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Zhou S, Di Paolo C, Wu X, Shao Y, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Optimization of screening-level risk assessment and priority selection of emerging pollutants - The case of pharmaceuticals in European surface waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:1-10. [PMID: 31029973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in surface waters have raised significant concern in recent years for their potential environmental effects. This study identified that at present a total of 477 substances (including 66 metabolites and transformation products) have been analyzed in European surface waters. Around 60% (284) of these compounds belonging to 16 different therapeutic groups were positively detected in one or more of 33 European countries. To conveniently and effectively prioritize potential high-risk compounds, an optimized method that considers the frequency of concentrations above predicted no effects levels was developed on the basis of the traditional method, and it was then used to identify and screen candidate priority pollutants in European surface waters. The results proved the feasibility and advantages of the optimized method. Pharmaceuticals detected in European surface waters were classified into 5 categories (high, moderate, endurable, negligible and safe) depending on their potential environmental effects and the distribution of pharmaceuticals. Circa 9% (45 out of 477) analyzed compounds showed a potential environmental risk to aquatic ecosystems. Among these 45 compounds, 12 compounds were indicated to have high environmental risk in aquatic environments, while 17 and 7 compounds showed moderate and small-scale environmental risks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Zhou
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Shell Health, Shell International B.V., Carel van Bylandtlaan 23, 2596 HP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Xinda Wu
- EcoLab (le laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
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Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D. Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3510-3673. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kishor
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Todd Mlsna
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Kümmerer K, Dionysiou DD, Olsson O, Fatta-Kassinos D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants - Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:836-850. [PMID: 30380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and many other chemicals are an important basis for nearly all sectors including for example, food and agriculture, medicine, plastics, electronics, transport, communication, and many other products used nowadays. This comes along with a tremendous chemicalization of the globe, including ubiquitous presence of products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the aquatic environment. Use of these products will increase with population growth and living standard as will the need for clean water. In addition, climate change will exacerbate availability of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Since its implementation, conventional wastewater treatment has increasingly contributed to environmental protection and health of humans. However, with the increasing pollution of water by chemicals, conventional treatment turned out to be insufficient. It was also found that advanced effluent treatment methods such as extended filtration, the sorption to activated charcoal or advanced oxidation methods have their own limitations. These are, for example, increased demand for energy and hazardous chemicals, incomplete or even no removal of pollutants, the generation of unwanted products from parent compounds (transformation products, TPs) of often-unknown chemical structure, fate and toxicity. In many countries, effluent treatment is available only rarely if at all let alone advanced treatment. The past should teach us, that focusing only on technological approaches is not constructive for a sustainable water quality control. Therefore, in addition to conventional and advanced treatment optimization more emphasis on input prevention is urgently needed, including more and better control of what is present in the source water. Measures for input prevention are known for long. The main focus though has always been on the treatment, and measures taken at the source have gained only little attention so far. A more effective and efficient approach, however, would be to avoid pollution at the source, which would in turn allow more targeted treatment to meet treated water quality objectives globally. New developments within green and sustainable chemistry are offering new approaches that allow for input prevention and a more targeted treatment to succeed in pollution elimination in and at the source. To put this into practice, engineers, water scientists and chemists as well as microbiologists and scientists of other related disciplines need to cooperate more extensively than in the past. Applying principles such as the precautionary principle, or keeping water flows separate where possible will add to this. This implies not minimizing the efforts to improve wastewater treatment but to design effluents and chemicals in such a way that treatment systems and water environments can cope successfully with the challenge of micropollutants globally (Kümmerer et al., 2018). This paper therefore presents in its first part some of the limitations of effluent treatment in order to demonstrate the urgent need for minimizing water pollution at the source and, information on why source management is urgently needed to improve water quality and stimulate discussions how to protect water resources on a global level. Some principles of green and sustainable chemistry as well as other approaches, which are part of source management, are presented in the second part in order to stimulate discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaboration Center (ISC(3)), Research and Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA; Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Xu J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Alder AC. Occurrence and enantiomer profiles of β-blockers in wastewater and a receiving water body and adjacent soil in Tianjin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1122-1130. [PMID: 30308800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 58 samples were collected from hospitals, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a receiving water body (Dagu Drainage Canal, DDC), and adjacent farmland in Tianjin City, China, in May and November 2013 and were analyzed for five common β-blockers (atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol, propranolol, and nadolol) to elucidate their source, occurrence and fate in a typical city in China. The profiles of the enantiomers of the β-blockers in some samples were examined. Sotalol, metoprolol and propranolol were frequently detected, atenolol was less frequently detected, and nadolol was mostly not detected. Generally, the concentrations in hospital wastewaters occurred from <LOQ to 10 μg/L, while concentrations in municipal WWTP water samples ranged from <LOQ to 5.2 μg/L. Hence, both hospitals and WWTPs acted as sources of β-blockers in the environment. Sotalol, metoprolol and propranolol were determined in soils adjacent to the DDC with concentrations up to hundreds of ng/kg in the topsoil and declining levels in the subsoil. Seasonal variation was observed with samples obtained in May showing higher concentrations, both in the canal and the adjacent soil, which could be ascribed to greater consumption of these drugs, lower temperature and less precipitation in the spring and the former winter. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of metoprolol and propranolol in soil samples showed a trend of enrichment of E1 (first-eluted) compared to E2 (second-eluted), while sotalol was almost racemic. In the DDC, no significant difference was found for the pair enantiomers of each β-blocker, while in hospital and WWTP wastewaters, E1 predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Simu GM, Atchana J, Soica CM, Coricovac DE, Simu SC, Dehelean CA. Pharmaceutical Mixtures: Still A Concern for Human and Environmental Health. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:121-153. [PMID: 30406736 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181108094222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, recent data on the sources, occurrence and fate of human-use pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic environment have been reviewed. Since PhACs and their metabolites are usually present as mixtures in the environment at very low concentrations, a particular emphasis was placed onto the PhACs mixtures, as well as on their short-term and long-term effects against human and environmental health. Moreover, a general overview of the main conventional as well as of the latest trends in wastewaters decontaminant technologies was outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of current processes were also pointed out. It appears that numerous gaps still exist in the current knowledge related to this field of interest, and further studies should be conducted at the global level in order to ensure a more efficient monitorisation of the presence of PhACs and their metabolites into the aquatic environment and to develop new mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta M Simu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Timisoara, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Jeanne Atchana
- University of Maroua, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 46, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Codruta M Soica
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Timisoara, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Dorina E Coricovac
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Timisoara, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Sebastian C Simu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Timisoara, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Cristina A Dehelean
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Timisoara, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara 300041, Romania
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Khan B, Burgess RM, Fogg SA, Cantwell MG, Katz DR, Ho KT. Cellular responses to in vitro exposures to β-blocking pharmaceuticals in hard clams and Eastern oysters. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:360-370. [PMID: 30077932 PMCID: PMC6158783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased consumption and improper disposal of prescription medication, such as beta (β)-blockers, contribute to their introduction into waterways and may pose threats to non-target aquatic organisms. There has been rising concern about the impacts of these prescription drugs on coastal ecosystems, especially because wastewater treatment plants are not designed to eliminate them from the discharge. Few studies have characterized the sublethal effects of β-blocker exposures in marine invertebrates. The overall aim of our research is to identify cellular responses of two commercially important filter-feeding marine bivalves, hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), upon exposures to two β-blocker drugs, propranolol and metoprolol. In vitro exposures with bivalve digestive gland and gill tissues were conducted where tissues were separately exposed to each drug for 24 h. Tissue samples were analyzed for cellular damage (lysosomal membrane destabilization and lipid peroxidation), total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione-s-transferase activity. Elevated damage and changes in enzyme activities were noted in the exposed tissues at environmentally relevant concentrations. Differences in species and tissue sensitivities and responses to exposures were also observed. These studies enhance our understanding of the potential impacts of prescription medication on coastal organisms. Additionally, this work demonstrates that filter-feeders may serve as good model organisms to examine the effects of unintended environmental exposures to β-blockers. These studies are part of our ongoing work aimed at evaluation of sublethal biomarkers of pharmaceutical exposures and identification of key events that can contribute to the development of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Khan
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, Narragansett, RI, USA.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD-NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Sandra A Fogg
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Student Services, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Mark G Cantwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD-NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - David R Katz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD-NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Kay T Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD-NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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Mezzelani M, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environments: Evidence of emerged threat and future challenges for marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:41-60. [PMID: 29859717 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are nowadays recognized as a threat for aquatic ecosystems. The growing consumption of these compounds and the enhancement of human health in the past two decades have been paralleled by the continuous input of such biologically active molecules in natural environments. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as a major route for release of pharmaceuticals in aquatic bodies where concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L are ubiquitously detected. Since medicines principles are designed to be effective at very low concentrations, they have the potential to interfere with biochemical and physiological processes of aquatic species over their entire life cycle. Investigations on occurrence, bioaccumulation and effects in non target organisms are fragmentary, particularly for marine ecosystems, and related to only a limited number over the 4000 substances classified as pharmaceuticals: hence, there is a urgent need to prioritize the environmental sustainability of the most relevant compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize the main adverse effects documented for marine species exposed in both field and laboratory conditions to different classes of pharmaceuticals including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, psychiatric, cardiovascular, hypocholesterolaemic drugs, steroid hormones and antibiotics. Despite a great scientific advancement has been achieved, our knowledge is still limited on pharmaceuticals behavior in chemical mixtures, as well as their interactions with other environmental stressors. Complex ecotoxicological effects are increasingly documented and multidisciplinary, integrated approaches will be helpful to clarify the environmental hazard of these "emerged" pollutants in marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Bittner L, Teixido E, Seiwert B, Escher BI, Klüver N. Influence of pH on the uptake and toxicity of β-blockers in embryos of zebrafish, Danio rerio. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:129-137. [PMID: 29906695 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ß-Blockers are weak bases with acidity constants related to their secondary amine group. At environmental pH they are protonated with the tendency to shift to their neutral species at more alkaline pH. Here we studied the influence of pH from 5.5 to 8.6 on the toxicity of the four ß-blockers atenolol, metoprolol, labetalol and propranolol in zebrafish embryos, relating toxicity not only in a conventional way to external aqueous concentrations but also to measured internal concentrations. Besides lethality, we evaluated changes in swimming activity and heartbeat, using the Locomotor Response (LMR) method and the Vertebrate Automated Screening Technology (VAST) for high throughput imaging. Effects of metoprolol, labetalol and propranolol were detected on phenotype, heart rate and swimming activity. External effect concentrations decreased with increasing neutral fraction for all three pharmaceuticals, attributed by an enhanced uptake of the neutral species in comparison to the corresponding charged form. The LC50 of metoprolol decreased by a factor of 35 from 1.91 mM with almost complete cationic state at pH 7.0 to 0.054 mM with 8% neutral fraction at pH 8.6. For propranolol the LC50 of 2.42 mM at pH 5.5 was even 100 fold higher than the LC50 at pH 8 with 0.023 mM where 3% were neutral fraction. No effects were detected in the zebrafish embryo exposed to atenolol. The internal concentrations for metoprolol and propranolol were quantified at non-toxic concentrations and at the LC10. Apparent bioconcentration factors (BCF) ranged from 1.96 at pH 7.0 to 32.0 at pH 8.6 for metoprolol and from 1.86 at pH 5.5 to 169 at pH 8.0 for propranolol. The BCFs served to predict the internal effect concentrations from the measured external effect concentrations. Internal effect concentrations of metoprolol and propranolol were in a similar range for all pH-values and for all endpoints. Interestingly, the internal effect concentrations were in the internal concentration range of baseline toxicity, which suggests that the effects of the ß-blockers are rather unspecific, even for sublethal effects on heart rate. In summary, our data confirm that the pH-dependent toxicity related to external concentrations can be explained by toxicokinetic effects and that the internal effect concentrations are pH-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bittner
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabet Teixido
- Department Bioanalytical Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard-Karls University, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nils Klüver
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Mutiyar PK, Gupta SK, Mittal AK. Fate of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) from River Yamuna, India: An ecotoxicological risk assessment approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:297-304. [PMID: 29289865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The river Yamuna is a major tributary of river Ganges and is a major source of freshwater in the National Capital Territory (NCT) catering 16.8 million people. This is the first report on occurrence, fate and ecotoxicological risk assessment of various pharmaceuticals active compounds (PhACs) in the Yamuna river. In this study, spatial and temporal distribution of nine PhACs "aspirin, ibuprofen, paracetamol, caffeine, ranitidine, diclofenac, carbamazepine, codeine, and diazepam", belonging to different therapeutic groups have been reported. Nine PhACs were analyzed in all the samples collected from the NCT stretch of river Yamuna. No specific trend in the distribution of the pharmaceutical residues was observed, however, the results revealed comparably higher PhACs contamination at YMN-2 (downstream Wazirabad, at this point, Najafgarh drain joins river Yamuna). Ecotoxicological risk assessment was carried out using Hazard quotients (HQ) for normal and worst case scenarios. The HQ showed that the levels of PhACs present in the samples were insufficient to cause acute toxicity to the flora and fauna of the river Yamuna. However, such residues could possibly cause chronic toxicity to the aquatic life and human beings as a huge amount of water of the river Yamuna is used for the drinking purposes in the NCT Delhi, the state capital of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Mutiyar
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India; National Mission for Clean Ganga, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar Mittal
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
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Martínez-Rodríguez H, Donkor K, Brewer S, Galar-Martínez M, SanJuan-Reyes N, Islas-Flores H, Sánchez-Aceves L, Elizalde-Velázquez A, Gómez-Oliván LM. Metoprolol induces oxidative damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 197:122-135. [PMID: 29482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, β-blockers such as metoprolol (MTP) have been frequently detected in surface water, aquatic systems and municipal water at concentrations of ng/L to μg/L. Only a small number of studies exist on the toxic effects induced by this group of pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage induced by MTP in the common carp Cyprinus carpio, using oxidative stress biomarkers. To this end, indicators of cellular oxidation such as hydroperoxide content (HPC), lipid peroxidation (LPX) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were determined, as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Also, concentrations of MTP and its metabolite O-desmethyl metoprolol were determined in water as well as carp gill, liver, kidney, brain and blood, along with the partial uptake pattern of these compounds. Results show that carp takes up MTP and its metabolite in the different organs evaluated, particularly liver and gill. The oxidative stress biomarkers, HPC, LPX, and PCC, as well as SOD and CAT activity all increased significantly at most exposure times in all organs evaluated. Results indicate that MTP and its metabolite induce oxidative stress on the teleost C. carpio and that the presence of these compounds may constitute a risk in water bodies for aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Martínez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Kingsley Donkor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Sharon Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero. México, DF, C.P. 07738, México
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Livier Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
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Kar S, Roy K, Leszczynski J. Impact of Pharmaceuticals on the Environment: Risk Assessment Using QSAR Modeling Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1800:395-443. [PMID: 29934904 PMCID: PMC7120680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7899-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An extensive use of pharmaceuticals and the widespread practices of their erroneous disposal measures have made these products contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). Especially, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are ubiquitously detected in surface water and soil, mainly in the aquatic compartment, where they do affect the living systems. Unfortunately, there is a huge gap in the availability of ecotoxicological data on pharmaceuticals' environmental behavior and ecotoxicity which force EMEA (European Medicines Agency) to release guidelines for their risk assessment. In silico modeling approaches are vital tools to exploit the existing information to rapidly emphasize the potentially most hazardous and toxic pharmaceuticals and prioritize the most environmentally hazardous ones for focusing further on their experimental studies. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are capable of predicting missing properties for toxic end-points required to prioritize existing, or newly synthesized chemicals for their potential hazard. This chapter reviews the information regarding occurrence and impact of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the environment along with their persistence, environmental fate, risk assessment, and risk management. A bird's eye view about the necessity of in silico methods for fate prediction of pharmaceuticals in the environment as well as existing successful models regarding ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals are discussed. Available toxicity endpoints, ecotoxicity databases, and expert systems frequently used for ecotoxicity predictions of pharmaceuticals are also reported. The overall discussion justifies the requirement to build up additional in silico models for quick prediction of ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals economically, without or involving only limited animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Schwarz S, Schmieg H, Scheurer M, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R. Impact of the NSAID diclofenac on survival, development, behaviour and health of embryonic and juvenile stages of brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1026-1036. [PMID: 28724221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The NSAID diclofenac is controversially discussed with respect to its environmental relevance. Since further information is need to assess whether diclofenac should be included as substance of priority in the EU water framework directive, we investigated the impact of this analgesic on the embryonic development of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) from fertilized egg until the end of sac-fry stage and studied effects in juvenile fish six months post hatch. Embryos were exposed to five test concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 100μg/L) over 127days at 7°C. None of the treatments affected mortality, hatching, development or heart rate. Six months old juveniles exposed to five concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100, 200μg/L) over 25days at 7°C, however, showed increased mortality, reaching significance at 100μg/L. Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of juvenile animals bore injuries at concentrations higher 10μg/L. Neither the levels of the stress protein Hsp70, nor the amount of lipid peroxides was affected by any of the treatments. Histological analyses of gill, liver and kidney revealed visible tissue reactions in fish from all experimental groups. Histological responses in livers of diclofenac-exposed fish outstripped the status of laboratory control fish, particularly when exposed to the two highest concentrations. Chemical analyses of fish muscle tissue revealed concentration-dependent uptake of DCF into the animal, but no relevant bioconcentration. Our study supports earlier findings indicating a lower sensitivity of trout early life stages compared to older individuals, suggesting that studies for risk assessment of diclofenac should predominantly focus on later life stages. Furthermore, fish mortality was found to increase with rising diclofenac concentrations, and the lowest observed effect concentration of 10μg/L on the organismic level emphasises the classification of diclofenac as a micropollutant that requires close attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schwarz
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Schmieg
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Steinbeis Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
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Wilhelm S, Henneberg A, Köhler HR, Rault M, Richter D, Scheurer M, Suchail S, Triebskorn R. Does wastewater treatment plant upgrading with activated carbon result in an improvement of fish health? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:184-197. [PMID: 28965022 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the efficiency of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) upgraded with a powdered activated carbon unit for the reduction of micropollutants and the related advantages for fish health have been analyzed by means of different biomarkers, i.e. histopathological investigations, analyses of glycogen content and stress proteins, as well as by chemical analyses in different matrices. Comparative analyses were conducted prior and subsequent to the installation of the additional purification unit. Chemical analyses revealed a significant reduction of several pharmaceuticals, including diclofenac, carbamazepine and metoprolol, in samples of effluent and surface water downstream of the WWTP after its upgrade. In addition, diminished concentrations of diclofenac and PFOS were detected in tissues of analyzed fish. Histopathological investigations of fish liver, gills, and kidney revealed improved tissue integrity in fish after improved wastewater treatment. In parallel, biochemical measurements of glycogen revealed increased energy resources in fish liver and, furthermore, hsp70 levels in livers of exposed rainbow trout and in kidneys of exposed brown trout were lower after than before the WWTP upgrade. In summary, additional treatment with powdered activated carbon led to a reduction of potentially hazardous chemicals in the effluent and the adjacent river and, consequently, to an improvement of fish health in the receiving water course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilhelm
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Henneberg
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Magali Rault
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, IMBE UAPV AMU IRD, Pôle Agrosciences, BP 21239, 84916 Avignon, France.
| | - Doreen Richter
- DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Straße 84, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marco Scheurer
- DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Straße 84, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Séverine Suchail
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, IMBE UAPV AMU IRD, Pôle Agrosciences, BP 21239, 84916 Avignon, France.
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Steinbeis Transfer-Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstrasse 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany.
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64
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Sources and impacts of pharmaceutical components in wastewater and its treatment process: A review. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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González-Alonso S, Merino LM, Esteban S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Durán JJ, López-Martínez J, Aceña J, Pérez S, Mastroianni N, Silva A, Catalá M, Valcárcel Y. Occurrence of pharmaceutical, recreational and psychotropic drug residues in surface water on the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:241-254. [PMID: 28599208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human presence in the Antarctic is increasing due to research activities and the rise in tourism. These activities contribute a number of potentially hazardous substances. The aim of this study is to conduct the first characterisation of the pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs present in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, and to assess the potential environmental risk they pose to the environment. The study consisted of a single sampling of ten water samples from different sources, including streams, ponds, glacier drains, and a wastewater discharge into the sea. Twenty-five selected pharmaceuticals and 21 recreational drugs were analysed. The highest concentrations were found for the analgesics acetaminophen (48.74 μg L-1), diclofenac (15.09 μg L-1) and ibuprofen (10.05 μg L-1), and for the stimulant caffeine (71.33 μg L-1). All these substances were detected in waters that were discharged directly into the ocean without any prior purification processes. The hazard quotient (HQ) values for ibuprofen, diclofenac and acetaminophen were far in excess of 10 at several sampling points. The concentrations of each substance measured and used as measured environmental concentration values for the HQ calculations are based on a one-time sampling. The Toxic Unit values indicate that analgesics and anti-inflammatories are the therapeutic group responsible for the highest toxic burden. This study is the first to analyse a wide range of substances and to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and psychotropic drugs in the Antarctic Peninsula region. We believe it can serve as a starting point to focus attention on the need for continued environmental monitoring of these substances in the water cycle, especially in protected regions such as the Antarctic. This will determine whether pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs are hazardous to the environment and, if so, can be used as the basis for risk-assessment studies to prioritise the exposure to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González-Alonso
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Moreno Merino
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Esteban
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan José Durán
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo López-Martínez
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Aceña
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Silva
- National Institute of Water, Empalme J. Newbery km 1,620, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myriam Catalá
- Department of Biology & Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University, Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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66
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Ribas JLC, Sherry JP, Zampronio AR, Silva de Assis HC, Simmons DBD. Inhibition of immune responses and related proteins in Rhamdia quelen exposed to diclofenac. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2092-2107. [PMID: 28106285 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most widely detected pharmaceuticals in surface water worldwide. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is used to treat many types of pain and inflammation. Diclofenac's potential to cause adverse effects in exposed wildlife is a growing concern. To evaluate the effects of waterborne diclofenac on the immune response in Rhamdia quelen (South American catfish), fish were exposed to 3 concentrations of diclofenac (0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 μg/L) for 14 d. Some of the exposed fish were also given an intraperitoneal injection on day 14 of 1 mg/kg of carrageenan to evaluate cell migration to the peritoneum. Total blood leukocyte count and carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity, particularly of polymorphonuclear cells, were significantly affected for all diclofenac exposure groups. Nitric oxide production was significantly reduced in the diclofenac-treated fish. Plasma and kidney proteins were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a shotgun proteomic approach. In both plasma and kidney of diclofenac-exposed R. quelen, the expression of 20 proteins related to the inflammatory process, nitric oxide production, leukocyte migration, and the complement cascade was significantly altered. In addition, class I major histocompatibility complex was significantly decreased in plasma of diclofenac-treated fish. Thus, waterborne exposure to diclofenac could lead to suppression of the innate immune system in R. quelen. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2092-2107. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L C Ribas
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Positivo University, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - James P Sherry
- Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Denina B D Simmons
- Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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67
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Gröner F, Höhne C, Kleiner W, Kloas W. Chronic exposure to the ß-blocker metoprolol reduces growth and alters gene expression of gonadotropins and vitellogenin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:271-279. [PMID: 28359993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the occurrence and impacts of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is increasing since many years. Ecotoxicological studies mainly focus on acute effects though; chronic exposure studies are still rare. ß-adrenergic receptor antagonists (ß-blockers) are widely detected in the aquatic environment and likely alter the physiology of aquatic vertebrates due to a well-conserved adrenergic system. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to four different concentrations (4×10-10M, 4×10-9M, 4×10-8M and 4×10-7M) of metoprolol (ß1-blocker) from fertilized egg until 80 days post-hatch. Hatching and survival were not affected but growth was reduced almost dose-dependently after 30 and 80 days post-hatch. Histopathological evaluation of the gills revealed the tendency of mild alterations with proliferation of mucous/chloride cells and infiltration by leucocytes as the main findings. The transcriptional responses of both pituitary gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) as well as the estrogenic biomarker vitellogenin indicated moderately altered endocrine processes due to metoprolol exposure at the concentrations chosen. In contrast, hepatic detoxification mechanisms displayed only little to no effects. Based on this study, the overall toxicity of metoprolol in fish at environmentally relevant concentrations seems to be rather low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Gröner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christin Höhne
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wibke Kleiner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Invalidenstr. 42, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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68
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Cunha SC, Pena A, Fernandes JO. Mussels as bioindicators of diclofenac contamination in coastal environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:354-360. [PMID: 28284552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been confirmed as an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment. Toxicology studies have revealed that harmful effects may emerge from diclofenac presence not only for human health, but also for marine organisms, which implies its monitoring. To overcome the demanding challenges of diclofenac quantification in biotic aquatic species, a novel method for the determination of diclofenac in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis) and macroalgae (Laminaria digitata) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated according to the EC Decision 2002/657/EC. Additionally, a study was done about diclofenac contamination in mussels collected from 8 sites along the 1115 miles of coastline in Portugal in 2015. The results suggested that levels in mussels are closely related to the environmental contamination. Therefore, mussels can be a potential bioindicator of diclofenac contamination in the coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Pena
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Group of Bromatology, Pharmacognosy and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St(a) Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Salma A, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. Photolytic degradation of the β-blocker nebivolol in aqueous solution. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:211-219. [PMID: 28340419 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nebivolol (NEB) is one of the top-sold prescription drugs belonging to the third generation of beta-blockers. However, so far, occurrence data in the environment are lacking. Within this study NEB has been found for the first time in effluent samples of wastewater treatment plants in Germany with an average concentration of 13 ng L-1. Its photodegradation behavior in the environment and in technical processes is largely unknown. To fill this gap, three different UV treatment procedures (UV-C at 254 nm, UV-B at 312 nm and UV-A at 365 nm) were investigated in three different matrices: pure water, pure water in presence of the hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenger tert.-butanol and real wastewater. No elimination was observed during UV-A treatment. In contrast, NEB degradation during UV-B and UV-C treatment followed pseudo first order reaction kinetics, with highest removal rate during UV-C treatment in pure water (k = 7.8 × 10-4 s-1). The rate constant for UV-C irradiation decreased to 2.9 × 10-4 s-1 in the presence of the OH scavenger and in the presence of the wastewater matrix. The rate constant for the UV-B lamp was 4.4 × 10-4 s-1, Three transformation products were identified after UV-B and UV-C photolytic degradation using high resolution mass spectrometry. The main photoreaction is the substitution of the fluorine atoms of NEB by hydroxyl groups. A photolytic cleavage of the CF bond can be excluded as the high bond dissociation energy of aromatic CF bonds (525 kJ mol-1), exceeds the energy of electromagnetic radiation applied in the present study (≥254 nm, i.e., max. 471 kJ E-1). The quantum yields for NEB degradation for the UV-C lamp achieved in pure water, the OH scavenged system and wastewater matrix were Φdeg = 0.53, 0.19 and 0.22, respectively. For UV-B Φdeg was 0.023 ± 0.003, noticeable differences in quantum yield were not found. The photooxidation involves reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and singlet oxygen. These oxidative species may be formed upon reaction of photo-excited NEB with oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Salma
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, D-47229, Duisburg, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, D-45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, D-45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, D-47229, Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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70
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Bernhard K, Stahl C, Martens R, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Scheurer M, Frey M. Two novel real time cell-based assays quantify beta-blocker and NSAID specific effects in effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:74-83. [PMID: 28259816 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, such as beta-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well as their metabolites are introduced into the water cycle via municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents in all industrialized countries. As the amino acid sequences of the biological target molecules of these pharmaceuticals - the beta-1 adrenergic receptor for beta-blockers and the cyclooxygenase for NSAIDs - are phylogenetically conserved among vertebrates it is reasonable that wildlife vertebrates including fish physiologically respond in a similar way to them as documented in humans. Consequently, beta-blockers and NSAIDs both exhibit their effects according to their mode of action on one hand, but on the other hand that may lead to unwanted side effects in non-target species. To determine whether residuals of beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists and cyclooxygenase inhibitors may pose a risk to aquatic organisms, one has to know the extent to which such organisms respond to the total of active compounds, their metabolites and transformation products with the same modes of action. To cope with this demand, two cell-based assays were developed, by which the total beta-blocker and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity can be assessed in a given wastewater or surface water extract in real time. The measured activity is quantified as metoprolol equivalents (MetEQ) of the lead substance metoprolol in the beta-blocker assay, and diclofenac equivalents (DicEQ) in the NSAID assay. Even though MetEQs and DicEQs were found to surpass the concentration of the respective lead substances (metoprolol, diclofenac), as determined by chemical analysis by a factor of two to three, this difference was shown to be reasonably explained by the presence and action of additional active compounds with the same mode of action in the test samples. Thus, both in vitro assays were proven to integrate effectively over beta-blocker and NSAID activities in WWTP effluents in a very sensitive and extremely rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bernhard
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Zellkulturtechnik, c/o University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cordula Stahl
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Zellkulturtechnik, c/o University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Regina Martens
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Zellkulturtechnik, c/o University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- University of Tübingen, Animal Physiological Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- University of Tübingen, Animal Physiological Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany; Steinbeis Transfer Centre for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Frey
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Zellkulturtechnik, c/o University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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71
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Flores Velázquez Y, Mijaylova Nacheva P. Removal of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by aerated submerged attached growth reactors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 192:243-253. [PMID: 28178610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of four aerated submerged attached growth bioreactors was studied for the removal of three pharmaceutical micro-pollutants (fluoxetine, mefenamic acid and metoprolol) from municipal wastewater. Two packing materials (polyethylene tapes and polyurethane cubes) were compared and the effects of different organic loads (3.0, 6.0, 9.0 and 12 gCOD m-2 d-1) and of the effluent recirculation were investigated. The obtained solid retention times were in the range of 4-37 d. The reactors packed with polyurethane cubes allowed 11-26% higher biomass accumulation than the ones with polyethylene tapes and higher solid retention times. The low organic loads, high solid retention times and the implementation of effluent recirculation enhanced the removal of the three pharmaceutical compounds. The highest removals were achieved at organic load of 3 gCOD m-2 d-1 and 50% of effluent recirculation, with hydraulic residence times of 3.1-4.3 h and the solid retention times of 19-32 d. At this condition, the removals of the fluoxetine, mefenamic acid and metoprolol were up to 95, 82 and 73% respectively. The reactors with polyurethane cubes showed higher removals compared with the ones packed with polyethylene tapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Flores Velázquez
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelos Campus, Paseo Cuauhnahuac 8532, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico
| | - P Mijaylova Nacheva
- Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Paseo Cuauhnahuac 8532, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico.
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72
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Lindim C, van Gils J, Cousins IT, Kühne R, Georgieva D, Kutsarova S, Mekenyan O. Model-predicted occurrence of multiple pharmaceuticals in Swedish surface waters and their flushing to the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:595-604. [PMID: 28153413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An exposure assessment for multiple pharmaceuticals in Swedish surface waters was made using the STREAM-EU model. Results indicate that Metformin (27 ton/y), Paracetamol (6.9 ton/y) and Ibuprofen (2.33 ton/y) were the drugs with higher amounts reaching the Baltic Sea in 2011. 35 of the studied substances had more than 1 kg/y of predicted flush to the sea. Exposure potential given by the ratio amount of the drug exported to the sea/amount emitted to the environment was higher than 50% for 7 drugs (Piperacillin, Lorazepam, Metformin, Hydroxycarbamide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide and Cetirizine), implying that a high proportion of them will reach the sea, and below 10% for 27 drugs, implying high catchment attenuation. Exposure potentials were found to be dependent of persistency and hydrophobicity of the drugs. Chemicals with Log D > 2 had exposure potentials <10% regardless of their persistence. Chemicals with Log D < -2 had exposure potentials >35% with higher ratios typically achieved for longer half-lives. For Stockholm urban area, 17 of the 54 pharmaceuticals studied had calculated concentrations higher than 10 ng/L. Model agreement with monitored values had an r2 = 0.62 for predicted concentrations and an r2 = 0.95 for predicted disposed amounts to sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindim
- ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - J van Gils
- Deltares, PO Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - I T Cousins
- ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - R Kühne
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - D Georgieva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010 Bourgas, Bulgaria.
| | - S Kutsarova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010 Bourgas, Bulgaria.
| | - O Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010 Bourgas, Bulgaria.
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73
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Thellmann P, Kuch B, Wurm K, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R. Water quality assessment in the "German River of the years 2014/2015": how a case study on the impact of a storm water sedimentation basin displayed impairment of fish health in the Argen River (Southern Germany). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:10. [PMID: 28316899 PMCID: PMC5339324 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-017-0108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work investigates the impact of discharges from a storm water sedimentation basin (SSB) receiving runoff from a connected motorway in southern Germany. The study lasted for almost two years and was aimed at assessing the impact of the SSB on the fauna of the Argen River, which is a tributary of Lake Constance. Two sampling sites were examined up- and downstream of the SSB effluent. A combination of different diagnostic methods (fish embryo test with the zebrafish, histopathology, micronucleus test) was applied to investigate health impairment and genotoxic effects in indigenous fish as well as embryotoxic potentials in surface water and sediment samples of the Argen River, respectively, in samples of the SSB effluent. In addition, sediment samples from the Argen River and tissues of indigenous fish were used for chemical analyses of 33 frequently occurring pollutants by means of gas chromatography. Furthermore, the integrity of the macrozoobenthos community and the fish population were examined at both investigated sampling sites. RESULTS The chemical analyses revealed a toxic burden with trace substances (originating from traffic and waste water) in fish and sediments from both sampling sites. Fish embryo tests with native sediment and surface water samples resulted in various embryotoxic effects in exposed zebrafish embryos (Fig. 1). In addition, the health condition of the investigated fish species (e.g., severe alterations in the liver and kidney) provided clear evidence of water contamination at both Argen River sites (Fig. 2). At distinct points in time, some parameters (fish development, kidney and liver histopathology) indicated stronger effects at the sampling site downstream of the SSB effluent than at the upstream site. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly showed that the SSB cannot be assigned as the main source of pollutants that are released into the investigated Argen River section. Moreover, we showed that there is moderate background pollution with substances originating from waste waters and traffic which still should be taken seriously, particularly with regard to the impairment of fish health at both investigated field sites. Since the Argen is a tributary of Lake Constance, our results call for a management plan to ensure and improve the river's ecological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thellmann
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Bertram Kuch
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl Wurm
- Gewässerökologisches Labor Starzach, Tulpenstr. 4, 72181 Starzach, Germany
| | - Heinz-R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer-Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr. 13, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
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Jungmann D, Berg K, Dieterich A, Frank M, Gräf T, Scheurer M, Schwarz S, Siewert C, Oetken M. Health effects of metoprolol in epibenthic and endobenthic invertebrates-A basis to validate future in vitro biotests for effect-based biomonitoring. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:189-200. [PMID: 27835069 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1246930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect data for metoprolol as a model substance for beta-blockers in aquatic invertebrates. The results will be used as a basis for the validation of future mode of action-based in vitro test systems targeting this class of pharmaceuticals. Effects of metoprolol were investigated in two autochthonous species with high relevance in stream ecology: the amphipod Gammarus fossarum and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Mortality in G. fossarum was not observed in acute toxicity testing (48 h), and a significant increase of mortality at 45 mg/L was found when amphipods were exposed chronically (40 days). The most sensitive population-relevant endpoints were the juvenile-adult ratio and number of egg-bearing females with NOEC/LOEC-values of 5/15 mg/L. No proteotoxic effects were identified in G. fossarum. The sediment toxicity test with L. variegatus according to the OECD Guideline 225 with an exposure time of 28 days resulted in EC10-values of 92.5 and 126.1 mg/kgdw for the endpoints reproduction and biomass, respectively. In L. variegatus the response kinetics of Hsp70 showed no significant difference between the treatments. A tendency for rising lipid peroxide concentrations was found between 0.03 and 10 mg/kgdw, which were significant between the treatments, but not to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Dieterich
- b Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Martin Frank
- c Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Tonya Gräf
- c Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | - Simon Schwarz
- b Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Carmen Siewert
- b Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- c Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
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Filipe OMS, Mota N, Santos SAO, Domingues MRM, Silvestre AJD, Neves MGPMS, Simões MMQ, Santos EBH. Identification and characterization of photodegradation products of metoprolol in the presence of natural fulvic acid by HPLC-UV-MS n. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:250-263. [PMID: 27381233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metoprolol is a β-blocker highly prescribed for the treatment of heart diseases. It is not efficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants and it has been detected not only in the treated effluents, but also in natural waters. Thus, the knowledge of its fate in the environment is an important issue, and photodegradation is an important degradation pathway. While direct photodegradation of metoprolol by solar light is not relevant, there is evidence in the literature that it suffers indirect photodegradation and a few studies have been published showing the important role of dissolved humic matter as photo-sensitizer. However, the identification of the photoproducts formed in the presence of humic matter is very poor, since only 2 photoproducts had been identified. This study investigated the degradation of metoprolol under simulated solar radiation and in the presence of fulvic acids (FA) extracted from a river. During the photodegradation experiments we observed the formation of new compounds which were separated and tentatively identified by HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn. At least 16 compounds were tentatively identified, including the 2 compounds previously identified in the literature and 4 new compounds which had not been detected by other authors as degradation products of metoprolol, even when submitted to artificial degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M S Filipe
- CERNAS-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Mota
- CERNAS-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A O Santos
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda B H Santos
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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76
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Ekpeghere KI, Lee JW, Kim HY, Shin SK, Oh JE. Determination and characterization of pharmaceuticals in sludge from municipal and livestock wastewater treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1211-1221. [PMID: 27817899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated 24 pharmaceuticals compounds belonging to the classes of analgesics, stimulants, anti-seizures, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antibiotics in the sludge of 12 municipal sewage treatment plants (S-sludge) and 4 livestock wastewater treatment plants (L-sludge) located across Korea. Over 70% of the target compounds were detected in at least one sample of S-sludge and L-sludge. The total concentration of the target pharmaceutical compounds detected in S-sludge was 2.622-422.8 mg kg-1and the most dominant compound was acetylsalicylic acid (ASA: 0.374-367.0 mg kg-1) whereas in L-sludge, the total concentration was 43.87-156.8 mg kg-1and the most abundant compound was oxytetracycline (OTC: 34.54-86.39 mg kg-1). Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups: group A, which were S-sludge samples including ASA, carbamazepine (CBM), and others, and group B were L-sludge samples, dominated by antibiotics (CTC, OTC, LIN). The total daily load amount of the target pharmaceuticals in S-sludge was 0.010-268.9 kg day-1 while the L-sludge was 0.021-0.529 kg day-1. The estimated amounts of the target pharmaceutical discharged from S-sludge and L-sludge into the Korean environment were 150.2 ± 47.94 ton yr-1 and 15.05 ± 5.671 ton yr-1 respectively, but the discharged amount of antibiotics from S-sludge (6.945 ton yr-1) was lower than that from L-sludge (9.234 ton yr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalu Ibe Ekpeghere
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Shin
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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77
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Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater by Intermittent Electrocoagulation. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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78
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Gröner F, Höhne C, Kleiner W, Kloas W. Chronic diclofenac exposure affects gill integrity and pituitary gene expression and displays estrogenic activity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:473-481. [PMID: 27705833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oreochromis niloticus has been exposed to diclofenac (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prevalent in the aquatic environment, for 80 days post-hatch (dph). Concentrations ranged from environmentally relevant (0.1 μg L-1 and 1 μg L-1 DCF) up to 100-fold thereof. Population relevant endpoints (hatching, survival, growth) as well as gill histopathology were analyzed. On this level of examination only gills exhibited mild to moderate alterations. On the contrary, biomarkers associated with reproduction were affected due to DCF exposure, indicating the potential to affect sexual differentiation and gametogenesis by acting as an estrogenic endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) in tilapia. Vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression was significantly induced at 1 μg L-1 DCF. In order to find an explanation, gene expression patterns of key enzymes of the biotransformation phases I, II, and III have been analyzed. It seems very likely that the detoxification metabolism is induced in a dose dependent manner at higher concentrations of DCF leading to the expression pattern of VTG mRNA. Our results suggest that DCF at environmentally relevant concentrations adversely affects O. niloticus gill histopathology and pituitary gene expression, and has the potential to act as an estrogenic EDC. The sensitivity of various endpoints, however, differs and therefore these endpoints should be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Gröner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christin Höhne
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wibke Kleiner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Invalidenstr. 42, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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79
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Subedi B, Balakrishna K, Joshua DI, Kannan K. Mass loading and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products including psychoactives, antihypertensives, and antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants in southern India. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:429-437. [PMID: 27750166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is barely studied in India despite being one of the largest global producers and consumers of pharmaceuticals. In this study, 29 pharmaceuticals and six metabolites were determined in sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Udupi (STPU: population served ∼150,000) and Mangalore (STPM: population served ∼450,000); the measured mean concentrations ranged from 12 to 61,000 ng/L and 5.0 to 31,000 ng/L, respectively. Atorvastatin (the most prescribed antihypercholesterolemic in India), mefenamic acid, and paraxanthine were found for the first time in wastewater in India at the mean concentrations of 395 ng/L, 1100 ng/L, and 13,000 ng/L, respectively. Select pharmaceutical metabolites (norverapamil and clopidogrel carboxylic acid) were found at concentrations of upto 7 times higher than their parent drugs in wastewater influent and effluent. This is the first study in India to report mass loading and emission of PPCPs and their select metabolites in STPs. The total mass load of all PPCPs analyzed in this study at STPU (4.97 g/d/1000 inhabitants) was 3.6 times higher than calculated for STPM. Select recalcitrant PPCPs (carbamazepine, diazepam, and clopidogrel) were found to have negative or no removal from STPU while additional treatment with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at STPM removed (up to 95%) these PPCPs from STPM. Overall, 5.1 kg of caffeine, 4.1 kg of atenolol, 2.7 kg of ibuprofen, and 1.9 kg of triclocarban were discharged annually from STPU. The PPCP contamination profile in the Indian STP was compared with a similar study in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Subedi
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York, NY 12201-0509, USA; Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D Jones Hall, Murray, KY 42071, USA
| | - Keshava Balakrishna
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York, NY 12201-0509, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, 576 104, India.
| | - Derrick Ian Joshua
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, 576 104, India
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York, NY 12201-0509, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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80
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Koba O, Golovko O, Kodešová R, Klement A, Grabic R. Transformation of atenolol, metoprolol, and carbamazepine in soils: The identification, quantification, and stability of the transformation products and further implications for the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:574-585. [PMID: 27514306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a large group of substances that have been recognized as environmental contaminants in recent years. Research on the pharmaceutical fate in soils is currently limited or missing. In this study, three pharmaceuticals (atenolol (ATE), carbamazepine (CAR), and metoprolol (MET)) were introduced to soils and exposed for 61 day under aerobic conditions. Thirteen different soils were used in the study to increase the understanding of pharmaceutical behaviour in the soil matrix. Ten metabolites were detected and tentatively identified. Some of them, such as atenolol acid (AAC), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC), 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (DHC), trans-10,11-Dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine (RTC), and metoprolol acid (MAC), were consequently confirmed using commercial reference standards. It was concluded that the aerobic conditions of the experiment determined the pharmaceutical degradation pathway of studied compounds in the soils. The different amounts/rates and degradation of the transformation products can be attributed to differences in the soil properties. ATE degraded relatively quickly compared with CAR, whereas MET degradation in the soils was unclear. The persistence of CAR and its metabolites, in combination with low CAR sorption, enable the transportation of CAR and its metabolites within soils and into the ground water. Thus, CAR may cause adverse effects on the environment and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
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81
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Conradi M, Riba I, Almagro-Pastor V, DelValls TA. Lethal and sublethal responses in the clam Scrobicularia plana exposed to different CO 2-acidic sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:642-652. [PMID: 27619209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the main impacts expected in CO2 leakage scenarios from carbon capture and storage in sub-seabed geological structures is the acidification of the environment. In the present work, laboratory-scale experiments were performed to investigate the effects of seawater acidification (pH 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, and control) in native clams (Scrobicularia plana) over 21 days of exposure. For this purpose, a battery of biomarkers (GSI, EROD, GST, GPX, LPO, and DNA damage) were analysed in the digestive glands of individuals collected on days 7, 14 and 21. Seawater acidification significantly affected the average life span of S. plana, and both the biomarkers analysed and the multivariate analysis approach demonstrated that seawater acidification induced a strong oxidative stress response in the clam. Oxidative stress overwhelmed the capacity of S. plana to defend its cells against it, resulting in DNA damage. Furthermore, the decline in the population of S. plana in their natural habitat could lead to a reduction in available food resources for avifauna, ichthyofauna, and for the local economy because this clam is a commercial species in the south of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conradi
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd/ Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - I Riba
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - V Almagro-Pastor
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - T A DelValls
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Jasper JT, Shafaat OS, Hoffmann MR. Electrochemical Transformation of Trace Organic Contaminants in Latrine Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10198-208. [PMID: 27564843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Solar-powered electrochemical systems have shown promise for onsite wastewater treatment in regions where basic infrastructure for conventional wastewater treatment is not available. To assess the applicability of these systems for trace organic contaminant treatment, test compound electrolysis rate constants were measured in authentic latrine wastewater using mixed-metal oxide anodes coupled with stainless steel cathodes. Complete removal of ranitidine and cimetidine was achieved within 30 min of electrolysis at an applied potential of 3.5 V (0.7 A L(-1)). Removal of acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, propranolol, and carbamazepine (>80%) was achieved within 3 h of electrolysis. Oxidation of ranitidine, cimetidine, and ciprofloxacin was primarily attributed to reaction with NH2Cl. Transformation of trimethoprim, propranolol, and carbamazepine was attributed to direct electron transfer and to reactions with surface-bound reactive chlorine species. Relative contributions of aqueous phase ·OH, ·Cl, ·Cl2(-), HOCl/OCl(-), and Cl2 were determined to be negligible based on measured second-order reaction rate constants, probe compound reaction rates, and experiments in buffered Cl(-) solutions. Electrical energy per order of removal (EEO) increased with increasing applied potentials and current densities. Test compound removal was most efficient at elevated Cl(-) concentrations present when treated wastewater is recycled for use as flushing water (i.e., ∼ 75 mM Cl(-); EEO = 0.2-6.9 kWh log(-1) m(-3)). Identified halogenated and oxygenated electrolysis products typically underwent further transformations to unidentifiable products within the 3 h treatment cycle. Identifiable halogenated byproduct formation and accumulation was minimized during electrolysis of wastewater containing 75 mM Cl(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Jasper
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91106, United States
| | - Oliver S Shafaat
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91106, United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91106, United States
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Toufexi E, Dailianis S, Vlastos D, Manariotis ID. Mediated effect of ultrasound treated Diclofenac on mussel hemocytes: First evidence for the involvement of respiratory burst enzymes in the induction of DCF-mediated unspecific mode of action. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:144-153. [PMID: 27046060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the toxic behavior of diclofenac (DCF) before and after its ultrasound (US) treatment, as well as the involvement of intracellular target molecules, such as NADPH oxidase and NO synthase, in the DCF-induced adverse effects on hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In this context, appropriate volumes (350 and 500mL) of DCF solutions (at concentrations of 2, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL(-1)) were treated under different ultrasound operating conditions (frequency at 582 and 862kHz, electric power density at 133 and 167W) for assessing US method efficiency. In parallel, DCF and US DCF-mediated cytotoxic (in terms of cell viability measured with the use of neutral red uptake/NRU method), oxidative (in terms of superoxide anions/(.)O2(-), nitric oxides such as NO2(-) and lipid peroxidation products, such as malondialdehyde/MDA content) and genotoxic (DNA damage measured by the use of Comet assay method) effects were investigated in hemocytes exposed for 1h to 5, 10 and 100ngL(-1) and 1, 10 and 20μgL(-1) of DCF. The involvement of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase to the DCF-induced toxicity was further investigated by the use of 10μΜ L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor and 10μΜ DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. According to the results, 350mL of 2mgL(-1) DCF showed higher degradation (>50%) under 167W electric power density and frequency at 862kHz for 120min, compared to degradation in all other cases, followed by a significant elimination of its toxicity. Specifically, US DCF-treated hemocytes showed a significant attenuation of DCF-mediated cytotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic effects, which appeared to be caused by NADPH oxidase and NO synthase activation, since their inhibition was followed by a significant elimination of (.)O2(-) and NO2(-) generation and the concomitant oxidative damage within cells. The results of the present study showed for the first time that unspecific mode of action of DCF, associated with the induction of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase in mussel hemocytes, could be significantly diminished after partial US degradation of DCF, at least under optimized operating conditions currently tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Toufexi
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Patras, 26500, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dailianis
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Patras, 26500, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Manariotis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Greece
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84
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vom Eyser C, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. Fate and behaviour of diclofenac during hydrothermal carbonization. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:280-286. [PMID: 27018520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has become an esteemed method to convert sewage sludge into biochar. Besides dewatering and disinfection the process is suggested to reduce the micropollutant load, which would be beneficial for the use of biochar as fertilizer. This study was designed to examine reduction of micropollutants and formation of transformation products during HTC using the example of diclofenac. We investigated compounds' removal at HTC conditions in inert experiments and in real samples. Results showed that HTC temperature (>190 °C) and pressure (∼15 bar) have the potential to fully degrade diclofenac in inert experiments and spiked sewage sludge (>99%) within 1 h. However, interfering effects hinder full removal in native samples resulting in 44% remaining diclofenac. Additionally, a combination of suspected-target and non-target analysis using LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS resulted in the determination of six transformation products. These products have been reported in biochar from HTC for the first time, although other studies described them for other processes like advanced oxidation. Based on the detected transformation products, we proposed a degradation mechanism reflecting HTC reactions such as dehydroxylation and decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C vom Eyser
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - T C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - J Tuerk
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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85
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Levels of pharmaceuticals in Slovene municipal and hospital wastewaters: a preliminary study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2016; 67:106-15. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPharmaceuticals in wastewater have clearly raised concern and a broad range of analytical methods has been used to assess the risk as accurately as possible. The aim of our study was to measure and compare the concentrations of atorvastatin, bisoprolol, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clofibric acid, diclofenac, fluoxetine, metoprolol, and sertraline in wastewater samples taken from one municipal and one hospital wastewater treatment plant in Slovenia and to predict the potential environmental burden using the risk quotient. In both effluents only clofibric acid and fluoxetine were not detected. The measured concentrations of the remaining seven pharmaceuticals varied between the ng L−1 and the μg L−1 range. Hospital effluent showed higher concentrations, except for diclofenac and carbamazepine. However, high risk quotient was found only for ciprofloxacin and diclofenac in both municipal and hospital effluent. In conclusion, our method can provide a useful tool for systematic monitoring of pharmaceuticals commonly found in wastewater, which will enable a reliable assessment of the risks for the aquatic biota and humans. Knowing the risks will help to plan wastewater treatment and preserve our environment.
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86
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Gheorghe S, Petre J, Lucaciu I, Stoica C, Nita-Lazar M. Risk screening of pharmaceutical compounds in Romanian aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:379. [PMID: 27234514 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is under increased pressure by pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) due to anthropogenic activities. In spite of being found at very low concentrations (ng/L to μg/L) in the environment, PhACs represent a real danger to aquatic ecosystems due to their bioaccumulation and long-term effects. In this study, the presence in the aquatic environment of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, naproxen, indomethacin, and ketoprofen), caffeine, and carbamazepine were monitored. Moreover, their aquatic risk and ecotoxicity by three biological models were evaluated. The monitoring studies performed in Romania showed that all studied PhACs were naturally present at concentrations >0.01 μg/L, pointing out the necessity to perform further toxicity tests for environmental risk assessment. The toxicity studies were carried out on aquatic organisms or bacteria and they indicated, for most of the tested PhACs, an insignificant or low toxicity effects: lethal concentrations (LC50) on fish Cyprinus carpio ranged from 42.60 mg/L to more than 100 mg/L; effective concentrations (EC50) on planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna ranged from 11.02 mg/L to more than 100 mg/L; inhibitory concentrations (IC50)/microbial toxic concentrations (MTC) on Vibrio fischeri and other bacterial strains ranged from 7.02 mg/L to more than 100 mg/L. The PhAC aquatic risk was assessed by using the ratio between measured environmental concentration (MEC) and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) calculated for each type of organism. The average of quotient risks (RQs) revealed that the presence of these compounds in Romania's aquatic environment induced a lower or moderate aquatic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gheorghe
- Control Pollution Department, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, 060652, Bucharest - 6, Romania.
| | - Jana Petre
- Control Pollution Department, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, 060652, Bucharest - 6, Romania
| | - Irina Lucaciu
- Control Pollution Department, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, 060652, Bucharest - 6, Romania
| | - Catalina Stoica
- Control Pollution Department, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, 060652, Bucharest - 6, Romania
| | - Mihai Nita-Lazar
- Control Pollution Department, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, 060652, Bucharest - 6, Romania
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87
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Guo J, Sinclair CJ, Selby K, Boxall ABA. Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk-based prioritization of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1550-9. [PMID: 26799673 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1500 active pharmaceutical ingredients are currently in use; however, the environmental occurrence and impacts of only a small proportion of these have been investigated. Recognizing that it would be impractical to monitor and assess all pharmaceuticals that are in use, several previous studies have proposed the use of prioritization approaches to identify substances of most concern so that resources can be focused on these. All of these previous approaches suffer from limitations. In the present study, the authors draw on experience from previous prioritization exercises and present a holistic approach for prioritizing pharmaceuticals in the environment in terms of risks to aquatic and soil organisms, avian and mammalian wildlife, and humans. The approach considers both apical ecotoxicological endpoints as well as potential nonapical effects related to the therapeutic mode of action. Application of the approach is illustrated for 146 active pharmaceuticals that are used either in the community or in hospital settings in the United Kingdom. Using the approach, 16 compounds were identified as a potential priority. These substances include compounds belonging to the antibiotic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and estrogen classes as well as associated metabolites. In the future, the prioritization approach should be applied more broadly around the different regions of the world. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1550-1559. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Guo
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Selby
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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88
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aus der Beek T, Weber FA, Bergmann A, Hickmann S, Ebert I, Hein A, Küster A. Pharmaceuticals in the environment--Global occurrences and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:823-35. [PMID: 26666847 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are known to occur widely in the environment of industrialized countries. In developing countries, more monitoring results have recently become available, but a concise picture of measured environmental concentrations (MECs) is still elusive. Through a comprehensive literature review of 1016 original publications and 150 review articles, the authors collected MECs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical substances reported worldwide in surface water, groundwater, tap/drinking water, manure, soil, and other environmental matrices in a comprehensive database. Due to the heterogeneity of the data sources, a simplified data quality assessment was conducted. The database reveals that pharmaceuticals or their transformation products have been detected in the environment of 71 countries covering all continents. These countries were then grouped into the 5 regions recognized by the United Nations (UN). In total, 631 different pharmaceutical substances were found at MECs above the detection limit of the respective analytical methods employed, revealing distinct regional patterns. Sixteen substances were detected in each of the 5 UN regions. For example, the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has been detected in environmental matrices in 50 countries, and concentrations found in several locations exceeded predicted no-effect concentrations. Urban wastewater seems to be the dominant emission pathway for pharmaceuticals globally, although emissions from industrial production, hospitals, agriculture, and aquaculture are important locally. The authors conclude that pharmaceuticals are a global challenge calling for multistakeholder approaches to prevent, reduce, and manage their entry into and presence in the environment, such as those being discussed under the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, a UN Environment Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim aus der Beek
- IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank-Andreas Weber
- IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Silke Hickmann
- Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany
| | - Ina Ebert
- Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany
| | - Arne Hein
- Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany
| | - Anette Küster
- Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany
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89
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Moermond CTA, Smit CE. Derivation of water quality standards for carbamazepine, metoprolol, and metformin and comparison with monitoring data. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:882-888. [PMID: 26211655 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental quality standards (EQSs) for 3 pharmaceuticals in surface water were derived: carbamazepine (epilepsy), metoprolol (heart failure), and metformin (diabetes). In recent years, these pharmaceuticals have been detected frequently in Dutch surface waters. The proposed standards are based on ecotoxicity data from national and European authorization dossiers and additional information obtained from open literature. The methods used are in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive and national frameworks for risk limit derivation. Only the exposure route regarding direct ecotoxic effects on ecosystems could be taken into account for deriving EQSs. The exposure route of secondary poisoning of fish-eating animals was not triggered, and not enough data were available or accessible to derive an EQS for the exposure of humans due to consumption of fish. Monitoring data for surface waters worldwide show that the proposed quality standards for carbamazepine may be exceeded. It could be expected that when carbamazepine use increases or effluents are diluted less during dry seasons, standards will be exceeded more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T A Moermond
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Els Smit
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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90
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Moreno-González R, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Huerta B, Barceló D, León VM. Do pharmaceuticals bioaccumulate in marine molluscs and fish from a coastal lagoon? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:282-298. [PMID: 26775009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of 20 pharmaceuticals in cockle (Cerastodema glaucum), noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis), sea snail (Murex trunculus), golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and black goby (Gobius niger) was evaluated, considering their distribution throughout the Mar Menor lagoon and their variations in spring and autumn 2010. The analytical procedure was adapted for the different matrices as being sensitive and reproducible. Eighteen out of the 20 compounds analysed were found at low ngg(-1) in these species throughout the lagoon. Hydrochlorothiazide and carbamazepine were detected in all species considered. The bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals was heterogeneous in the lagoon, with a higher number of pharmaceuticals being detected in fish (18) than in wild molluscs (8), particularly in golden grey mullet muscle (16). В-blockers and psychiatric drugs were preferentially bioccumulated in fish and hydrochlorothiazide was also confirmed in caged clams. The higher detection frequency and concentrations found in golden grey mullet suggested that mugilids could be used as an indicator of contamination by pharmaceuticals in coastal areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows data about hydrochlorothiazide, levamisole and codeine in wild marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - B Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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91
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Gulyas H, Ogun MK, Meyer W, Reich M, Otterpohl R. Inadequacy of carbamazepine-spiked model wastewaters for testing photocatalysis efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:612-619. [PMID: 26544890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed in order to clarify whether carbamazepine-spiked solutions used as model wastewaters are suitable for the assessment of carbamazepine removal from real secondary municipal effluents by photocatalytic oxidation in the presence and absence of activated carbon. Therefore, carbamazepine (10 mg L(-1)) was dissolved in deionized water or in secondary municipal effluent. Photocatalytic oxidation of these model wastewaters was carried out with TiO2 "P25" (100 mg L(-1)) and UV-A lamps in the absence and in the presence of 20 mg L(-1) powdered activated carbon (PAC). Carbamazepine was analyzed photometrically. In deionized water at pH 5.5, carbamazepine was nearly completely removed with a UV dose of 6.48 kJ L(-1). A similar efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation of carbamazepine added to secondary effluent was observed when the suspension pH was 2.7, while at pH 8 and 10.6, carbamazepine removal from spiked secondary effluent with the same UV dose was only 40 and 60%, respectively. Although PAC addition resulted in an initial adsorptive carbamazepine reduction of 20 to 35% from the model wastewaters, it did not lead to markedly enhanced carbamazepine removal in the subsequent photocatalysis phase. During photocatalytic oxidation of unspiked secondary effluent (initial carbamazepine concentration: 133 ng L(-1)) at pH 7.3 with and without PAC, carbamazepine concentrations were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. While PAC addition resulted in the adsorption of about 90% of the initial carbamazepine, photocatalysis did not lead to any carbamazepine removal at all. This indicates that the experiments with spiked model wastewaters – even in a secondary effluent matrix – are absolutely inadequate for predicting photocatalytic carbamazepine removal under real conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Gulyas
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Moses Kolade Ogun
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wibke Meyer
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margrit Reich
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 38, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Otterpohl
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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92
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Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites are one of the significantly emerging environmental toxicants. The major routes of entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment are industries, hospitals, or direct disposal of unwanted or expired drugs made by the patient. The most important and distinct features of pharmaceuticals are that they are deliberately designed to have an explicit mode of action and designed to exert an effect on humans and other living systems. This distinctive feature makes pharmaceuticals and their metabolites different from other chemicals, and this necessitates the evaluation of the direct effects of pharmaceuticals in various environmental compartments as well as to living systems. In this background, the alarming situation of ecotoxicity of diverse pharmaceuticals have forced government and nongovernment regulatory authorities to recommend the application of in silico methods to provide quick information about the risk assessment and fate properties of pharmaceuticals as well as their ecological and indirect human health effects. This chapter aims to offer information regarding occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, their persistence, environmental fate, and toxicity as well as application of in silico methods to provide information about the basic risk management and fate prediction of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Brief ideas about toxicity endpoints, available ecotoxicity databases, and expert systems employed for rapid toxicity predictions of ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Supratik Kar
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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93
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Schulze-Hennings U, Pötschke L, Wietor C, Bringmann S, Braun N, Hayashi D, Linnemann V, Pinnekamp J. Improving vacuum-UV (VUV) photolysis of organic compounds in water with a phosphor converted xenon excimer lamp emitting at 193 nm. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:888-895. [PMID: 27533863 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel vacuum ultraviolet excimer lamp emitting light at 193 nm was used to investigate the degradation of organic micropollutants in ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Overall, light at 193 nm proved to be efficient to degrade the investigated micropollutants (diclofenac, diatrizoic acid, sulfamethoxazole). Experiments with WWTP effluent proved the ability of radiation at 193 nm to degrade micropollutants which are hardly removed with commonly used oxidation technologies like ozonation (diatrizoic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schulze-Hennings
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - L Pötschke
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - C Wietor
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - S Bringmann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - N Braun
- GVB GmbH, Nordstern - Park 2, Herzogenrath 52134, Germany
| | - D Hayashi
- Philips Group Innovation, Research, High Tech Campus 4, 1.518, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands
| | - V Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - J Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
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94
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Acuña V, Ginebreda A, Mor JR, Petrovic M, Sabater S, Sumpter J, Barceló D. Balancing the health benefits and environmental risks of pharmaceuticals: Diclofenac as an example. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:327-333. [PMID: 26454833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are designed to improve human and animal health, but even the most beneficial pharmaceuticals might raise some questions concerning the consequences of exposure to non-target organisms. To illustrate this situation and using diclofenac as a case-study, we analyze global consumption and occurrence data to identify hot spots of consumption without occurrence data, review the scientific literature on the harmful environmental effects to determine whether the observed concentrations in freshwater are of environmental concern, summarize the current pharmaceutical and environmental policies to highlight policy gaps, and suggest a series of research and policy recommendations, which can be summarized as follows: we need to improve the current knowledge on occurrence in freshwaters to properly implement environmental policies (i), diclofenac might pose a risk to non-target organisms in freshwater (ii); the harmful effects that some pharmaceuticals may have on the environment are not always addressed by environmental policies (iii).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - A Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Mor
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - J Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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95
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Freitas R, Almeida Â, Pires A, Velez C, Calisto V, Schneider RJ, Esteves VI, Wrona FJ, Figueira E, Soares AMVM. The effects of carbamazepine on macroinvertebrate species: Comparing bivalves and polychaetes biochemical responses. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:137-147. [PMID: 26312440 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana were exposed to an increasing carbamazepine (CBZ) concentration gradient. Both species are among the most widely used bioindicators, and CBZ is one of the most commonly found drugs in the aquatic environment. After a chronic exposure (28 days), the results obtained revealed that CBZ induced biochemical alterations in both species. Our findings demonstrated that S. plana and D. neapolitana reduced the CBZ accumulation rate at higher CBZ concentrations, probably due to their capacity to decrease their feeding rates at stressful conditions. Nevertheless, this defence mechanism was not enough to prevent both species from oxidative stress. In fact, S. plana and D. neapolitana were not able to efficiently activate their antioxidant defence mechanisms which resulted in the increase of lipid peroxidation, especially at the highest CBZ concentrations. Comparing both species, it seems that S. plana was the most sensitive species since stronger biochemical alterations were observed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ângela Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adília Pires
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Velez
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter -Str. 11, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frederick J Wrona
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, David Turpin Building, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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96
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Thellmann P, Köhler HR, Rößler A, Scheurer M, Schwarz S, Vogel HJ, Triebskorn R. Fish embryo tests with Danio rerio as a tool to evaluate surface water and sediment quality in rivers influenced by wastewater treatment plants using different treatment technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16405-16. [PMID: 25391229 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate surface water and the sediment quality of rivers connected to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment technologies, fish embryo tests (FET) with Danio rerio were conducted using native water and sediment samples collected upstream and downstream of four WWTPs in Southern Germany. Two of these WWTPs are connected to the Schussen River, a tributary of Lake Constance, and use a sand filter with final water purification by flocculation. The two others are located on the rivers Schmiecha and Eyach in the area of the Swabian Alb and were equipped with a powdered activated carbon stage 20 years ago, which was originally aimed at reducing the release of stains from the textile industry. Several endpoints of embryo toxicity including mortality, malformations, reduced hatching rate, and heart rate were investigated at defined time points of embryonic development. Higher embryotoxic potentials were found in water and sediments collected downstream of the WWTPs equipped with sand filtration than in the sample obtained downstream of both WWTPs upgraded with a powdered activated carbon stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thellmann
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Rößler
- Competence Centre for Trace Substances Baden-Württemberg (KomS), c/o University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- Water Technology Centre Karlsruhe (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Schwarz
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Vogel
- Regional Commission (RP) Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer-Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr 13, 72108, Rottenburg, Germany
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97
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Li SW, Lin AYC. Increased acute toxicity to fish caused by pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents in a pharmaceutical mixture and after solar irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:190-6. [PMID: 26121604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hospital effluents are an important source of residual drugs and other classes of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. The raw wastewater from the studied hospital exhibited acute toxicity to vertebrate organisms, and Cyprinus carpio was the most sensitive organism tested. A mixture of 19 commonly used pharmaceuticals caused acute toxicity to C. carpio with an LC50 value of 60.68mgL(-1) after 96h. This study demonstrated that irradiation for 1-5days significantly increased the acute toxicity of the pharmaceuticals to fish, leading to increased mortality after a 2-h exposure and approximately 40% of the surviving fish died within 28days. The pre-irradiated pharmaceutical mixture also induced strange behaviors in the fish that survived the test. The synergistic increase in toxicity caused by the photolysis and mixing of pharmaceuticals cannot be ignored and warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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98
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Kohay H, Izbitski A, Mishael YG. Developing Polycation-Clay Sorbents for Efficient Filtration of Diclofenac: Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter and Comparison to Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9280-9288. [PMID: 26126078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nanoconcentrations of persistent pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater effluent and in surface water has been frequently reported. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent based on adsorbing quarternized poly vinylpyridinium-co-styrene (QPVPcS) to montmorillonite (MMT) was designed for the removal of the anionic micropollutants. QPVPcS-clay composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermal gravimetric analysis, Zeta potential and element analysis. Based on these measurements polymer-clay micro- and nanostructures, as a function of polymer loading, were suggested. The affinity of the anionic pharmaceutical, diclofenac (DCF), to the composite was high and did not decrease dramatically with an increase of ionic strength, indicating that the interactions are not only electrostatic. The presence of humic acid (HA) did not hinder DCF removal by the composite; whereas, its filtration by granulated activated carbon (GAC) was compromised in the presence of HA. The kinetics and adsorption at equilibrium of DCF to the composite and to GAC were measured and modeled by the time dependent Langmuir equation. The adsorption of DCF to the composite was significantly faster than to GAC. Accordingly, the filtration of micro- and nanoconcentrations of DCF by composite columns, in the presence of HA, was more efficient than by GAC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagay Kohay
- Department of Soil and Water Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avital Izbitski
- Department of Soil and Water Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael G Mishael
- Department of Soil and Water Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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99
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Sun L, Liu F, Chen H, Wang S, Lin X, Chi J, Zhu Q, Fu Z. Transcriptional Responses in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Propranolol and Metoprolol. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1352-1361. [PMID: 26088506 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
β-adrenergic receptor blockers (β-blockers) are widely detected in the aquatic environment; however, the effects of these pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms remain uncertain. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to two different β-blockers, propranolol and metoprolol, for 96 h. After exposure, the transcriptional responses of genes encoding the β-adrenergic receptor (i.e., adrb1, adrb2a, adrb2b, adrb3a and adrb3b), genes involved in detoxification and the stress response (i.e., hsp70, tap, mt1 and mt2), and genes related to the antioxidant system (i.e., cu/zn-sod, mn-sod, cat and gpx) were examined in the brain, liver and gonad. Our results show that both propranolol and metoprolol exposure changes the mRNA level of β-adrenergic receptors, indicating clear pharmacological target engagement of the β-blockers. The transcription of genes related to antioxidant responses and detoxification process were induced, suggesting that β-blocker exposure can activate the detoxification process and result in oxidative stress in fish. Moreover, the transcriptional responses displayed substantial tissue- and gender-specific effects. Considering the environmental concentrations of propranolol and metoprolol, these results suggest that these pharmaceuticals are unlikely to pose a risk to fish. However, the impacts in prolonged exposure, along with other possible side effects due to β-adrenergic receptor blockade, should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Sun
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
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100
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Vincze K, Scheil V, Kuch B, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R. Impact of wastewater on fish health: a case study at the Neckar River (Southern Germany) using biomarkers in caged brown trout as assessment tools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11822-11839. [PMID: 25860546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a field survey aiming at assessing the impact of a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent on fish health by means of biomarkers. Indigenous fish were absent downstream of the STP. To elucidate the reason behind this, brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) were exposed in floating steel cages up- and downstream of a STP located at the Neckar River near Tübingen (Southern Germany), for 10 and 30 days. A combination of biomarker methods (histopathological investigations, analysis of the stress protein Hsp70, micronucleus test, B-esterase assays) offered the possibility to investigate endocrine, geno-, proteo- and neurotoxic effects in fish organs. Biological results were complemented with chemical analyses on 20 accumulative substances in fish tissue. Even after short-term exposure, biomarkers revealed clear evidence of water contamination at both Neckar River sites; however, physiological responses of caged brown trout were more severe downstream of the STP. According to this, similar bioaccumulation levels (low μg/kg range) of DDE and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected at both sampling sites, while up to fourfold higher concentrations of four PAHs, methyl-triclosan and two synthetic musks occurred in the tissues of downstream-exposed fish. The results obtained in this study suggest a constitutive background pollution at both sites investigated at the Neckar River and provided evidence for the additional negative impact of the STP Tübingen on water quality and the health condition of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Vincze
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany,
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