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Le Scouarnec J, Samozino P, Andrieu B, Thubin T, Morin JB, Favier FB. Effects of Repeated Sprint Training With Progressive Elastic Resistance on Sprint Performance and Anterior-Posterior Force Production in Elite Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1675-1681. [PMID: 35622112 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Le Scouarnec, J, Samozino, P, Andrieu, B, Thubin, T, Morin, JB, and Favier, FB. Effects of repeated sprint training with progressive elastic resistance on sprint performance and anterior-posterior force production in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1675-1681, 2022-This study aimed to determine whether repeated sprint training with progressive high elastic resistance could improve sprint performance and anterior-posterior (AP) force production capacities of elite young soccer players. Seven elite U19 soccer players underwent 10 sessions of elastic-resisted repeated sprints on 8 weeks, whereas 8 U17 players from the same academy (control group) followed the same protocol without elastic bands. Sprint performance and mechanical parameters were recorded on a 30-m sprint before and after training. The control group did not show change for any of the measured variables. In contrast, the elastic-resisted training resulted in a significant improvement of the sprint time (-2.1 ± 1.3%; p = 0.026; Hedges' g = -0.49) and maximal velocity (Vmax; +3.9 ± 2%; p = 0.029; Hedges' g = 0.61) reached during the 30-m sprint. These enhancements were concurrent with an increase in the maximal power output related to AP force (Pmax; +4.9 ± 5.1%%; p = 0.026; Hedges' g = 0.42). Although the theoretical maximal AP force (F0) remained unchanged in both groups, there was a medium but nonsignificant increase in theoretical maximal velocity (V0; +3.7 ± 2.5%; p = 0.13; Hedges' g = 0.5) only in the elastic group. Therefore, the present results show that sprint capacity of elite young soccer players can be further improved by adding incremental resistance against runner displacement to raise the ability to produce AP force, rather at high velocity in the final phase of the acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Le Scouarnec
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Montpellier Hérault Sport Club, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Chambéry, France ; and
| | | | - Teddy Thubin
- Montpellier Hérault Sport Club, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Saint-Étienne, France
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The Acute Effects of Heavy Sled Towing on Acceleration Performance and Sprint Mechanical and Kinematic Characteristics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050077. [PMID: 35622486 PMCID: PMC9146810 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heavy sled towing using a load corresponding to a 50% reduction of the individual theoretical maximal velocity (ranged 57–73% body mass) on subsequent 30 m sprint performance, velocity, mechanical variables (theoretical maximal horizontal force, theoretical maximal horizontal velocity, maximal mechanical power output, slope of the linear force–velocity relationship, maximal ratio of horizontal to total force and decrease in the ratio of horizontal to total force) and kinematics (step length and rate, contact and flight time). Twelve (n = 5 males and n = 7 females) junior running sprinters performed an exercise under two intervention conditions in random order. The experimental condition (EXP) consisted of two repetitions of 20 m resisted sprints, while in the control condition (CON), an active recovery was performed. Before (baseline) and after (post) the interventions, the 30 m sprint tests were analyzed. Participants showed faster 30 m sprint times following sled towing (p = 0.005). Running velocity was significantly higher in EXP at 5–10 m (p = 0.032), 10–15 m (p = 0.006), 15–20 m (p = 0.004), 20–25 m (p = 0.015) and 25–30 m (p = 0.014). No significant changes in sprint mechanical variables and kinematics were observed. Heavy sled towing appeared to be an effective post-activation potentiation stimulus to acutely enhance sprint acceleration performance with no effect on the athlete’s running technique.
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Slawinski J, Houel N, Moreau C, Mahlig A, Dinu D. Contribution of segmental kinetic energy to forward propulsion of the centre of mass: Analysis of sprint acceleration. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1282-1289. [PMID: 35435805 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2066829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the contribution of each body segment to the production of total body kinetic energy (KE) during a 40-m sprint. Nine recreational sprinters performed two 40-m sprints wearing a MVN Biomech suit (Xsens). Data recorded were used to calculate total body KE, and the KE of each segment. The KE of each segment was then expressed as a percentage of the total body KE. We divided the sprint into three phases: 1 - start to maximal power (Pmax), 2 - Pmax to maximal velocity (Vmax), and 3 - Vmax to the end of the 40 m. Total body KE increased from the start to the end of the 40-m sprint (from 331.3 ± 68.4 J in phase 1 to 2378.8 ± 233.0 J in phase 3; p ≤ 0.001). The contribution of the head-trunk increased (from 39.5 ± 2.4% to 46.3 ± 1.1%; p ≤ 0.05). Contribution of the upper and lower limbs decreased over the three phases (respectively from 15.7 ± 2.5% to 10.6 ± 0.6% and from 44.8 ± 2.1% to 43.1 ± 1.5%; p ≤ 0.05). This study revealed the important contribution of the trunk to forward propulsion throughout the entire acceleration phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Slawinski
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Houel
- Laboratory of Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société (EA-7507), University of Reims, Champagne Ardennes UFRSTAPS, Reims, France
| | - Camille Moreau
- LINP-2APS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Neurosciences, Physiologie Et Psychologie: Activité Physique, Santé Et Apprentissages, University of Paris Nanterre UFRSTAPS, Nanterre, France
| | - Alexia Mahlig
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France.,mécanique, Université de SherbrookeDépartement de génie , Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Dinu
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France
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van den Tillaar R, Haugen ME, Falch HN. A Comparison of Sprint Mechanical Parameters Measured With Timing Gates and a Laser Gun. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:877482. [PMID: 35498521 PMCID: PMC9043549 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.877482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare sprint mechanical parameters measured with timing gates and a laser gun. Thirty-four female team handball players (age: 17.0 ± 2.3 years, height: 1.70 ± 0.07 m, body mass: 66.7 ± 9.7 kg) performed three 30 m sprints in which the times were measured at 5, 10, 20 and 30 m with timing gates (accuracy 0.01 s) together with the distance over time by a laser gun. The main findings were that with a correction of +0.21 s (timing gates) the times and sprint mechanical properties calculated with the spreadsheet of Morin between timing gates and laser gun were not different. But when peak velocity was derived directly from the laser gun (MusclelabTM system) this was significantly higher than maximal velocity (vmax), and lower than the theoretical maximal velocity (v0) calculated with the spreadsheet. It was concluded that a correction of +0.21 s should be used to get correct mechanical properties when measuring with timing gates compared with laser gun measurements on an indoor court.
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Morin JB, Capelo-Ramirez F, Rodriguez-Pérez MA, Cross MR, Jimenez-Reyes P. Individual Adaptation Kinetics Following Heavy Resisted Sprint Training. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1158-1161. [PMID: 32058358 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Morin, JB, Capelo-Ramirez, F, Rodriguez-Pérez, MA, Cross, MR, and Jimenez-Reyes, P. Individual adaptation kinetics following heavy resisted sprint training. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1158-1161, 2022-The aim of this study was to test individual adaptation kinetics to a high-resistance sprint training program designed to improve maximal horizontal power (Pmax), and compare the group and individual results of a classical "pre-post" analysis, and a "pre-peak" approach. Thirteen male and 9 female trained sprinters had their 30-m sprint performance and mechanical outputs assessed 1 week before (PRE), and one (POST, W1), 2 (W2), 3 (W3) and 4 (W4) weeks after a 10-week training block (10 repetitions of 20-m resisted sprints at the load associated to the apex of their velocity-power relationship: i.e., 90 ± 10% body mass on average (range: 75-112%). We observed clearly different outcomes on all variables for the PRE-POST vs. PRE-PEAK analyses. The PRE-PEAK analysis showed a larger (almost double) increase in Pmax (9.98 ± 5.27% on average, p < 0.01) than the PRE-POST (5.39 ± 5.87%, p < 0.01). Individual kinetics of post-training adaptations show that peak values were not captured in the POST (W1) assessment (generally observed at W3 and W4). Finally, the week of greatest Pmax output differed strongly among subjects, with most subjects (7/22) peaking at W4. In conclusion, after a 10-week high-resistance sprint training block, a classical 1-week-PRE to 1-week-POST assessment could not capture peak adaptation, which differed among athletes. Adopting a similar approach in practice or research should improve insight into the true effects of training stimuli on athletic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Morin
- University of Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fernando Capelo-Ramirez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodriguez-Pérez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory for Motor Biology, Chambéry, France ; and
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Samozino P, Peyrot N, Edouard P, Nagahara R, Jimenez‐Reyes P, Vanwanseele B, Morin J. Optimal mechanical force‐velocity profile for sprint acceleration performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: https:/onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sms.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐73000 Chambéry France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Le Mans Université Movement ‐ Interactions ‐ Performance, MIP EA 4334, F‐72000 Le Mans France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Univ Lyon, UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology Sports Medicine Unit Faculty of Medicine University Hospital of Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya Kanoya Japan
| | | | | | - Jean‐Benoit Morin
- Univ Lyon, UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
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57
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Wdowski MM, Clarke N, Eyre ELJ, Morris R, Noon M, Eustace SJ, Hankey J, Raymond LM, Richardson DL. The effect of fatigue on first stance phase kinetics during acceleration sprint running in professional football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:90-96. [PMID: 35077329 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1799064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen professional football players (Age: 26±5 years; Height: 1.84±0.08 m; Mass: 83.4±8.9 kg) completed three x 30 m maximal acceleration sprints from a standing start before completing the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Three x 30 m maximal acceleration sprints were then repeated post-fatigue. Light gates recorded sprint times from 0-5 m, 0-10 m, 0-15 m and 0-30 m. Force platforms collected ground reaction force of the first stance phase of the sprint run. Differences between pre- and post-fatigue were observed in the sprint times over 0-15 m (P = 0.015; CI [0.007, 0.110]) and 0-30 m (P = 0.004; CI [0.056, 0.234]). Peak medial-lateral ground reaction force was lower (P = 0.045; CI [-0.146, -0.005]) post- than pre-fatigue. The ratio of force were significantly different between pre- and post-fatigue for the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior comparison (P = 0.017; CI [-0.063, -0.010]), and the medial-lateral and vertical comparison (P = 0.012; CI [-0.036, -0.007]). Football players altered their sprint mechanics to reduce medial-lateral loading and orient the force in an increased anteroposterior and vertical direction in order to maintain 0-10 m sprint performance. Practitioners should observe medial-lateral force contributions and improve sprint technical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Clarke
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rhys Morris
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mark Noon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Steven J Eustace
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Joanne Hankey
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Leanne M Raymond
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Pleša J, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. The Association Between Force-Velocity Relationship in Countermovement Jump and Sprint With Approach Jump, Linear Acceleration and Change of Direction Ability in Volleyball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:763711. [PMID: 34867467 PMCID: PMC8637321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.763711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (FV) relationship allows the identification of the mechanical capabilities of musculoskeletal system to produce force, power and velocity. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of the mechanical variables derived from the FV relationship with approach jump, linear sprint and change of direction (CoD) ability in young male volleyball players. Thirty-seven participants performed countermovement jumps with incremental loads from bodyweight to 50–100 kg (depending on the individual capabilities), 25-m sprint with split times being recorded for the purpose of FV relationship calculation, two CoD tests (505 test and modified T-test) and approach jump. Results in this study show that approach jump performance seems to be influenced by maximal power output (r = 0.53) and horizontal force production (r = 0.51) in sprinting, as well as force capacity in jumping (r = 0.45). Only the FV variables obtained from sprinting alone contributed to explaining linear sprinting and CoD ability (r = 0.35–0.93). An interesting finding is that sprinting FV variables have similar and some even stronger correlation with approach jump performance than jumping FV variables, which needs to be considered for volleyball training optimization. Based on the results of this study it seems that parameters that refer to horizontal movement capacity are important for volleyball athletic performance. Further interventional studies are needed to check how to implement specific FV-profile-based training programs to improve specific mechanical capabilities that determine volleyball athletic performance and influence the specific physical performance of volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Department of Human Health, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia.,Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
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59
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Gil MH, Neiva HP, Alves AR, Sousa AC, Ferraz R, Marques MC, Marinho DA. The Effect of Warm-up Running Technique on Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3341-3347. [PMID: 32187149 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gil, MH, Neiva, HP, Alves, AR, Sousa, AC, Ferraz, R, Marques, MC, and Marinho, DA. The effect of warm-up running technique on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3341-3347, 2021-The purpose of the current study was to analyze the effect of changing the running technique during warm-up on sprint performances, running biomechanics, physiological, and psychophysiological responses. Thirty-one physically active men aged 18-23 years (mean ± SD: 19.35 ± 1.08 years of age; 1.77 ± 0.07 m of height; 71.90 ± 10.37 kg of body mass) volunteered to participate and randomly performed 2 maximal 30-m sprints, 5 minutes after completing a warm-up focused on increased stride length-SL (WUL) or a warm-up focused on increased stride frequency-SF (WUF). The results showed that there were no differences between the 30-m sprint performances and in running biomechanics. However, WUF showed increased performances in the first 15 m of the race (WUF: 2.59 ± 0.11 seconds vs. WUL: 2.63 ± 0.15 seconds; p = 0.03), and WUL resulted in higher performances in the last 15 m (1.94 ± 0.19 seconds vs. 1.88 ± 0.09 seconds; p = 0.05). In the second 30-m time trial, WUF also resulted in faster starting 15 m of the race (2.58 ± 0.12 seconds vs. 2.63 ± 0.16 seconds; p = 0.04). Interestingly, the WUF was the warm-up that revealed more stability in performances and running biomechanics between both trials. These results showed that there were no significant differences between warm-ups comprising exercises focusing in higher SL or higher SF in 30-m sprint biomechanics and performance. Nevertheless, different running strategies were caused by those 2 warm-ups and a more stabilized running pattern, and performance values were found when warm-up focused on higher SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
| | - Ana R Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sports, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal ; and
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Dietze-Hermosa M, Montalvo S, Gonzalez MP, Rodriguez S, Cubillos NR, Dorgo S. Association and Predictive Ability of Jump Performance with Sprint Profile of Collegiate Track and Field Athletes. Sports Biomech 2021:1-20. [PMID: 34818989 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between broad jump (BJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and light load countermovement jump (LL-CMJ) performance and sprint performance and Sprint Profile measures in athletes. Additionally, this study aimed to determine the predictive ability of jump measures on Sprint Profile components. Twenty-five athletes performed BJ, CMJ, LL-CMJ, 30-metre acceleration and 30-metre maximal speed fly-by sprints. Results revealed moderate to very large correlations between BJ, CMJ and LL-CMJ performance with acceleration sprint completion times (r = -0.423 to -0.807; p < 0.05), fly-by sprint completion times (r = -0.452 to -0.838; p < 0.05) and maximal sprint speed (r = 0.424 to 0.794; p < 0.05). Additionally, associations were observed with multiple jumping measures and components of the Sprint Profile (r = 0.431 to 0.777; p < 0.05) during acceleration sprints. Furthermore, the BJ distance was the best predictor of Sprint Profile components during acceleration sprints (R2 = 0.57-0.76; p < 0.01) and maximal speed fly-by sprints (R2 = 0.775; p < 0.001). The forces and the manner of force application during the BJ to propel the athlete forwards and upwards are similar to those necessary to exhibit superior sprint performance. This may be due to the rapid generation of forces and orientation of force application during both movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dietze-Hermosa
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Human Performance and Recreation, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA
| | - Samuel Montalvo
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Matthew P Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas R Cubillos
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Yamazaki K, Inoue K, Miyamoto N. Passive and active muscle elasticity of medial gastrocnemius is related to performance in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:447-457. [PMID: 34797438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on the association between muscle material properties and sprint performance. We aimed to identify whether and how the elasticity of passive and active muscle of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) is related to sprint performance. METHODS MG shear wave speed was measured under passive and active (20%, 50%, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) conditions, with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in 18 male sprinters. Passive and active ankle joint stiffness was assessed by applying a short-range fast stretch during 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% MVC of plantar flexion. Additionally, rate of torque development (RTD) during explosive plantar flexion was measured. RESULTS Passive and active MG shear wave speed was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. Passive MG shear wave speed was positively correlated with RTD, and RTD was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. MG shear wave speed at 50% and 80% MVC showed a positive correlation with ankle joint stiffness at the corresponding contraction level, and ankle joint stiffness at 50% and 80% MVC showed negative correlations with 100-m race time. These correlations were significant even after controlling for MVC torque. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that passive and active muscle elasticity of plantar flexor is important to achieve superior sprint performance. Specifically, high elasticity of passive MG could be related to superior sprint performance through high explosive torque production. In contrast, high elasticity of active MG at moderate-to-high intensity is likely related to high sprint performance through high ankle joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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62
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Samozino P, Peyrot N, Edouard P, Nagahara R, Jimenez-Reyes P, Vanwanseele B, Morin JB. Optimal mechanical force-velocity profile for sprint acceleration performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:559-575. [PMID: 34775654 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the respective influences of sprinting maximal power output ( P H max ) and mechanical Force-velocity (F-v) profile (ie, ratio between horizontal force production capacities at low and high velocities) on sprint acceleration performance. A macroscopic biomechanical model using an inverse dynamics approach applied to the athlete's center of mass during running acceleration was developed to express the time to cover a given distance as a mathematical function of P H max and F-v profile. Simulations showed that sprint acceleration performance depends mainly on P H max , but also on the F-v profile, with the existence of an individual optimal F-v profile corresponding, for a given P H max , to the best balance between force production capacities at low and high velocities. This individual optimal profile depends on P H max and sprint distance: the lower the sprint distance, the more the optimal F-v profile is oriented to force capabilities and vice versa. When applying this model to the data of 231 athletes from very different sports, differences between optimal and actual F-v profile were observed and depend more on the variability in the optimal F-v profile between sprint distances than on the interindividual variability in F-v profiles. For a given sprint distance, acceleration performance (<30 m) mainly depends on P H max and slightly on the difference between optimal and actual F-v profile, the weight of each variable changing with sprint distance. Sprint acceleration performance is determined by both maximization of the horizontal power output capabilities and the optimization of the mechanical F-v profile of sprint propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Le Mans Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, EA 4334, F-72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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63
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Relationship Between Body Segment Mass and Running Performance in Well-Trained Endurance Runners. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:531-537. [PMID: 34758454 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between body segment mass and running performance in endurance runners. The total (muscle, fat, and bone masses), lean (muscle mass), and fat masses of the leg, arm, and trunk segments in 37 well-trained endurance runners were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer. The relative segment mass was calculated by normalizing the absolute mass to body mass. There were no significant correlations between absolute total, lean, and fat masses of all 3 segments and personal best 5000-m race time. No significant correlations were also observed between all 3 relative masses of the arm segment and personal best 5000-m race time. In contrast, medium positive correlations were observed between the relative total and lean masses of the leg segment and personal best 5000-m race time (r = .387 and .335, respectively, both P ≤ .031). Furthermore, large negative correlations were observed between the relative total and lean masses of the trunk segment and personal best 5000-m race time (r = -.500 and -.548, respectively, both P ≤ .002). These findings suggest that a mass distribution with smaller leg mass and greater trunk mass may be advantageous for achieving better running performance in endurance runners.
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64
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Detection of Ground Contact Times with Inertial Sensors in Elite 100-m Sprints under Competitive Field Conditions. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217331. [PMID: 34770638 PMCID: PMC8587724 DOI: 10.3390/s21217331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a method for extracting the stride parameter ground contact time (GCT) from inertial sensor signals in sprinting. Five elite athletes were equipped with inertial measurement units (IMU) on their ankles and performed 34 maximum 50 and 100-m sprints. The GCT of each step was estimated based on features of the recorded IMU signals. Additionally, a photo-electric measurement system covered a 50-m corridor of the track to generate ground truth data. This corridor was placed interchangeably at the first and the last 50-ms of the track. In total, 863 of 889 steps (97.08%) were detected correctly. On average, ground truth data were underestimated by 3.55 ms. The root mean square error of GCT was 7.97 ms. Error analyses showed that GCT at the beginning and the end of the sprint was classified with smaller errors. For single runs the visualization of step-by-step GCT was demonstrated as a new diagnostic instrument for sprint running. The results show the high potential of IMUs to provide the temporal parameter GCT for elite-level athletes.
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Noro K, Hirai H, Okamoto H, Kogawa D, Kamimukai C, Nagao H, Kaneko Y, Hori K, Yamamoto S, Yamada N, Yajima T, Matsui K, Nishikawa A, Krebs HI. Inter-limb Asymmetry of Equilibrium Regulation in the Legs of 10-11-Year-Old Boys during Overground Sprinting. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:4787-4791. [PMID: 34892281 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Short-distance running at top speed is important in field sports. Previous studies have analyzed kinematic and kinetic properties of sprinting in adults, but equivalent knowledge in children is underexplored. Quantifying relevant aspects of children's sprinting is useful for classifying their running skills and providing effective coaching based on motor control theory. This study aimed to clarify differences in equilibrium regulation in more- and less-skilled boy sprinters. Five 10-11-year-old boys regularly participating in lessons at the Mizuno running school performed 30-meter and 50-meter field track sprints, and the kinematic and electromyography findings were recorded. Equilibrium-point-based synergy analysis was then applied to estimate their respective virtual trajectories. The virtual trajectory is an equilibrium time sequence that indicates how the central nervous system controls a skeletal system with multiple muscles. The results suggested that: (1) the equilibrium of the right and left legs was regulated differently, although together the legs showed similar kinematics; (2) in the first type of virtual trajectory (type-I) in one leg, the equilibria after foot-strike were regulated intermittently during the early swing phase; (3) in the second type of virtual trajectory (type-II) in the other leg, the equilibria after foot-strike were continuously regulated during the early swing phase; and (4) the less-skilled child runners showed a slow equilibrium action response in both types of virtual trajectory during the early swing phase. These findings provide insights for "tailor-made" coaching based on the type of leg control during sprinting.Clinical relevance-Information on gait asymmetry would be beneficial not only for coaching to improve sprint training but also from clinical and injury perspectives.
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66
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Four Weeks of Power Optimized Sprint Training Improves Sprint Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:1343-1351. [PMID: 34706340 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of heavy resisted sprint training (RST) versus unresisted sprint training (UST) on sprint performance among adolescent soccer players. METHODS Twenty-four male soccer players (age: 15.7 [0.5] y; body height: 175.7 [9.4] cm; body mass: 62.5 [9.2] kg) were randomly assigned to the RST group (n = 8), the UST group (n = 10), or the control group (n = 6). The UST group performed 8 × 20 m unresisted sprints twice weekly for 4 weeks, whereas the RST group performed 5 × 20-m heavy resisted sprints with a resistance set to maximize the horizontal power output. The control group performed only ordinary soccer training and match play. Magnitude-based decision and linear regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The RST group improved sprint performances with moderate to large effect sizes (0.76-1.41) across all distances, both within and between groups (>92% beneficial effect likelihood). Conversely, there were no clear improvements in the UST and control groups. The RST evoked the largest improvements over short distances (6%-8%) and was strongly associated with increased maximum horizontal force capacities (r = .9). Players with a preintervention deficit in force capacity appeared to benefit the most from RST. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of heavy RST led to superior improvements in short-sprint performance compared with UST among adolescent soccer players. Heavy RST, using a load individually selected to maximize horizontal power, is therefore highly recommended as a method to improve sprint acceleration in youth athletes.
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67
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Bezodis N, Colyer S, Nagahara R, Bayne H, Bezodis I, Morin JB, Murata M, Samozino P. Ratio of forces during sprint acceleration: A comparison of different calculation methods. J Biomech 2021; 127:110685. [PMID: 34450518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of the ground reaction force (GRF) vector is a key determinant of human sprint acceleration performance and has been described using ratio of forces (RF) which quantifies the ratio of the antero-posterior component to the resultant GRF. Different methods have previously been used to calculate step-averaged RF, and this study therefore aimed to compare the effects of three calculation methods on two key "technical" ability measures: decline in ratio of forces (DRF) and theoretical maximal RF at null velocity (RF0). Twenty-four male sprinters completed maximal effort 60 m sprints from block and standing starts on a fully instrumented track (force platforms in series). RF-horizontal velocity profiles were determined from the measured GRFs over the entire acceleration phase using three different calculation methods for obtaining an RF value for each step: A) the mean of instantaneous RF during stance, B) the step-averaged antero-posterior component divided by the step-averaged resultant GRF, C) the step-averaged antero-posterior component divided by the resultant of the step-averaged antero-posterior and vertical components. Method A led to significantly greater RF0 and shallower DRF slopes than Methods B and C. These differences were very large (Effect size Cohen's d = 2.06 - 4.04) and varied between individuals due to differences in the GRF profiles, particularly during late stance as the acceleration phase progressed. Method B provides RF values which most closely approximate the mechanical reality of step averaged accelerations progressively approaching zero and it is recommended for future analyses although it should be considered a ratio of impulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, UK.
| | | | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan
| | - Helen Bayne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ian Bezodis
- Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, University of Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France
| | | | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Chambéry, F-73000, France
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68
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Miyake Y, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Ueno H, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. No Correlation Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Volume and Sprint Performance in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:671248. [PMID: 34622204 PMCID: PMC8490797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.671248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plantar flexor torque plays an important role in achieving superior sprint performance in sprinters. Because of the close relationship between joint torque and muscle size, a simple assumption can be made that greater plantar flexor muscles (i.e., triceps surae muscles) are related to better sprint performance. However, previous studies have reported the absence of these relationships. Furthermore, to examine these relationships, only a few studies have calculated the muscle volume (MV) of the plantar flexors. In this study, we hypothesized that the plantar flexor MVs may not be important morphological factors for sprint performance. To test our hypothesis, we examined the relationships between plantar flexor MVs and sprint performance in sprinters. Fifty-two male sprinters and 26 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. On the basis of the personal best 100 m sprint times [range, 10.21–11.90 (mean ± SD, 11.13 ± 0.42) s] in sprinters, a K-means cluster analysis was applied to divide them into four sprint performance level groups (n = 8, 8, 19, and 17 for each group), which was the optimal number of clusters determined by the silhouette coefficient. The MVs of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and soleus (SOL) in participants were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to absolute MVs, the relative MVs normalized to body mass were used for the analyses. The absolute and relative MVs of the total and individual plantar flexors were significantly greater in sprinters than in non-sprinters (all p < 0.01, d = 0.64–1.39). In contrast, all the plantar flexor MV variables did not differ significantly among the four groups of sprinters (all p > 0.05, η2 = 0.02–0.07). Furthermore, all plantar flexor MV variables did not correlate significantly with personal best 100 m sprint time in sprinters (r = −0.253–0.002, all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that although the plantar flexor muscles are specifically developed in sprinters compared to untrained non-sprinters, the greater plantar flexor MVs in the sprinters may not be important morphological factors for their sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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69
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Unnithan V. Comparative Effects of Game Profile-Based Training and Small-Sided Games on Physical Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2810-2817. [PMID: 31145386 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dello Iacono, A, Beato, M, and Unnithan, V. Comparative effects of game profile-based training and small-sided games on physical performance of elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2810-2817, 2021-This study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of game profile-based training (GPBT) and small-sided game (SSG) training on physical performances of elite youth soccer players during the in-season period. Twenty young soccer players (18.6 ± 0.6) were randomly assigned to either GPBT or SSG protocols performed twice a week for 8 weeks. The GPBT consisted of 2 sets of 6-10 minutes of intermittent soccer-specific circuits. The SSG training consisted of 3-5 sets of 5 vs. 5 SSGs played on a 42 × 30-m pitch. Before and after the training program, the following physical performances were assessed: repeated sprint ability, change of direction (COD), linear sprinting on 10 m and 20 m, countermovement jump, and intermittent running (YYIRL1). Significant improvements were found in all the assessed variables after both training interventions (p < 0.05). The GPBT group improved more than the SSG group in the 10-m and 20-m sprint tests by 2.4% (g = 0.4; small effect) and 4% (g = 0.9; large effect), respectively. Conversely, the SSG group jumped 4% higher (g = 0.4; small effect) and resulted 6.7% quicker than the GPBT (g = 1.5; large effect) in completing the COD task. These results suggest both GPBT and SSGs to be effective for fitness development among elite young soccer players during the competitive season. More importantly, these 2 conditioning methodologies may be considered in terms of specificity for selectively improving or maintaining specific soccer fitness-related performances in the latter phase of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom ; and
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70
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Oranchuk DJ, Harbour ET, Lindsay RS, Storey AG, Drinkwater EJ. Improved power clean performance with the hook-grip is not due to altered force-time or horizontal bar-path characteristics. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:226-235. [PMID: 34592911 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1986270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
he underlying biomechanical benefits of hook-grip (HG) over conventional closed-grip (CG) remain unclear. This study compared bar-path kinematics and force-time variables of the power clean (PC) performed with HG or CG. We also aimed to compared kinetic changes measured by force platform versus linear position transducer (LPT). Eleven well-trained men volunteered. Following a familiarisation session, HG, and CG 1RM conditions, were randomly completed seven days apart. System kinetics and barbell kinematics were recorded via synchronized force platform+LPT system and two-dimensional motion-capture. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM), analysis of variance, and standardised differences were utilised. The SPM cut-offs were determined via novel combination of force and displacement. No between-condition differences in normalised force-time variables of the pull or catch were detected. The first and second pull duration was similar between conditions (ES = 0.04-0.38). Conversely, catch and total PC durations were shorter at 80-95% (ES = 0.26-0.75), with the weightless phase more prolonged at 95% and 100% (ES = 0.54-0.76) with HG compared to CG. Improved timing of the turnover and catch phases appears to be the primary difference between HG and CG performance. Thus, grip type is possibly irrelevant to non-weightlifting athletes when performing submaximal catch-less derivatives..
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric T Harbour
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Riki S Lindsay
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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71
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Osterwald KM, Kelly DT, Comyns TM, Catháin CÓ. Resisted Sled Sprint Kinematics: The Acute Effect of Load and Sporting Population. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100137. [PMID: 34678918 PMCID: PMC8538495 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the acute kinematic effects of different sled load conditions (unloaded and at 10%, 20%, 30% decrement from maximum velocity (Vdec)) in different sporting populations. It is well-known that an athlete’s kinematics change with increasing sled load. However, to our knowledge, the relationship between the different loads in resisted sled sprinting (RSS) and kinematic characteristics is unknown. Thirty-three athletes (sprinters n = 10; team sport athletes n = 23) performed a familiarization session (day 1), and 12 sprints at different loads (day 2) over a distance of 40 m. Sprint time and average velocity were measured. Sagittal-plane high-speed video data was recorded for early acceleration and maximum velocity phase and joint angles computed. Loading introduced significant changes to hip, knee, ankle, and trunk angle for touch-down and toe-off for the acceleration and maximum velocity phase (p < 0.05). Knee, hip, and ankle angles became more flexed with increasing load for all groups and trunk lean increased linearly with increasing loading conditions. The results of this study provide coaches with important information that may influence how RSS is employed as a training tool to improve sprint performance for acceleration and maximal velocity running and that prescription may not change based on sporting population, as there were only minimal differences observed between groups. The trunk lean increase was related to the heavy loads and appeared to prevent athletes to reach mechanics that were truly reflective of maximum velocity sprinting. Lighter loads seem to be more adequate to not provoke changes in maxV kinematics. However, heavy loading extended the distance over which it is possible to train acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Osterwald
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (D.T.K.); (C.Ó.C.)
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - David T. Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (D.T.K.); (C.Ó.C.)
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Thomas M. Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó Catháin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (D.T.K.); (C.Ó.C.)
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
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Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. The Training of Medium- to Long-Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:257-286. [PMID: 34499339 PMCID: PMC8803780 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Within the football codes, medium-distance (i.e., > 20 m and ≤ 40 m) and long-distance (i.e., > 40 m) sprint performance and maximum velocity sprinting are important capacities for success. Despite this, no research has identified the most effective training methods for enhancing medium- to long-distance sprint outcomes. Objectives This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (1) analyse the ability of different methods to enhance medium- to long-distance sprint performance outcomes (0–30 m, 0 to > 30 m, and the maximum sprinting velocity phase [Vmax]) within football code athletes and (2) identify how moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season) affected the training response. Methods We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and performed a random-effects meta-analysis (within-group changes and pairwise between-group differences) to establish standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and 95% prediction intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (sport only; primary, secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods) on medium- to long-distance sprint performance while considering moderator variables. Results In total, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria (26 with a sport-only control group), totalling 111 intervention groups and 1500 athletes. The within-group changes design reported significant performance improvements (small–moderate) between pre- and post-training for the combined, secondary (0–30 and 0 to > 30 m), and tertiary training methods (0–30 m). A significant moderate improvement was found in the Vmax phase performance only for tertiary training methods, with no significant effect found for sport only or primary training methods. The pairwise between-group differences design (experimental vs. control) reported favourable performance improvements (large SMD) for the combined (0 to > 30 m), primary (Vmax phase), secondary (0–30 m), and tertiary methods (all outcomes) when compared with the sport-only control groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the significant differences between the meta-analysis designs consistently demonstrated a larger effect in the pairwise between-group differences than the within-group change. No individual training mode was found to be the most effective. Subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, and phase of season moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of all sprint performance development methods exclusively in football code athletes. Secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods appeared to improve medium-long sprint performance of football code athletes. Tertiary training methods should be implemented to enhance Vmax phase performance. Nether sport-only nor primary training methods appeared to enhance medium to long sprint performance. Performance changes may be attributed to either adaptations specific to the acceleration or Vmax phases, or both, but not exclusively Vmax. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01552-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Alex Dinsdale
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the sprint force-velocity profile [Hzt FV profile] variables with change of direction [COD] performance in female futsal players. Twelve female futsal players (age: 19.83 ± 4.2 years; body height: 160.75 ± 8.37 cm; body mass: 57.64 ± 8.3 kg) volunteered to be evaluated in the following assessments: Hzt FV profile, 505 test, modified 505 test [M505test] and V-cut test. The Spearman's correlation coefficient [rs] (p < 0.05) was used to determine the relationship of the mechanical variables of the sprint (maximum power output [Pmax], maximum horizontal force production [F0] and maximum velocity [V0]) with COD performance. V0 showed a very large significant association with the 505 test (rs = -0.767; 90% CI: (-0.92 to -0.43); p < 0.01) and a large association with the V-cut test (rs = -0.641; 90% CI: (-0.86 to -0.21); p < 0.05), whereas Pmax was strongly associated with results of the 505 test (rs = -0.821; 90% CI: (-0.94 to -0.55); p < 0.01) and largely associated with the V-cut test results (rs = -0.596; 90% CI: (-0.84 to -0.14); p < 0.05). In conclusion, maximal power and velocity output during sprinting are determinant factors to successful COD in 180º and 45º cuts, thus, the Hzt FV profile should be assessed in female futsal players to better understand the influence of sprint mechanical properties on COD performance and prescribe individualized training programs.
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75
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Chaabene H, Negra Y, Moran J, Prieske O, Sammoud S, Ramirez-Campillo R, Granacher U. Plyometric Training Improves Not Only Measures of Linear Speed, Power, and Change-of-Direction Speed But Also Repeated Sprint Ability in Young Female Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2230-2235. [PMID: 30946268 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chaabene, H, Negra, Y, Moran, J, Prieske, O, Sammoud, S, Ramirez-Campillo, R, and Granacher, U. Plyometric training improves not only measures of linear speed, power, and change-of-direction speed but also repeated sprint ability in young female handball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2230-2235, 2021-This study examined the effects of an 8-week plyometric training (PT) program on components of physical fitness in young female handball players. Twenty-one female adolescent handball players were assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 12; age = 15.9 ± 0.2 years) or an active control group (CG, n = 9, age = 15.9 ± 0.3 years). While EG performed plyometric exercises in replacement of some handball-specific drills, CG maintained the regular training schedule. Baseline and follow-up tests were performed for the assessment of linear speed (i.e., 5-, 10-, and 20-m time), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (i.e., T-test time), muscle power (i.e., countermovement jump [CMJ] height and reactive strength index [RSI]), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) (RSA total time [RSAtotal], RSA best time [RSAbest], and RSA fatigue index [RSAFI]). Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Within-group analyses for the EG revealed moderate-to-large improvements for the 5-m (effect size [ES] = 0.81 [0.1-1.5]), 10-m sprint time (ES = 0.84 [0.1-1.5]), RSI (ES = 0.75 [0.1-1.4]), RSAFI (ES = 0.65 [0.0-1.3]), and T-test time (ES = 1.46 [0.7-2.2]). Trivial-to-small ES was observed for RSAbest (ES = 0.18 [-0.5 to 0.9]), RSAtotal (ES = 0.45 [-0.2 to 1.1]), 20-m sprint time (ES = 0.56 [-0.1 to 1.2]), and CMJ height (ES = 0.57 [-0.1 to 1.3]). For the CG, within-group analyses showed a moderate performance decline for T-test time (ES = -0.71 [-1.5 to 0.1]), small decreases for 5-m sprint time (ES = -0.46 [-1.2 to 0.3]), and a trivial decline for 10-m (ES = -0.10 [-0.9 to 0.7]) and 20-m sprint times (ES = -0.16 [-0.9 to 0.6]), RSAtotal (ES = 0.0 [-0.8 to 0.8]), and RSAbest (ES = -0.20 [-0.9 to 0.6]). The control group achieved trivial-to-small improvements for CMJ height (ES = 0.10 [-0.68 to 0.87]) and RSI (ES = 0.30 [-0.5 to 1.1]). In conclusion, a short-term in-season PT program, in replacement of handball-specific drills, is effective in improving measures of physical fitness (i.e., linear/CoD speed, jumping, and RSA) in young female handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Jason Moran
- Department of Sport, University Center Hartpury (University of the West of England), Gloucestershire, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Lakes, Osorno, Chile
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Edouard P, Lahti J, Nagahara R, Samozino P, Navarro L, Guex K, Rossi J, Brughelli M, Mendiguchia J, Morin JB. Low Horizontal Force Production Capacity during Sprinting as a Potential Risk Factor of Hamstring Injury in Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7827. [PMID: 34360125 PMCID: PMC8345704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Clear decreases in horizontal force production capacity during sprint acceleration have been reported after hamstring injuries (HI) in football players. We hypothesized that lower FH0 is associated with a higher HI occurrence in football players. We aimed to analyze the association between sprint running horizontal force production capacities at low (FH0) and high (V0) velocities, and HI occurrence in football. This prospective cohort study included 284 football players over one season. All players performed 30 m field sprints at the beginning and different times during the season. Sprint velocity data were used to compute sprint mechanical properties. Players' injury data were prospectively collected during the entire season. Cox regression analyses were performed using new HI as the outcome, and horizontal force production capacity (FH0 and V0) was used at the start of the season (model 1) and at each measurement time point within the season (model 2) as explanatory variables, adjusted for individual players' (model 2) age, geographical group of players, height, body mass, and previous HI, with cumulative hours of football practice as the time scale. A total of 47 new HI (20% of all injuries) were observed in 38 out of 284 players (13%). There were no associations between FH0 and/or V0 values at the start of the season and new HI occurrence during the season (model 1). During the season, a total of 801 measurements were performed, from one to six per player. Lower measured FH0 values were significantly associated with a higher risk of sustaining HI within the weeks following sprint measurement (HR = 2.67 (95% CI: 1.51 to 4.73), p < 0.001) (model 2). In conclusion, low horizontal force production capacities at low velocity during early sprint acceleration (FH0) may be considered as a potential additional factor associated with HI risk in a comprehensive, multifactorial, and individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratory Interuniversity of Human Movement Sciences, University Lyon, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (J.R.); (J.-B.M.)
- Sports Medicine Unity, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, CEDEX 2, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Johan Lahti
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d’Azur, F-06200 Nice, France;
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- Sports Research and Development Core, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan;
- Faculty of Sports and Budo Coaching Studies, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory Interuniversity of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, F-73000 Chambéry, France;
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Department of Sprints, Hurdles and Relays, Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, 3063 Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratory Interuniversity of Human Movement Sciences, University Lyon, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (J.R.); (J.-B.M.)
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Zentrum Rehabilitation and Performance Center, 31002 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratory Interuniversity of Human Movement Sciences, University Lyon, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (J.R.); (J.-B.M.)
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d’Azur, F-06200 Nice, France;
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand;
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Bellinger P, Derave W, Lievens E, Kennedy B, Arnold B, Rice H, Minahan C. Determinants of Performance in Paced and Maximal 800-m Running Time Trials. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2635-2644. [PMID: 34310491 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to identify the underpinning physiological and speed/mechanical determinants of different types of 800-m running time trials (i.e., with a positive or negative pacing strategy) and key components within each 800-m time trial (i.e., first and final 200-m). METHODS Twenty trained male 800-m runners (800-m personal best time (min:s): 1:55.10 ± 0:04.44) completed a maximal 800-m time trial (800MAX) and one pacing trial, whereby runners were paced for the first lap and speed was reduced by 7.5% (800PACE) relative to 800MAX, while the last lap was completed in the fastest time possible. Anaerobic speed reserve, running economy, the velocity corresponding with VO2peak (VVO2peak), maximal sprint speed (MAXSS), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and sprint force-velocity-power profiles were derived from laboratory and field testing. Carnosine content was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius and soleus and expressed as a carnosine aggregate Z-score (CAZ-score) to estimate muscle typology. Data were analysed using multiple stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS MAXSS and vVO2peak largely explained the variation in 800MAX time (r2 = 0.570; P = 0.020), while MAXSS was the best explanatory variable for the first 200-m time in 800MAX (adjusted r2 = 0.661, P < 0.001). Runners with a higher CAZ-score (i.e., higher estimated percentage of type II fibres) reduced their last lap time to a greater extent in 800PACE relative to 800MAX (adjusted r2 = 0.413, P < 0.001), while better maintenance of mechanical effectiveness during sprinting, a higher CAZ-score and vVO2peak was associated with a faster final 200-m time during 800PACE (adjusted r2 = 0.761, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings highlight that diversity in the physiological and speed/mechanical characteristics of male middle-distance runners may be associated with their suitability for different 800-m racing strategies in order to have the best chance of winning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Mermaid Beach Radiology, Queensland, Australia Qscan Radiology Clinics, Australia
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78
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Bellinger P, Bourne MN, Duhig S, Lievens E, Kennedy B, Martin A, Cooper C, Tredrea M, Rice H, Derave W, Minahan C. Relationships between Lower Limb Muscle Characteristics and Force-Velocity Profiles Derived during Sprinting and Jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1400-1411. [PMID: 33481483 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the relationships between lower limb muscle characteristics and mechanical variables derived from the vertical (jumping) and horizontal (sprinting) force-velocity-power (FVP) profiles. METHODS Nineteen subelite male rugby league players performed a series of squat jumps and linear 30-m sprints to derive the vertical and horizontal FVP profiles, respectively. The theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) were derived from both the vertical (i.e., vF0, vV0, and vPmax) and the horizontal (i.e., hF0, hV0, and hPmax) FVP profiles. Vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris long head, and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis muscle fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness were measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate volumes of major lower limb muscles, whereas proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify the carnosine content of the GM to estimate muscle fiber typology. RESULTS Variation in vPmax was best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (i.e., greater estimated proportion of Type II fibers) and VL volume (adjusted r2 = 0.440, P = 0.006), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume and GM muscle fiber typology explained the most variation in hPmax (adjusted r2 = 0.634, P = 0.032). Rectus femoris and VL volume explained variation in vF0 (r2 = 0.430, P = 0.008), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume explained variation in hF0 (r2 = 0.432, P = 0.007). Variations in vV0 and hV0 were best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (adjusted r2 = 0.580, P < 0.001) and GM muscle fiber typology and biceps femoris short head volume (adjusted r2 = 0.590, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION Muscle fiber typology and muscle volume are strong determinants of maximal muscle power in jumping and sprinting by influencing the velocity- and force-oriented mechanical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | | | - Andrew Martin
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Christopher Cooper
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Matthew Tredrea
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University College of Science Health and Engineering, Nutrition and Sport, Bundoora, AUSTRALIA
| | - Hal Rice
- Qscan Radiology, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
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79
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Mattes K, Wolff S, Losekamm B. Two different Variants of Leg Repositioning at maximal Sprint Speed of high Performance Junior Sprinters. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1939641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mattes
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Science, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wolff
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Science, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. Losekamm
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Science, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Hamburg, Germany
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80
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Healy, R, Kenny, IC, and Harrison, AJ. Resistance training practices of sprint coaches. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1939-1948, 2021-This study describes the results of a survey of resistance training practices of sprint coaches. This study investigated why sprint coaches prescribe resistance training to their athletes, what exercises they select, and what factors are involved with their selection. Forty-one of 73 (56%) sprint coaches with mean ± SD coaching experience of 8.4 ± 6.4 years were included in this study. Coaches completed an online questionnaire consisting of 5 sections: (a) informed consent, (b) coach background information, (c) coach education and qualifications, (d) coaches' views on resistance training, and (e) exercise selection and preference. The results showed that coaches prescribe resistance training to their sprint athletes to develop strength and power, which they believe will transfer to sprint performance. Coaches prescribed a wide variety of traditional, ballistic, and plyometric exercises, with the hurdle jump found to be the most widely prescribed exercise (93% of coaches surveyed). Coaches selected exercises for a variety of reasons; however, the 3 most prominent reasons were: (a) performance adaptations; (b) practicality; and (c) the targeting of muscles/muscle groups. Coaches prioritized exercises that specifically developed strength, power, and reactive strength for their sprint athletes. This research can be used to develop educational resources for sprint coaches who wish to use resistance training with their athletes. In addition, sprint coaches can use the data presented to expand their current exercise repertoire and resistance training practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Healy
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian C Kenny
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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81
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Seidl T, Russomanno TG, Stöckl M, Lames M. Assessment of Sprint Parameters in Top Speed Interval in 100 m Sprint-A Pilot Study Under Field Conditions. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689341. [PMID: 34235428 PMCID: PMC8255486 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving performances in sprinting requires feedback on sprint parameters such as step length and step time. However, these parameters from the top speed interval (TSI) are difficult to collect in a competition setting. Recent advances in tracking technology allows to provide positional data with high spatio-temporal resolution. This pilot study, therefore, aims to automatically obtain general sprint parameters, parameters characterizing, and derived from TSI from raw speed. In addition, we propose a method for obtaining the intra-cyclic speed amplitude in TSI. We analyzed 32 100 m-sprints of 7 male and 9 female athletes (18.9 ± 2.8 years; 100 m PB 10.55-12.41 s, respectively, 12.18-13.31 s). Spatio-temporal data was collected with a radio-based position detection system (RedFIR, Fraunhofer Institute, Germany). A general velocity curve was fitted to the overall speed curve (vbase), TSI (upper quintile of vbase values) was determined and a cosine term was added to vbase within TSI (vcycle) to capture the cyclic nature of speed. This allowed to derive TSI parameters including TSI amplitude from the fitted parameters of the cosine term. Results showed good approximation for vbase (error: 5.0 ± 1.0%) and for vcycle (2.0 ± 1.0%). For validation we compared spatio-temporal TSI parameters to criterion values from laser measurement (speed) and optoelectric systems (step time and step length) showing acceptable RMSEs for mean speed (0.08 m/s), for step time (0.004 s), and for step length (0.03 m). Top speed interval amplitude showed a significant difference between males (mean: 1.41 m/s) and females (mean: 0.71 m/s) and correlations showed its independence from other sprint parameters. Gender comparisons for validation revealed the expected differences. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of estimating sprint parameters from high-quality tracking data. The proposed method is independent of the data source and allows to automatically obtain general sprint parameters and TSI parameters, including TSI amplitude assessed here for the first time in a competition-like setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seidl
- Chair for Performance Analysis and Computer Science in Sports, Faculty for Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiago Guedes Russomanno
- Laboratory for Teaching Computer Science Applied to Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michael Stöckl
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Lames
- Chair for Performance Analysis and Computer Science in Sports, Faculty for Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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82
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Hori M, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Relationship of the knee extensor strength but not the quadriceps femoris muscularity with sprint performance in sprinters: a reexamination and extension. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:67. [PMID: 34112228 PMCID: PMC8194240 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the relationships of knee extensor strength and quadriceps femoris size with sprint performance in sprinters. Methods Fifty-eight male sprinters and 40 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. The knee extensor isometric and isokinetic strengths were measured using a dynamometer. The isokinetic strength measurements were performed with slow and fast velocities at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. The quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The relative knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV were calculated by normalizing to body mass. Results Absolute and relative knee extensor strengths during two velocity isokinetic contractions, but not during isometric contraction, were significantly higher in sprinters than in non-sprinters (P = 0.047 to < 0.001 for all). Such a significant difference was also observed for relative quadriceps femoris MV (P = 0.018). In sprinters, there were positive correlations between all three knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV (r = 0.421 to 0.531, P = 0.001 to < 0.001 for all). The absolute and relative strengths of the fast-velocity isokinetic knee extension correlated negatively with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = −0.477 and −0.409, P = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, no such significant correlations were observed between absolute and relative quadriceps femoris MVs and personal best 100-m sprint time. Conclusions These findings suggest that despite the presence of the relationship between muscle strength and size, the knee extensor strength may be related to superior sprint performance in sprinters independently of the quadriceps femoris muscularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Palma-Muñoz I, Ramírez-Campillo R, Azocar-Gallardo J, Álvarez C, Asadi A, Moran J, Chaabene H. Effects of Progressed and Nonprogressed Volume-Based Overload Plyometric Training on Components of Physical Fitness and Body Composition Variables in Youth Male Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1642-1649. [PMID: 34027922 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Palma-Muñoz, I, Ramírez-Campillo, R, Azocar-Gallardo, J, Álvarez, C, Asadi, A, Moran, J, and Chaabene, H. Effects of progressed and nonprogressed volume-based overload plyometric training on components of physical fitness and body composition variables in youth male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1642-1649, 2021-This study examined the effect of 6 weeks of progressed and nonprogressed volume-based overload plyometric training (PT) on components of physical fitness and body composition measures in young male basketball players, compared with an active control group. Subjects were randomly assigned to a progressed PT (PPT, n = 7; age = 14.6 ± 1.1 years), a non-PPT (NPPT, n = 8, age = 13.8 ± 2.0 years), or a control group (CG, n = 7, age = 14.0 ± 2.0 years). Before and after training, body composition measures (muscle mass and fat mass), countermovement jump with arms (CMJA) and countermovement jump without arms (CMJ), horizontal bilateral (HCMJ) and unilateral jump with right leg (RJ) and left leg (LJ), 20-cm drop jump (DJ20), sprint speed (10 m sprint), and change of direction speed (CODS [i.e., T-test]) were tested. Significant effects of time were observed for muscle and fat mass, all jump measures, and CODS (all p < 0.01; d = 0.37-0.83). Significant training group × time interactions were observed for all jump measures (all p < 0.05; d = 0.24-0.41). Post hoc analyses revealed significant pre-post performance improvements for the PPT (RJ and LJ: ∆18.6%, d = 0.8 and ∆22.7%, d = 0.9, respectively; HCMJ: ∆16.4%, d = 0.8; CMJ: ∆22.4%, d = 0.7; CMJA: ∆23.3%, d = 0.7; and DJ20: ∆39.7%, d = 1.1) and for the NPPT group (LJ: ∆14.1%, d = 0.4; DJ20: ∆32.9%, d = 0.8) with greater changes after PPT compared with NPPT for all jump measures (all p < 0.05; d = 0.21-0.81). The training efficiency was greater (p < 0.05; d = 0.22) after PPT (0.015% per jump) compared with NPPT (0.0053% per-jump). The PPT induced larger performance improvements on measures of physical fitness as compared to NPPT. Therefore, in-season progressive volume-based overload PT in young male basketball players is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Palma-Muñoz
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Jairo Azocar-Gallardo
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Abbas Asadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason Moran
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, García-Pinillos F, Negra Y, Boullosa D, Moran J. Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2030-2050. [PMID: 33956587 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of jump training (JT) on measures of physical fitness and athletic performances in endurance runners. Controlled studies which involved healthy endurance runners, of any age and sex, were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g). Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to ES with alongside 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-one moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, and these included 511 participants. The main analyses revealed a significant moderate improvement in time-trial performance (i.e. distances between 2.0 and 5.0 km; ES = 0.88), without enhancements in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at VO2max, velocity at submaximal lactate levels, heart rate at submaximal velocities, stride rate at submaximal velocities, stiffness, total body mass or maximal strength performance. However, significant small-to-moderate improvements were noted for jump performance, rate of force development, sprint performance, reactive strength, and running economy (ES = 0.36-0.73; p < 0.001 to 0.031; I2 = 0.0% to 49.3%). JT is effective in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners. Improvements in time-trial performance after JT may be mediated through improvements in force generating capabilities and running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos. Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina y Fisiología de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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85
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Williams JJ, Herron RL, Spradley B, Saracino P. Postactivation Potentiation Effect of Heavy Sled Towing on Subsequent Sprints. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1229-1233. [PMID: 33044362 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Williams, JJ, Heron, R, Spradley, B, and Saracino, P. Postactivation potentiation effect of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprints. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1229-1233, 2021-Recent research supports heavy sled towing as a tool used to improve subsequent sprints as part of postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of heavy sled towing using a velocity decrement (Vdec) on subsequent unloaded sprinting in high school football (soccer) athletes sprinting on artificial turf. A sled load equating to a 40-50% Vdec range was used (66-70% body mass). Fifteen (n = 9 boys and n = 6 girls) high school football players volunteered for this study. The sled-towing intervention consisted of a dynamic warm-up, 3 submaximal sprint efforts (50, 75, and 95%), and 3 maximum speed 15-m sled sprints, separated by 2-minute rests, of which the fastest time was recorded for analysis. Peak preintervention 15-m baseline sprint times were compared with peak post sled-towing 15-m sprint times using a paired samples t-test. Thirteen of 15 athletes ran faster peak post sled-towing sprint times than peak preintervention baseline sprint times (9 boys and 4 girls). On average, peak post sled-towing sprint times (2.60 ± 0.10 seconds) were 0.10 seconds faster (p < 0.0001; Cohen's d = 0.92) than peak preintervention baseline sprint times (2.70 ± 0.09 seconds). This research established that sled-towing protocols using loads corresponding to Vdec of 40-50% significantly improved subsequent sprints in high school football (soccer) athletes running on artificial turf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Williams
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | - Brandon Spradley
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Patrick Saracino
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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86
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Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Repeated Sprint Ability in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:2165-2179. [PMID: 33909274 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of research examining the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on repeated sprint ability (RSA) in athletes. However, available studies produced conflicting findings and the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed. Therefore, the effects of PJT on RSA indices remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of PJT on RSA in athletes. METHODS Searches for this review were conducted in four databases. We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: (1) examined the effects of a PJT exercise intervention on measures of RSA; (2) included athletes as study participants, with no restriction for sport practiced, age or sex; and (3) included a control group. The random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. RESULTS From 6367 search records initially identified, 13 studies with a total of 16 training groups (n = 198) and 13 control groups (n = 158) were eligible for meta-analysis. There was a significant effect of PJT on RSA best sprint (ES = 0.75; p = 0.002) and RSA mean sprint (ES = 0.36; p = 0.045) performance. We did not find a significant difference between control and PJT for RSA fatigue resistance (ES = 0.16; p = 0.401). The included studies were classified as being of "moderate" or "high" methodological quality. Among the 13 included studies, none reported injury or any other adverse events. CONCLUSION PJT improves RSA best and mean performance in athletes, while there were no significant differences between control and PJT for RSA fatigue resistance. Improvements in RSA in response to PJT are likely due to neuro-mechanical factors (e.g., strength, muscle activation and coordination) that affect actual sprint performance rather than the ability to recover between sprinting efforts.
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87
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Evidence-based Classification in Track Athletics for Athletes with a Vision Impairment: A Delphi Study. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 97:984-994. [PMID: 33110026 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The Delphi analysis presented here highlights the need for a sport-specific evidence-based classification system for track athletics for athletes with a vision impairment (VI). This system may differ for different race distances. Further research is required to develop a useful test battery of vision tests for classification. The issue of intentional misrepresentation during classification needs particular attention. PURPOSE At present, athletes with VI are placed into competition classes developed on the basis of legal definitions of VI. The International Paralympic Committee Athlete Classification Code states that all sports should have their own classification system designed to reflect the (visual) demands of that individual sport. This project gathered expert opinion on the specific requirements for an evidence-based sport-specific classification system for VI track athletics and to identify any particular issues within track athletics that require further research into their impact on sport performance. METHODS A three-round Delphi review was conducted with a panel of 17 people with expertise in VI track athletics. RESULTS The panel agreed that the current classification system in VI track athletics does not completely minimize the impact of impairment on competition outcome, highlighting the need for improvements. There was clear agreement that the existing measures of vision may fail to adequately reflect the type of vision loss that would impact running performance, with additional measures required. Intentional misrepresentation, where athletes "cheat" on classification tests, remains a serious concern. CONCLUSIONS The panel has identified measures of vision and performance that will inform the development of an evidence-based classification system by better understanding the relationship between VI and performance in track athletics. Issues such as the use of guides and whether the current class system was equitable gave rise to differing opinions within the panel, with these varying across the different running distances.
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88
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Moran J, de Villarreal ES, Lloyd RS. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jump and Sprint Performance in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:2125-2143. [PMID: 32915430 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even from a young age, modern soccer requires high levels of physical fitness development, particularly jumping and sprinting. Plyometric jump training (PJT), combined with young athletes' regular soccer sessions, has the potential to improve jumping and sprinting. However, studies exploring the effects of PJT are generally limited by small sample sizes. This problem of underpowered studies may, thus, be resolved by pooling study results in a meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on jumping and sprinting among young male soccer players. METHODS The SRMA included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated PJT in healthy players (i.e., < 23 years of age), a control group, and a measure of jumping or sprinting. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges' g effect sizes (ES), using the inverse variance random-effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted for PJT duration, frequency, total number of sessions, participants' chronological age, and FIFA age categories (i.e., U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23). A multivariate random-effects meta-regression was also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included, comprising 1499 participants. PJT improved vertical jump tests (ES = 0.60-0.98; all p < 0.01) and linear sprint performance (ES = 0.60-0.98; p < 0.03). Interventions of > 7 weeks and > 14 PJT sessions induced greater effects compared to PJT with ≤ 7 weeks and ≤ 14 total sessions on 10-m sprint performance (between group p = 0.038). CONCLUSION PJT is effective in improving jumping and sprinting performance among young male soccer players. Greater 10-m linear sprinting improvements were noted after interventions > 7-week duration and > 14 sessions, suggesting a greater return from exposure to longer PJT interventions, partially in support for the adoption of a long-term approach to athletic development in young athletes. However, with reference to the findings of the meta-regression, and those from the remaining subgroup and single factors analysis, a robust confirmation regarding the moderator role of participant's age or PJT configuration effects on young soccer player's fitness qualities needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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89
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Šarabon N, Kozinc Ž, Ramos AG, Knežević OM, Čoh M, Mirkov DM. Reliability of Sprint Force-Velocity-Power Profiles Obtained with KiSprint System. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:357-364. [PMID: 34211329 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the within- and between-session reliability of the KiSprint system for determining force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling during sprint running. Thirty (23 males, 7 females; 18.7 ± 2.6 years;) young high-level sprinters performed maximal effort sprints in two sessions separated by one week. Split times (5, 10, 20 and 30 m), which were recorded with a laser distance meter (a component of the KiSprint system), were used to determine the horizontal FVP profile using the Samozino's field-based method. This method assesses the FVP relationships through estimates of the step-averaged ground reaction forces in sagittal plane during sprint acceleration using only anthropometric and spatiotemporal (split times) data. We also calculated the maximal theoretical power, force and velocity capabilities and the slope of the FV relationship, the maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RF), and the decrease in the RF (DRF). Overall, the results showed moderate or good to excellent within- and between-session reliability for all variables (ICC > 0.75; CV < 10 %), with the exception of FV slope and DRF that showed low relative reliability (ICC = 0.47-0.48 within session, 0.31-0.33 between-session) and unacceptable between-session absolute reliability values (CV = 10.9-11.1 %). Future studies are needed to optimize the protocol in order to maximize the reliability of the FVP variables, especially when practitioners are interested in the FV slope and DRF. In summary, our results question the utility of the sprint-based FVP profiling for individualized training prescription, since the reliability of the FV slope and D RF variables is highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovenia.,InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovenia
| | - Amador Garcia Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Milan Čoh
- Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan M Mirkov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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90
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Möck S, Hartmann R, Wirth K, Rosenkranz G, Mickel C. Relationship Between Maximal Dynamic Force in the Deep Back Squat and Sprinting Performance in Consecutive Segments Up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1039-1043. [PMID: 30273292 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Möck, S, Hartmann, R, Wirth, K, Rosenkranz, G, and Mickel, C. Relationship between maximal dynamic force in the deep back squat and sprinting performance in consecutive segments up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1039-1043, 2021-The sprint (in track and field athletics) is characterized by a fluent transition from predominantly knee extending musculature during the initial acceleration phase toward dominance of the hamstring muscle group thereafter. Because of this change in technique, it can be assumed that there is a decrease of correlation of the maximal dynamic force of the deep back squat and sprinting performance with increasing distance. Therefore, sprinting performance for consecutive intervals (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 m) as well as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were determined. Our results show statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlations for both the relationships with the absolute 1RM (r = -0.614 to -0.808) and the relative 1RM (r = -0.646 to -0.749). However, the expected decrease in correlation over distance was not found. The results show that the maximal dynamic force of hip and knee extensors are a basic performance requirement in short-distance sprinting and should be considered in training recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Hartmann
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; and
| | - Gregor Rosenkranz
- Department of Sport, Health and Science, St. Marys University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mickel
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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91
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Nuell S, Illera-Domínguez V, Carmona G, Macadam P, Lloret M, Padullés JM, Alomar X, Cadefau JA. Hamstring Muscle Volume as an Indicator of Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:902-909. [PMID: 33555833 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuell, S, Illera-Domínguez, V, Carmona, G, Macadam, P, Lloret, M, Padullés, JM, Alomar, X, and Cadefau, JA. Hamstring muscle volume as an indicator of sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 902-909, 2021-This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as thigh muscle volumes (MVs), between national-level sprinters and physically active males. In addition, the relationships between thigh MVs and sprint mechanical properties and performance were investigated. Seven male sprinters and 9 actives performed maximal-effort 40-m sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F0), the theoretical maximum velocity (V0), and the maximum power (Pmax). For MV assessment, series of cross-sectional images of each subject's thigh were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging for each of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the adductor muscle group. Sprinters were faster over 10 m (7%, effect size [ES] = 2.12, p < 0.01) and 40 m (11%, ES = 3.68, p < 0.01), with significantly higher V0 (20%, ES = 4.53, p < 0.01) and Pmax (28%, ES = 3.04, p < 0.01). Sprinters had larger quadriceps (14%, ES = 1.12, p < 0.05), adductors (23%, ES = 1.33, p < 0.05), and hamstrings (32%, ES = 2.11, p < 0.01) MVs than actives. Hamstrings MV correlated strongly with 40-m sprint time (r = -0.670, p < 0.01) and V0 (r = 0.757, p < 0.01), and moderately with Pmax (r = 0.559, p < 0.05). Sprinters were significantly faster and had greater V0 and Pmax than active males. Larger MVs were found in sprinters' thighs, especially in the hamstring musculature, and strong correlations were found between hamstring MV and sprint mechanical properties and sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Nuell
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Illera-Domínguez
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Carmona
- Football Club Barcelona (FCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Tecnocampus, College of Health Sciences, University of Pompeu Fabra, Mataró-Maresme, Spain
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Mario Lloret
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Padullés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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92
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The Role of Hip Joint Clearance Discrepancy as Other Clinical Predictor of Reinjury and Injury Severity in Hamstring Tears in Elite Athletes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051050. [PMID: 33806284 PMCID: PMC7961931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring tear injuries (HTI) are the most prevalent injuries in athletes, with high reinjury rates. To prevent reinjury and reduce the severity of injuries, it is essential to identify potential risk factors. Hip characteristics are fundamental to optimal hamstring function. We sought to investigate the role of hip joint clearance discrepancy (JCD) as a risk factor for HTI and a clinical predictor of risk of reinjury and injury severity. A cross-sectional, retrospective study was performed with elite athletes (n = 100) who did (n = 50) and did not (n = 50) have a history of injury. X-rays were taken to assess JCD. We reviewed muscular lesions historial, and health records for the previous 5 years. Significant differences were found in injury severity (p = 0.026; ŋ2p = 0.105) and a number of injuries (p = 0.003; ŋ2p = 0.172). The multivariate analysis data indicated that JCD was significantly associated with the number of injuries and their severity (p < 0.05). In the stepwise regression model, JCD variability explained 60.1% of the number of injuries (R2 0.601) and 10.5% of injury severity (R2 0.0105). These results suggest that JCD could play an important role as a risk factor for HTI and also as a clinical predictor of reinjury and injury severity.
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93
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Ramirez-Campillo R, García-de-Alcaraz A, Chaabene H, Moran J, Negra Y, Granacher U. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Physical Fitness in Amateur and Professional Volleyball: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636140. [PMID: 33716784 PMCID: PMC7952872 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness in amateur and professional volleyball players. A systematic electronic literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. Controlled studies including pre-to-post intervention tests of physical fitness and involving healthy volleyball players regardless of age and sex were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES) between intervention and control groups. Moderator analyses considered programme duration, training frequency, total number of training sessions and jumps, participants' sex, age, and expertise level. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Eighteen moderate-to-high quality (median of 5 PEDro points) studies were eligible, comprising a total of 746 athletes. None of the included studies reported injuries related to the PJT intervention. The main findings showed small-to-moderate effects (p < 0.05) of PJT on linear sprint speed (ES = 0.70), squat jump (ES = 0.56), countermovement jump (CMJ) (ES = 0.80), CMJ with arm swing (ES = 0.63), drop jump (ES = 0.81), and spike jump height (ES = 0.84). Sub-analyses of moderator factors included 48 data sets. Only age had a significant effect on CMJ performance. Participants aged ≥16 years achieved greater improvements in CMJ performance compared to <16 years old (ES = 1.28 and 0.38, respectively; p = 0.022). No significant differences (p = 0.422) were identified between amateur (ES = 0.62) and professional volleyball players (ES = 1.01). In conclusion, PJT seems safe and is effective in improving measures of physical fitness in amateur and professional volleyball players, considering studies performed in both male and female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.,LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) ≪Sport Performance, Health & Society≫, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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94
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Vertical Force-velocity Profiling and Relationship to Sprinting in Elite Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:911-916. [PMID: 33601423 DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-8917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Explosive actions are integral to soccer performance and highly influenced by the ability to generate maximal power. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between force-velocity profile, jump performance, acceleration and maximal sprint speed in elite female soccer players. Thirty-nine international female soccer players (24.3±4.7 years) performed 40-m sprints, maximal countermovement jumps and five loaded squat jumps at increasing loads to determine individual force-velocity profiles. Theoretical maximal velocity, theoretical maximal force, maximal power output, one repetition maximal back squat and one repetition maximal back squat relative to body mass were determined using the force-velocity profile. Counter movement jump, squat jump and maximal power output demonstrated moderate to large correlation with acceleration and maximal sprint speed (r=- 0.32 to -0.44 and -0.32 to -0.67 respectively, p<0.05). Theoretical maximal velocity and force, one repetition maximal and relative back squat demonstrated a trivial to small relationship to acceleration and maximal sprint speed (p>0.05). Vertical force-velocity profiling and maximal strength can provide valuable insight into the neuromuscular qualities of an athlete to individualize training, but the ability to produce force, maximal power, and further transference into sprint performance, must be central to program design.
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95
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Prince C, Morin JB, Mendiguchia J, Lahti J, Guex K, Edouard P, Samozino P. Sprint Specificity of Isolated Hamstring-Strengthening Exercises in Terms of Muscle Activity and Force Production. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:609636. [PMID: 33554110 PMCID: PMC7859261 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.609636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To train hamstring muscle specifically to sprint, strengthening programs should target exercises associated with horizontal force production and high levels of hamstring activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the correlation between force production capacities during sprinting and hamstring strengthening exercises, and to compare hamstring muscle activity during sprinting and these exercises. Fourteen track and field regional level athletes performed two maximal 50-m sprints and six strengthening exercises: Nordic hamstring exercises without and with hip flexion, Upright-hip-extension in isometric and concentric modalities, Standing kick, and Slide-leg-bridge. The sprinting horizontal force production capacity at low (F0) and high (V0) speeds was computed from running velocity data. Hamstring muscle performances were assessed directly or indirectly during isolated exercises. Hamstring muscle electromyographic activity was recorded during all tasks. Our results demonstrate substantially large to very large correlations between V0 and performances in the Upright-hip-extension in isometric (rs = 0.56; p = 0.040), Nordic hamstring exercise without hip flexion (rs = 0.66; p = 0.012) and with 90° hip flexion (rs = 0.73; p = 0.003), and between F0 and Upright-hip-extension in isometric (rs = 0.60; p = 0.028) and the Nordic hamstring exercise without hip flexion (rs = 0.59; p = 0.030). However, none of the test exercises activated hamstring muscles more than an average of 60% of the maximal activation during top-speed sprinting. In conclusion, training programs aiming to be sprint-specific in terms of horizontal force production could include exercises such as the Upright-hip-extension and the Nordic hamstring exercise, in addition to maximal sprinting activity, which is the only exercise leading to high levels of hamstring muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prince
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (EA7424), Chambéry, France.,Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Department, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), Saint-Étienne, France.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Department of Physical Therapy, ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center, Barañain, Spain
| | - Johan Lahti
- University of Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Head Coach Sprint/Hurdles/Relays Coach 400m/400m Hurdles Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Edouard
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), Saint-Étienne, France.,Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Institute of Medicine and Sports Engineering (IRMIS), University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Ètienne, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (EA7424), Chambéry, France
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96
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Baena-Raya A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Romea ES, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Gender-Specific Association of the Sprint Mechanical Properties With Change of Direction Performance in Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2868-2874. [PMID: 33555826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Jiménez-Reyes, P, Romea, ES, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Gender-specific association of the sprint mechanical properties with change of direction performance in basketball. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-We evaluated the gender-specific associations between the mechanical variables derived from the horizontal force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0], maximal power output [Pmax], peak ratio of the effective horizontal component [RFpeak], and the force application technique index [DRF]) and the change of direction (COD) performance for basketball players. Seventy-one players (23 women and 48 men) were assessed for the horizontal FV profile and COD using the modified 505 and V-cut tests. The FV profile parameters were significantly higher for the men than those for the women. The F0, RFpeak, and Pmax were strongly associated with performance in the 505 test (women rrange = -0.72 to -0.82; men: rrange = -0.67 to -0.75; p < 0.001) and the V-cut test (women rrange = -0.68 to -0.76; men rrange = -0.45 to -0.50; p < 0.001), as well as with a lower COD deficit (women rrange = 0.58 to 0.75 (p < 0.01); men rrange = 0.49 to 0.54; all p < 0.001). For the women, a 1 N·kg-1 increase of the F0 was associated with -0.20 seconds and -0.56 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.16 seconds for the COD deficit. In the men, it was associated with -0.13 seconds and -0.37 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.10 seconds for the COD deficit. F0, RFpeak, and Pmax are the most determinant sprint mechanical properties to successfully COD and reduce the COD deficit. The horizontal FV profile assessment is recommended for diagnosing and prescribing a training program for basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; and National Basketball Team, Spanish Basketball Federation and Basketball Club Unicaja, Málaga, Spain
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97
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Why Are Masters Sprinters Slower Than Their Younger Counterparts? Physiological, Biomechanical, and Motor Control Related Implications for Training Program Design. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:708-719. [PMID: 33450731 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elite sprint performances typically peak during an athlete's 20s and decline thereafter with age. The mechanisms underpinning this sprint performance decline are often reported to be strength-based in nature with reductions in strength capacities driving increases in ground contact time and decreases in stride lengths and frequency. However, an as-of-yet underexplored aspect of Masters sprint performance is that of age-related degradation in neuromuscular infrastructure, which manifests as a decline in both strength and movement coordination. Here, the authors explore reductions in sprint performance in Masters athletes in a holistic fashion, blending discussion of strength and power changes with neuromuscular alterations along with mechanical and technical age-related alterations. In doing so, the authors provide recommendations to Masters sprinters-and the aging population, in general-as to how best to support sprint ability and general function with age, identifying nutritional interventions that support performance and function and suggesting useful programming strategies and injury-reduction techniques.
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98
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Pardos-Mainer E, Lozano D, Torrontegui-Duarte M, Cartón-Llorente A, Roso-Moliner A. Effects of Strength vs. Plyometric Training Programs on Vertical Jumping, Linear Sprint and Change of Direction Speed Performance in Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020401. [PMID: 33419178 PMCID: PMC7825561 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effects of strength training (ST) and plyometric training (PT) on vertical jump, linear sprint and change of direction (COD) performance in female soccer players. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and SportDiscus databases revealed 12 studies satisfying the inclusion criteria. The inverse-variance random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. Effect sizes (ES) were represented by the standardized mean difference and presented alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI). The magnitude of the main effect was small to moderate (vertical jump (ES 0.53 (95% CI—0.11, 0.95), Z = 2.47 (p = 0.01); linear sprint (ES −0.66 (95% CI—2.03, −0.21), Z = 2.20 (p = 0.03); COD (ES −0.36 (95% CI—0.68, −0.03), Z = 2.17 (p = 0.03)). Subgroup analyses were performed (i.e., ST and PT duration, frequency, session duration and total number of sessions), revealing no significant subgroup differences (p = 0.12–0.88). In conclusion, PT provides better benefits than ST to improve vertical jump, linear sprint and COD performance in female soccer players. However, significant limitations in the current literature prevent assured PT and ST prescription recommendations being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pardos-Mainer
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.P.-M.); (A.C.-L.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.P.-M.); (A.C.-L.); (A.R.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-607417795
| | | | - Antonio Cartón-Llorente
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.P.-M.); (A.C.-L.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.P.-M.); (A.C.-L.); (A.R.-M.)
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99
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Zhang Q, Pommerell F, Owen A, Trama R, Martin C, Hautier CA. Running patterns and force-velocity sprinting profiles in elite training young soccer players: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1718-1726. [PMID: 33331801 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1866078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Volodalen® field method permits to classify runners into aerial or terrestrial, based on vertical oscillation, upper-body motion, pelvis and foot position at ground contact, and foot strike pattern. The present study aimed to compare the sprint running force-velocity profiles between aerial and terrestrial runners. Sixty-Four French National-Level young soccer players (28 females, 36 males) performed three trials of unloaded maximal 40 m sprints. External horizontal power-force-velocity relationships were computed using a validated biomechanical model and based on the velocity-time curve. Accordingly, the participants were classified into patterns in aerial and terrestrial runners. Terrestrial runners showed a higher maximal horizontal force (F0) (6.73 ± 1.03 vs 6.01 ± 0.94 N·kg-1), maximal horizontal power (Pmax) (14.04 ± 3.24 vs 12.51 ± 3.31W·kg-1), maximal acceleration (Acc) (6.83 ± 0.85 vs 6.26 ± 0.89 m·s-2), and maximal rate of horizontal force (RFmax) (57.41 ± 4.64 vs 52.81 ± 5.69%) compared to aerial runners. In contrast, terrestrial runners displayed a more negative rate of decrease of RF (DRF) (-11.65 ± 1.71 vs -10.23 ± 1.66%) and slope of the Force-Velocity relationship (F-V slope) (-0.83 ± 0.11 vs -0.77 ± 0.10 N·s·m-1·kg-1) than aerial runners. The results indicate that terrestrial runners displayed more efficient force production in the forward direction and displayed more "force-oriented" F-V profiles. Nevertheless, aerial runners were more effective in maintaining a net horizontal force production with increasing speed. Our results suggest that terrestrial runners could be more adapted to the specific short distance and high acceleration sprints running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Zhang
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Félicie Pommerell
- Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance, MIP - EA4334, Le Mans Université, Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Adam Owen
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Robin Trama
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyril Martin
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe A Hautier
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
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100
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Negra Y, Chaabene H, Stöggl T, Hammami M, Chelly MS, Hachana Y. Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:620-627. [PMID: 33308812 PMCID: PMC7749214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training (RT) vs. plyometric training (PT) in prepubertal soccer players. METHODS Thirty-four male subjects were assigned to: a control group (n = 11); an RT group (5 regular soccer training sessions per week, n = 12); a PT group (3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week, n = 11). The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength (e.g., 1 repetition maximum half-squat test), jump ability (e.g., countermovement jump, squat jump, standing long jump, and multiple 5 bounds test), linear speed (e.g., 20 m sprint test), and change of direction (e.g., Illinois change of direction test). RESULTS The RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat (Δ = 13.2%; d = 1.3, p< 0.001) and countermovement jump (Δ = 9.4%; d = 2.4, p< 0.001) at Week 4, whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint (Δ = 4.2%; d = 1.1, p < 0.01); change of direction (CoD) (Δ = 3.8%; d = 2.1, p < 0.01); multiple 5 bounds (Δ = 5.1%; d = 1.5, p < 0.05); standing long jump (Δ = 7.2%; d = 1.2, p < 0.01); squat jump (Δ = 19.6%; d = 1.5, p < 0.01); were evident at Week 8. The PTG showed improvements in CoD (Δ = 2.1%; d = 1.3, p< 0.05); standing long jump (Δ = 9.3%; d = 1.1, p< 0.01); countermovement jump (Δ = 16.1%; d = 1.2, p< 0.01); and squat jump (Δ = 16.7%; d = 1.4, p< 0.01); at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint (Δ = 4.1%; d = 1.3, p < 0.01); and multiple 5 bounds (Δ = 7.4%; d = 2.4, p< 0.001); were evident only after Week. The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint, CoD, and jump tests (p< 0.05) and in half-squat performance, for which improvement was only shown within the RTG (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION RT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players. In addition, these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements, which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG. These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training according to the specific time course of improvement difference between RT and PT on proxies of athletic performance of prepubertal soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Negra
- Research Unit "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 2009, Tunisia.
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5400, Austria
| | - Mehréz Hammami
- Research Unit "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 2009, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 2009, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis 2009, Tunisia
| | - Younés Hachana
- Research Unit "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 2009, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis 2009, Tunisia
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