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Zimmer L. Contribution of Clinical Neuroimaging to the Understanding of the Pharmacology of Methylphenidate. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:608-620. [PMID: 28450072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is currently the most widely used molecule in the pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although experience of its application now extends over several decades, its psychotropic nature, prolonged use in children, and chemical relation to amphetamines still raise doubts in the minds of prescribers and the families of the patients. Brain imaging has shed considerable light on the neuropharmacology of MPH. The two main in vivo neuroimaging techniques are positron-emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and these can be applied in both animal models and humans. The present review seeks to show how human molecular and functional imaging has contributed to determining not only the molecular targets of MPH, and the action kinetics of the various pharmaceutical forms available, but also the connectivity and brain networks activated by treatment. We also discuss the perspectives opened up by new hybrid PET-MRI techniques that enable multimodal tracking of the impact of methylphenidate on neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre d'Étude et de Recherche Multimodale et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie (CERMEP) Imaging Platform, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.
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52
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Burt T, Noveck RJ, MacLeod DB, Layton AT, Rowland M, Lappin G. Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM): A Novel Drug Development Approach Aimed at Enabling Safer and Earlier Translation of Biological Insights Into Human Testing. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:337-350. [PMID: 28419765 PMCID: PMC5593170 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R J Noveck
- Medical Director, Duke Clinical Research Unit, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A T Layton
- Robert R. and Katherine B. Penn Professor of Mathematics Arts and Sciences Council Chair Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Rowland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Lappin
- Reader in Pharmaceutical Science, Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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53
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PET microdosing of CNS drugs. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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54
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Gong Z, Hu RH, Shou YR, Qiao B, Chen CE, He XT, Bulanov SS, Esirkepov TZ, Bulanov SV, Yan XQ. High-efficiency γ-ray flash generation via multiple-laser scattering in ponderomotive potential well. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:013210. [PMID: 28208321 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.013210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-ray flash generation in near-critical-density target irradiated by four symmetrical colliding laser pulses is numerically investigated. With peak intensities about 10^{23} W/cm^{2}, the laser pulses boost electron energy through direct laser acceleration, while pushing them inward with the ponderomotive force. After backscattering with counterpropagating laser, the accelerated electron is trapped in the electromagnetic standing waves or the ponderomotive potential well created by the coherent overlapping of the laser pulses, and emits γ-ray photons in a multiple-laser-scattering regime, where electrons act as a medium transferring energy from the laser to γ rays in the ponderomotive potential valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - R H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Y R Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - B Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - C E Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - X T He
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - S S Bulanov
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Zh Esirkepov
- QuBS, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - S V Bulanov
- QuBS, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
- A. M. Prokhorov Institute of General Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - X Q Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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55
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Lever SZ, Fan KH, Lever JR. Tactics for preclinical validation of receptor-binding radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 44:4-30. [PMID: 27755986 PMCID: PMC5161541 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspects of radiopharmaceutical development are illustrated through preclinical studies of [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE), a radioligand for sigma-1 (σ1) receptors, coupled with examples from the recent literature. Findings are compared to those previously observed for [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dimethoxy-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE). METHODS Syntheses of E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE and [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE were accomplished by standard methods. In vitro receptor binding studies and autoradiography were performed, and binding potential was predicted. Measurements of lipophilicity and protein binding were obtained. In vivo studies were conducted in mice to evaluate radioligand stability, as well as specific binding to σ1 sites in brain, brain regions and peripheral organs in the presence and absence of potential blockers. RESULTS E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE exhibited high affinity and selectivity for σ1 receptors (Ki = 0.43 ± 0.03 nM, σ2/σ1 = 173). [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE was prepared in good yield and purity, with high specific activity. Radioligand binding provided dissociation (koff) and association (kon) rate constants, along with a measured Kd of 0.24 ± 0.01 nM and Bmax of 472 ± 13 fmol/mg protein. The radioligand proved suitable for quantitative autoradiography in vitro using brain sections. Moderate lipophilicity, Log D7.4 2.69 ± 0.28, was determined, and protein binding was 71 ± 0.3%. In vivo, high initial whole brain uptake, >6% injected dose/g, cleared slowly over 24 h. Specific binding represented 75% to 93% of total binding from 15 min to 24 h. Findings were confirmed and extended by regional brain biodistribution. Radiometabolites were not observed in brain (1%). CONCLUSIONS Substitution of dihydrobenzofuranylethyl for dimethoxyphenethyl increased radioligand affinity for σ1 receptors by 16-fold. While high specific binding to σ1 receptors was observed for both radioligands in vivo, [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE displayed much slower clearance kinetics than [125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE. Thus, minor structural modifications of σ1 receptor radioligands lead to major differences in binding properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Z Lever
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsien Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Lever
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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56
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Nordeman P, Chow SY, Odell AF, Antoni G, Odell LR. Palladium-mediated11C-carbonylations using aryl halides and cyanamide. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4875-4881. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, efficient and high-yielding synthesis of11C-cyanobenzamides, including novel analogs of various drug molecules, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Nordeman
- Preclinical PET Platform Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - S. Y. Chow
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - A. F. Odell
- School of Medicine
- St James’ University Hospital
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - G. Antoni
- Preclinical PET Platform Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - L. R. Odell
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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57
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Yan G, Yang D, Yu Y, Xue J, Jia Y, Sun X, Wang B, Zhao Z, Wang M. Pharmacokinetics of gene recombined angiogenesis inhibitor Kringle 5 in vivo using 131I specific markers and SPECT/CT. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:313-317. [PMID: 29403998 PMCID: PMC5762626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous pharmacokinetic methods can be only limited to drug analysis in vitro, which provide less information on the distribution and metabolismof drugs, and limit the interpretation and assessment of pharmacokinetics, the determination of metabolic principles, and evaluation of treatment effect. The objective of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gene recombination angiogenesis inhibitor Kringle 5 in vivo. The SPECT/CT and specific 131I-Kringle 5 marked by Iodogen method were both applied to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 131I-Kringle 5 in vivo, and to investigate the dynamic distributions of 131I-Kringle 5 in target organs. Labeling recombinant angiogenesis inhibitor Kringle 5 using 131I with longer half-life and imaging in vivo using SPECT instead of PET, could overcome the limitations of previous methods. When the doses of 131I-Kringle 5 were 10.0, 7.5 and 5.0 g/kg, respectively, the two-compartment open models can be determined within all the metabolic process in vivo. There were no significant differences in t1/2α, t1/2β, apparent volume of distribution and CL between those three levels. The ratio of AUC(0~∞) among three different groups of 10.0, 7.5 and 5.0 g/kg was 2.56:1.44:1.0, which was close to the ratio (2:1.5:1.0). It could be clear that in the range of 5.0-10.0 g/kg, Kringle 5 was characterized by the first-order pharmacokinetics. Approximately 30 min after 131I-Kringle 5 was injected, 131I-Kringle 5 could be observed to concentrate in the heart, kidneys, liver and other organs by means of planar imaging and tomography. After 1 h of being injected, more radionuclide retained in the bladder, but not in intestinal. It could be concluded that 131I-Kringle 5 is mainly excreted through the kidneys. About 2 h after the injection of 131I-Kringle 5, the radionuclide in the heart, kidneys, liver and other organs was gradually reduced, while more radionuclide was concentrated in the bladder. The radionuclide was completely metabolized within 24 h, and the distribution of radioactivity in rats was similar to normal levels. In our study, the specific marker 131I-Kringle 5 and SPECT/CT were successfully used to explore pharmacokinetic characteristics of Kringle 5 in rats. The study could provide a new evaluation platform of the specific, in vivo and real-time functional imaging and pharmacokinetics for the clinical application of 131I-Kringle 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Danrong Yang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuanzi Sun
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zewei Zhao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Maode Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Corresponding author.
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58
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Burt T, John CS, Ruckle JL, Vuong LT. Phase-0/microdosing studies using PET, AMS, and LC-MS/MS: a range of study methodologies and conduct considerations. Accelerating development of novel pharmaceuticals through safe testing in humans – a practical guide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:657-672. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1227786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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59
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Masaki Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshioka T, Feng F, Zhao S, Higashino K, Numata Y, Kuge Y. Imaging Mass Spectrometry Revealed the Accumulation Characteristics of the 2-Nitroimidazole-Based Agent "Pimonidazole" in Hypoxia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161639. [PMID: 27580239 PMCID: PMC5007049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, or low oxygen concentration, is a key factor promoting tumor progression and angiogenesis and resistance of cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2-Nitroimidazole-based agents have been widely used in pathological and nuclear medicine examinations to detect hypoxic regions in tumors; in particular, pimonidazole is used for histochemical staining of hypoxic regions. It is considered to accumulate in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after reduction of its nitro group. However, the detailed mechanism of its accumulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the accumulation mechanism of pimonidazole in hypoxic tumor tissues in a mouse model by mass spectrometric analyses including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Pimonidazole and its reductive metabolites were observed in the tumor tissues. However, their locations in the tumor sections were not similar to the positively stained areas in pimonidazole-immunohistochemistry, an area considered hypoxic. The glutathione conjugate of reduced pimonidazole, a low-molecular-weight metabolite of pimonidazole, was found in tumor tissues by LC-MS analysis, and our IMS study determined that the intratumor localization of the glutathione conjugate was consistent with the area positively immunostained for pimonidazole. We also found complementary localization of the glutathione conjugate and reduced glutathione (GSH), implying that formation of the glutathione conjugate occurred in the tumor tissue. These results suggest that in hypoxic tumor cells, pimonidazole is reduced at its nitro group, followed by conjugation with GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Masaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fei Feng
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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60
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Rahman O, Långström B, Halldin C. Alkyl Iodides and [11
C]CO in Nickel-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions: Successful Use of Alkyl Electrophiles containing a β Hydrogen Atom in Metal-Mediated [11
C]Carbonylation. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obaidur Rahman
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Centre for Psychiatric Research; Karolinska University Hospital; 171 76 Stockholm Sweden
- Bencar AB; Dag Hammarsjöldsväg 34B 572 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry; Uppsala University; 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
- Bencar AB; Dag Hammarsjöldsväg 34B 572 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Centre for Psychiatric Research; Karolinska University Hospital; 171 76 Stockholm Sweden
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61
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Varnas K, Jureus A, Johnstrom P, Ahlgren C, Schott P, Schou M, Gruber S, Jerning E, Malmborg J, Halldin C, Afzelius L, Farde L. Integrated Strategy for Use of Positron Emission Tomography in Nonhuman Primates to Confirm Multitarget Occupancy of Novel Psychotropic Drugs: An Example with AZD3676. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:464-71. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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62
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van der Wildt B, Lammertsma AA, Drukarch B, Windhorst AD. Strategies towards in vivo imaging of active transglutaminase type 2 using positron emission tomography. Amino Acids 2016; 49:585-595. [PMID: 27380031 PMCID: PMC5332496 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as celiac disease, cancer, and fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel with becoming an attractive target for therapy, interest in the development of compounds for in vivo imaging of TG2 is rising. Such imaging biomarkers might assist in clarifying the role of TG2 in pathology and in monitoring TG2 inhibition in vivo and thus assist in drug development. In this review, the latest results together with various strategies in TG2 PET tracer development are discussed, including radiolabelling of irreversible and reversible active-site inhibitors, as well as allosteric inhibitors, acyl-donor and acyl-acceptor substrates, and anti-TG2 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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63
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Burt T, Yoshida K, Lappin G, Vuong L, John C, de Wildt SN, Sugiyama Y, Rowland M. Microdosing and Other Phase 0 Clinical Trials: Facilitating Translation in Drug Development. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:74-88. [PMID: 26918865 PMCID: PMC5351314 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burt
- Principal, Burt Consultancy, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - K Yoshida
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Oak Ridge Institution for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow
| | - G Lappin
- Visiting Professor of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - L Vuong
- Principal, LTV Consulting, Davis, CA, USA.,Clinical Advisor at BioCore, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C John
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - M Rowland
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
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64
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Buckingham F, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination for applications in positron emission tomography. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1645-1652. [PMID: 28808536 PMCID: PMC5535067 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is becoming more frequently used by medicinal chemists to facilitate the selection of the most promising lead compounds for further evaluation. For PET, this entails the preparation of 11C- or 18F-labeled drugs or radioligands. With the importance of chirality and fluorine substitution in drug development, chemists can be faced with the challenge of preparing enantiopure molecules featuring the 18F-tag on a stereogenic carbon. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination is an emerging field of research that provides an alternative to resolution or conventional SN2-based radiochemistry. To date, both transition metal complexes and organomediators have been successfully employed for 18F-incorporation at a stereogenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Buckingham
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
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65
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Keinänen O, Li XG, Chenna NK, Lumen D, Ott J, Molthoff CFM, Sarparanta M, Helariutta K, Vuorinen T, Windhorst AD, Airaksinen AJ. A New Highly Reactive and Low Lipophilicity Fluorine-18 Labeled Tetrazine Derivative for Pretargeted PET Imaging. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:62-6. [PMID: 26819667 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new (18)F-labeled tetrazine derivative was developed aiming at optimal radiochemistry, fast reaction kinetics in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition (IEDDA), and favorable pharmacokinetics for in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry. The radiolabeling of the tetrazine was achieved in high yield, purity, and specific activity under mild reaction conditions via conjugation with 5-[(18)F]fluoro-5-deoxyribose, providing a glycosylated tetrazine derivative with low lipophilicity. The (18)F-tetrazine showed fast reaction kinetics toward the most commonly used dienophiles in IEDDA reactions. It exhibited excellent chemical and enzymatic stability in mouse plasma and in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.41). Biodistribution in mice revealed favorable pharmacokinetics with major elimination via urinary excretion. The results indicate that the glycosylated (18)F-labeled tetrazine is an excellent candidate for in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry applications in pretargeted PET imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Keinänen
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Naveen K. Chenna
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Dave Lumen
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer Ott
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carla F. M. Molthoff
- Department
of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kerttuli Helariutta
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department
of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anu J. Airaksinen
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Moon SH, Yang BY, Kim YJ, Hong MK, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Jeong JM. Development of a complementary PET/MR dual-modal imaging probe for targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:871-879. [PMID: 26739097 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We tried to develop a dual-modal PET/MR imaging probe using a straightforward one-pot method by encapsulation with specific amphiphiles. In this study, iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles were encapsulated with three amphiphiles containing PEG, DOTA and the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligand in aqueous medium. The diameter of the prepared nanoparticle DOTA-IO-GUL was 11.01±1.54nm. DOTA-IO-GUL was labeled with (68)Ga in high efficiency. The DOTA-IO-GUL showed a dose-dependent binding to LNCaP (PSMA positive) cells via a competitive binding study against (125)I-labeled MIP-1072 (PSMA-targeting agent). Additionally, PET and MR imaging results showed PSMA selective uptake by only 22Rv1 (PSMA positive) but not PC-3 (PSMA negative) in dual-tumor xenograft mouse model study. MR imaging showed high resolution, and PET imaging enabled quantification and confirmation of the specificity. In conclusion, we have successfully developed the specific PSMA-targeting IO nanoparticle, DOTA-IO-GUL, as a dual-modality probe for complementary PET/MR imaging. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The combination of using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) in clinical practice is now the norm. With advances in technology, the next step would be to develop combined PET and Magnetic Resonance (MR) dual-imaging. In this article, the authors described their positive study on the development of a dual-modal PET/MR imaging probe using a prostate cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Yeun Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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67
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Burt T, Rouse DC, Lee K, Wu H, Layton AT, Hawk TC, Weitzel DH, Chin BB, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Chow SC, Noveck RJ. Intraarterial Microdosing: A Novel Drug Development Approach, Proof-of-Concept PET Study in Rats. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1793-9. [PMID: 26315828 PMCID: PMC4767259 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intraarterial microdosing (IAM) is a novel drug development approach combining intraarterial drug delivery and microdosing. We aimed to demonstrate that IAM leads to target exposure similar to that of systemic full-dose administration but with minimal systemic exposure. IAM could enable the safe, inexpensive, and early study of novel drugs at the first-in-human stage and the study of established drugs in vulnerable populations. METHODS Insulin was administered intraarterially (ipsilateral femoral artery) or systemically to 8 CD IGS rats just before blood sampling or 60-min (18)F-FDG uptake PET imaging of ipsilateral and contralateral leg muscles (lateral gastrocnemius) and systemic muscles (spinotrapezius). The (18)F-FDG uptake slope analysis was used to compare the interventions. Plasma levels of insulin and glucose were compared using area under the curve calculated by the linear trapezoidal method. A physiologically based computational pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics model was constructed to simulate the relationship between the administered dose and response over time. RESULTS (18)F-FDG slope analysis found no difference between IAM and systemic full-dose slopes (0.0066 and 0.0061, respectively; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.024 to 0.029; P = 0.7895), but IAM slope was statistically significantly greater than systemic microdose (0.0018; 95% CI, -0.045 to -0.007; P = 0.0147) and sham intervention (-0.0015; 95% CI, 0.023-0.058; P = 0.0052). The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics data were used to identify model parameters that describe membrane insulin binding and glucose-insulin dynamics. CONCLUSION Target exposure after IAM was similar to systemic full dose administration but with minimal systemic effects. The computational pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics model can be generalized to predict whole-body response. Findings should be validated in larger, controlled studies in animals and humans using a range of targets and classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | | | - Kihak Lee
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Huali Wu
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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Singab ANB, El-Hefnawy HM, Esmat A, Gad HA, Nazeam JA. A Systemic Review on Aloe arborescens Pharmacological Profile: Biological Activities and Pilot Clinical Trials. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1858-67. [PMID: 26768148 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in the last few decades has verified several such claims. Aloe arborescens Miller, belonging to the Aloe genus (Family Asphodelaceae), is one of the main varieties of Aloe used worldwide. The popularity of the plant in traditional medicine for several ailments (antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial and antifungal activity) focused the investigator's interest on this plant. Most importantly, the reported studies have shown the plant effectiveness on various cancer types such as liver, colon, duodenal, skin, pancreatic, intestinal, lung and kidney types. These multiple biological actions make Aloe an important resource for developing new natural therapies. However, the biological activities of isolated compounds such as glycoprotein, polysaccharides, enzyme and phenolics were insufficient. Considering all these, this contribution provides a systematic review outlining the evidence on the biological efficacy of the plant including the pharmacology and the related mechanisms of action, with specific attention to the various safety precautions, and preclinical and clinical studies, indicating the future research prospects of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Naser B Singab
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M El-Hefnawy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jilan A Nazeam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6th University, Egypt
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69
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Kumar JSD, Mann JJ. PET tracers for serotonin receptors and their applications. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:96-112. [PMID: 25360773 DOI: 10.2174/1871524914666141030124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and are also targets for drug therapy. In the CNS, most of these receptors are expressed in high abundance in specific brain regions reflecting their role in brain functions. Quantifying binding to 5-HTRs in vivo may permit assessment of physiologic and pathologic conditions, and monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment response, and for investigating new treatment modalities. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging has the sensitivity to quantify binding of 5-HTRs in CNS disorders and to measure drug occupancy as part of a process of new drug development. Although research on PET imaging of 5-HTRs have been performed more than two decades, the successful radiotracers so far developed for human studies are limited to 5-HT₁AR, 5-HT₁BR, 5-HT₂AR, 5-HT₄R and 5-HT₆R. Herein we review the development and application of radioligands for PET imaging of 5-HTRs in living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box: 42, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Velikyan I. 68Ga-Based radiopharmaceuticals: production and application relationship. Molecules 2015; 20:12913-43. [PMID: 26193247 PMCID: PMC6332429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of 68Ga to the promotion and expansion of clinical research and routine positron emission tomography (PET) for earlier better diagnostics and individualized medicine is considerable. The potential applications of 68Ga-comprising imaging agents include targeted, pre-targeted and non-targeted imaging. This review discusses the key aspects of the production of 68Ga and 68Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals in the light of the impact of regulatory requirements and endpoint pre-clinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.
- PET Center, Center for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden .
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71
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Rahman O, Takano A, Amini N, Dahl K, Kanegawa N, Långström B, Farde L, Halldin C. Synthesis of ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride and a comparison with ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride in a monkey PET study. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:893-8. [PMID: 26272268 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride is usually labeled with carbon-11 using [(11)C]methyl iodide or [(11)C]methyl triflate for use in the quantification of dopamine D2 receptors in human brain. The aim of this work was to label raclopride at the carbonyl position using [(11)C]carbon monoxide chemistry and to compare ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride with ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride in non-human primate (NHP) using PET with regard to quantitative outcome measurement, metabolism of the labeled tracers and protein binding. METHODS Palladium-mediated carbonylation using [(11)C]carbon monoxide, 4,6-dichloro-2-iodo-3-methoxyphenol and (S)-(-)-2-aminomethyl-1-ethylpyrrolidine was applied in the synthesis of ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride. The reaction was performed at atmospheric pressure using xantphos as supporting phosphine ligand and palladium (π-cinnamyl) chloride dimer as the palladium source. ([(11)C]Methyl)raclopride was prepared by a previously published method. In the PET study, two female cynomolgus monkeys were used under gas anesthesia of sevoflurane. A dynamic PET measurement was performed for 63 min with an HRRT PET camera after intravenous injection of ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride and ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride, respectively, during the same day. The order of injection of the two PET radioligands was changed between the two monkeys. The venous blood sample for measurement of protein binding was taken 3 min prior to the PET scan. Binding potential (BPND) of the putamen and caudate was calculated with SRTM using the cerebellum as a reference region. RESULTS The target compound ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride was obtained with 50 ± 5% decay corrected radiochemical yield and 95% radiochemical purity. The trapping efficiency (TE) of [(11)C]carbon monoxide was 65 ± 5% and the specific radioactivity of the final product was 34 ± 1 GBq/μmol after a 50 min of synthesis time. The radiochemical yield of ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride was in the same range as published previously i. e. 50-60% and specific radioactivity of those two batches which were used in the present PET study were 192 GBq/μmol and 638 GBq/μmol respectively after a synthesis time of 32 min. In monkey PET studies, the percentage difference of BPND in putamen was <3% and that in caudate was <9% for the two radioligands. The plasma protein binding was 86.2 ± 0.3% and 85.7 ± 0.6% for ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride and ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride, respectively. The radiometabolite pattern was similar for both radioligands. CONCLUSION Raclopride was (11)C-labeled at the carbonyl position using a palladium-mediated [(11)C]carbonylation reaction. A comparison between ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride and ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride with regard to quantitative PET outcome measurements, metabolism of radioligands and protein binding in monkey was performed. The monkey PET study with ([(11)C]carbonyl)raclopride showed similar results as for ([(11)C]methyl)raclopride. The PET studies were performed on 2 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaidur Rahman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Bencar AB, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34B, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Bencar AB, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34B, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, R5:U1, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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72
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Pekošak A, Filp U, Rotteveel L, Poot AJ, Windhorst AD. Improved synthesis and application of [(11) C]benzyl iodide in positron emission tomography radiotracer production. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:342-8. [PMID: 26031614 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography has increased the demand for new carbon-11 radiolabeled tracers and building blocks. A promising radiolabeling synthon is [(11) C]benzyl iodide ([(11) C]BnI), because the benzyl group is a widely present functionality in biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, synthesis of [(11) C]BnI has received little attention, resulting in limited application. Therefore, we investigated the synthesis in order to significantly improve, automate, and apply it for labeling of the dopamine D2 antagonist [(11) C]clebopride as a proof of concept. [(11) C]BnI was synthesized from [(11) C]CO2 via a Grignard reaction and purified prior the reaction with desbenzyl clebopride. According to a one-pot procedure, [(11) C]BnI was synthesized in 11 min from [(11) C]CO2 with high yield, purity, and specific activity, 52 ± 3% (end of the cyclotron bombardment), 95 ± 3%, and 123 ± 17 GBq/µmol (end of the synthesis), respectively. Changes in the [(11) C]BnI synthesis are reduced amounts of reagents, a lower temperature in the Grignard reaction, and the introduction of a solid-phase intermediate purification. [(11) C]Clebopride was synthesized within 28 min from [(11) C]CO2 in an isolated decay-corrected yield of 11 ± 3% (end of the cyclotron bombardment) with a purity of >98% and specific activity (SA) of 54 ± 4 GBq/µmol (n = 3) at the end of the synthesis. Conversion of [(11) C]BnI to product was 82 ± 11%. The reliable synthesis of [(11) C]BnI allows the broad application of this synthon in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pekošak
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Filp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Rotteveel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bohn P, Gourand F, Papamicaël C, Ibazizène M, Dhilly M, Gembus V, Alix F, Ţînţaş ML, Marsais F, Barré L, Levacher V. Dihydroquinoline Carbamate Derivatives as "Bio-oxidizable" Prodrugs for Brain Delivery of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: [¹¹C] Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:737-44. [PMID: 25695305 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of improving the efficiency of marketed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease, plagued by adverse effects arising from peripheral cholinergic activation, this work reports a biological evaluation of new central AChE inhibitors based on an original "bio-oxidizable" prodrug strategy. After peripheral injection of the prodrug 1a [IC50 > 1 mM (hAChE)] in mice, monitoring markers of central and peripheral cholinergic activation provided in vivo proof-of-concept for brain delivery of the drug 2a [IC50 = 20 nM (hAChE)] through central redox activation of 1a. Interestingly, peripheral cholinergic activation has been shown to be limited in time, likely due to the presence of a permanent positive charge in 2a promoting rapid elimination of the AChE inhibitor from the circulation of mice. To support these assumptions, the radiosynthesis with carbon-11 of prodrug 1a was developed for additional ex vivo studies in rats. Whole-body biodistribution of radioactivity revealed high accumulation in excretory organs along with moderate but rapid brain uptake. Radio-HPLC analyses of brain samples confirm rapid CNS penetration of [(11)C]1a, while identification of [(11)C]2a and [(11)C]3a both accounts for central redox activation of 1a and pseudoirreversible inhibition of AChE, respectively. Finally, Caco-2 permeability assays predicted metabolite 3a as a substrate for efflux transporters (P-gp inter alia), suggesting that metabolite 3a might possibly be actively transported out of the brain. Overall, a large body of evidence from in vivo and ex vivo studies on small animals has been collected to validate this "bio-oxidizable" prodrug approach, emerging as a very promising strategy in the rational design of selective central AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bohn
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Gourand
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Vincent Gembus
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florent Alix
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mihaela-Liliana Ţînţaş
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Francis Marsais
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Louisa Barré
- CEA/DSV/I2BM,
UMR ISTCT 6301, LDM-TEP Group, GIP Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen;
INSA Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, Mont-Saint
Aignan Cedex, France
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74
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Park HS, Kim E, Moon BS, Lim NH, Lee BC, Kim SE. In Vivo Tissue Pharmacokinetics of Carbon-11-Labeled Clozapine in Healthy Volunteers: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26225256 PMCID: PMC4452936 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated clozapine (CLZ) tissue pharmacokinetics in vivo by using carbon-11-labeled CLZ (11C-CLZ) and positron emission tomography (PET). Eight healthy volunteers underwent 11C-CLZ studies wherein computed tomography image acquisition was followed by PET scans (whole-body, four; brain, four). After bolus intravenous 11C-CLZ injection, PET images were acquired at various timepoints for 2–3 hours. Tissue 11C-CLZ signals were plotted over time, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. High 11C-CLZ radioactivity was detected in the liver and brain, implying CLZ hepatic metabolism and efficient blood–brain barrier penetration. The urinary and hepatobiliary tracts were involved in 11C-CLZ excretion. Moderate to high radioactivity was observed in the dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor-rich brain regions, indicating CLZ binding to multiple receptor types. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the determination of 11C-CLZ tissue pharmacokinetics in humans. PET using radiolabeled drugs can provide valuable information that could complement plasma pharmacokinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea ; Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Suwon, South Korea
| | - E Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea
| | - B S Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea
| | - N H Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea
| | - B C Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Suwon, South Korea
| | - S E Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam, South Korea ; Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Suwon, South Korea
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75
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McCracken MN, Vatakis DN, Dixit D, McLaughlin J, Zack JA, Witte ON. Noninvasive detection of tumor-infiltrating T cells by PET reporter imaging. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1815-26. [PMID: 25822024 DOI: 10.1172/jci77326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T cells can successfully reduce tumor burden; however, in rare cases, lethal on-target/off-tumor effects have been reported. A noninvasive method to track engineered cells with high sensitivity and resolution would allow observation of correct cell homing and/or identification of dangerous off-target locations in preclinical and clinical applications. Human deoxycytidine kinase triple mutant (hdCK3mut) is a nonimmunogenic PET reporter that was previously shown to be an effective tool to monitor whole-body hematopoiesis. Here, we engineered a construct in which hdCK3mut is coexpressed with the anti-melanoma T cell receptor F5, introduced this construct into human CD34 cells or PBMCs, and evaluated this approach in multiple immunotherapy models. Expression of hdCK3mut allowed engrafted cells to be visualized within recipient bone marrow, while accumulation of [18F]-L-FMAU in hdCK3mut-expressing T cells permitted detection of intratumoral homing. Animals that received T cells coexpressing hdCK3mut and the anti-melanoma T cell receptor had demonstrably higher signals in HLA-matched tumors compared with those in animals that received cells solely expressing hdCK3mut. Engineered T cells caused cytotoxicity in HLA/antigen-matched tumors and induced IFN-γ production and activation. Moreover, hdCK3mut permitted simultaneous monitoring of engraftment and tumor infiltration, without affecting T cell function. Our findings suggest that hdCK3mut reporter imaging can be applied in clinical immunotherapies for whole-body detection of engineered cell locations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/diagnostic imaging
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/analysis
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Graft Survival
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-gamma Release Tests
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- MART-1 Antigen/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mutation
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Thymus Gland/transplantation
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76
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Schou M, Varnäs K, Lundquist S, Nakao R, Amini N, Takano A, Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Farde L. Large Variation in Brain Exposure of Reference CNS Drugs: a PET Study in Nonhuman Primates. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv036. [PMID: 25813017 PMCID: PMC4648157 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography microdosing of radiolabeled drugs allows for noninvasive studies of organ exposure in vivo. The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the brain exposure of 12 commercially available CNS drugs and one non-CNS drug. METHODS The drugs were radiolabeled with (11)C (t 1/2 = 20.4 minutes) and examined using a high resolution research tomograph. In cynomolgus monkeys, each drug was examined twice. In rhesus monkeys, a first positron emission tomography microdosing measurement was repeated after preadministration with unlabeled drug to examine potential dose-dependent effects on brain exposure. Partition coefficients between brain and plasma (KP) were calculated by dividing the AUC0-90 min for brain with that for plasma or by a compartmental analysis (VT). Unbound KP (KP u,u) was obtained by correction for the free fraction in brain and plasma. RESULTS After intravenous injection, the maximum radioactivity concentration (C max, %ID) in brain ranged from 0.01% to 6.2%. For 10 of the 12 CNS drugs, C max, %ID was >2%, indicating a preferential distribution to brain. A lower C max, %ID was observed for morphine, sulpiride, and verapamil. K P ranged from 0.002 (sulpiride) to 68 (sertraline) and 7 of 13 drugs had KP u,u close to unity. For morphine, sulpiride, and verapamil, K P u,u was <0.3, indicating impaired diffusion and/or active efflux. Brain exposure at microdosing agreed with pharmacological dosing conditions for the investigated drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the largest positron emission tomography study on brain exposure of commercially available CNS drugs in nonhuman primates and may guide interpretation of positron emission tomography microdosing data for novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Schou
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Schou and Farde); Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Varnäs, Lundquist, Nakao, Amini, Takano, Finnema, and Halldin); AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines, CNS & Pain, Södertälje, Sweden (Dr Lundquist).
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77
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Kobayashi T, Furusawa Y, Yamada S, Akehi M, Takenaka F, Sasaki T, Akahoshi A, Hanada T, Matsuura E, Hirano H, Tai A, Kakuta H. Positron emission tomography to elucidate pharmacokinetic differences of regioisomeric retinoid x receptor agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:334-8. [PMID: 25815156 DOI: 10.1021/ml500511m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RXR partial agonist NEt-4IB (2a, 6-[ethyl-(4-isobutoxy-3-isopropylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid: EC50 = 169 nM, E max = 55%) showed a blood concentration higher than its E max after single oral administration at 30 mg/kg to mice, and repeated oral administration at 10 mg/kg/day to KK-A(y) mice afforded antitype 2 diabetes activity without the side effects caused by RXR full agonists. However, RXR full agonist NEt-3IB (1a), in which the isobutoxy and isopropyl groups of 2a are interchanged, gave a much lower blood concentration than 2a. Here we used positron emission tomography (PET) with tracers [(11)C]1a, [(11)C]2a and fluorinated derivatives [(18)F]1b, [(18)F]2b, which have longer half-lives, to examine the reason why 1a and 2a exhibited significantly different blood concentrations. As a result, the reason for the high blood concentration of 2a after oral administration was found to be linked to higher intestinal absorbability together with lower biliary excretion, compared with 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kobayashi
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Furusawa
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamada
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Research
Fellowship Division, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Masaru Akehi
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Takenaka
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akiya Akahoshi
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hanada
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Collaborative
Research Center for OMIC, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirano
- SHI Accelerator Service Ltd. 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Faculty
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka-Cho, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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78
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Rahman O. [11C]Carbon monoxide in labeling chemistry and positron emission tomography tracer development: scope and limitations. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:86-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; R5:U1 171 76 Stockholm Sweden
- Bencar AB; Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 52B 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
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79
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Johnström P, Bergman L, Varnäs K, Malmquist J, Halldin C, Farde L. Development of rapid multistep carbon-11 radiosynthesis of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD3241 to assess brain exposure by PET microdosing. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:555-60. [PMID: 25726760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD3241 has been selected as a candidate drug currently being developed to delay progression in patients with neurodegenerative brain disorders. Part of the decision tree for translation of AZD3241 into clinical studies included the need for assessment of brain exposure in non-human primates by PET microdosing. For that purpose a rapid multistep method for (11)C-labeling of AZD3241 was developed. METHODS AZD3241 was labeled in the thio-carbonyl position starting from [(11)C]potassium cyanide in a 4-step procedure using microwave assisted heating. In the first step [(11)C]potassium cyanide was converted to [(11)C]potassium thiocyanate followed by reaction with benzoyl chloride to yield benzoyl [(11)C]isothiocyanate. The benzoyl [(11)C]isothiocyanate was subsequently reacted with the precursor ethyl 3-(2-isopropoxyethylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate and the formed intermediate underwent a base catalyzed cyclization to obtain [(11)C]AZD3241 in the final step. To assess [(11)C]AZD3241 brain exposure PET measurements were performed in three cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS [(11)C]AZD3241 was produced in good and reproducible radiochemical yield 710 ± 294 MBq (mean ± SD, n = 7). Total time of synthesis was 60 min from end of bombardment. The specific radioactivity was 9 ± 4GBq/μmol and the radiochemical purity was >98%. Following iv administration of [(11)C]AZD3241 there was a rapid presence of radioactivity in brain in each of the three monkeys. The distribution of [(11)C]AZD3241 to brain was fast and a Cmax of 1.9 to 2.6% of the injected radioactivity was observed within 1.5 min. [(11)C]AZD3241 was homogeneously distributed in brain. CONCLUSION The MPO inhibitor AZD3241 was successfully labeled with carbon-11 in a challenging 4-step procedure in good radiochemical yield allowing PET microdosing studies in cynomolgus monkey. [(11)C]AZD3241 rapidly entered brain and confirmed adequate brain exposure to support translation of AZD3241 to phase 2a studies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johnström
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Malmquist
- Isotope Chemistry, Screening and Profiling Global DMPK IM, AstraZeneca, Research & Development Innovative Medicines, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Stockholm, Sweden
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80
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Finnema SJ, Scheinin M, Shahid M, Lehto J, Borroni E, Bang-Andersen B, Sallinen J, Wong E, Farde L, Halldin C, Grimwood S. Application of cross-species PET imaging to assess neurotransmitter release in brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4129-57. [PMID: 25921033 PMCID: PMC4600473 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This review attempts to summarize the current status in relation to the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the assessment of synaptic concentrations of endogenous mediators in the living brain. OBJECTIVES Although PET radioligands are now available for more than 40 CNS targets, at the initiation of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) "Novel Methods leading to New Medications in Depression and Schizophrenia" (NEWMEDS) in 2009, PET radioligands sensitive to an endogenous neurotransmitter were only validated for dopamine. NEWMEDS work-package 5, "Cross-species and neurochemical imaging (PET) methods for drug discovery", commenced with a focus on developing methods enabling assessment of changes in extracellular concentrations of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. RESULTS Sharing the workload across institutions, we utilized in vitro techniques with cells and tissues, in vivo receptor binding and microdialysis techniques in rodents, and in vivo PET imaging in non-human primates and humans. Here, we discuss these efforts and review other recently published reports on the use of radioligands to assess changes in endogenous levels of dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid peptides. The emphasis is on assessment of the availability of appropriate translational tools (PET radioligands, pharmacological challenge agents) and on studies in non-human primates and human subjects, as well as current challenges and future directions. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging directed at investigating changes in endogenous neurochemicals, including the work done in NEWMEDS, have highlighted an opportunity to further extend the capability and application of this technology in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. Finnema
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Scheinin
- />Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland , />Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mohammed Shahid
- />Research and Development, Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehto
- />Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Edilio Borroni
- />Neuroscience Department, Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jukka Sallinen
- />Research and Development, Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Erik Wong
- />Neuroscience Innovative Medicine Unit, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE USA
| | - Lars Farde
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden , />Translational Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- />Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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81
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Mammatas LH, Verheul HMW, Hendrikse NH, Yaqub M, Lammertsma AA, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW. Molecular imaging of targeted therapies with positron emission tomography: the visualization of personalized cancer care. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 38:49-64. [PMID: 25248503 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular imaging has been defined as the visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level in humans and other living systems. In oncology it enables to visualize (part of) the functional behaviour of tumour cells, in contrast to anatomical imaging that focuses on the size and location of malignant lesions. Available molecular imaging techniques include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging. In PET, a radiotracer consisting of a positron emitting radionuclide attached to the biologically active molecule of interest is administrated to the patient. Several approaches have been undertaken to use PET for the improvement of personalized cancer care. For example, a variety of radiolabelled ligands have been investigated for intratumoural target identification and radiolabelled drugs have been developed for direct visualization of the biodistibution in vivo, including intratumoural therapy uptake. First indications of the clinical value of PET for target identification and response prediction in oncology have been reported. This new imaging approach is rapidly developing, but uniformity of scanning processes, standardized methods for outcome evaluation and implementation in daily clinical practice are still in progress. In this review we discuss the available literature on molecular imaging with PET for personalized targeted treatment strategies. CONCLUSION Molecular imaging with radiolabelled targeted anticancer drugs has great potential for the improvement of personalized cancer care. The non-invasive quantification of drug accumulation in tumours and normal tissues provides understanding of the biodistribution in relation to therapeutic and toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonitsa H Mammatas
- Dept of Medical Oncology VUmc Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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82
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Watabe T, Naka S, Ikeda H, Horitsugi G, Kanai Y, Isohashi K, Ishibashi M, Kato H, Shimosegawa E, Watabe H, Hatazawa J. Distribution of intravenously administered acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and acetylcholinesterase activity in the adrenal gland: 11C-donepezil PET study in the normal rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107427. [PMID: 25225806 PMCID: PMC4166663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have been used for patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, its pharmacokinetics in non-target organs other than the brain has not been clarified yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the whole-body distribution of intravenously administered 11C-Donepezil (DNP) and the AChE activity in the normal rat, with special focus on the adrenal glands. Methods The distribution of 11C-DNP was investigated by PET/CT in 6 normal male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, body weight = 220±8.9 g). A 30-min dynamic scan was started simultaneously with an intravenous bolus injection of 11C-DNP (45.0±10.7 MBq). The whole-body distribution of the 11C-DNP PET was evaluated based on the Vt (total distribution volume) by Logan-plot analysis. A fluorometric assay was performed to quantify the AChE activity in homogenized tissue solutions of the major organs. Results The PET analysis using Vt showed that the adrenal glands had the 2nd highest level of 11C-DNP in the body (following the liver) (13.33±1.08 and 19.43±1.29 ml/cm3, respectively), indicating that the distribution of 11C-DNP was the highest in the adrenal glands, except for that in the excretory organs. The AChE activity was the third highest in the adrenal glands (following the small intestine and the stomach) (24.9±1.6, 83.1±3.0, and 38.5±8.1 mU/mg, respectively), indicating high activity of AChE in the adrenal glands. Conclusions We demonstrated the whole-body distribution of 11C-DNP by PET and the AChE activity in the major organs by fluorometric assay in the normal rat. High accumulation of 11C-DNP was observed in the adrenal glands, which suggested the risk of enhanced cholinergic synaptic transmission by the use of AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Watabe
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hayato Ikeda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genki Horitsugi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Kanai
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayako Isohashi
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mana Ishibashi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eku Shimosegawa
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hatazawa
- PET molecular Imaging Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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83
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Saleem A, Murphy P, Plisson C, Lahn M. Why are we failing to implement imaging studies with radiolabelled new molecular entities in early oncology drug development? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:269605. [PMID: 25202719 PMCID: PMC4151371 DOI: 10.1155/2014/269605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In early drug development advanced imaging techniques can help with progressing new molecular entities (NME) to subsequent phases of drug development and thus reduce attrition. However, several organizational, operational, and regulatory hurdles pose a significant barrier, potentially limiting the impact these techniques can have on modern drug development. Positron emission tomography (PET) of radiolabelled NME is arguably the best example of a complex technique with a potential to deliver unique decision-making data in small cohorts of subjects. However, to realise this potential the impediments to timely inclusion of PET into the drug development process must be overcome. In the present paper, we discuss the value of PET imaging with radiolabelled NME during early anticancer drug development, as exemplified with one such NME. We outline the multiple hurdles and propose options on how to streamline the organizational steps for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Saleem
- Imanova Ltd., Centre for Imaging Sciences, Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Philip Murphy
- GlaxoSmithKline Global Imaging Unit, Stockley Park West, 1-3 Ironbridge Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT, UK
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Imanova Ltd., Centre for Imaging Sciences, Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael Lahn
- Early Phase Oncology Clinical Investigation, Eli Lilly Corporate Center, Building 31/4, 893 S. Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Modo M, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Nicholls F, Ling W, Wilhelm C, Debarge O, Gazeau F, Clement O. Considerations for the clinical use of contrast agents for cellular MRI in regenerative medicine. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:439-55. [PMID: 24375900 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in regenerative medicine are rapidly transforming healthcare. A cornerstone of regenerative medicine is the introduction of cells that were grown or manipulated in vitro. Key questions that arise after these cells are re-introduced are: whether these cells are localized in the appropriate site; whether cells survive; and whether these cells migrate. These questions predominantly relate to the safety of the therapeutic approach (i.e. tumorigenesis), but certain aspects can also influence the efficacy of the therapeutic approach (e.g. site of injection). The European Medicines Agency has indicated that suitable methods for stem cell tracking should be applied where these methods are available. We here discuss the European regulatory framework, as well as the scientific evidence, that should be considered to facilitate the potential clinical implementation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast media to track implanted/injected cells in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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85
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Indium-111 labeled gold nanoparticles for in-vivo molecular targeting. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7050-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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86
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Tseng WY, van Dam RM. Compact microfluidic device for rapid concentration of PET tracers. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2293-302. [PMID: 24825578 PMCID: PMC4465334 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
HPLC purification and reformulation of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers can lead to significant dilution of the final product, making it difficult to produce a sufficiently high radioactivity concentration for some applications (e.g. small animal imaging, in vitro assays, and labelling of proteins with prosthetic groups). This is especially true for molecules with lengthy or low-yield syntheses. Starting the synthesis with more radioactivity increases the final radioactivity concentration but increases hazards and complexity of handling. An alternative is to concentrate the final product by a process such as rotary evaporation prior to downstream use. Because a rotovap requires significant space within a hot cell that could be put to more productive use, we developed a compact microfluidic system for concentration of PET tracers. This system also provides advantages in terms of repeatability, interfacing and potential for automation. We present here the design and performance characterization of the system, and demonstrate the concentration of several tracers in aqueous-based HPLC mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Tseng
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Tel: 310-206-6507
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Tel: 310-206-6507
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87
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Suzuki M, Doi H, Koyama H, Zhang Z, Hosoya T, Onoe H, Watanabe Y. Pd0-Mediated Rapid Cross-Coupling Reactions, the RapidC-[11C]Methylations, Revolutionarily Advancing the Syntheses of Short-Lived PET Molecular Probes. CHEM REC 2014; 14:516-41. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Suzuki
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology; 35 Gengo Morioka-cho Obu-shi Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroko Koyama
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Graduate School of Medicine; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Zhouen Zhang
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Graduate School of Medicine; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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89
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Wulkersdorfer B, Wanek T, Bauer M, Zeitlinger M, Müller M, Langer O. Using positron emission tomography to study transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in tissues. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:206-13. [PMID: 24682030 PMCID: PMC4153445 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug disposition is highly regulated by membrane transporters. Some transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions (DDIs) may not manifest themselves in changes in systemic exposure but rather in changes in tissue exposure of drugs. To better assess the impact of transporter-mediated DDIs in tissues, positron emission tomography (PET)—a noninvasive imaging method—plays an increasingly important role. In this article, we provide examples of how PET can be used to assess transporter-mediated DDIs in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wulkersdorfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Wanek
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Langer
- 1] Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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90
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Mukai H, Ozaki D, Cui Y, Kuboyama T, Yamato-Nagata H, Onoe K, Takahashi M, Wada Y, Imanishi T, Kodama T, Obika S, Suzuki M, Doi H, Watanabe Y. Quantitative evaluation of the improvement in the pharmacokinetics of a nucleic acid drug delivery system by dynamic PET imaging with (18)F-incorporated oligodeoxynucleotides. J Control Release 2014; 180:92-9. [PMID: 24566256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging-based pharmacokinetic evaluation studies for preclinical experiments and microdose clinical trials, mainly focused on low molecular weight compounds. In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of nucleic acid drugs and their drug delivery systems (DDSs) in vivo by using PET imaging, we developed a novel and efficient method for radiolabeling oligodeoxynucleotides with the positron-emitting radionuclide (18)F (stoichiometry-focused Huisgen-type (18)F labeling). By using this method, we succeeded in synthesizing a variety of (18)F-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides with not only phosphodiesters (PO) in natural forms, but also phosphorothioate (PS) and bridged nucleic acid (BNA) in artificial forms, and then performed PET studies and radioactive metabolite analyses of these (18)F-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides. The tissue-distribution and dynamic changes in radioactivity showed significantly different profiles between these antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The radioactivity of (18)F-labeled PO-DNA and PO-BNA rapidly accumulated in the kidneys and liver and then moved to the renal medulla, ureter, bladder, and intestine. However, the radioactivity of (18)F-labeled PS-DNA and PS-BNA, possessing PS backbone structures, was retained in the blood for relatively long periods and then gradually accumulated in the liver and kidneys. The metabolite analysis showed that (18)F-labeled PO-DNA rapidly degraded by 5min and (18)F-labeled PO-BNA gradually degraded over time by 60min. Conversely, (18)F-labeled PS-DNA and PS-BNA were shown to be much more stable. To demonstrate the usefulness of the PET imaging technique for evaluating the improved targeting potential of the DDS, we designed and synthesized a cholesterol-modified oligodeoxynucleotide, that we developed as an antisense nucleic acid drug against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) for hypercholesterolemia therapy, and evaluated its pharmacokinetics using PET imaging. As expected, the (18)F-labeled cholesterol-modified PS-BNA-type oligodeoxynucleotide showed much higher and more rapid accumulation in the delivery target organ, that is, the liver, which encourages us to develop this drug. These results suggest that dynamic PET studies using (18)F-incorporated oligodeoxynucleotide synthesized by stoichiometry-focused Huisgen-type labeling is useful for quantitative pharmacokinetic evaluation of nucleic acid drugs and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daiki Ozaki
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yilong Cui
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuboyama
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamato-Nagata
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kayo Onoe
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Maiko Takahashi
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imanishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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91
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hargreaves RJ, Rabiner EA. Translational PET imaging research. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 61:32-8. [PMID: 24055214 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of any early central nervous system (CNS) drug development program is always to test the mechanism and not the molecule in order to support additional research investments in late phase clinical trials. Confirmation that drugs reach their targets using translational positron emission tomography (PET) imaging markers of engagement is central to successful clinical proof-of-concept testing and has become an important feature of most neuropsychiatric drug development programs. CNS PET imaging can also play an important role in the clinical investigation of the neuropharmacological basis of psychiatric disease and the optimization of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hargreaves
- Merck and Co, WP-42-212, 770, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA19486, USA.
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93
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Effects of anesthesia and species on the uptake or binding of radioligands in vivo in the Göttingen minipig. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:808713. [PMID: 24083242 PMCID: PMC3780537 DOI: 10.1155/2013/808713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in neuroscience research often involves animals, as no adequate alternatives exist to animal models of living systems. However, both the physiological characteristics of the species used and the effects of anesthesia raise questions of common concern. Here, we demonstrate the confounding influences of these effects on tracer binding in positron emission tomography (PET). We determined the effects of two routinely used anesthetics (isoflurane and propofol) on the binding of two tracers of monoamine function, [11C]SCH23390, a tracer of the dopamine D1 and D5 receptors, and the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, [11C]yohimbine, in Göttingen minipigs. The kinetics of SCH23390 in the pigs differed from those of our earlier studies in primates. With two different graphical analyses of uptake of SCH23390, the initial clearance values of this tracer were higher with isoflurane than with propofol anesthesia, indicative of differences in blood flow, whereas no significant differences were observed for the volumes of distribution of yohimbine. The study underscores the importance of differences of anesthesia and species when the properties of radioligands are evaluated under different circumstances that may affect blood flow and tracer uptake. These differences must be considered in the choice of a particular animal species and mode of anesthesia for a particular application.
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94
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Nagy K, Tóth M, Major P, Patay G, Egri G, Häggkvist J, Varrone A, Farde L, Halldin C, Gulyás B. Performance evaluation of the small-animal nanoScan PET/MRI system. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1825-32. [PMID: 23990683 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.119065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED nanoScan is a high-resolution integrated system for consecutive PET and MR imaging of small laboratory animals. We evaluated the performance of the system, using the NEMA NU 4-2008 protocol for the PET component and the NEMA MS 1-2007, MS 2-2008, and MS 3-2007 standards for the MR imaging component. METHODS The imaging system uses magnetically shielded position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes and a compact 1-T permanent-magnet MR imaging platform. Spatial resolution, sensitivity, counting rate capabilities, and image quality parameters were evaluated in accordance with the aforementioned NEMA standards. Further in vivo evaluation experiments complement the physical validation results. RESULTS The spatial resolution of the PET system enabled the 0.8-mm rods of a Derenzo phantom to be resolved. With point source and 2-dimensional filtered backprojection reconstruction, the resolution varied from 1.50 to 2.01 mm in full width at half maximum in the radial direction and from 1.32 to 1.65 mm in the tangential direction within the radius of 25 mm. Peak absolute sensitivity was 8.41%. Scatter fraction was 17.3% and 34.0%, and maximum noise-equivalent counting rate was 406 and 119 kcps in the mouselike and ratlike phantom, respectively. The image quality test found a nonuniformity of 3.52% and a spillover ratio of 6.2% and 5.8% in water and air, respectively. In testing of the MR imaging component, artifact-free images with high signal-to-noise ratio were recorded. Geometric distortion was below 5%, and image uniformity was at least 94.5% and 96.6% for the 60- and 35-mm radiofrequency coils, respectively. CONCLUSION The nanoScan integrated small-animal PET/MR imaging system has excellent spatial resolution and sensitivity. The performance characteristics of the PET and the MR imaging components are not compromised as a result of their integration onto a single platform. Because of its combination of features and performance parameters, the system provides crucial advantages for preclinical imaging studies over existing PET/CT systems, especially in neurologic and oncologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Nagy
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Berges A, Cunningham VJ, Gunn RN, Zamuner S. Non linear mixed effects analysis in PET PK-receptor occupancy studies. Neuroimage 2013; 76:155-66. [PMID: 23518008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterisation of a pharmacokinetic-receptor occupancy (PK-RO) relationship derived from a PET study is typically modelled in a conventional non-linear least squares (NLLS) framework. In the present work, we explore the application of a non-linear mixed effects approach (NLME) and compare this with NLLS estimation (using both naive pooled data and two-stage approaches) in the context of a direct PK-RO relationship described by an Emax model, using simulated data sets. Target and reference tissue time-activity curves were simulated using a two-tissue compartmental model and an arterial plasma input function for a typical PET study (12 subjects in 3 dose groups with 3 scans each). A range of different PET scenarios was considered to evaluate the impact of between-subject variability and reference region availability. The PET outcome measures derived from the simulations were then used to estimate the parameters of the PK-RO model. The performance of the two approaches was compared in terms of parameters estimates (square mean error SME, root mean square error RMSE) and prediction of the exposure-occupancy relationship. In general, both NLME and NLLS estimation methods provided unbiassed and precise population estimates for the Emax model parameters, although a slight bias was observed for the individual-NLLS method due to a few outliers. The increased value of NLME over NLLS was most notable in the estimation of the between-subject variability (BSV), especially in the case of a more complex PK-RO model when no reference region was available (maximum SME and RMSE values related to BSV of EC₅₀ of 27.6% and 86.5% from NLME versus 264.6% and 689.5% from NLLS). Overall, the NLME approach provided a more robust estimation and produced less-biassed estimates of the population means and variances than either the NLLS approach for the simulations considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alienor Berges
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, Stockley Park, UK.
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96
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Modeling of PET data in CNS drug discovery and development. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 40:267-79. [PMID: 23660778 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly used in drug discovery and development for evaluation of CNS drug disposition and for studies of disease biomarkers to monitor drug effects on brain pathology. The quantitative analysis of PET data is based on kinetic modeling of radioactivity concentrations in plasma and brain tissue compartments. A number of quantitative methods of analysis have been developed that allow the determination of parameters describing drug pharmacokinetics and interaction with target binding sites in the brain. The optimal method of quantification depends on the properties of the radiolabeled drug or radioligand and the binding site studied. We here review the most frequently used methods for quantification of PET data in relation to CNS drug discovery and development. The utility of PET kinetic modeling in the development of novel CNS drugs is illustrated by examples from studies of the brain kinetic properties of radiolabeled drug molecules.
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97
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Takashima T, Shingaki T, Katayama Y, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Kataoka M, Ozaki D, Doi H, Suzuki M, Ishida S, Hatanaka K, Sugiyama Y, Akai S, Oku N, Yamashita S, Watanabe Y. Dynamic Analysis of Fluid Distribution in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Rats: Positron Emission Tomography Imaging after Oral Administration of Nonabsorbable Marker, [18F]Deoxyfluoropoly(ethylene glycol). Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2261-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300469m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Takashima
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Shingaki
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- ADME Research Inc., 1-12-8 Senba-higashi,
Minoh, Osaka 562-0035, Japan
| | - Yumiko Katayama
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashinaka
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata,
Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Daiki Ozaki
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sho Ishida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada
Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hatanaka
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada
Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation
Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Yokohama Bio Industry Center, 1-6, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama
230-0045, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada
Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada
Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata,
Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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98
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van der Veldt AAM, Lubberink M, Mathijssen RHJ, Loos WJ, Herder GJM, Greuter HN, Comans EFI, Rutten HB, Eriksson J, Windhorst AD, Hendrikse NH, Postmus PE, Smit EF, Lammertsma AA. Toward prediction of efficacy of chemotherapy: a proof of concept study in lung cancer patients using [¹¹C]docetaxel and positron emission tomography. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4163-73. [PMID: 23620410 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacokinetics of docetaxel can be measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) and a microdose of radiolabeled docetaxel ([(11)C]docetaxel). The objective of this study was to investigate whether a [(11)C]docetaxel PET microdosing study could predict tumor uptake of therapeutic doses of docetaxel. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Docetaxel-naïve lung cancer patients underwent 2 [(11)C]docetaxel PET scans; one after bolus injection of [(11)C]docetaxel and another during combined infusion of [(11)C]docetaxel and a therapeutic dose of docetaxel (75 mg·m(-2)). Compartmental and spectral analyses were used to quantify [(11)C]docetaxel tumor kinetics. [(11)C]docetaxel PET measurements were used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) of docetaxel in tumors. Tumor response was evaluated using computed tomography scans. RESULTS Net rates of influx (Ki) of [(11)C]docetaxel in tumors were comparable during microdosing and therapeutic scans. [(11)C]docetaxel AUCTumor during the therapeutic scan could be predicted reliably using an impulse response function derived from the microdosing scan together with the plasma curve of [(11)C]docetaxel during the therapeutic scan. At 90 minutes, the accumulated amount of docetaxel in tumors was less than 1% of the total infused dose of docetaxel. [(11)C]docetaxel Ki derived from the microdosing scan correlated with AUCTumor of docetaxel (Spearman ρ = 0.715; P = 0.004) during the therapeutic scan and with tumor response to docetaxel therapy (Spearman ρ = -0.800; P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Microdosing data of [(11)C]docetaxel PET can be used to predict tumor uptake of docetaxel during chemotherapy. The present study provides a framework for investigating the PET microdosing concept for radiolabeled anticancer drugs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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99
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Mukai H, Wada Y, Watanabe Y. The synthesis of 64Cu-chelated porphyrin photosensitizers and their tumor-targeting peptide conjugates for the evaluation of target cell uptake and PET image-based pharmacokinetics of targeted photodynamic therapy agents. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 27:625-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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100
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Linnman C. New pieces for the substance P puzzle. Pain 2013; 154:966-967. [PMID: 23643331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clas Linnman
- Boston Childreńs Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Anesthesia, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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