has been no attempt to synthesise research exploring the links between loneliness and perinatal depression. This study's aim was to explore existing qualitative evidence to answer two research questions: What are the experiences of loneliness for women with perinatal depression? What helps and what makes loneliness worse for women with perinatal depression? METHODS A qualitative meta-synthesis retrieved primary qualitative studies relevant to the research questions. Four electronic databases were systematically searched (Ovid MEDLINE®; PsycINFO; Embase; Web of Science). Papers were screened according to pre-defined inclusion criteria and assigned a quality score. Thematic analysis was used to identify major overarching themes in the literature. RESULTS Twenty-seven relevant qualitative studies were included. Themes relating to the interaction between perinatal depression and loneliness included self-isolation and hiding symptoms due to stigma of perinatal depression and fear of judgement as a 'bad mother'; a sudden sense of emotional disconnection after birth; and a mismatch between expected and actual support provided by partner, family and community. There was also a double burden of loneliness for women from disadvantaged communities, due to increased stigma and decreased social support. Validation and understanding from healthcare professionals, peer support from other mothers with experience of perinatal depression, and practical and emotional family support were all important factors that could ameliorate loneliness. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness appears to play a central role in the experience of perinatal depression based on the frequency with which it emerged in women's accounts. The findings provide a foundation for the development of further theories about the role of loneliness in perinatal depression and evidence in which future psychological and social intervention design processes can be rooted. Addressing stigma and offering culturally appropriate professional and peer support are potential targets for interventions that could help women with perinatal depression, particularly in disadvantaged communities, feel less lonely. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospero registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php? RecordID = 251,936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Adlington
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK. .,Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK. .,East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | | | - Eiluned Pearce
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire A Wilson
- Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Nowland
- School of Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.,Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sallay V, Martos T, Lucza L, Papp-Zipernovszky O, Csabai M. Health Psychology Services for People in Disadvantaged Regions of Hungary: Experiences from the Primary Health Care Development Model Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3900. [PMID: 36900910 PMCID: PMC10002199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of community health psychology in providing complex bio-psycho-social care is well documented. We present a mixed-method outcome-monitoring study of health psychology services in the public-health-focused Primary Health Care Development Model Program (2012-2017) in four disadvantaged micro-regions in northeast Hungary. METHODS Study 1 assessed the availability of the services using a sample of 17,003 respondents. Study 2 applied a follow-up design to measure the mental health outcomes of the health psychology services on a sample of 132 clients. In Study 3, we conducted focus-group interviews to assess clients' lived experiences. RESULTS More mental health issues and higher education predicted a higher probability of service use. Follow-up showed that individual and group-based psychological interventions resulted in less depression and (marginally) higher well-being. Thematic analysis of the focus-group interviews indicated that participants deemed topics such as psychoeducation, greater acceptance of psychological support, and heightened awareness of individual and community support important. CONCLUSIONS The results of the monitoring study demonstrate the important role health psychology services can play in primary healthcare in disadvantaged regions in Hungary. Community health psychology can improve well-being, reduce inequality, raise the population's health awareness, and address unmet social needs in disadvantaged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Sallay
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Martos
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Lucza
- Doctoral School of Education, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Márta Csabai
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Reformed Church, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
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Frenette É, Ouellet MC, Guay S, Lebel J, Békés V, Belleville G. The effect of an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy intervention on social support in disaster evacuees. J Clin Psychol 2023. [PMID: 36810981 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both exposure to a natural disaster and psychological symptoms may lead to decreases in social support. Few studies have examined ways to improve social support among victims of natural disasters. AIMS The objective of the study was to assess emotional and tangible support following a 12-session Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) targeting posttraumatic stress (PTS), insomnia, and depression symptoms and to examine the association between posttreatment symptoms and emotional and tangible support. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-eight wildfire evacuees with significant PTS, depression and/or insomnia symptoms were given access to the ICBT. They completed questionnaires at pre- and posttreatment to measure social support and symptom severity. RESULTS Results show that completion of the treatment led to an improvement in emotional support. Lower posttreatment PTS and insomnia symptoms were associated with higher posttreatment emotional support. CONCLUSION ICBT may contribute to enhance emotional support through symptom improvement and probably more so when social support is address directly in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Guay
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessica Lebel
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Vera Békés
- The Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA
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Bagautdinova D, Bacharz KC, Bylund CL, Sae-Hau M, Weiss ES, Rajotte M, Lincoln G, Vasquez TS, Parker ND, Wright KB, Fisher CL. Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Caregiving and Related Resource Needs. J Clin Med 2023; 12:1648. [PMID: 36836183 PMCID: PMC9965960 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) caregivers play a central role in disease management-a role that has been heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic given the healthcare system's reliance on frontline family caregivers and CLL patients' increased risk of infection and mortality. Using a mixed-method design, we investigated the impact of the pandemic on CLL caregivers (Aim 1) and their perceived resource needs (Aim 2): 575 CLL caregivers responded to an online survey; 12 spousal CLL caregivers were interviewed. Two open-ended survey items were thematically analyzed and compared with interview findings. Aim 1 results showed that two years into the pandemic, CLL caregivers continue to struggle with coping with distress, living in isolation, and losing in-person care opportunities. Caregivers described experiencing increasing caregiving burden, realizing the vaccine may not work or didn't work for their loved one with CLL, feeling cautiously hopeful about EVUSHELD, and dealing with unsupportive/skeptical individuals. Aim 2 results indicate that CLL caregivers needed reliable, ongoing information about COVID-19 risk, information about and access to vaccination, safety/precautionary measures, and monoclonal infusions. Findings illustrate ongoing challenges facing CLL caregivers and provide an agenda to better support the caregivers of this vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diliara Bagautdinova
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kelsey C. Bacharz
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carma L. Bylund
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maria Sae-Hau
- The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Rye Brook, NY 10573, USA
| | - Elisa S. Weiss
- The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Rye Brook, NY 10573, USA
| | | | - Greg Lincoln
- P.K. Younge Developmental Research School, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Taylor S. Vasquez
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Naomi D. Parker
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin B. Wright
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Carla L. Fisher
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Jamil A, Syed J, Kanwal S, Ain QU, Namroz N, Gul A, Jamil A. Loneliness and mental health related impacts of COVID-19: a narrative review. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:21-30. [PMID: 36126342 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness is the one of the common phase experienced during COVID-19 pandemic. It has impacted mental health of all ages specifically children and adolescents. The aim of this review was to assess level of loneliness and mental health related impacts of COVID-19 among both; children and adolescents. For this literature review, two independent reviewers searched articles on Cochrane library, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Science-direct. Both MeSH terms and free text terms were used for search purposes between December 01, 2019 and December 30, 2021. A total of 14 studies met inclusion criteria and of these, 8 studies were related to mental health related impacts of COVID-19 pandemic whereas 6 studies involved both aspects i.e. loneliness and mental health among children and adolescents. One study was qualitative, one interventional, and remaining 12 were cross-sectional surveys. The findings of this review suggest an increase in level of loneliness and mental health related impacts during COVID-19 pandemic among children and adolescents. Loneliness, social distancing and internet usage therefore re strongly correlated with mental health related issues including stress, anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Jamil
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jaweria Syed
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Areej Gul
- Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aniqa Jamil
- Department of Public Health, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Sipowicz K, Pietras T. THE FEELING OF LONELINESS IN SOMATIC DISEASES AND MENTAL DISORDERS AS A NEW CHALLENGE OF MODERN MEDICINE. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:276-279. [PMID: 37589116 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202303116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper to reflect on the meaning of the sense of loneliness caused by illness. The work is a selective narrative review with particular emphasis on attempts to define the feeling of loneliness, as well as the results of own research. The problem of loneliness affects not only patients, but also their families and caregivers. As it follows from the literature review, the issue of loneliness has been much better studied in mental disorders than in somatic diseases. In addition, the analysed research shows that the presence of the disease is the main variable determining the feeling of loneliness in the population of people in late adulthood. The feeling of loneliness turns out to be a key element of the psychosocial aspect of any disease. Therefore, it would be necessary to consider in the future how this adverse psychosocial phenomenon could be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Sipowicz
- DEPARTMENT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY DISABILITY STUDIES, MARIA GRZEGORZEWSKA UNIVERSITY IN WARSAW, WARSAW, POLAND
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- SECOND DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY, INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY IN WARSAW, WARSAW, POLAND
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Jin HT, Wang F, Zhang W, Liu QL, Zhang JL, Yu M, Guo ZZ, Pan W. Linear Regression Analysis of Sleep Quality in People with Insomnia in Wuhan City during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Clin Pract 2023; 2023:6746045. [PMID: 37066072 PMCID: PMC10104741 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6746045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective COVID-19 has evolved into a major global public health event. The number of people reporting insomnia is growing exponentially during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the relationship between aggravated insomnia and COVID-19-induced psychological impact on the public, lifestyle changes, and anxiety about the future. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used the questionnaires from 400 subjects who were obtained from the Department of Encephalopathy of the Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 2020 and July 2021. The data collected for the study included demographic characteristics of the participants and psychological scales consisting of the Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the results. Correlation analysis of variables affecting insomnia was performed using Pearson correlation analysis. The degree of influence of the variables on insomnia was determined using linear regression, and a regression equation was derived. Results A total of 400 insomnia patients participated in the survey. The median age was 45.75 ± 15.04 years. The average score of the Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire was 17.29 ± 6.36, that of SAS was 52.47 ± 10.39, that of SDS was 65.89 ± 8.72, and that of FCV-19S was 16.09 ± 6.81. The scores of FCV-19S, SAS, and SDS were closely related to insomnia, and the influencing degree was in the following order: fear, depression, and anxiety (OR = 1.30, 0.709, and 0.63, respectively). Conclusion Fear of COVID-19 can be one of the primary contributors to worsening insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Jin
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Qi-Lin Liu
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Jing-Lan Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Guo
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
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Ose SO, Thaulow K, Færevik H, Hoffmann PL, Lestander H, Stiles T, Lindgren M. Development of a social skills training programme to target social isolation using virtual reality technology in primary mental health care. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2023; 10:20556683231187545. [PMID: 37456950 PMCID: PMC10338658 DOI: 10.1177/20556683231187545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with severe mental illness often have a small or no network of friends and limited contact with their family and live social isolated lives. We developed a social skills training programme to be administered by public mental health professionals in helping those with mental illness to overcome their social isolation. Methods The programme was developed over 3 years in close collaboration among psychologists, service users, municipal mental health professionals, mental health service researchers and a local firm providing virtual reality (VR) training. We started with the simplest available equipment, that is, a cardboard headset combined with a smartphone, then we used Oculus Quest and now Oculus Quest 2. Results The resulting programme is comprised of eight steps from: 1) identify service user's primary and secondary goals to 8) three-month follow-up. Conclusion Several factors made adoption and implementation of VR technology possible in a relatively short timeframe: namely, the municipality and service users were involved from the beginning of the development process, efforts were made to introduce VR to mental health professionals and allow them to reflect on its usability, solutions were low-tech and low cost, and the long-term research collaboration was established without municipal financial obligations.
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Amendola S, Cerutti R. Examining the relationship between social withdrawal motivations and symptoms of hikikomori. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2023; 35:25-41. [PMID: 38638073 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2023.2291180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between social withdrawal motivations (peer isolation, shyness, unsociability, low mood, and avoidance) and symptoms of hikikomori using both variable- and person-oriented analyses.Method: Adolescents (N = 212) participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected using the Social Withdrawal Motivations Scale and the Avoidance subscale of the Child Social Preference Scale-Revised, the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 Brief Form, and the Interpersonal sensitivity subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory.Results: Path analysis revealed that peer isolation, shyness, unsociability, and avoidance were associated with symptoms of hikikomori while covarying for age, sex, maladaptive personality, and interpersonal sensitivity. Cluster analysis based on social withdrawal motivations identified four subtypes of adolescents. The group with high social withdrawal motivations showed the highest level of overall personality dysfunction and interpersonal sensitivity. Additionally, the group with high social withdrawal motivations and the group with high avoidance demonstrated higher symptoms of hikikomori compared to the other two groups, after accounting for the effects of the covariates.Conclusions: The findings highlight that the evaluation of co-occurrent social withdrawal motivations may improve the ability to identify those adolescents most in need of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Amendola
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Cerutti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Daughtrey H, Slain KN, Derrington S, Evans IVR, Goodman DM, Christie LM, Li S, Lin JC, Long DA, Madden MA, VandenBranden S, Smith M, Pinto NP, Maddux AB, Fink EL, Watson RS, Dervan LA. Measuring Social Health Following Pediatric Critical Illness: A Scoping Review and Conceptual Framework. J Intensive Care Med 2023; 38:32-41. [PMID: 35603750 DOI: 10.1177/08850666221102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social health is an important component of recovery following critical illness as modeled in the pediatric Post-Intensive Care Syndrome framework. We conducted a scoping review of studies measuring social outcomes (measurable components of social health) following pediatric critical illness and propose a conceptual framework of the social outcomes measured in these studies. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Registry. STUDY SELECTION We identified studies evaluating social outcomes in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) survivors or their families from 1970-2017 as part of a broader scoping review of outcomes after pediatric critical illness. DATA EXTRACTION We identified articles by dual review and dual-extracted study characteristics, instruments, and instrument validation and administration information. For instruments used in studies evaluating a social outcome, we collected instrument content and described it using qualitative methods adapted to a scoping review. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 407 articles identified in the scoping review, 223 (55%) evaluated a social outcome. The majority were conducted in North America and the United Kingdom, with wide variation in methodology and population. Among these studies, 38 unique instruments were used to evaluate a social outcome. Specific social outcomes measured included individual (independence, attachment, empathy, social behaviors, social cognition, and social interest), environmental (community perceptions and environment), and network (activities and relationships) characteristics, together with school and family outcomes. While many instruments assessed more than one social outcome, no instrument evaluated all areas of social outcome. CONCLUSIONS The full range of social outcomes reported following pediatric critical illness were not captured by any single instrument. The lack of a comprehensive instrument focused on social outcomes may contribute to under-appreciation of the importance of social outcomes and their under-representation in PICU outcomes research. A more comprehensive evaluation of social outcomes will improve understanding of overall recovery following pediatric critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Daughtrey
- 8404Children's National Hospital Heart Institute, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine N Slain
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 159284Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine & UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sabrina Derrington
- Division of Anesthesiology & Critical Care and the Center for Pediatric Bioethics, 5150Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Idris V R Evans
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, 12317University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Denise M Goodman
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12244Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - LeeAnn M Christie
- 72462Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Simon Li
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12287Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - John C Lin
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debbie A Long
- School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology; Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, 94273Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maureen A Madden
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, 551419New Jersey & Bristol Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sara VandenBranden
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 24319Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - McKenna Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, 12348University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neethi P Pinto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 6567Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12225University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ericka L Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, 6619UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Scott Watson
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12353University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- 502985Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leslie A Dervan
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12353University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 547305Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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67
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Bornheimer LA, Li Verdugo J, Thompson S. Depression Mediates the Relationships between Hallucinations, Delusions, and Social Isolation in First-Episode Psychosis. SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH 2022; 46:332-341. [PMID: 36420428 PMCID: PMC9673164 DOI: 10.1093/swr/svac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is common among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Research indicates that social isolation relates to poorer mental health outcomes, depression, and negative symptoms, with less known about its relationship with positive symptoms. This study examined depression as a mediator in the relationships between positive symptoms (i.e., hallucinations and delusions) and social isolation among an early treatment phase sample in the United States. Data were obtained from the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode project of the National Institute of Mental Health's Early Treatment Program. Participants (N = 404) included adults between ages 15 and 40 in a first episode of psychosis. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Mplus (Version 8). The study showed that delusions (b = .095, SE = 0.04, p < .05) and hallucinations (b = .076, SE = 0.03, p < .01) were directly related to depression, and that both delusions (b = .129, SE = 0.06, p < .05) and depression (b = .254, SE = 0.09, p < .05) were directly related to social isolation. Findings of this study determined that depression functioned as a mediator in the relationships between positive symptoms and social isolation. Targeting psychosis symptomatology and depression in treatment, improving social skills and social support networks, and considering the role of stigma in social isolation are of great importance in the prevention of poorer mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Bornheimer
- PhD, is an assistant professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1106, USA
| | - Juliann Li Verdugo
- MSW, is a project coordinator, is a research assistant, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Thompson
- MSW, is a research assistant, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Olaniran A, Garcia KT, Burke MAM, Lin H, Venniro M, Li X. Operant social seeking to a novel peer after social isolation is associated with activation of nucleus accumbens shell in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022:10.1007/s00213-022-06280-9. [PMID: 36449074 PMCID: PMC10227185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Deprivation of social interaction promotes social reward seeking in rodents, assessed primarily by the conditioned place preference procedure. Here, we used an operant social procedure in rats and examined the effect of the housing condition (pair-housing vs. single-housing) during or after social self-administration on social reward seeking. METHODS We first trained paired-housed or single-housed rats to gain access to an age- and sex-matched novel peer. On post-training day 1 (PTD1), we tested both groups for social seeking without the presence of the novel peer. Next, we divided each group into pair-housing or single-housing conditions and tested all four groups (pair-pair, pair-single, single-pair, and single-single) for social seeking on post-training day 12 (PTD12). Finally, we analyzed Fos expression in the striatum associated with social seeking on PTD12. RESULT Single-housed rats earned more social rewards during social self-administration than pair-housed rats. Social isolation during social self-administration also promoted social seeking on PTD1 and PTD12, regardless of their housing conditions after social self-administration training. Additionally, in pair-housed rats, social isolation during the post-training period led to a time-dependent increase of social seeking on PTD12 compared with PTD1. Finally, the Fos analyses revealed an increase of Fos expression in NAc shell of single-single rats after social seeking test on PTD12 compared with pair-pair rats. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that social isolation promotes operant social self-administration and social seeking. In addition, neuronal activation of NAc shell is associated with social seeking after social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo Olaniran
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Kristine T Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Megan A M Burke
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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69
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Karim S, Choukas-Bradley S, Radovic A, Roberts SR, Maheux AJ, Escobar-Viera CG. Support over Social Media among Socially Isolated Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Rural U.S. during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities for Intervention Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15611. [PMID: 36497684 PMCID: PMC9738510 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) rural adolescents are at risk for higher levels of social isolation, a well-known risk factor for depression and other negative health outcomes. We qualitatively examined how rural SGM youth seek emotional and informational support, which are protective factors for social isolation on social media (SM) regarding their SGM identity, and determined which SM platforms and tools are most effective in providing support. We conducted semistructured online interviews with rural SGM teens who screened positive for social isolation in spring 2020 and used a thematic analysis approach to analyze the data. Sixteen youths participated in interviews. Themes included seeking emotional support through SM groups and communities, seeking emotional support in designated online SGM spaces, using SM feeds for informational support, and disclosing SGM identity differentially across platforms. SM-based interventions could be leveraged to provide emotional and informational support for rural SGM youth across specific SM platforms and consider whether they are providing emotional or information support. Interventions focused on informational support may best be used on content-based platforms. Those designed to combat social isolation and connect marginalized SGM youths to similar others might benefit from community and forum-based platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Karim
- Learning Sciences Research, Digital Promise 1001 Connecticut Ave NW #935, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ana Radovic
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Enhancing Treatment & Utilization for Depression & Emergent Suicidality (ETUDES), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Savannah R. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anne J. Maheux
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - César G. Escobar-Viera
- Center for Enhancing Treatment & Utilization for Depression & Emergent Suicidality (ETUDES), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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70
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Newman-Norlund RD, Newman-Norlund SE, Sayers S, McLain AC, Riccardi N, Fridriksson J. Effects of social isolation on quality of life in elderly adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276590. [PMID: 36327259 PMCID: PMC9632793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged periods of social isolation are known to have significant negative health consequences and reduce quality of life, an effect that is particularly pronounced in older populations. Despite the known deleterious effects of social isolation, a key component of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been the issuance of stay at home and/or shelter in place orders. Relatively little is known about the potential effects these periods of social isolation could have on older adults, and less still is known about potential risk factors or protective factors that modulate these effects. Here, we describe results from a longitudinal study in which we measured quality of life both prior to and immediately following a one-month period of social isolation associated with the issuance and revocation of a shelter in place order (April 6, 2020 through May 4, 2020) in the state of South Carolina. Healthy adult participants (N = 62) between the ages of 60 and 80 who had already completed quality of life questionnaires prior to isolation again completed the questionnaires following a one-month order to shelter in place. Quality of life significantly decreased during the social isolation period, with older participants showing the greatest declines. Participants with higher levels of physical activity and better physical/mental health going into the isolation period tended to show greater decreases in quality of life over time. These results highlight the negative consequences of even short bouts of social isolation for the elderly and suggest that reductions in social contact related to COVID-19 may have significant effects on mental health and emotional well-being, at least among older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D. Newman-Norlund
- Department of Communication Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Newman-Norlund
- Department of Communication Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara Sayers
- Department of Communication Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander C. McLain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Riccardi
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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71
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Mann F, Wang J, Pearce E, Ma R, Schlief M, Lloyd-Evans B, Ikhtabi S, Johnson S. Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:2161-2178. [PMID: 35583561 PMCID: PMC9636084 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loneliness is associated with poor health including premature mortality. There are cross-sectional associations with depression, anxiety, psychosis, and other mental health outcomes. However, it is not known whether loneliness is causally linked with the new onset of mental health problems in the general population. Longitudinal studies are key to understanding this relationship. We synthesized evidence from longitudinal studies investigating the relationship between loneliness and new onset of mental health problems, in the general population. METHOD We systematically searched six electronic databases, unpublished sources, and hand-searched references, up to August 2021. We conducted a meta-analysis of eight independent cohorts and narrative synthesis of the remaining studies. RESULTS We included 32 studies, of which the majority focused on depression. Our narrative synthesis found most studies show loneliness at baseline which is associated with the subsequent new onset of depression. The few studies on anxiety and self-harm also showed a positive association. Our meta-analysis found a pooled adjusted odds ratio of 2.33 (95% CI 1.62-3.34) for risk of new onset depression in adults who were often lonely compared with people who were not often lonely. This should be interpreted with caution given evidence of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Loneliness is a public mental health issue. There is growing evidence it is associated with the onset of depression and other common mental health problems. Future studies should explore its impact across the age range and in more diverse populations, look beyond depression, and explore the mechanisms involved with a view to better informing appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Mann
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Public Health Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eiluned Pearce
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Ruimin Ma
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Merle Schlief
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Brynmor Lloyd-Evans
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Sarah Ikhtabi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
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Bai MS, Miao CY, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Jia FY, Du L. COVID-19 and mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Review). Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114881. [PMID: 36252421 PMCID: PMC9550277 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus has been present for two years and has had a widespread and sustained impact worldwide. There is growing evidence in the literature that COVID-19 may have negative effects on mental illness in patients and in healthy populations. The unprecedented changes brought about by COVID-19, such as social isolation, school closures, and family stress, negatively affect people's mental health, especially that of children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and summarize the impact of COVID-19 disorders on children's and adolescents' mental health, the mechanisms and risk factors, screening tools, and intervention and prevention. We hope that the mental dysfunction caused by the pandemic will be mitigated through appropriate and timely prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Du
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Umagami K, Remington A, Lloyd-Evans B, Davies J, Crane L. Loneliness in autistic adults: A systematic review. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 26:2117-2135. [PMID: 35257592 PMCID: PMC9597154 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221077721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Recently, researchers have been interested in how autistic people experience loneliness. Yet, most of this research has focused on loneliness in autistic children and young people. We present the results of a systematic review on loneliness in autistic adults. A systematic review is a rigorous way of searching for all existing research on a topic and summarizing the findings about specific questions. We searched for all research published on this topic until 9 April 2021. We found 34 articles that investigated loneliness in autistic adults. This research showed that (1) there is fairly little research that has involved directly asking autistic adults about their first-hand experiences of loneliness (e.g. what loneliness feels like for them); (2) few research studies have used loneliness questionnaires specifically developed for autistic adults (this was attempted in just one research study); (3) collective loneliness (i.e. loneliness associated with how much an autistic person feels they 'fit in' to society) seems important to autistic adults but has not been investigated as commonly as other aspects of loneliness (e.g. loneliness associated with romantic relationships or friendships); (4) things that might increase loneliness in autistic adults include anxiety and depression, and a lack of autism understanding and acceptance, for example; and (5) things that might reduce loneliness in autistic adults include having relationships and self-acceptance, for example. In our article, we discuss the kinds of future research on loneliness in autistic adults that might be useful.
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Efimov I, Rohwer E, Harth V, Mache S. Virtual leadership in relation to employees' mental health, job satisfaction and perceptions of isolation: A scoping review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:960955. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.960955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe significant increase of digital collaboration, driven by the current COVID-19 pandemic, is resulting in changes in working conditions and associated changes in the stress-strain perception of employees. Due to the evident leadership influence on employees' health and well-being in traditional work settings, there is a need to investigate leadership in virtual remote work contexts as well. The objective of this scoping review was to assess the extent and type of evidence concerning virtual leadership in relation to employees' mental health, job satisfaction and perceptions of isolation.MethodA search was undertaken in five databases, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Web of Science, as well as reference lists of included articles on 9th February 2021 and an update on 28th September 2021. The search strategy was limited to English, German and French language, peer reviewed journal articles published from January 2000 onwards. This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal tools. A narrative synthesis was conducted.ResultsNineteen studies met the eligibility criteria for this review. Overarching review findings suggested a positive link between virtual leadership and well-being, job satisfaction, and a negative link to psychological strain, stress and perceptions of isolation of digitally collaborating employees.ConclusionsBy mapping the available evidence on virtual leadership in relation to health and work-related employee outcomes, the review identified many research gaps in terms of content and methodology. Due to limited data, causal relationships were not derived. Future research is needed to examine the complex cause-and-effect relationships of virtual leadership in more detail.
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Salas CE, Rojas-Líbano D, Castro O, Cruces R, Evans J, Radovic D, Arévalo-Romero C, Torres J, Aliaga Á. Social isolation after acquired brain injury: Exploring the relationship between network size, functional support, loneliness and mental health. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022; 32:2294-2318. [PMID: 34139944 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1939062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation can be a consequence of acquired brain injury (ABI). Few studies have examined the relationship between social isolation and mental health after ABI. In this cross-sectional and case-control study, we compared 51 ABI survivors and 51 matched healthy controls on measures of social isolation (network size, social support and loneliness) mental health and mental health problems. We explored the relationship between structural, functional and subjective components of social isolation and examined whether they were associated with mental health outcomes. No group differences were found on size of the network and perceived social support. The ABI group exhibited marginally higher levels of loneliness. The ABI group presented higher levels of depression, lower levels of quality of life and emotional wellbeing. In both groups, perception of social support was inversely related to subjective experience of loneliness. The relationship between network size and loneliness was only significant in the ABI group. Only loneliness significantly predicted quality of life, emotional wellbeing, depression and anxiety in people with brain injury. The relationship between social isolation variables in ABI is discussed, as well as the theoretical and clinical implications of focusing on loneliness to improve mental health after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Salas
- Centre for Research in Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.,Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Rojas-Líbano
- Centre for Research in Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Castro
- School of Occupational Therapy, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramiro Cruces
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Darinka Radovic
- Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Arévalo-Romero
- Centre for Research in Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Torres
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Service of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clínica Davila, Santiago Chile
| | - Álvaro Aliaga
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
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76
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Furstova J, Kascakova N, Sigmundova D, Zidkova R, Tavel P, Badura P. Perceived stress of adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown: Bayesian multilevel modeling of the Czech HBSC lockdown survey. Front Psychol 2022; 13:964313. [PMID: 36248520 PMCID: PMC9558731 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.964313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Long-term isolation, including lockdowns and quarantines, may have a distressing effect on anyone experiencing it. Adolescent brain architecture is very sensitive to environmental adversities, and the mental health development of adolescents may be particularly vulnerable during the pandemic era. In order to better understand the triggers for perceived adolescent stress (PSS) during the COVID-19 lockdown, the present study aimed to assess the effects of social well-being and changes in time use during the lockdown, as well as the family COVID experience of adolescents. Methods The sample for this study comprised n = 3,440 adolescents (54.2% girls; mean age = 13.5 ± 1.6 years). Bayesian correlations between PSS, health and well-being variables were assessed. PSS was then modeled as an outcome variable in a series of nested Bayesian multilevel regression models. Results The negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown was more apparent in girls. PSS was moderately correlated with adolescent health and well-being. The strongest predictor of higher level of PSS was frequent feeling of loneliness. On the contrary, lower level of PSS was most associated with having someone to talk to. Conclusion Long-term social isolation of adolescents could be harmful to their mental health. Psychological coping strategies to prevent the consequences of social isolation and development of mental health problems should be promoted on the individual, family, and even community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Furstova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jana Furstova,
| | - Natalia Kascakova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Sigmundova
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Radka Zidkova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Badura
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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77
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Mahfouz NN, A. Elabd M, El-Shaheed AA. Remote Schooling During COVID-19 and Mental Soundness of Adolescents in Egypt. BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 15:1511-1518. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: The social isolation imposed by the pandemic of Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has a probable impact on the adolescents’mental milestones that are inextricably intertwined with socio-emotional experiences. The physical school attendance is not only for academic achievement but it offers a unique opportunity for an interactive peer relationship. Independency, resilience, self confidence, abstract thinking, problem solving are few examples of the countless moral gains of school attendance. This mental wellbeing is the first line of defense in stressful conditions against anxiety and depression. Aim: To disclose the imprint of school closure as a stressor exposing adolescents to anxiety and depression. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty six adolescents were enrolled in our study. Two validated Egyptian inventories were used to screen for anxiety and depression. Sixty three candidates (group1) were assessed before school closure in comparison to another sixty three of their matched peers (group2) after school closure. Results: The scores of the physical, emotional, physiological and social aspects of anxiety were significantly different between the two groups with P-values of 0.021, 0.007, 0.031 and 0.007 respectively. In the assessment of depression, two items (self esteem and concentration ability) were mostly affected after school closure with highly significant P values of 0.015 and 0.016 respectively. Conclusions: Several risk factors influence the mental health of adolescents among which the school closure is an important one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermine N. Mahfouz
- Department of Child Health-Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth Street, Former El Tahrir Street, Dokki, and Medical Research Centre of Excellence (MRCE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Elabd
- Department of Child Health-Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth Street, Former El Tahrir Street, Dokki, and Medical Research Centre of Excellence (MRCE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Abd El-Shaheed
- Department of Child Health-Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth Street, Former El Tahrir Street, Dokki, and Medical Research Centre of Excellence (MRCE), Cairo, Egypt
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78
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Kingstone T, Chew-Graham CA, Corp N. Interventions to identify and manage depression delivered by 'nontraditional' providers to community-dwelling older adults: A realist review. Health Expect 2022; 25:2658-2679. [PMID: 36068931 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems experienced by older adults (60+ years of age) may remain hidden due to individual and system-level barriers. Opportunities to support early identification and management are therefore crucial. The National Health Service recommends wider public services that are embedded within local communities, but are not traditionally part of the healthcare landscape (i.e., 'nontraditional'), could facilitate engagement with healthcare by members of the public. Evidence for interventions involving Fire and Rescue, Police, Library services and postal workers, as nontraditional providers of mental health services, has not been synthesized previously. This review aims to understand how, why and in what contexts mental health interventions delivered by these nontraditional providers, to older adults, work. METHODS A realist review of interventions to identify and/or manage mental health problems (depression with or without anxiety) experienced by older adults. Systematic, cluster and iterative literature searches were conducted. Intervention evidence was appraised for rigour and explanatory relevance and then coded to inform context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs). A public advisory group supported our initial evidence search strategy and definition of key terms. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020212498). RESULTS Systematic searches revealed a dearth of evidence reporting mental health interventions delivered by nontraditional providers. Our scope was adjusted to consider interventions delivered by Fire and Police services only and for wider health and wellbeing concerns (e.g., dementia, falls prevention, mental health crises). Forty-three pieces of evidence were synthesized. Key themes included: legitimizing expanded roles, focusing on risk, intervention flexibility and organization integration; further subthemes are described. Themes map onto CMOCs and inform a preliminary programme theory. Findings were transposed to mental health contexts. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight challenges and opportunities for Fire and Police services, as nontraditional providers, to deliver interventions that identify and/or manage mental health problems among older adults. Our programme theory explains what could work, how, for whom and also by whom (i.e., which public services). Further empirical evidence is needed to test interventions, understand acceptability and inform implementation. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION A public advisory group comprising older adults with lived experience of mental health problems and informal caregivers contributed to the original application, reviewed the scope and informed the approach to dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kingstone
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.,Research and Innovation Department, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Chew-Graham
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.,Research and Innovation Department, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, UK
| | - Nadia Corp
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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79
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Case AS, Kang E, Krutsch J, Bhojwani J, Fanok S, Contreras S. Stepping in and up to meet community needs: How community-based college access and success programs responded to COVID-19. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3023-3043. [PMID: 35139238 PMCID: PMC9088251 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study uplifts the efforts of community-based college access and success programs (CAS) to support the college preparation, matriculation, and persistence of underserved students during COVID-19. Fifty-eight CAS across the United States completed an online survey that gathered information about organizational demographics, COVID-19 challenges, responses to challenges, and communication with constituents and funding needs during COVID-19. Results suggested CAS faced multiple challenges due to COVID-19 that affected the organization, staff, and constituents. Results also revealed organizations of varying sizes, locations, and demographics responded to challenges by revising existing programming for students, creating new programming for students and caretakers, and updating staff policies to meet ongoing and emergent needs despite limited resources. CAS are essential service providers for students who are under- and mis-served in formal education systems. Recommendations are provided for how such organizations can be invested in and better prepared for future disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Case
- Department of Educational StudiesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ellice Kang
- Department of Educational StudiesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jacqueline Krutsch
- Department of Educational StudiesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jaya Bhojwani
- Department of Educational StudiesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Sophie Fanok
- Department of Educational StudiesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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80
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Anxious Temperament Predicts Poor Acceptance of Self and Life in Bipolar Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic. PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the social distancing resulting thereof are having a great impact on psychological well-being. Studies investigating resilience found that it impacts mental health during crises. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pre-crisis temperament on resilience in individuals with bipolar disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted in Austria between April and June 2020, including 36 individuals with bipolar disorder and 39 healthy controls. Resilience was assessed with the 13-item resilience scale, and temperament was measured with the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The bipolar disorder group showed lower resilience than the control group, and scored higher on the TEMPS-A for depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperaments. Resilience could be predicted by anxious temperament in individuals with bipolar disorder, and correlated negatively with depressive symptoms in both groups. The results suggest that anxious temperament influences the resilience of individuals with bipolar disorder, likely more than temporary hardships, such as the first months of the COVID-19 crisis. It is therefore important to improve the resilience of individuals with bipolar disorder not only by short-term interventions, but by strengthening resilience and reducing anxious temperament in the long term.
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81
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Asanjarani F, Kumar A, Kalani S. Student Subjective Wellbeing amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran: Role of Loneliness, Resilience and Parental Involvement. CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH 2022; 16:53-67. [PMID: 35966034 PMCID: PMC9360709 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-022-09963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns potentially severely impact adolescents' mental well-being. This research aims to study students' subjective well-being during the covid-19 pandemic in Iran and investigate the role of loneliness, resilience, and parental involvement. For this study, 629 students (female = 345) were recruited by purposive sampling. Students were assessed on the Student's Subjective Well-Being, Loneliness Scale, Resilience Scale, and Parental Involvement. The results confirm our hypothesis that the relationship between parental involvement and students' subjective well-being is mediated by loneliness. Furthermore, the results indicated a partial mediation of resilience in the relationship between parental involvement and students' subjective well-being. This study theoretically contributes to a better understanding of the factors determining the impact of traumatic events such as a pandemic on adolescents' mental health. The implications of this study indicate interventions that can be carried out to minimize the negative psychological consequences of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Asanjarani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aneesh Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Simindokht Kalani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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82
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Leep Hunderfund AN, West CP, Rackley SJ, Dozois EJ, Moeschler SM, Vaa Stelling BE, Winters RC, Satele DV, Dyrbye LN. Social Support, Social Isolation, and Burnout: Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Residents Exploring Associations With Individual, Interpersonal, Program, and Work-Related Factors. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1184-1194. [PMID: 35442910 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations of social support and social isolation with burnout, program satisfaction, and organization satisfaction among a large population of U.S. residents and fellows and to identify correlates of social support and social isolation. METHOD All residents and fellows enrolled in graduate medical education programs at Mayo Clinic sites were surveyed in February 2019. Survey items measured social support (emotional and tangible), social isolation, burnout, program satisfaction, and organization satisfaction. Factors of potential relevance to social support were collected (via the survey, institutional administrative records, and interviews with program coordinators and/or program directors) and categorized as individual, interpersonal, program, or work-related factors (duty hours, call burden, elective time, vacation days used before survey administration, required away rotations, etc.). Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables. RESULTS Of 1,146 residents surveyed, 762 (66%) from 58 programs responded. In adjusted models, higher emotional and tangible support were associated with lower odds of burnout and higher odds of program and organization satisfaction, while higher social isolation scores were associated with higher odds of burnout and lower odds of program satisfaction and organization satisfaction. Independent predictors of social support and/or social isolation included age, gender, relationship status, parental status, postgraduate year, site, ratings of the program leadership team, ratings of faculty relationships and faculty professional behaviors, satisfaction with autonomy, and vacation days used before survey administration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that social support and social isolation are strongly related to burnout and satisfaction among residents and fellows. Personal and professional relationships, satisfaction with autonomy, and vacation days are independently associated with social support and/or social isolation, whereas most program and work-related factors are not. Additional studies are needed to determine if social support interventions targeting these factors can improve well-being and enhance satisfaction with training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Leep Hunderfund
- A.N. Leep Hunderfund is associate professor of neurology, Mayo Clinic, and associate director of clinical learning environment optimization, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Colin P West
- C.P. West is professor of medicine, medical education, and biostatistics, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-5023
| | - Sandra J Rackley
- S.J. Rackley is assistant professor of psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, and assistant dean for trainee well-being, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric J Dozois
- E.J. Dozois is professor of surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Susan M Moeschler
- S.M. Moeschler is associate professor of anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Richard C Winters
- R.C. Winters is assistant professor of emergency medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel V Satele
- D.V. Satele is statistician, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liselotte N Dyrbye
- L.N. Dyrbye is professor of medicine and medical education and co-director of the physician well-being program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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83
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Kung CSJ, Pudney SE, Shields MA. Economic gradients in loneliness, social isolation and social support: Evidence from the UK Biobank. Soc Sci Med 2022; 306:115122. [PMID: 35751988 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial literature on how loneliness is associated with poor health and premature mortality, there is little detailed research on the extent of its economic gradients. We provide this evidence using a sample of around 400,000 respondents aged 40-70 years from the UK Biobank, who were assessed between 2006 and 2010. We focus on differences in loneliness, as well as social isolation and a lack of social support, across educational attainment, household income, local area deprivation, and recent experience of financial stress. We employ two statistical approaches, the first exploiting the large sample size and detailed geographical information about where respondents live, so we compare individuals who differ in their economic status but reside within the same postcode district. The second approach exploits the fact that for around 36,000 respondents we observe their social health and economic circumstances at two points in time (second wave of assessment conducted between 2014 and 2020), so we conduct a panel analysis that accounts for intercorrelations between the social health measures, and controls for incomplete follow-up of panel members. Across both approaches, we find a substantially higher probability of reporting loneliness, social isolation and a lack of social support, for men and women with lower economic status. Together with the existing health-loneliness literature, these findings establish a 'loneliness pathway' contributing to health inequalities, and consequently a need for effective interventions that might address loneliness and social isolation as part of a broad policy initiative on health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claryn S J Kung
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Stephen E Pudney
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Michael A Shields
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, VIC, 3145, Australia
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84
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Lin C, Fu X. A Cross-Sectional Study of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Symptoms in People in Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604723. [PMID: 35936997 PMCID: PMC9346268 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the status and influential factors of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among people in quarantine during COVID-19. Methods: Data was collected from August 2020 to November 2021 through an online survey of 1,360 people in a quarantined hotel. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to assess different mental symptoms. Results: 19.9% (n = 270), 17.6% (n = 239) and 7.1% (n = 97) of participants had depression, anxiety and insomnia. Married (OR = 0.641, 95% CI = 0.450-0.915) was a protective factor for depression. Chronic disease (OR = 2.579, 95% CI = 1.416-4.698) was a risk factor for insomnia. No psychiatric medication history was a protective factor for depression (OR = 0.227, 95% CI = 0.068-0.757) and insomnia (OR = 0.240, 95%CI = 0.078-0.736). Female, history of mental illness, low moods at check-in, and partial/cannot understand the quarantine policies were risk factors for anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Conclusion: People in quarantine had problems with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Female, low moods at check-in, and partial/cannot understand the quarantine policies had significant impacts. It is necessary to help quarantined people understand quarantine policies, reduce negative emotions and improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lin
- Department of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Chun Lin,
| | - Xiaohong Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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85
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Dingle GA, Sharman LS, Hayes S, Chua D, Baker JR, Haslam C, Jetten J, Haslam SA, Cruwys T, McNamara N. A controlled evaluation of the effect of social prescribing programs on loneliness for adults in Queensland, Australia (protocol). BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1384. [PMID: 35854258 PMCID: PMC9295098 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In social prescribing, link workers support individuals whose persistent health problems are exacerbated by loneliness by connecting them to community-based social activities. This approach is well established in the UK and is gaining attention in Australia. However, a major limitation of research to date has been a lack of theoretically informed and rigorous evaluations of social prescribing. We will address these points in this study, applying a social identity framework to examine the effects of group-based social prescribing (SP) activity compared to primary care treatment as usual (TAU). METHODS Ninety participants experiencing loneliness recruited from primary care services and community centres across five sites in Southeast Queensland will be assigned to one of two conditions (SP, TAU) and assessed at two timepoints (baseline, + 8 weeks). Individuals will be aged 18 years and over, have sufficient English language skills to provide consent, and at the time of recruitment they will not be experiencing acute symptoms or social issues that require urgent intervention. Primary outcomes are loneliness, mental well-being, and health service use (total number of GP, hospital, and allied health visits in the past 3 months). Secondary outcomes will assess social group processes, including number of important social groups, new group identification, multiple identity compatibility, and group-based support and emotion regulation. DISCUSSION This study will provide comprehensive data about the extent to which, and how, social prescribing to community-based group activities may help people to feel less lonely, more socially integrated, and healthy over the first 8 weeks. If effective, this social identity-informed model of social prescribing can be disseminated in communities across Australia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR, Registered 8 June 2022 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000801718.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Dingle
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - L S Sharman
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - S Hayes
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - D Chua
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.,Inala Primary Care, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J R Baker
- Primary & Community Care Services, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - C Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - J Jetten
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - S A Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - T Cruwys
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - N McNamara
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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86
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Kayaoğlu K, Başcıllar M. Determining the relationship between loneliness and depression in adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional survey. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2022; 35:315-321. [PMID: 35637599 PMCID: PMC9347794 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between loneliness and depression felt by adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design and Methods The study sample consisted of 423 adolescents who volunteered to participate in the study. All participants had internet access and the cognitive ability to express themselves. The participants filled out the Google Documents form that included the “Socio‐demographic Data Form,” “Children's Depression Inventory,” and “Short‐form UCLA Loneliness Scale” to collect data. Findings It was determined that the depression inventory total mean score of the adolescents participating in the study was 55.15 ± 2.88 (high) and the loneliness scale total mean score was 16.43 ± 4.93 (medium). A statistically positive high correlation was found between the depression total mean scores and the loneliness total mean scores of the adolescents (p < 0.05). As the loneliness levels of the adolescents increased, their depression levels increased. Practice Implications Adolescents were more likely to experience mental disorders such as loneliness and depression during and after the pandemic. Governments should focus on the mental health of adolescents in the management of COVID‐19. Clinical services should plan and implement prevention activities, support programs, and services to replace early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kayaoğlu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences Malatya Turgut Ozal University Battalgazi Malatya Turkey
| | - Mehmet Başcıllar
- Social Work Department, Faculty of Health Sciences Malatya Turgut Ozal University Battalgazi Malatya Turkey
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87
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Giacco D. Tackling social isolation in people with psychosis: promising developments but need for conceptual clarity. J Ment Health 2022; 31:297-301. [PMID: 35599584 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2069725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Giacco
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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88
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Toh G, Pearce E, Vines J, Ikhtabi S, Birken M, Pitman A, Johnson S. Digital interventions for subjective and objective social isolation among individuals with mental health conditions: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:331. [PMID: 35549899 PMCID: PMC9098213 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social isolation encompasses subjective and objective concepts. Both are associated with negative health consequences and are more prevalent among people with mental health problems than among the general population. To alleviate social isolation, digital interventions have potential as accessible alternatives or adjuncts to face-to-face interventions. This scoping review aimed to describe the types of digital interventions evaluated for feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness in alleviating social isolation among individuals with mental health problems, and to present an overview of the quantitative evidence yielded to inform future intervention design. METHODS We searched five electronic databases for quantitative and mixed methods studies published between January 2000 and July 2020. Studies were included if they evaluated digital interventions for individuals with mental health conditions, had subjective and/or objective social isolation as their primary outcome, or as one of their outcomes if no primary outcome was specified. Feasibility studies were included if feasibility outcomes were the primary outcomes and social isolation was among their secondary outcomes. A narrative synthesis was conducted to present our findings. The protocol was registered on Open Science Framework (doi: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/CNX8A ). RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included for our review: 16 feasibility studies, seven single-group studies and nine effectiveness trials. There was great variation in the interventions, study designs and sample populations. Interventions included web-based programmes, phone-based programmes, blended interventions, socially assistive robots and virtual reality interventions. Many were feasibility studies, or otherwise not fully powered to detect an effect if one were present, thus preventing clear conclusions about clinical effectiveness. Satisfactory feasibility outcomes indicated potential for future trials to assess these interventions. CONCLUSION Our scoping review identified a range of digital approaches utilized to alleviate social isolation among individuals with mental health disorders. Conclusions regarding clinical effectiveness cannot be reached due to variability of approaches and lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials. To make clear recommendations for digital social isolation interventions, future research needs to be based on rigorous methods and larger samples. Future studies should also focus on utilizing theory-driven approaches and improving existing approaches to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Toh
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK.
| | - Eiluned Pearce
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK
| | - John Vines
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Crichton St, Newington, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Ikhtabi
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK
| | - Mary Birken
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK
| | - Alexandra Pitman
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK
- Camden and Islington National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, St Pancras Way, London, NW1 0PE, UK
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1W 7NF, UK.
- Camden and Islington National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, St Pancras Way, London, NW1 0PE, UK.
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89
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Rippon D, Shepherd J, Wakefield S, Lee A, Pollet TV. The role of self-efficacy and self-esteem in mediating positive associations between functional social support and psychological wellbeing in people with a mental health diagnosis. J Ment Health 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35510768 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2069695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has observed positive associations between perceived quality of social support and mental well-being. Having access to functional social support that provides sources of care, compassion and helpful information have shown to be beneficial for mental health. However, there is a need to identify the psychological processes through which functional social support can elicit therapeutic outcomes on mental well-being. AIMS The present cross-sectional study aimed to examine the extent to which self-efficacy and self-esteem mediated the association between functional social support and mental well-being. METHOD Seventy-three people with a mental health diagnosis, who attended group-based activities as facilitated by a third sector community mental health organisation, took part in the present study. Participants were required to complete measures that assessed perceived quality of functional social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and subjective mental well-being. RESULTS A multiple mediation analysis revealed that self-efficacy and self-esteem fully mediated the positive association between perceived functional social support and mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS The implications of these results are that social interventions, which aim to facilitate the delivery of functional social support, could enhance mental well-being via their positive effects on self-efficacy and self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Lee
- Waddington Street Centre, Durham, UK
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90
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Hsueh YC, Batchelor R, Liebmann M, Dhanani A, Vaughan L, Fett AK, Mann F, Pitman A. A Systematic Review of Studies Describing the Effectiveness, Acceptability, and Potential Harms of Place-Based Interventions to Address Loneliness and Mental Health Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4766. [PMID: 35457637 PMCID: PMC9029472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Given the links between the built environment and loneliness, there is interest in using place-based approaches (addressing built environment characteristics and related socio-spatial factors) in local communities to tackle loneliness and mental health problems. However, few studies have described the effectiveness, acceptability, or potential harms of such interventions. This review aimed to synthesize the literature describing local community-based interventions that target place-based factors to address loneliness and mental health problems, informing the development of future public health approaches. We searched PsycINFO, Medline, and Embase using a structured search strategy to identify English-language studies evaluating the effectiveness, acceptability, and potential harms of place-based community interventions in addressing loneliness and mental health problems, both in general and clinical populations. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, classified as evaluating provision of community facilities (such as clubhouses), active engagement in local green spaces, and housing regeneration. None were randomised trials. Quantitative and qualitative findings suggested promising effects and/or acceptability of six interventions, with minimal potential harms. There is a clear need for randomised trials or quasi-experimental studies of place-based interventions to describe their effectiveness in addressing loneliness and mental health problems, as well as complementary qualitative work investigating acceptability. This will inform future policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chia Hsueh
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London W1T 7NF, UK; (Y.-C.H.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Margaux Liebmann
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London W1T 7NF, UK; (Y.-C.H.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Ashley Dhanani
- Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL), London WC1H 0AY, UK; (A.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Laura Vaughan
- Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL), London WC1H 0AY, UK; (A.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Anne-Kathrin Fett
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
| | - Farhana Mann
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London W1T 7NF, UK; (Y.-C.H.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 0PE, UK
| | - Alexandra Pitman
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London W1T 7NF, UK; (Y.-C.H.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 0PE, UK
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91
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Freak-Poli R, Kung CSJ, Ryan J, Shields MA. Social Isolation, Social Support, and Loneliness Profiles Before and After Spousal Death and the Buffering Role of Financial Resources. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:956-971. [PMID: 35373252 PMCID: PMC9071412 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We provide new evidence on the profiles of social isolation, social support, and loneliness before and after spousal death for older widows. We also examine the moderating effects of gender and financial resources on changes in social health before and after widowhood. Methods We use 19 waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, including 749 widowed individuals and a comparison group of around 8,000 married individuals. We apply coarsened exact matching weights and control for age and time trends. Local polynomial smoothed plots show the profiles of social health from 3 years pre- to 3 years postspousal death. All analyses were stratified by gender. Results Spousal death was strongly associated with increased loneliness for women and men, but also an increase in interactions with friends and family not living with the bereaved. For men, financial resources (both income and asset wealth) provided some protection against loneliness. Spousal death was not associated with changes in social support or participation in community activities. Discussion We demonstrate that loneliness is a greater challenge of widowhood than social isolation or a lack of social support. Our findings suggest that interventions focusing only on increasing social interactions are unlikely to alleviate loneliness following spousal death. Moreover, policies that reduce the cost of formal social participation may have limited effectiveness in tackling loneliness, particularly for women. Alternative strategies, such as helping the bereaved form a new sense of identity and screening for loneliness around widowhood by health care workers, could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Freak-Poli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claryn S J Kung
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Shields
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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92
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Ruijne RE, Zarchev M, van Weeghel J, Henrichs J, Garofalo C, Bogaerts S, Mulder CL, Kamperman AM. Experiencing discrimination mediates the relationship between victimization and social withdrawal in patients suffering from a severe mental illness: A cross-sectional study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 148:14-20. [PMID: 35091356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients are often victims of crime and discrimination and are often socially withdrawn. This has negative consequences for their health and recovery. We examined whether such discrimination mediates the association between victimization and social withdrawal, and whether these associations differ between men and women. We also determined the prevalence of social withdrawal and the discrimination experienced by patients suffering from a severe mental illness. This study is embedded in the Victimization in Psychiatric Patients study. Information on discrimination, social withdrawal and victimization was obtained using structured self-report questionnaires (N = 949). We reported the 12-month prevalence of these phenomena and used path analysis to estimate the direct path between personal and property victimization and social withdrawal, and the indirect path through the discrimination experienced. The impact of gender was assessed by testing interaction terms. Social withdrawal was reported by 20.6% (95%CI 18.1-23.2) of participants, and being discriminated against in the past 12 months by 75.3% (95%CI: 72.6-78.0%). While crime victimization had no direct effects on social withdrawal, personal crime victimization (B = 0.47; 95%CI 0.25-0.72; p < 0.001) and property crime victimization (B = 0.65; 95%CI 0.42-0.93; p < 0.001) had significant indirect effects on social withdrawal, which were mediated by the discrimination experienced. In men we found a direct negative effect of property crime on social withdrawal (B = -0.68; 95%CI: -1.21to -0.11, p = 0.014). We conclude that personal and property victimization, for both men and women, was associated with higher levels of social withdrawal, and this was fully mediated by the discrimination experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ruijne
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M Zarchev
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J van Weeghel
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Wellbeing, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000, LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands; Phrenos Center of Expertise, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Henrichs
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public, Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Garofalo
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, the Netherlands
| | - S Bogaerts
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, the Netherlands
| | - C L Mulder
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Antes, Department of the Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Kamperman
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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93
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Bosch R, Pagerols M, Prat R, Español-Martín G, Rivas C, Dolz M, Haro JM, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Casas M. Changes in the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Lockdown: Associated Factors and Life Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074120. [PMID: 35409803 PMCID: PMC8998498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among youth by analyzing their emotional/behavioral problems before and during the long-lasting lockdown in Spain. For that purpose, 699 parents with children aged 6–17 and 552 adolescents aged 12–17, who completed the parent and adolescent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at the beginning of 2019, responded to a survey from 26 May to 15 June 2020 that assessed psychological well-being and life conditions during quarantine (i.e., sociodemographic characteristics, situation before the lockdown, physical environment and accompaniment during the lockdown, COVID-related variables). According to both parent- and self-reports, children and youth experienced a significant worsening in emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, and total difficulties subscales. Findings also suggested that impairment was mainly associated with variables related to the child’s situation prior to home quarantine, the quality and quantity of the child’s social networks during the lockdown, the daily routines the child followed, the concerns the child had about health, and the presence of economic and learning problems caused by the COVID-19. Thus, the present investigation emphasizes the need for carefully monitoring the mental health of younger people, provides guidance for the development of interventions that mitigate some of the psychological difficulties faced in a situation of confinement, and highlights the importance of paying special attention to high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bosch
- SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (R.P.); (C.R.); (M.C.)
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (G.E.-M.); (J.A.R.-Q.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.); (J.M.H.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (R.P.); (C.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Raquel Prat
- SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (R.P.); (C.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CEES), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Gemma Español-Martín
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (G.E.-M.); (J.A.R.-Q.)
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Psiquiatria, Salut Mental i Addiccions, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rivas
- SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (R.P.); (C.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.); (J.M.H.); (M.R.)
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.); (J.M.H.); (M.R.)
- Research and Developmental Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (G.E.-M.); (J.A.R.-Q.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.); (J.M.H.); (M.R.)
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Psiquiatria, Salut Mental i Addiccions, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.); (J.M.H.); (M.R.)
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Psiquiatria, Salut Mental i Addiccions, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- SJD MIND Schools Program, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (R.P.); (C.R.); (M.C.)
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (G.E.-M.); (J.A.R.-Q.)
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, Farinha-Fernandes A, Delgado J, Guerreiro JC, Matos M. Path analysis from COVID-19 perceptions to psychological health: The roles of critical distance and mastery. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1707-1716. [PMID: 35315180 PMCID: PMC9087008 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was previously associated with psychopathological symptoms. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying these associations are largely unexplored. Previous studies suggested associations between metacognitive abilities (e.g., mastery) and symptomatology, which may have impacts on COVID-19 perceptions. This study aims to explore, using path analysis, the mediational role of Critical Distance (differentiation and decentration abilities) and Mastery on the relationships between COVID-19 perceptions and psychological well-being and distress. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, 227 participants (M = 34.21, SD = 10.9) filled self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Metacognitive abilities were negatively correlated with psychopathological symptoms. Both Critical Distance and Mastery mediated the path from COVID-19 perceived severity and anxiety to psychological distress and well-being. Critical Distance seems to augment Mastery which tends to increase psychological well-being and limited psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Metacognition seems to play a mediational role on the relationship between COVID-19 perceptions and mental health. Clinical psychologists and psychotherapists may enhance psychological interventions regarding COVID-19 psychopathological symptomatology by working on metacognitive Critical Distance and Mastery abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,HEI-Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - João Delgado
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Marta Matos
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-ISCTE, Lisbon, Portugal
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Silveira S, Hecht M, Matthaeus H, Adli M, Voelkle MC, Singer T. Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived Changes in Psychological Vulnerability, Resilience and Social Cohesion before, during and after Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3290. [PMID: 35328981 PMCID: PMC8952288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have posed unique and severe challenges to our global society. To gain an integrative understanding of pervasive social and mental health impacts in 3522 Berlin residents aged 18 to 65, we systematically investigated the structural and temporal relationship between a variety of psychological indicators of vulnerability, resilience and social cohesion before, during and after the first lockdown in Germany using a retrospective longitudinal study design. Factor analyses revealed that (a) vulnerability and resilience indicators converged on one general bipolar factor, (b) residual variance of resilience indicators formed a distinct factor of adaptive coping capacities and (c) social cohesion could be reliably measured with a hierarchical model including four first-order dimensions of trust, a sense of belonging, social interactions and social engagement, and one second-order social cohesion factor. In the second step, latent change score models revealed that overall psychological vulnerability increased during the first lockdown and decreased again during re-opening, although not to baseline levels. Levels of social cohesion, in contrast, first decreased and then increased again during re-opening. Furthermore, participants who increased in vulnerability simultaneously decreased in social cohesion and adaptive coping during lockdown. While higher pre-lockdown levels of social cohesion predicted a stronger lockdown effect on mental health, individuals with higher social cohesion during the lockdown and positive change in coping abilities and social cohesion during re-opening showed better mental health recovery, highlighting the important role of social capacities in both amplifying but also overcoming the multiple challenges of this collective crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Sarita Silveira, Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck Society, Bertha-Benz-Strasse 3, 10557 Berlin, Germany; (H.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Hecht
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Hannah Matthaeus
- Sarita Silveira, Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck Society, Bertha-Benz-Strasse 3, 10557 Berlin, Germany; (H.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel C. Voelkle
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Tania Singer
- Sarita Silveira, Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck Society, Bertha-Benz-Strasse 3, 10557 Berlin, Germany; (H.M.); (T.S.)
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96
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Lewis KJS, Lewis C, Roberts A, Richards NA, Evison C, Pearce HA, Lloyd K, Meudell A, Edwards BM, Robinson CA, Poole R, John A, Bisson JI, Jones I. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in individuals with pre-existing mental illness. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e59. [PMID: 35249586 PMCID: PMC8914135 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected mental health, but most studies have been conducted in the general population. AIMS To identify factors associated with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with pre-existing mental illness. METHOD Participants (N = 2869, 78% women, ages 18-94 years) from a UK cohort (the National Centre for Mental Health) with a history of mental illness completed a cross-sectional online survey in June to August 2020. Mental health assessments were the GAD-7 (anxiety), PHQ-9 (depression) and WHO-5 (well-being) questionnaires, and a self-report question on whether their mental health had changed during the pandemic. Regressions examined associations between mental health outcomes and hypothesised risk factors. Secondary analyses examined associations between specific mental health diagnoses and mental health. RESULTS A total of 60% of participants reported that mental health had worsened during the pandemic. Younger age, difficulty accessing mental health services, low income, income affected by COVID-19, worry about COVID-19, reduced sleep and increased alcohol/drug use were associated with increased depression and anxiety symptoms and reduced well-being. Feeling socially supported by friends/family/services was associated with better mental health and well-being. Participants with a history of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or eating disorder were more likely to report that mental health had worsened during the pandemic than individuals without a history of these diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS We identified factors associated with worse mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with pre-existing mental illness, in addition to specific groups potentially at elevated risk of poor mental health during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J S Lewis
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Alice Roberts
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Natalie A Richards
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Claudia Evison
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Holly A Pearce
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Keith Lloyd
- Swansea Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Alan Meudell
- Partnership in Research, National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Bethan M Edwards
- Partnership in Research, National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Catherine A Robinson
- Social Care and Society Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rob Poole
- Centre for Mental Health and Society, Bangor University, UK
| | - Ann John
- Population Data Science Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
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97
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Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Hwang IH, Puac-Polanco V, Sampson NA, Ziobrowski HN, Zaslavsky AM. Changes in Prevalence of Mental Illness Among US Adults During Compared with Before the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2022; 45:1-28. [PMID: 35219431 PMCID: PMC8585610 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors review trend and cohort surveys and administrative data comparing prevalence of mental disorders during, versus, and before the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in mental health disparities. Best evidence suggests clinically significant anxiety-depression point prevalence increased by relative-risk (RR) = 1.3 to 1.5 during the pandemic compared with before. This level of increase is much less than the implausibly high RR = 5.0 to 8.0 estimates reported in trend studies early in the pandemic based on less-appropriate comparisons. Changes in prevalence also occurred during the pandemic, but relative prevalence appears not to have changed substantially over this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA.
| | - Wai Tat Chiu
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
| | - Irving H Hwang
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
| | - Victor Puac-Polanco
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
| | - Nancy A Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
| | - Hannah N Ziobrowski
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
| | - Alan M Zaslavsky
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Ste 215, Boston, MA 02115-5899, USA
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98
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Medeiros P, Medeiros AC, Coimbra JPC, de Paiva Teixeira LEP, Salgado-Rohner CJ, da Silva JA, Coimbra NC, de Freitas RL. Physical, Emotional, and Social Pain During COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Social Isolation. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8886700 DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The socio-emotional condition during the COVID-19 pandemic subsidises the (re)modulation of interactive neural circuits underlying risk assessment behaviour at the physical, emotional, and social levels. Experiences of social isolation, exclusion, or affective loss are generally considered some of the most “painful” things that people endure. The threats of social disconnection are processed by some of the same neural structures that process basic threats to survival. The lack of social connection can be “painful” due to an overlap in the neural circuitry responsible for both physical and emotional pain related to feelings of social rejection. Indeed, many of us go to great lengths to avoid situations that may engender these experiences. Accordingly, this work focuses on pandemic times; the somatisation mentioned above seeks the interconnection and/or interdependence between neural systems related to emotional and cognitive processes such that a person involved in an aversive social environment becomes aware of himself, others, and the threatening situation experienced and takes steps to avoid daily psychological and neuropsychiatric effects. Social distancing during isolation evokes the formation of social distress, increasing the intensity of learned fear that people acquire, consequently enhancing emotional and social pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220 Brazil
| | - Jade Pisssamiglio Cysne Coimbra
- Pontificial Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Prof Dr Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini Str., 1516, Parque Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, Campinas, São Paulo, 13087-571 Brazil
| | | | - Carlos José Salgado-Rohner
- NeuroSmart Lab, International School of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - José Aparecido da Silva
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Perception, Psychometrics, and Pain, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-901 Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220 Brazil
| | - Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Centre of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220 Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Str., 700, Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130-000 Brazil
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99
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Hayes S, Carlyle M, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Dingle G. Exploring links between social identity, emotion regulation, and loneliness in those with and without a history of mental illness. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:701-734. [PMID: 35141908 PMCID: PMC9544806 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation and social identity theorizing provide two influential perspectives on loneliness. From an emotion regulation perspective, loneliness is understood as a negative emotional state that can be managed using emotion regulation strategies. A social identity perspective views loneliness as resulting from a loss or lack of important social groups and related identities. This study aimed to explore the relationships between key constructs drawn from both perspectives, with a view to understanding loneliness in adults with and without a history of mental illness. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (N = 875) with a mental illness history (MH Hx, n = 217; Mage = 45 years, 59% female) and without a mental illness history (No MH Hx, n = 658; Mage = 47 years, 48% female) completed a survey comprising measures of group membership and connectedness, emotion regulation strategies, and loneliness. RESULTS The MH Hx group reported higher internal affect worsening strategy use and loneliness than those No MH Hx. Hierarchical regressions indicated that the unique contributions of emotion regulation strategies and social identity factors to loneliness were equivalent between the groups. Together, social identity and emotion regulation explained 37% of the variance in loneliness in the No MH Hx subsample and 35% in the MH Hx subsample. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that both emotion regulation and social identity had significant unique contributions to the reported loneliness of people when controlling for demographics and each other in those with and without a history of mental illness. Integration of the two frameworks may provide novel avenues for the prevention and management of loneliness. PRACTITIONER POINTS Individuals with a history of mental illness report more use of internal emotion worsening regulation strategies and greater loneliness than those with no such history, but there were no differences in social identity factors. Internal emotion worsening strategies and social support received from others explained the variance in reported loneliness for both those with and without a history of mental illness. Internal emotion improving strategies were significant for those with a history of mental illness, while social support given was significant for those without a history of mental illness. Screening clients for emotion regulation difficulties, social disconnectedness, and loneliness may provide clinicians with an indication of risk for developing psychological distress/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Hayes
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Molly Carlyle
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Lives Lived Well Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Alexander Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Outcomes Innovation and Clinical Education (CHOICE), School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Genevieve Dingle
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Outcomes Innovation and Clinical Education (CHOICE), School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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100
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Schmidt RD, Feaster DJ, Horigian VE, Lee RM. Latent class analysis of loneliness and connectedness in US young adults during COVID-19. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1824-1838. [PMID: 35132651 PMCID: PMC9088272 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in the United States has exacerbated a number of mental health conditions and problems related to prolonged social isolation. While COVID‐19 has led to greater loneliness and a lack of social connectedness, little is known about who are the most affected and how they are impacted. Therefore, we performed a Latent Class Analysis using items from two scales – the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Social Connectedness Scale – to characterize different experiences of loneliness and connectedness, examine their relationship with mental health and substance use symptoms, including depression, anxiety, drinking, and drug use. Methods Data were drawn from an anonymous one‐time online survey examining the mental health of 1008 young adults (18–35 years old) during COVID‐19. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to observe and identify classes based on responses to loneliness and connectedness scale items, and to examine the existence of subgroups among this young adult population. Results We identified a 4‐class model of loneliness and connectedness: (1) Lonely and Disconnected – highest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness, (2) Moderately Lonely and Disconnected – adaptive levels of some isolation and disconnection during COVID‐19, (3) Ambivalent Feelings – displaying negative responses in particular to negatively‐worded items while simultaneously affirming positively worded items, and (4) Connected and Not Lonely – lowest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness. Conclusion Key findings include (1) the delineation of classes by levels of loneliness and connectedness showcasing differential mental health and substance use symptoms, (2) the utility of item‐level evaluation with LCA in determining specific classes of people in need of outreach and intervention, and (3) the promise of social connection to bolster resilience in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renae D Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Viviana E Horigian
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard M Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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