51
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Che X, Fang Y, You M, Xu Y, Wang Y. Exposure to nonylphenol in early life increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex: Involvement of gut-brain communication. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109076. [PMID: 32240654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to nonylphenol (NP), a typical persistent organic pollutant (POP), in early life results in the impairment of the central nervous system (CNS), but the underlying mechanism still remains to be elucidated. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain have been implicated in the CNS damages. The animal model of exposure to NP in early life was established by maternal gavage during the pregnancy and lactation in the present study. We found that exposure to NP in early life increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine as well as in the serum were also increased by NP exposure. Furthermore, the increased permeability of intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB), two critical barriers in the gut to brain communication, was observed in the rats exposed to NP in early lives. The decreased expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 (CLDN-1), tight junction proteins (TJs) that responsible for maintaining the permeability of intestinal barrier and BBB, was found, which may underlie these increases in permeability. Taken together, these results suggested that the disturbed gut-brain communication may contribute to the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex caused by NP exposure in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Che
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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52
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Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system in mental disease, particularly complement component 4 (C4), which may be associated with schizophrenia, has been repeatedly observed. This study investigated the association between the level of serum component 4 and schizophrenia. Data were derived from a case-control association study of 40 unrelated adult patients with schizophrenia and 40 matched healthy controls. The component 4 level in serum was measured for comparative analysis by a component 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Our findings suggest that the serum component 4 level is lower in patients with schizophrenia than in the controls, and the results apply to both males and females. Our results will lay an important foundation for establishing diagnostic methods and provide feasible and reliable evidence for the clinical treatment of schizophrenia.
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53
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Liu JY, Chen HY, Lin JJ, Lu MK, Tan HP, Jang FL, Lin SH. Alterations of plasma cytokine biomarkers for identifying age at onset of schizophrenia with neurological soft signs. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:255-262. [PMID: 32038109 PMCID: PMC6990880 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.38891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been suggested that immunity plays a part in neurodevelopment and schizophrenia pathogenesis. Early age of onset in schizophrenia is associated with genetic factors which affect neurodevelopment. This study aims to identify immune abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental impairments in early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) patients. We determined the plasma levels of six cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Measurements included neurological soft signs (NSS) to distinguish and subgroup those with neurodevelopmental impairments. The study included 210 schizophrenia patients, which were divided into 84 EOS and 126 AOS patients, as well as 122 healthy controls. We observed significant differences in levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 between EOS and AOS patients. The results demonstrated the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the IL-4 in EOS and healthy controls was 0.81. Moreover, these results indicated that AUC of the IL-4 and the combination of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12 in EOS with NSS and healthy controls were 0.91 and 0.95. These cytokines are altered in EOS and schizophrenia patients with neurodevelopmental impairments and demonstrated good classification abilities. These findings manifested that both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are contributed to the clinical and pathophysiological features of schizophrenia. Future works are expected to explore potential genetic effectors and predictors as well as therapeutic directions in personalized medicine for early-onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jia Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Lu
- Department of Health, Jianan Mental Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Tainan Branch, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Lin Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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54
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Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Zai GC, Freeman N, Pouget JG, Greco J, Tampakeras M, Shaikh SA, Herbert D, Emmerson H, Cheema SY, Braganza N, Müller DJ, Voineskos AN, Remington G, Kennedy JL. Association Study of the Complement Component C4 Gene in Tardive Dyskinesia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1339. [PMID: 31849639 PMCID: PMC6901959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that may develop in schizophrenia patients being treated long-term with antipsychotic medication. TD interferes with voluntary movements and leads to stigma, and can be associated with treatment non-adherence. The etiology of TD is unclear, but it appears to have a genetic component. There is emerging evidence of immune dysregulation in TD. In the current study, we set out to investigate the complex schizophrenia-associated complement component 4 (C4) gene for possible association with TD occurrence and TD severity as assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) in a sample of 129 schizophrenia patients of European ancestry. We have genotyped the copy numbers of long and short forms of C4A and C4B gene variants in 129 European ancestry patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We did not find predicted C4A or C4B expression to be nominally associated with TD risk or severity. However, we found the number of copies of C4BL to be nominally associated with TD severity (p = 0.020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gwyneth C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Freeman
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Greco
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Tampakeras
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sajid A Shaikh
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deanna Herbert
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Emmerson
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheraz Y Cheema
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Braganza
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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55
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Momtazmanesh S, Zare-Shahabadi A, Rezaei N. Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: An Updated Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:892. [PMID: 31908647 PMCID: PMC6915198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a multisystem disorder with an unknown etiology, is associated with several immune dysfunctions, including abnormal levels of circulating cytokines. In this review, we investigated the changes of cytokines in schizophrenic patients, their connection with behavioral symptoms severity and their potential clinical implications. We also assessed the possible causative role of abnormal cytokine levels in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Based on meta-analyses, we categorized cytokines according to their changes in schizophrenic patients into four groups: (1) increased cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, (2) non-altered cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17, (3) increased or non-altered cytokines, including IL-8 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and (4) IL-10 with increased, decreased, and non-altered levels. Notably, alterations in cytokines may be variable in four different categories of SP, including first-episode and drug-naïve, first-episode and non-drug-naïve, stable chronic, and chronic in acute relapse. Furthermore, disease duration, symptoms severity, incidence of aggression, and cognitive abilities are correlated with levels of certain cytokines. Clinical implications of investigating the levels of cytokine in schizophrenic patients include early diagnosis, novel therapeutic targets development, patient stratification for choosing the best therapeutic protocol, and predicting the prognosis and treatment response. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-2 are related to the treatment response. The available evidence shows a potential causative role for cytokines in schizophrenia development. There is a substantial need for studies investigating the levels of cytokines before disease development and delineating the therapeutic implications of the disrupted cytokine levels in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroimmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Zare-Shahabadi
- Neuroimmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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56
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Vallejo-Curto MDC, Rodriguez-Jamardo C, de las Heras E, Barreiro-Villar C, Blanco-Formoso M, Fernández-Palleiro P, Álvarez-Ariza M, López M, García-Caballero A, Olivares JM, Spuch C. Proteomics in Schizophrenia: A Gateway to Discover Potential Biomarkers of Psychoneuroimmune Pathways. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31849731 PMCID: PMC6897280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder with a complex and multifactorial etiology. The lack of consensus regarding the multifaceted dysfunction of this ailment has increased the need to explore new research lines. This research makes use of proteomics data to discover possible analytes associated with psychoneuroimmune signaling pathways in schizophrenia. Thus, we analyze plasma of 45 patients [10 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and 35 patients with chronic schizophrenia] and 43 healthy subjects by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in the levels of glia maturation factor beta (GMF-β), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the 115-kDa isoform of the Rab3 GTPase-activating protein catalytic subunit (RAB3GAP1) in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy volunteers. In conclusion, GMF-β, BDNF, and 115-kDa isoform of RAB3GAP1 showed significantly reduced levels in plasma of patients with schizophrenia, thus making them potential biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Vallejo-Curto
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elena de las Heras
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carolina Barreiro-Villar
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Blanco-Formoso
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Ariza
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta López
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Caballero
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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57
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Mazza MG, Capellazzi M, Tagliabue I, Lucchi S, Rossetti A, Clerici M. Neutrophil-lymphocyte, monocyte-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in schizoaffective disorder compared to schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:86-87. [PMID: 31280919 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gennaro Mazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Martina Capellazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tagliabue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Sara Lucchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Aurora Rossetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
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58
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Khandaker GM. Commentary: Causal associations between inflammation, cardiometabolic markers and schizophrenia: the known unknowns. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:1516-1518. [PMID: 31563954 PMCID: PMC6857758 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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59
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Wu D, Lv P, Li F, Zhang W, Fu G, Dai J, Hu N, Liu J, Xiao Y, Li S, Shah C, Tao B, Zhao Y, Gong Q, Lui S. Association of peripheral cytokine levels with cerebral structural abnormalities in schizophrenia. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146463. [PMID: 31526800 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that both the altered cytokines that mediate the immune-inflammatory process and abnormal gray matter are associated with schizophrenia. Whether peripheral cytokines are related to cerebral structural abnormality remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of peripheral cytokine levels with gray matter abnormalities at the whole brain level in schizophrenia. Forty-four outpatients with schizophrenia and 44 controls were recruited. The serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and IL-10 were measured using a quantitative chemiluminescence assay. High-resolution T1 weighted images were acquired from all subjects and processed using FreeSurfer software to obtain the cortical thickness, surface area, and cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes. The cytokines and cerebral structures were compared between patients and controls using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The association between the cytokines and whole cerebral structures was performed using stepwise linear regression. Patients had higher levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 than controls. In patients, the IL-6 level was significantly associated with the cortical thickness in the left pars opercularis, right pars triangularis, left superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus, which showed structural differences between the two groups. Altered cytokine levels may be associated with particular but not all cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia, especially IL-6, which was significantly associated with the abnormal cortical thickness of the bilateral Broca's area and temporal gyrus, which provided neuroimaging evidence to support the relationship between peripheral cytokines and the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peilin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Dai
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieke Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Li
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chandan Shah
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youjin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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60
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Öngür D, Carter CS, Gur RE, Perkins D, Sawa A, Seidman LJ, Tamminga C, Huggins W, Hamilton C. Common Data Elements for National Institute of Mental Health-Funded Translational Early Psychosis Research. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:10-22. [PMID: 31439493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health has established the PhenX Toolkit as a web-based resource containing consensus measures freely available to the research community. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has introduced the Mental Health Research Core Collection as part of the PhenX Toolkit and recently convened the PhenX Early Psychosis Working Group to generate the PhenX Early Psychosis Specialty Collection. The Working Group consisted of two complementary panels for clinical and translational research. We review the process, deliberations, and products of the translational research panel. The Early Psychosis Specialty Collection rationale for measure selection as well as additional information and protocols for obtaining each measure are available on the PhenX website (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org). The NIMH strongly encourages investigators to use instruments from the PhenX Mental Health Research Collections in NIMH-funded studies and discourages use of alternative measures to collect similar data without justification. We also discuss some of the potential advances that can be achieved by collecting common data elements across large-scale longitudinal studies of early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dost Öngür
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wayne Huggins
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Carol Hamilton
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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61
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Begemann MJ, Linszen MM, de Boer JN, Hovenga WD, Gangadin SS, Schutte MJ, Sommer IE. Atopy Increases Risk of Psychotic Experiences: A Large Population-Based Study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:453. [PMID: 31354535 PMCID: PMC6637312 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Building upon the comorbidity between atopy and schizophrenia, we conducted a large cross-sectional, observational population-based study to examine if such associations also exist between atopic disorders (eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma) and nonclinical psychotic experiences. Methods: We examined psychotic experiences in a Dutch population sample through an online survey (≥14 years of age). Participants filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences, together with questions screening for atopic disorders (eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma). Prevalence rates were calculated; binary logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) (age, gender, and years of education as covariates). Results: We included 6,479 participants. Individuals diagnosed with one or more atopic disorders had an increased risk of psychotic experiences as compared with controls (OR = 1.26). Analysis of individual symptoms revealed an OR of 1.27 for hallucinations, whereas delusions only showed a trend. With each additional atopic disorder, the risk of psychotic experiences increased. This was also observed for hallucinations alone but not for delusions alone. Atopy was associated with hallucinations across all modalities (OR ranging from 1.19 to 1.40). These results did not appear to be driven specifically by any one of the atopic disorders. Conclusion: In the largest population sample of adolescents and adults to date, we found that atopic disorders (asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis) increase the risk of psychotic experiences, in a dose-response fashion. These results provide further support for the role of immunological components in the predisposition for psychosis and can serve as a base for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke J.H. Begemann
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mascha M.J. Linszen
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janna N. de Boer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wytske D. Hovenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shiral S. Gangadin
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maya J.L. Schutte
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iris E.C. Sommer
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Alteration of miRNA-mRNA interactions in lymphocytes of individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 112:89-98. [PMID: 30870714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of schizophrenia is complex, heterogeneous, and involves interplay of many genetic and environmental influences. While significant progress has been made in the understanding the common heritable component, we are still grappling with the genomic encoding of environmental risk. One class of molecule that has tremendous potential is miRNA. These molecules are regulated by genetic and environmental factors associated with schizophrenia and have a very significant impact on temporospatial patterns of gene expression. To better understand the relationship between miRNA and gene expression in the disorder we analysed these molecules in RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from an Australian cohort of 36 individuals with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls using next-generation RNA sequencing. Significant changes in both mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were observed implicating important interaction networks involved in immune activity and development. We also observed sexual dimorphism, particularly in relation to variation in mRNA, with males showing significantly more differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, while we explored expression in lymphocytes, the systems biology of miRNA-mRNA interactions was suggestive of significant pleiotropy with enrichment of networks related to neuronal activity.
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More dampened monocytic Toll-like receptor 4 response to lipopolysaccharide and its association with cognitive function in Chinese Han first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:300-306. [PMID: 30429077 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests alterations of the innate immune system are related to schizophrenia, although the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to detect the monocytic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression under basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated conditions in first-episode (FE) Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia, as well as its association with cognitive function. METHODS Whole blood samples were taken in 42 FE schizophrenia patients and 36 healthy controls. Expressions of TLR4 on monocytes under basal and LPS-stimulated conditions were measured with flow cytometry. Psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was administered to all of the participants. RESULTS We found no differences in percentage and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TLR4 expression on monocytes between patients and controls at basal status. However, LPS challenge resulted in a lower cell-surface level of TLR4 on monocytes in FE schizophrenia patients as compared to healthy controls (TLR4+%: F = 4.092, p = 0.047; TLR4 + MFI: F = 4.820, p = 0.031). In addition, correlation analysis together with multivariate linear regression analysis identified basal percentage of TLR4 in monocytes as the beneficial factor for visual learning and working memory in FE patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that TLR4 may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, corroborating the role of innate immunity-related functional deficits in increased risk of schizophrenia.
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Khandaker GM, Meyer U, Jones PB. From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:67-84. [PMID: 30847804 PMCID: PMC6732248 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa in the context of psychiatric disorders may be surprising to some. This intersection of disciplines, however, has a rich history and is currently revitalized by newfound functions of the microbiome and the gut-brain axis in human diseases. Schizophrenia, in particular, fits this model as a disorder with gene and environmental roots that may be anchored in the immune system. In this context, the combination of a precisely timed pathogen exposure in a person with genetically encoded altered immunity may have especially destructive consequences for the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, significant components of immunity, such as the development of the immune response and the concept of immune tolerance, are largely dictated by the commensal residents of the microbiome. When this community of microbes is imbalanced, perhaps as the result of a pathogen invasion, stress, or immune gene deficiency, a pathological cycle of localized inflammation, endothelial barrier compromise, translocation of gut-derived products, and systemic inflammation may ensue. If these pathologies enable access of gut and microbial metabolites and immune molecules to the CNS across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and studies of the gut-brain axis support this hypothesis, a worsening of cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms is predicted to occur in susceptible individuals with schizophrenia. In this chapter, we review the role of microbes in various stages of this model and how these organisms may contribute to documented phenotypes of schizophrenia. An increased understanding of the role of pathogens and the microbiome in psychiatric disorders will better guide the development of microbial and immune-based therapeutics for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M. Khandaker
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Urs Meyer
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Verhaltensneurobiologie, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Peter B. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Lalanne L, Giersch A, Laprevote V. Cannabis use and human retina: The path for the study of brain synaptic transmission dysfunctions in cannabis users. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:11-22. [PMID: 30773228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the difficulty of obtaining direct access to the functioning brain, new approaches are needed for the indirect exploration of brain disorders in neuroscience research. Due to its embryonic origin, the retina is part of the central nervous system and is well suited to the investigation of neurological functions in psychiatric and addictive disorders. In this review, we focus on cannabis use, which is a crucial public health challenge, since cannabis is one of the most widely used addictive drugs in industrialized countries. We first explain why studying retinal function is relevant when exploring the effects of cannabis use on brain function. Next, we describe both the retinal electrophysiological measurements and retinal dysfunctions observed after acute and regular cannabis use. We then discuss how these retinal dysfunctions may inform brain synaptic transmission abnormalities. Finally, we present various directions for future research on the neurotoxic effects of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Fu G, Zhang W, Dai J, Liu J, Li F, Wu D, Xiao Y, Shah C, Sweeney JA, Wu M, Lui S. Increased Peripheral Interleukin 10 Relate to White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:52. [PMID: 30792621 PMCID: PMC6374337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is characterized by the disruption of microstructural white matter (WM) integrity, while the pathogenesis remains unclear. Inflammation has been associated with the WM pathology in schizophrenia. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been proven to be related to schizophrenia in both animal and human models. The aim of this study was to explore whether peripheral IL-10 was associated with microstructural WM integrity in schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 47 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 49 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion tensor imaging and venous blood sampling. Tract-based spatial statistics was conducted to explore the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and axial diffusivity (AD) between patients and controls. A quantitative chemiluminescence assay was performed to measure peripheral IL-10 levels. General linear regression analysis using a stepwise method was applied to examine the relationship between peripheral IL-10 and diffusion measures. Results: Compared with the HC, peripheral IL-10 levels were higher and a significant reduction of FA and AD, and increase of RD and MD were observed in SZ (corrected p < 0.05). A regression analysis revealed that peripheral IL-10 was negatively correlated with FA in the right posterior thalamic radiation and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, in SZ (β = -0.51, p = 0.01; β = -0.47, p = 0.02, respectively) but not in HC (β = -0.01, p = 0.95; β = -0.003, p = 0.98, respectively), and the differences in regression curves were significant (z = 2.50, p = 0.01; z = 2.37, p = 0.02, respectively). IL-10 was negatively connected with MD in the right parietal arcuate fasciculus (β = -0.40, p = 0.048) and body of the corpus callosum (β = -0.43, p = 0.03) in SZ, while not in HC. The magnitude of correlation in the patient and control group was different (z = 2.48, p = 0.01 and z = 2.61, p < 0.01, respectively). In addition, IL-10 was positively correlated with RD in the right parietal arcuate fasciculus in patients (β = 0.45, p = 0.04) but not in HC (β = 0.26, p = 0.94), but the correlation coefficients were not significant (z = 0.98, p = 0.32). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that elevated peripheral IL-10 levels were associated with the disruption of microstructural WM integrity in schizophrenia, supporting the notion that inflammation plays a regulatory role in the pathology of microstructural WM and is associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Fu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Dai
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jieke Liu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chandan Shah
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Min Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inverse relationships between the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and cognitive performance in acute psychosis have been demonstrated. We aimed to investigate how the serum level and initial change of CRP in acutely admitted patients with psychosis was correlated with cognitive performance during a 6-months follow-up period. METHODS The study is part of a pragmatic, randomised trial comparing four different second-generation antipsychotic drugs, and consists of 208 acute phase patients recruited at admittance for psychosis. This study reports data for all groups collectively, and does not compare treatment groups. Measurements of CRP and cognitive performance were conducted at baseline (T1) and after 4 weeks on average after inclusion (T2). Cognition was also assessed after 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) of follow-up. RESULTS Global cognition improved during the follow-up period of 6 months, especially in the T1-T2 interval. The different cognitive subdomains showed different time-dependent profiles of improvement, with memory and attention improving significantly also in the later phases. Reduction of the CRP level during the initial follow-up interval (T1-T2) was associated with increased overall cognitive performance in the T2-T4 interval, but not in the T1-T2 interval. For the cognitive subdomains, we found an inverse association between change in CRP level and verbal abilities (T2-T4 interval), and attention (T2-T3 interval). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that initial changes in the serum level of CRP in the acute phase of psychosis may predict cognitive function in later phases of the disease.
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Niu HM, Yang P, Chen HH, Hao RH, Dong SS, Yao S, Chen XF, Yan H, Zhang YJ, Chen YX, Jiang F, Yang TL, Guo Y. Comprehensive functional annotation of susceptibility SNPs prioritized 10 genes for schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 30705251 PMCID: PMC6355777 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 95% of susceptibility SNPs identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are located in non-coding regions, which causes a lot of difficulty in deciphering their biological functions on disease pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive functional annotation for all the schizophrenia susceptibility loci obtained from GWASs. Considering varieties of epigenomic regulatory elements, we annotated all 22,688 acquired susceptibility SNPs according to their genomic positions to obtain functional SNPs. The comprehensive annotation indicated that these functional SNPs are broadly involved in diverse biological processes. Histone modification enrichment showed that H3K27ac, H3K36me3, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 were related to the development of schizophrenia. Transcription factors (TFs) prediction, methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) analyses, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses, and proteomic quantitative trait loci analyses (pQTL) identified 447 target protein-coding genes. Subsequently, differential expression analyses between schizophrenia cases and controls, nervous system phenotypes from mouse models, and protein-protein interaction with known schizophrenia-related pathways and genes were carried out with our target genes. We finaly prioritized 10 target genes for schizophrenia (CACNA1C, CLU, CSNK2B, GABBR1, GRIN2A, MAPK3, NOTCH4, SRR, TNF, and SYNGAP1). Our results may serve as an encyclopedia of schizophrenia susceptibility SNPs and offer holistic guides for post-GWAS functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Niu
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Ping Yang
- grid.489086.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Ruo-Han Hao
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Shi Yao
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Han Yan
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Chen
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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Corsi-Zuelli F, Fachim HA, Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Bertozi G, Joca SRL, Menezes PR, Louzada-Junior P, Del-Ben CM. Prolonged Periods of Social Isolation From Weaning Reduce the Anti-inflammatory Cytokine IL-10 in Blood and Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1011. [PMID: 30686977 PMCID: PMC6337063 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Life stressors during critical periods are reported to trigger an immune dysfunction characterised by abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines. Despite the relationship between early stressors and schizophrenia is described, the evidence on inflammatory biomarkers remains limited. We aimed to investigate whether an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain is reflected in the peripheral blood of rats submitted to post-weaning social isolation (pwSI), a model with validity to study schizophrenia. We evaluated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) simultaneously at blood, prefrontal cortex and hippocampal tissues (Milliplex MAP), including the respective cytokines gene expression (mRNA) (qRT-PCR TaqMan mastermix). We also performed a correlation matrix to explore significant correlations among cytokines (protein and mRNA) in blood and brain, as well as cytokines and total number of square crossings in the open field for isolated-reared animals. Male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were kept isolated (n = 1/cage) or grouped (n = 3–4/cage) since weaning for 10 weeks. After this period, rats were assessed for locomotion and sacrificed for blood and brain cytokines measurements. Prolonged pwSI decreased IL-10 protein and mRNA in the blood, and IL-10 protein in the hippocampus, along with decreased IL-6 and its mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. Our results also showed that cytokines tend to correlate to one-another among the compartments investigated, although blood and brain correlations are far from perfect. IL-10 hippocampal levels were negatively correlated with hyperlocomotion in the open field. Despite the unexpected decrease in IL-6 and unchanged TNF-α levels contrast to the expected pro-inflammatory phenotype, this may suggest that reduced anti-inflammatory signalling may be critical for eliciting abnormal behaviour in adulthood. Altogether, these results suggest that prolonged early-life adverse events reduce the ability to build proper anti-inflammatory cytokine that is translated from blood-to-brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helene Aparecida Fachim
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Bertozi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Regiane Lourenço Joca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Kappelmann N, Khandaker GM, Dal H, Stochl J, Kosidou K, Jones PB, Dalman C, Karlsson H. Systemic inflammation and intelligence in early adulthood and subsequent risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: a longitudinal cohort and co-relative study. Psychol Med 2019; 49:295-302. [PMID: 29622048 PMCID: PMC6316362 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with impaired neurodevelopment as indexed by lower premorbid IQ. We examined associations between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation, IQ, and subsequent schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses (ONAP) to elucidate the role of neurodevelopment and inflammation in the pathogenesis of psychosis. METHODS Population-based data on ESR and IQ from 638 213 Swedish men assessed during military conscription between 1969 and 1983 were linked to National Hospital Discharge Register for hospitalisation with schizophrenia and ONAP. The associations of ESR with IQ (cross-sectional) and psychoses (longitudinal) were investigated using linear and Cox-regression. The co-relative analysis was used to examine effects of shared familial confounding. We examined mediation and moderation of effect between ESR and IQ on psychosis risk. RESULTS Baseline IQ was associated with subsequent risk of schizophrenia (adjusted HR per 1-point increase in IQ = 0.961; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.960-0.963) and ONAP (adjusted HR = 0.973; 95% CI 0.971-0.975). Higher ESR was associated with lower IQ in a dose-response fashion. High ESR was associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (adjusted HR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.01-1.28) and decreased risk for ONAP (adjusted HR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.96), although these effects were specific to one ESR band (7-10 mm/hr). Familial confounding explained ESR-IQ but not ESR-psychoses associations. IQ partly mediated the ESR-psychosis relationships. CONCLUSIONS Lower IQ is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and with an increased risk of schizophrenia and ONAP in adulthood. Low-grade inflammation may influence schizophrenia risk by affecting neurodevelopment. Future studies should explore the differential effects of inflammation on different types of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kappelmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henrik Dal
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kyriaki Kosidou
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christina Dalman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Upthegrove R, Khandaker GM. Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:49-66. [PMID: 31115797 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review current evidence linking immune dysfunction in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders focusing particularly on circulating cytokines, oxidative stress and cellular markers of inflammation in various stages on illness from drug-naïve first episode psychosis to chronic schizophrenia. Acute psychotic episode is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation in some patients, as reflected by increased concentrations of cytokines and other inflammatory markers in peripheral blood. Evidence from general population-based longitudinal cohort studies reporting an association between elevated inflammatory markers in childhood/adolescence and risk of schizophrenia and related psychosis subsequently in adulthood suggest that inflammation could be a causal risk factor for psychosis rather than simply be a consequence of illness. Mendelian randomization studies also suggest that associations between IL-6, CRP and schizophrenia are likely to be causal. In addition, we discuss evidence for disruptions in oxidative stress markers and CSF cytokine levels in schizophrenia, and potential reasons for reported trans-diagnostic associations for inflammatory cytokines including role of early-life adversity/maltreatment. We argue that low-grade inflammation is a clinically useful feature, because it is associated with poor response to antipsychotic medication in first episode psychosis. We discuss clinical implications for immunological understanding of schizophrenia including scope for clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and notable gaps in current knowledge, and offer suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Birmingham Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Ferrer-Pérez C, Martinez TE, Montagud-Romero S, Ballestín R, Reguilón MD, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Indomethacin blocks the increased conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine induced by repeated social defeat. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209291. [PMID: 30557308 PMCID: PMC6296503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that repeated social defeat stress can induce negative long-term consequences such as increased anxiety-like behavior and enhances the reinforcing effect of psychostimulants in rodents. In the current study, we evaluated how the immune system may play a role in these long-term effects of stress. A total of 148 OF1 mice were divided into different experimental groups according to stress condition (exploration or social defeat) and pre-treatment (saline, 5 or 10 mg/kg of the anti-inflammatory indomethacin) before each social defeat or exploration episode. Three weeks after the last social defeat, anxiety was evaluated using an elevated plus maze paradigm. After this test, conditioned place preference (CPP) was induced by a subthreshold dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Biological samples were taken four hours after the first and the fourth social defeat, 3 weeks after the last defeat episode, and after the CPP procedure. Plasma and brain tissue (prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus) were used to determine the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Results showed an increase of peripheral and brain IL-6 levels after the first and fourth social defeat that was reverted three weeks later. Intraperitoneal administration of the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin before each episode of stress prevented this enhancement of IL-6 levels and also reversed the increase in the rewarding effects of cocaine in defeated mice. Conversely, this protective effect was not observed with respect to the anxiogenic consequences of social stress. Our results confirm the hypothesis of a modulatory proinflammatory contribution to stress-induced vulnerability to drug abuse disorders and highlight anti-inflammatory interventions as a potential therapeutic tool to treat stress-related addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Escrivá Martinez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Ballestín
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina D. Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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73
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Physical exercise reserved amyloid-beta induced brain dysfunctions by regulating hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammatory response via MAPK signaling. Brain Res 2018; 1697:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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74
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Dahan S, Bragazzi NL, Yogev A, Bar-Gad M, Barak V, Amital H, Amital D. The relationship between serum cytokine levels and degree of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:467-472. [PMID: 30138859 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several observations indicate that cytokine concentrations might also relate to the severity of the psychosis. In this study we assessed whether inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations are associated with the degree of the psychotic manifestations. A group of 41 patients with schizophrenia suffering from an acute psychosis leading to hospitalization in a psychiatric ward were assessed for the intensity of their psychotic manifestations by the PANSS score. Serum IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 were analyzed by commercial ELISA kits. These patients were compared to controls without schizophrenia. At the univariate analysis, statistically significant elevated levels of the cytokines IL-6, IL-2R and IL-8 were detected in the sera of the patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. At the multivariate analysis, statistically significance held only for IL-2R concentration. Furthermore, positive correlation was found between symptom severity as measured by the PANSS and IL-6 levels as well as IL-2R levels. In Conclusion, our data indicate that elevated serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-2R are associated with severe clinical symptoms measured by the total, general, negative and positive scores of the PANSS scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Dahan
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ayala Yogev
- Beer-Yaacov- Ness Ziona, Mental Health Center, Israel
| | - Mayan Bar-Gad
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vivian Barak
- Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B' and Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Khandaker GM, Oltean BP, Kaser M, Dibben CRM, Ramana R, Jadon DR, Dantzer R, Coles AJ, Lewis G, Jones PB. Protocol for the insight study: a randomised controlled trial of single-dose tocilizumab in patients with depression and low-grade inflammation. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e025333. [PMID: 30244217 PMCID: PMC6157523 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Observational studies indicate a potentially causal role for interleukin 6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, in pathogenesis of depression, but interventional studies based on patients with depression have not been conducted. Tocilizumab, anti-inflammatory drug, is a humanised monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-6 signalling and is licensed in the UK for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The main objectives of this study are to test whether IL-6 contributes to the pathogenesis of depression and to examine potential mechanisms by which IL-6 affects mood and cognition. A secondary objective is to compare depressed participants with and without evidence of low-grade systemic inflammation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a proof-of-concept, randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Approximately 50 participants with International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) diagnosis of depression who have evidence of low-grade inflammation, defined as serum high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) level ≥3 mg/L, will receive either a single intravenous infusion of tocilizumab or normal saline. Blood samples, behavioural and cognitive measures will be collected at baseline and after infusion around day 7, 14 and 28. The primary outcome is somatic symptoms score around day 14 postinfusion. In addition, approximately, 50 depressed participants without low-grade inflammation (serum hs-CRP level <3 mg/L) will complete the same baseline assessments as the randomised cohort. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the South Central-Oxford B Research Ethics Committee (REC) (Reference: 18/SC/0118). Study findings will be published in peer-review journals. Findings will be also disseminated by conference/departmental presentations and by social and traditional media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN16942542; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | - Bianca P Oltean
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | - Muzaffer Kaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | | | - Rajini Ramana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | - Deepak R Jadon
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, University of Texas in Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
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76
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Liemburg EJ, Nolte IM, Klein HC, Knegtering H. Relation of inflammatory markers with symptoms of psychotic disorders: a large cohort study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:89-94. [PMID: 29778547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Immunological mechanisms may play a role in symptomatology of patients with a psychotic disorder. Besides metabolic problems and medication use, inflammatory processes that may occur due to the disorder may cause increased inflammatory markers and concurrent psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate whether levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC) are related to positive and negative symptoms of psychotic disorders, and whether age, gender, duration of illness, smoking behavior, haloperidol equivalents, mediation use, body mass, and metabolic syndrome affect this relation. METHODS CRP and WBC values of 2123 patients with a psychotic disorder were related to positive and negative symptoms measured with a psychiatric interview. CRP was analyzed by survival analysis accounting for detection limit and WBC by linear mixed model analysis. In case of a significant association, the confounding factors were added to the model. RESULTS Both WBC and CRP were related to both positive and negative symptoms, even after correction for age, gender, smoking, use of medication and metabolic problems. Of the covariates, gender, metabolic problems, smoking and statins also showed a strong association with inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS This study in a large patient-group confirmed that inflammatory markers are related to psychotic disorders, particularly negative symptoms. Future studies could use more precise measures of inflammatory markers and measure symptomatic state at specific moments in illness progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Liemburg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, PO Box 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 2 (FA32), 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - I M Nolte
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, PO Box 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - H C Klein
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, PO Box 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, PO Box 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Knegtering
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; Lentis Mental Health Organization, Lentis Research, Hereweg 80, 9725, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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77
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Duan J, Göring HHH, Sanders AR, Moy W, Freda J, Drigalenko EI, Kos M, He D, Gejman PV. Transcriptomic signatures of schizophrenia revealed by dopamine perturbation in an ex vivo model. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:158. [PMID: 30115913 PMCID: PMC6095865 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that dopaminergic over activity causes psychosis, a central feature of SZ, based on the observation that blocking dopamine (DA) improves psychotic symptoms. DA is known to have both receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects, including oxidative mechanisms that lead to apoptosis. The role of DA-mediated oxidative processes in SZ has been little studied. Here, we have used a cell perturbation approach and measured transcriptomic profiles by RNAseq to study the effect of DA exposure on transcription in B-cell transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 514 SZ cases and 690 controls. We found that DA had widespread effects on both cell growth and gene expression in LCLs. Overall, 1455 genes showed statistically significant differential DA response in SZ cases and controls. This set of differentially expressed genes is enriched for brain expression and for functions related to immune processes and apoptosis, suggesting that DA may play a role in SZ pathogenesis through modulating those systems. Moreover, we observed a non-significant enrichment of genes near genome-wide significant SZ loci and with genes spanned by SZ-associated copy number variants (CNVs), which suggests convergent pathogenic mechanisms detected by both genetic association and gene expression. The study suggests a novel role of DA in the biological processes of immune and apoptosis that may be relevant to SZ pathogenesis. Furthermore, our results show the utility of pathophysiologically relevant perturbation experiments to investigate the biology of complex mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Harald H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Winton Moy
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Freda
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Eugene I Drigalenko
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark Kos
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deli He
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Spuch C, Caruncho HJ, González-Fernandez Á, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: A systematic review of psychoneuroimmune relationship. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:19-33. [PMID: 29239785 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychiatric disease with complex interactions among the brain and the immune system. A psycho-immune relationship underling schizophrenia is supported by several studies and integrates a specific area of knowledge - psychoneuroimmunology. METHODS A systematic review was performed by 2009 Preferred Reporting Items (PRISMA) recommendations. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, publications with relevant information (evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisals tools to quality assessment) were included. RESULTS In this review, we considered the inflammatory activity promoted by cytokine alterations in schizophrenia aetiology, which reflects the systemic comprehension of this disease in opposition to the traditional approach focused solely on the brain. We focus on the analysis of several specific outcomes, such as proinflammatory cytokines, sample sort, laboratory techniques, diagnosis scales and results of each publication. CONCLUSION This systematic review confirms the existence of cytokines abnormalities in schizophrenia disease. Immune imbalances such as increased levels of some cytokines (either at protein level or at mRNA expression), cytokine mRNAs, as well as cytokine gene polymorphisms have been reported with a large support in schizophrenia. These findings provide a strong evidence of a concomitant process of inflammatory activity in schizophrenia illness course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Neurology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - África González-Fernandez
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), University Campus, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Roberto C Agís-Balboa
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
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Interleukin-3, symptoms and cognitive deficits in first-episode drug-naïve and chronic medicated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 263:147-153. [PMID: 29554544 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies consistently showed that IL-3 signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, investigations of associations between IL-3 and the neurocognitive impairments are lacking, including the study of how this may vary with stage of illness. We recruited 45 first-episode drug-naïve (FE-Sz), 35 chronic medicated schizophrenia (Ch-Sz) and 40 healthy controls (HC) and examined the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and serum IL-3. Altered serum IL-3 levels were found in both patient groups compared with HC group (both p < 0.001). There were significantly lower neurocognitive scores on the RBANS and nearly all of its five subscales, except for Visuospatial/Constructional index in both FE-Sz and Ch-Sz patients vs healthy controls. Moreover, a significant reduction in Immediate memory index (p = 0.021) and a trend-level reduction in RBANS total score (p = 0.094) in Ch-Sz than FE-Sz patients. Interestingly, there was a significant negative correlation between IL-3 and the Immediate memory index only in Ch-Sz patients (p = 0.03). Our findings showed that neurocognitive impairments present in schizophrenia emerge during the first episode with further diminished functioning with disease progression, and IL-3 may be involved in the immediate memory deficits in the chronic phase of schizophrenia.
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Bustan Y, Drapisz A, Ben Dor DH, Avrahami M, Schwartz-Lifshitz M, Weizman A, Barzilay R. Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in non-affective psychotic adolescent inpatients: Evidence for early association between inflammation and psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:149-153. [PMID: 29448179 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest an association between inflammation and schizophrenia and related psychosis. While several studies have established this immune-psychosis association in adult schizophrenia patients, there is very limited data associating inflammation with acute psychosis in children and adolescents. The ratio between neutrophils and lymphocyte, computed from routine blood counts, has been shown to correlate with traditional markers of inflammation, and is therefore considered a proxy-marker for inflammation. Here we report elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and total leukocyte count in psychotic adolescent inpatients (n = 81, mean age 14.7 years, 52% males) compared to non-psychotic adolescent inpatient (n = 285, mean age 15.9 years, 58% males), in a population of adolescent inpatients with no affective symptomatology. The elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio remained significant after controlling for confounders such as age, BMI, smoking and antipsychotic medication. In a subset of psychotic adolescent inpatients (n = 20, mean duration between blood test 157 days), we found significant decrease in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio at clinical remission compared with the acute psychotic state. The results suggest that psychosis is associated with peripheral markers of inflammation early in the course of psychiatric pathology, and that inflammation may represent a state that accompanies psychosis and decreases during clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bustan
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Adi Drapisz
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - David H Ben Dor
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Matan Avrahami
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Maya Schwartz-Lifshitz
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Child & Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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81
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Khandaker GM, Dalman C, Kappelmann N, Stochl J, Dal H, Kosidou K, Jones PB, Karlsson H. Association of Childhood Infection With IQ and Adult Nonaffective Psychosis in Swedish Men: A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort and Co-relative Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:356-362. [PMID: 29450471 PMCID: PMC5875340 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Associations between childhood infection, IQ, and adult nonaffective psychosis (NAP) are well established. However, examination of sensitive periods for exposure, effect of familial confounding, and whether IQ provides a link between childhood infection and adult NAP may elucidate pathogenesis of psychosis further. OBJECTIVES To test the association of childhood infection with IQ and adult NAP, to find whether shared familial confounding explains the infection-NAP and IQ-NAP associations, and to examine whether IQ mediates and/or moderates the childhood infection-NAP association. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based longitudinal cohort study using linkage of Swedish national registers. The risk set included all Swedish men born between 1973 and 1992 and conscripted into the military until the end of 2010 (n = 771 698). We included 647 515 participants in the analysis. MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURES Hospitalization with any infection from birth to age 13 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hospitalization with an International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of NAP until the end of 2011. At conscription around age 18 years, IQ was assessed for all participants. RESULTS At the end of follow-up, the mean (SD) age of participants was 30.73 (5.3) years. Exposure to infections, particularly in early childhood, was associated with lower IQ (adjusted mean difference for infection at birth to age 1 year: -1.61; 95% CI, -1.74 to -1.47) and with increased risk of adult NAP (adjusted hazard ratio for infection at birth to age 1 year: 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.33). There was a linear association between lower premorbid IQ and adult NAP, which persisted after excluding prodromal cases (adjusted hazard ratio per 1-point increase in IQ: 0.976; 95% CI, 0.974 to 0.978). The infection-NAP and IQ-NAP associations were similar in the general population and in full-sibling pairs discordant for exposure. The association between infection and NAP was both moderated (multiplicative, β = .006; SE = 0.002; P = .02 and additive, β = .008; SE = 0.002; P = .001) and mediated (β = .028; SE = 0.002; P < .001) by IQ. Childhood infection had a greater association with NAP risk in the lower, compared with higher, IQ range. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Early childhood is a sensitive period for the effects of infection on IQ and NAP. The associations of adult NAP with early-childhood infection and adolescent IQ are not fully explained by shared familial factors and may be causal. Lower premorbid IQ in individuals with psychosis arises from unique environmental factors, such as early-childhood infection. Early-childhood infections may increase the risk of NAP by affecting neurodevelopment and by exaggerating the association of cognitive vulnerability with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M. Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, England
| | - Christina Dalman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Kappelmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Henrik Dal
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyriaki Kosidou
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, England
| | - Håkan Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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82
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Khandaker GM, Zammit S, Burgess S, Lewis G, Jones PB. Association between a functional interleukin 6 receptor genetic variant and risk of depression and psychosis in a population-based birth cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:264-272. [PMID: 29197507 PMCID: PMC5871397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels are commonly elevated in patients with depression and psychosis and in people who are at risk of developing these disorders. A common, functional variant in the IL6R gene (IL6R Asp358Ala; rs2228145 A > C) is known to dampen down inflammation by impairing IL6R signaling. We have examined the association of Asp358Ala with diagnosis of depression and psychosis, serum IL-6, CRP levels, and a number of risk factors commonly linked with inflammation, depression or psychosis. We predicted that if IL-6 were related to depression/psychosis risk causally, rather than due to confounding, Asp358Ala would be associated with risk of these disorders, serum IL-6, CRP levels, but not with any of the confounders. METHOD We used data from the population-based ALSPAC birth cohort. Serum IL-6 and CRP levels were measured at age 9 years. Psychotic disorder, ICD-10 diagnosis of severe depressive episode, and total depression score were assessed at age 18 years. IL6R Asp358Ala was genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 quad genome-wide SNP genotyping platform. Risk factors assessed include sex, body mass index, social class, ethnicity, maternal education, birth weight, gestational age, maternal post-natal depression, childhood psychological and behavioral problems, and total IQ score. RESULTS Asp358Ala was associated with decreased risk of severe depression and/or psychosis; adjusted odds ratio for those with CC, compared with AA, genotype was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.15-0.94). The variant was associated with increased serum IL-6 levels (P = 5.5 × 10-22) but decreased serum CRP levels (P = 3.5 × 10-5), consistent with an anti-inflammatory effect downstream of IL-6. Asp358Ala was not associated with total depression score. Asp358Ala was not associated with any of the other risk factors commonly linked with inflammation, depression or psychosis (all P > 0.20). CONCLUSIONS The findings provide further evidence that the IL-6/IL6R pathways are involved in pathogenesis of severe depression and psychosis, and may be novel therapeutic targets. Previously reported associations between IL-6, depression and psychosis are unlikely to be fully explained by confounding. Based on a small number of cases, findings from the current study need replication in other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Centre for Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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83
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Abstract
The blood-brain interface (BBI) is the subject of a new named series at Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. It is timely to reflect on a number of advances in the field within the last ten years, which may lead to an increased understanding of human behaviour and a wide range of psychiatric and neurological conditions. We cover discoveries made in solute and cell trafficking, endothelial cell and pericyte biology, extracellular matrix and emerging tools, especially those which will enable study of the human BBI. We now recognize the central role of the BBI in a number of immunopsychiatric syndromes, including sickness behaviour, delirium, septic encephalopathy, cognitive side effects of cytokine-based therapies and the frank psychosis observed in neuronal surface antibody syndromes. In addition, we find ourselves interrogating and modulating the brain across the BBI, during diagnostic investigation and treatment of brain disease. The past ten years of BBI research have been exciting but there is more to come.
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84
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Fries GR, Dimitrov DH, Lee S, Braida N, Yantis J, Honaker C, Cuellar J, Walss-Bass C. Genome-wide expression in veterans with schizophrenia further validates the immune hypothesis for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018. [PMID: 28641886 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test whether a dysregulation of gene expression may be the underlying cause of previously reported elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in veterans with schizophrenia. We performed a genome-wide expression analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from veterans with schizophrenia and controls, and our results show that 167 genes and putative loci were differently expressed between groups. These genes were enriched primarily for pathways related to inflammatory mechanisms and formed networks related to cell death and survival, immune cell trafficking, among others, which is in line with previous reports and further validates the inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Dimitre H Dimitrov
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Shuko Lee
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Nicole Braida
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Jesse Yantis
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Craig Honaker
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Joe Cuellar
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, 78229 San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Rd, 77054 Houston, TX, USA.
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85
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Borovcanin MM, Jovanovic I, Radosavljevic G, Pantic J, Minic Janicijevic S, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML. Interleukin-6 in Schizophrenia-Is There a Therapeutic Relevance? Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:221. [PMID: 29163240 PMCID: PMC5681495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewing interest in immune aspects of schizophrenia and new findings about the brain-fat axis encourage us to discuss the possible role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in schizophrenia. Previously, it was suggested that a primary alteration of the innate immune system may be relevant in schizophrenia. Functional dichotomy of IL-6 suggests that this chemical messenger may be responsible for regulating the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, with tissue-specific properties at the periphery and in the central nervous system. Specific phase of this chronic and deteriorating disorder must be considered, which can involve IL-6 in acute or possible chronic inflammation and/or autoimmunity. We give an overview of IL-6 role in the onset and progression of this disorder, also considering cognitive impairment and metabolic changes in patients with schizophrenia. Data suggest that decreased serum level of IL-6 following antipsychotic therapy could be predisposing factor for the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders in schizophrenia. As we reviewed, the IL-6 plays significant role in disease genesis and progression, so the use of specific inhibitors may not only be beneficial for exacerbation and alleviation of positive symptoms, but may attenuate cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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86
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Tahmasebinia F, Pourgholaminejad A. The role of Th17 cells in auto-inflammatory neurological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:408-416. [PMID: 28760387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in auto-inflammatory neurological disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia has not been clarified completely. Th17-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ have a critical role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we demonstrate the role of Th17 cells and their related cytokines in the immunopathology of above-mentioned disorders to get a better understanding of neuroinflammatory mechanisms mediated by Th17 cells associated with events leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foozhan Tahmasebinia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Arash Pourgholaminejad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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87
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Mørch RH, Dieset I, Faerden A, Hope S, Aas M, Nerhus M, Gardsjord ES, Haram M, Falk RS, Joa I, Morken G, Agartz I, Aukrust P, Djurovic S, Melle I, Ueland T, Andreassen OA. Persistent increase in TNF and IL-1 markers in severe mental disorders suggests trait-related inflammation: a one year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:400-408. [PMID: 28815548 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated if plasma levels of inflammatory markers are persistently altered in severe mental disorders with psychotic symptoms or associated with state characteristics in a longitudinal study. METHODS Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured in schizophrenia (n = 69) and affective (n = 55) spectrum patients at baseline and at one-year follow-up, and compared to healthy controls (HC) (n = 92) with analysis of covariance. Association between change in symptoms and inflammatory markers was analyzed with mixed-effects models. RESULTS sTNF-R1 was higher in the schizophrenia (P < 0.0001) and affective disorders (P = 0.02) compared to HC, while IL-1Ra was higher in schizophrenia (P = 0.01) compared to HC at one year follow-up. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and affective groups; however, levels in the affective group were in between schizophrenia and HC for sTNF-R1 and IL-1Ra. There were no significant associations between change in symptoms and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Persistently increased sTNF-R1 and IL-1Ra after one year in patients with severe mental disorders primarily reflecting data from the schizophrenia group may suggest that inflammation is a trait phenomenon, and not only the result of stress-related mechanisms associated with acute episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mørch
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Dieset
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Faerden
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Hope
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neuro Habilitation, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Aas
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Nerhus
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E S Gardsjord
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Haram
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R S Falk
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Joa
- Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Network for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - G Morken
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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88
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Serum galectin-3, but not galectin-1, levels are elevated in schizophrenia: implications for the role of inflammation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2919-2927. [PMID: 28698921 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that galectin-3 is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and that neuroinflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, the link between schizophrenia and various galectins is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to determine whether galectin, a well-known lectin protein that binds to μ-galactoside, is associated with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS Thirty-six patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy controls participated in this study. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels were evaluated using ELISA and compared between the participant groups. Correlation analyses were also performed to examine the relationship between BPRS scores and each galectin level. RESULTS Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than they were in controls (p = 0.009, d = 0.640); however, serum galectin-1 levels were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.513). No significant correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 level and the total BPRS score; however, a significant positive correlation was found between the serum galectin-3 level and the positive symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = 0.355; p = 0.033). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 levels and the negative symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = -0.387; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Given the high serum levels of galectin-3 found in patients with schizophrenia compared with that in controls, these findings may support the inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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89
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Khandaker GM, Dantzer R, Jones PB. Immunopsychiatry: important facts. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2229-2237. [PMID: 28418288 PMCID: PMC5817424 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicate a role for the immune system particularly inflammation and autoimmunity in the aetiology of major psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. In this paper, we discuss some of the key advances in immunopsychiatry in order to highlight to psychiatrists and other health professionals how an increased understanding of this field might enhance our knowledge of illness mechanism and approaches to treatment. We present a brief overview of clinical research that link inflammation and autoimmunity with depression and psychosis, including potential role of inflammation in treatment response, current evidence for the effectiveness of immune-modulating treatment for depression and psychosis, and possible role of inflammation in common physical comorbidities for these disorders such as coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Gaining a better understanding of the role of immune system could be paradigm changing for psychiatry. We need collaborations between clinicians and scientists to deliver high-quality translational research in order to fully realise the clinical potential of this exciting and rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P. B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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90
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Aas M, Dieset I, Hope S, Hoseth E, Mørch R, Reponen E, Steen NE, Laskemoen JF, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Melle I. Childhood maltreatment severity is associated with elevated C-reactive protein and body mass index in adults with schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:342-349. [PMID: 28619247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described an association between childhood maltreatment and inflammatory markers in the psychotic disorders (schizophrenia [SZ] and bipolar disorder [BD]). Previous studies have been relatively small (<50 participants), and the severity of abuse and the putative influence of body mass index (BMI) have not been properly investigated. METHODS The combined effects of childhood abuse severity and clinical diagnosis on inflammatory markers were investigated in a large sample (n=483) of patients with a disorder on the psychosis spectrum and in healthy controls (HCs). Plasma levels of inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 [TNFR-R1], glycoprotein 130 [gp130]) were analyzed, and BMI and data on childhood trauma events, on the basis of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), were obtained from all participants. RESULTS Patients had increased levels of hs-CRP (P<0.001, Cohens d=0.4), lower levels of gp130 (P<0.001, Cohens d=0.5), higher BMI (P<0.001, Cohens d=0.5) and reported more childhood maltreatment experiences (P<0.001, Cohens d=1.2) than the HC group. The severity of childhood abuse (up to three types of abuse: sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse) was associated with elevated BMI (f=8.46, P<0.001, Cohen's d=0.5) and hs-CRP (f=5.47, P=0.001, Cohen's d=0.3). Combined effects of patient status and severity of childhood abuse were found for elevated hs-CRP (f=4.76, P<0.001, Cohen's d=0.4). Differences among the groups disappeared when BMI was added to the model. DISCUSSION Trauma-altered immune activation via elevated hs-CRP in patients with SZ and BD may be mediated by higher BMI; however, the direction of this association needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aas
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Eva Hoseth
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Ragni Mørch
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Elina Reponen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway; Drammen District Psychiatric Center, Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT K.G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
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Oliveros A, Wininger K, Sens J, Larsson MK, Liu XC, Choi S, Faka A, Schwieler L, Engberg G, Erhardt S, Choi DS. LPS-induced cortical kynurenic acid and neurogranin-NFAT signaling is associated with deficits in stimulus processing during Pavlovian conditioning. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:1-9. [PMID: 29153599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA) and the post-synaptic calmodulin binding protein neurogranin (Nrgn) have been implicated in neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. This study indicates that systemic dual-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections increases KYNA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is accompanied with increased phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa chain of activated B cells (NFκB) and activation of the nuclear factor of activated T- cells (NFAT). Our results also indicate that dual-LPS increases Nrgn phosphorylation and concomitantly reduces phosphorylation of calmodulin kinase-II (CaMKII). We confirmed that systemic blockade of kynurenine-3 monooxygenase in conjunction with kynurenine administration results in significant increases in Nrgn phosphorylation and a significant reduction of CaMKII phosphorylation in the mPFC. Consequently, dual-LPS administration induced significant impairments in stimulus processing during Pavlovian conditioning. Taken together, our study indicates that elevations in KYNA in the mPFC can directly regulate NMDA-Nrgn-CaMKII signaling, suggesting that neuroinflammatory conditions affecting this pathway may be associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oliveros
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - K Wininger
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - J Sens
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - M K Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - X C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - A Faka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Erhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Affect and emotion are defined as “an essential part of the process of an organism's interaction with stimuli.” Similar to affect, the immune response is the “tool” the body uses to interact with the external environment. Thanks to the emotional and immunological response, we learn to distinguish between what we like and what we do not like, to counteract a broad range of challenges, and to adjust to the environment we are living in. Recent compelling evidence has shown that the emotional and immunological systems share more than a similarity of functions. This review article will discuss the crosstalk between these two systems and the need for a new scientific area of research called affective immunology. Research in this field will allow a better understanding and appreciation of the immunological basis of mental disorders and the emotional side of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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93
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Melbourne JK, Feiner B, Rosen C, Sharma RP. Targeting the Immune System with Pharmacotherapy in Schizophrenia. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 4:139-151. [PMID: 28674674 PMCID: PMC5493152 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-017-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Melbourne
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Benjamin Feiner
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Cherise Rosen
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Rajiv P. Sharma
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue (M/C 151), Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
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94
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Miłkowska P, Popko K, Demkow U, Wolańczyk T. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28456928 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines are a large group of small proteins which play a significant role in cell signaling and regulate a variety of processes in organisms, including proliferation and differentiation of many cells, mediation in defense reactions and regulation of hematopoiesis. Cytokines can be divided into those with pro- and those with anti-inflammatory properties. In the group of pro-inflammatory cytokines the most important are: IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Pro-inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric conditions in adults, but their role in children and adolescents is less clear. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Miłkowska
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Popko
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolańczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
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95
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Sanders AR, Drigalenko EI, Duan J, Moy W, Freda J, Göring HHH, Gejman PV. Transcriptome sequencing study implicates immune-related genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia: new data and a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1093. [PMID: 28418402 PMCID: PMC5416689 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook an RNA sequencing (RNAseq)-based transcriptomic profiling study on lymphoblastoid cell lines of a European ancestry sample of 529 schizophrenia cases and 660 controls, and found 1058 genes to be differentially expressed by affection status. These differentially expressed genes were enriched for involvement in immunity, especially the 697 genes with higher expression in cases. Comparing the current RNAseq transcriptomic profiling to our previous findings in an array-based study of 268 schizophrenia cases and 446 controls showed a highly significant positive correlation over all genes. Fifteen (18%) of the 84 genes with significant (false discovery rate<0.05) expression differences between cases and controls in the previous study and analyzed here again were differentially expressed by affection status here at a genome-wide significance level (Bonferroni P<0.05 adjusted for 8141 analyzed genes in total, or P<~6.1 × 10-6), all with the same direction of effect, thus providing corroborative evidence despite each sample of fully independent subjects being studied by different technological approaches. Meta-analysis of the RNAseq and array data sets (797 cases and 1106 controls) showed 169 additional genes (besides those found in the primary RNAseq-based analysis) to be differentially expressed, and provided further evidence of immune gene enrichment. In addition to strengthening our previous array-based gene expression differences in schizophrenia cases versus controls and providing transcriptomic support for some genes implicated by other approaches for schizophrenia, our study detected new genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia. We highlight RNAseq-based differential expression of various genes involved in neurodevelopment and/or neuronal function, and discuss caveats of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. E-mail:
| | - E I Drigalenko
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Duan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Freda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - H H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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96
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Wang WC, Lu ML, Chen VCH, Ng MH, Huang KY, Hsieh MH, Hsieh MJ, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Lee CTC. Asthma, corticosteroid use and schizophrenia: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173063. [PMID: 28350822 PMCID: PMC5369699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma and corticosteroid use have been implicated as possible risk factors for schizophrenia. The retrospective cohort study herein aimed to investigate the association between asthma, corticosteroid use, and schizophrenia. METHOD Longitudinal data (2000 to 2007) from adults with asthma (n = 50,046) and without asthma (n = 50,046) were compared on measures of schizophrenia incidence using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Incidence of schizophrenia diagnosis (ICD-9 codes 295.XX) between 2000 and 2007 were compared between groups. Competing risk-adjusted Cox regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for sex, age, residence, socioeconomic status, corticosteroid use, outpatient and emergency room visit frequency, Charlson comorbidity index, and total length of hospital stays days for any disorder. RESULTS Of the 75,069 subjects, 238 received a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The mean (SD) follow-up interval for all subjects was 5.8 (2.3) years. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, asthma was associated with significantly greater hazard ratio for incident schizophrenia 1.40 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.87). Additional factors associated with greater incidence of schizophrenia were rural residence, lower economic status, and poor general health. Older age (i.e. ≥65 years) was negatively associated with schizophrenia incidence. Corticosteroid use was not associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Asthma was associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. The results herein suggest that a convergent disturbance in the immune-inflammatory system may contribute to the pathoetiology of asthma and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hing Ng
- Department of Health, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-You Huang
- Department of Speech, Language Pathology and Audiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Hsieh
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jer Hsieh
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Tzu-Chi Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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97
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D'Acquisto F. Affective immunology: where emotions and the immune response converge. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 19:9-19. [PMID: 28566943 PMCID: PMC5442367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Affect and emotion are defined as "an essential part of the process of an organism's interaction with stimuli." Similar to affect, the immune response is the "tool" the body uses to interact with the external environment. Thanks to the emotional and immunological response, we learn to distinguish between what we like and what we do not like, to counteract a broad range of challenges, and to adjust to the environment we are living in. Recent compelling evidence has shown that the emotional and immunological systems share more than a similarity of functions. This review article will discuss the crosstalk between these two systems and the need for a new scientific area of research called affective immunology. Research in this field will allow a better understanding and appreciation of the immunological basis of mental disorders and the emotional side of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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98
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Hayes JF, Khandaker GM, Anderson J, Mackay D, Zammit S, Lewis G, Smith DJ, Osborn DPJ. Childhood interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and atopic disorders as risk factors for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Psychol Med 2017; 47:23-33. [PMID: 27476619 PMCID: PMC5197925 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no existing longitudinal studies of inflammatory markers and atopic disorders in childhood and risk of hypomanic symptoms in adulthood. This study examined if childhood: (1) serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (2) asthma and/or eczema are associated with features of hypomania in young adulthood. METHOD Participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective general population UK birth cohort, had non-fasting blood samples for IL-6 and CRP measurement at the age of 9 years (n = 4645), and parents answered a question about doctor-diagnosed atopic illness before the age of 10 years (n = 7809). These participants completed the Hypomania Checklist at age 22 years (n = 3361). RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, past psychological and behavioural problems, body mass index and maternal postnatal depression, participants in the top third of IL-6 values at 9 years, compared with the bottom third, had an increased risk of hypomanic symptoms by age 22 years [adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.85, p < 0.001]. Higher IL-6 levels in childhood were associated with adult hypomania features in a dose-response fashion. After further adjustment for depression at the age of 18 years this association remained (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.03-2.81, p = 0.038). There was no evidence of an association of hypomanic symptoms with CRP levels, asthma or eczema in childhood. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of systemic inflammatory marker IL-6 in childhood were associated with hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of mania. Inflammatory pathways may be suitable targets for the prevention and intervention for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. M. Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Anderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D. Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Zammit
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - G. Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK
| | - D. J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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99
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Miłkowska P, Popko K, Demkow U, Wolańczyk T. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1021:73-80. [PMID: 28405892 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are a large group of small proteins which play a significant role in cell signaling and regulate a variety of processes in organisms, including proliferation and differentiation of many cells, mediation in defense reactions and regulation of hematopoiesis. Cytokines can be divided into those with pro- and those with anti-inflammatory properties. In the group of pro-inflammatory cytokines the most important are: IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Pro-inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric conditions in adults, but their role in children and adolescents is less clear. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Miłkowska
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Popko
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolańczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
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100
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Najjar S, Pahlajani S, De Sanctis V, Stern JNH, Najjar A, Chong D. Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Blood-Brain Barrier Hyperpermeability Contribute to Schizophrenia Neurobiology: A Theoretical Integration of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 28588507 PMCID: PMC5440518 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, as well as behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. It is a pathoetiologically heterogeneous disorder involving complex interrelated mechanisms that include oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neurovascular endothelial dysfunction and blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability are established mechanisms in neurological disorders with comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. Schizophrenia is frequently comorbid with medical conditions associated with peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. However, the existence and etiological relevance of neurovascular endothelial dysfunction and BBB hyperpermeability in schizophrenia are still not well recognized. Here, we review the growing clinical and experimental evidence, indicating that neurovascular endotheliopathy and BBB hyperpermeability occur in schizophrenia patients. We present a theoretical integration of human and animal data linking oxidative stress and neuroinflammation to neurovascular endotheliopathy and BBB breakdown in schizophrenia. These abnormalities may contribute to the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia via several mechanisms involving reduced cerebral perfusion and impaired homeostatic processes of cerebral microenvironment. Furthermore, BBB disruption can facilitate interactions between brain innate and peripheral adaptive immunity, thereby perpetuating harmful neuroimmune signals and toxic neuroinflammatory responses, which can also contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Taken together, these findings support the "mild encephalitis" hypothesis of schizophrenia. If neurovascular abnormalities prove to be etiologically relevant to the neurobiology of schizophrenia, then targeting these abnormalities may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silky Pahlajani
- Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia De Sanctis
- Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel N H Stern
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Najjar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Derek Chong
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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