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Blanco-Ulate B, Hopfer H, Figueroa-Balderas R, Ye Z, Rivero RM, Albacete A, Pérez-Alfocea F, Koyama R, Anderson MM, Smith RJ, Ebeler SE, Cantu D. Red blotch disease alters grape berry development and metabolism by interfering with the transcriptional and hormonal regulation of ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1225-1238. [PMID: 28338755 PMCID: PMC5444480 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) is a major threat to the wine industry in the USA. GRBaV infections (aka red blotch disease) compromise crop yield and berry chemical composition, affecting the flavor and aroma properties of must and wine. In this study, we combined genome-wide transcriptional profiling with targeted metabolite analyses and biochemical assays to characterize the impact of the disease on red-skinned berry ripening and metabolism. Using naturally infected berries collected from two vineyards, we were able to identify consistent berry responses to GRBaV across different environmental and cultural conditions. Specific alterations of both primary and secondary metabolism occurred in GRBaV-infected berries during ripening. Notably, GRBaV infections of post-véraison berries resulted in the induction of primary metabolic pathways normally associated with early berry development (e.g. thylakoid electron transfer and the Calvin cycle), while inhibiting ripening-associated pathways, such as a reduced metabolic flux in the central and peripheral phenylpropanoid pathways. We show that this metabolic reprogramming correlates with perturbations at multiple regulatory levels of berry development. Red blotch caused the abnormal expression of transcription factors (e.g. NACs, MYBs, and AP2-ERFs) and elements of the post-transcriptional machinery that function during red-skinned berry ripening. Abscisic acid, ethylene, and auxin pathways, which control both the initiation of ripening and stress responses, were also compromised. We conclude that GRBaV infections disrupt normal berry development and stress responses by altering transcription factors and hormone networks, which result in the inhibition of ripening pathways involved in the generation of color, flavor, and aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Helene Hopfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rosa Figueroa-Balderas
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zirou Ye
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rosa M Rivero
- CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Renata Koyama
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Londrina State University, Celso Garcia Cid Road, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Michael M Anderson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rhonda J Smith
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Sonoma County, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Shangguan L, Mu Q, Fang X, Zhang K, Jia H, Li X, Bao Y, Fang J. RNA-Sequencing Reveals Biological Networks during Table Grapevine ('Fujiminori') Fruit Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170571. [PMID: 28118385 PMCID: PMC5261597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine berry development is a complex and genetically controlled process, with many morphological, biochemical and physiological changes occurring during the maturation process. Research carried out on grapevine berry development has been mainly concerned with wine grape, while barely focusing on table grape. 'Fujiminori' is an important table grapevine cultivar, which is cultivated in most provinces of China. In order to uncover the dynamic networks involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, cell wall development, lipid metabolism and starch-sugar metabolism in 'Fujiminori' fruit, we employed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and analyzed the whole transcriptome of grape berry during development at the expanding period (40 days after full bloom, 40DAF), véraison period (65DAF), and mature period (90DAF). The sequencing depth in each sample was greater than 12×, and the expression level of nearly half of the expressed genes were greater than 1. Moreover, greater than 64% of the clean reads were aligned to the Vitis vinifera reference genome, and 5,620, 3,381, and 5,196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between different fruit stages, respectively. Results of the analysis of DEGs showed that the most significant changes in various processes occurred from the expanding stage to the véraison stage. The expression patterns of F3'H and F3'5'H were crucial in determining red or blue color of the fruit skin. The dynamic networks of cell wall development, lipid metabolism and starch-sugar metabolism were also constructed. A total of 4,934 SSR loci were also identified from 4,337 grapevine genes, which may be helpful for the development of phylogenetic analysis in grapevine and other fruit trees. Our work provides the foundation for developmental research of grapevine fruit as well as other non-climacteric fruits.
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MESH Headings
- Anthocyanins/metabolism
- Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fruit/growth & development
- Fruit/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genes, Plant
- Hybridization, Genetic
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/analysis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Transcriptome
- Vitis/genetics
- Vitis/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Shangguan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Mu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Jinan, Shandong, PR. China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Pilati S, Bagagli G, Sonego P, Moretto M, Brazzale D, Castorina G, Simoni L, Tonelli C, Guella G, Engelen K, Galbiati M, Moser C. Abscisic Acid Is a Major Regulator of Grape Berry Ripening Onset: New Insights into ABA Signaling Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1093. [PMID: 28680438 PMCID: PMC5479058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a world-wide cultivated economically relevant crop. The process of berry ripening is non-climacteric and does not rely on the sole ethylene signal. Abscisic acid (ABA) is recognized as an important hormone of ripening inception and color development in ripening berries. In order to elucidate the effect of this signal at the molecular level, pre-véraison berries were treated ex vivo for 20 h with 0.2 mM ABA and berry skin transcriptional modulation was studied by RNA-seq after the treatment and 24 h later, in the absence of exogenous ABA. This study highlighted that a small amount of ABA triggered its own biosynthesis and had a transcriptome-wide effect (1893 modulated genes) characterized by the amplification of the transcriptional response over time. By comparing this dataset with the many studies on ripening collected within the grapevine transcriptomic compendium Vespucci, an extended overlap between ABA- and ripening modulated gene sets was observed (71% of the genes), underpinning the role of this hormone in the regulation of berry ripening. The signaling network of ABA, encompassing ABA metabolism, transport and signaling cascade, has been analyzed in detail and expanded based on knowledge from other species in order to provide an integrated molecular description of this pathway at berry ripening onset. Expression data analysis was combined with in silico promoter analysis to identify candidate target genes of ABA responsive element binding protein 2 (VvABF2), a key upstream transcription factor of the ABA signaling cascade which is up-regulated at véraison and also by ABA treatments. Two transcription factors, VvMYB143 and VvNAC17, and two genes involved in protein degradation, Armadillo-like and Xerico-like genes, were selected for in vivo validation by VvABF2-mediated promoter trans-activation in tobacco. VvNAC17 and Armadillo-like promoters were induced by ABA via VvABF2, while VvMYB143 responded to ABA in a VvABF2-independent manner. This knowledge of the ABA cascade in berry skin contributes not only to the understanding of berry ripening regulation but might be useful to other areas of viticultural interest, such as bud dormancy regulation and drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefania Pilati,
| | - Giorgia Bagagli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Laura Simoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
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Serrano A, Espinoza C, Armijo G, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Poblete E, Meyer-Regueiro C, Arce A, Parada F, Santibáñez C, Arce-Johnson P. Omics Approaches for Understanding Grapevine Berry Development: Regulatory Networks Associated with Endogenous Processes and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 28936215 PMCID: PMC5594091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Serrano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Grace Armijo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaría, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Católica de TemucoTemuco, Chile
| | - Evelyn Poblete
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Meyer-Regueiro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Arce
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Parada
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Ecophysiology and Functional Genomic of Grapevine, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Patricio Arce-Johnson,
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55
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Polyphenolic responses of grapevine berries to light, temperature, oxidative stress, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid show specific developmental-dependent degrees of metabolic resilience to perturbation. Food Chem 2016; 212:828-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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56
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Wang J, Wang S, Liu G, Edwards EJ, Duan W, Li S, Wang L. The Synthesis and Accumulation of Resveratrol Are Associated with Veraison and Abscisic Acid Concentration in Beihong ( Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) Berry Skin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1605. [PMID: 27857716 PMCID: PMC5094005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrols are polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can benefit human health, and only occur in a few plant families including Vitaceae. It has been reported that abscisic acid (ABA) can induce veraison (the onset of grape berry ripening) and may induce the accumulation of resveratrol in berry skin. However, the relationships between ABA, veraison, the accumulation of anthocyanins and the accumulation of resveratrol in the berry are poorly understood. This study attempted to answer this question through an investigation of the effect of applied ABA and fluridone (a synthetic inhibitor of ABA) on the biosynthesis and accumulation of ABA, anthocyanin, and resveratrol in Beihong (Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) berry skin. Under natural conditions, resveratrol concentration was very low before 91 DAA (days after anthesis), i.e., 2 weeks after veraison, however, it increased sharply from this point to 126 DAA (maturity). Exogenous ABA applications all resulted in an increase in berry skin ABA and anthocyanin concentration, irrespective of the developmental stage at which the treatment occurred (20 and 10 days pre-veraison, veraison or 7 days post-veraison), thereby advancing veraison. In contrast, resveratrol concentration increased only when ABA was applied at 10 days pre-veraison or at veraison. As a result, the accumulation of resveratrol was associated with veraison in grape berry skin and this accumulation, together with that of anthocyanins, was associated with ABA concentration. The response of resveratrol biosynthesis in the berry skin to manipulation of ABA varied during berry development and was less sensitive to ABA than the response of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Viticulture and Enology Research Center, Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Everard J. Edwards
- Group of Grapes and Horticulture, CSIRO Agriculture, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Ai TN, Naing AH, Arun M, Lim SH, Kim CK. Sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation in vegetative tissue of Petunia plants requires anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:144-150. [PMID: 27717450 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of three different sucrose concentrations on plant growth and anthocyanin accumulation were examined in non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic (T2) specimens of the Petunia hybrida cultivar 'Mirage rose' that carried the anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors B-Peru+mPAP1 or RsMYB1. Anthocyanin accumulation was not observed in NT plants in any treatments, whereas a range of anthocyanin accumulation was observed in transgenic plants. The anthocyanin content detected in transgenic plants expressing the anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors (B-Peru+mPAP1 or RsMYB1) was higher than that in NT plants. In addition, increasing sucrose concentration strongly enhanced anthocyanin content as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, wherein increased concentrations of sucrose enhanced transcript levels of the transcription factors that are responsible for the induction of biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis; this pattern was not observed in NT plants. In addition, sucrose affected plant growth, although the effects were different between NT and transgenic plants. Taken together, the application of sucrose could enhance anthocyanin production in vegetative tissue of transgenic Petunia carrying anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors, and this study provides insights about interactive effects of sucrose and transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the transgenic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Ngoc Ai
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh, Viet Nam
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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58
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Wong DCJ, Lopez Gutierrez R, Dimopoulos N, Gambetta GA, Castellarin SD. Combined physiological, transcriptome, and cis-regulatory element analyses indicate that key aspects of ripening, metabolism, and transcriptional program in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are differentially modulated accordingly to fruit size. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:416. [PMID: 27245662 PMCID: PMC4886440 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In wine grape production, management practices have been adopted to optimize grape and wine quality attributes by producing, or screening for, berries of smaller size. Fruit size and composition are influenced by numerous factors that include both internal (e.g. berry hormone metabolism) and external (e.g. environment and cultural practices) factors. Combined physiological, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses were performed to improve our current understanding of metabolic and transcriptional pathways related to berry ripening and composition in berries of different sizes. RESULTS The comparison of berry physiology between small and large berries throughout development (from 31 to 121 days after anthesis, DAA) revealed significant differences in firmness, the rate of softening, and sugar accumulation at specific developmental stages. Small berries had significantly higher skin to berry weight ratio, lower number of seeds per berry, and higher anthocyanin concentration compared to large berries. RNA-sequencing analyses of berry skins at 47, 74, 103, and 121 DAA revealed a total of 3482 differentially expressed genes between small and large berries. Abscisic acid, auxin, and ethylene hormone pathway genes were differentially modulated between berry sizes. Fatty acid degradation and stilbenoid pathway genes were upregulated at 47 DAA while cell wall degrading and modification genes were downregulated at 74 DAA in small compared to large berries. In the late ripening stage, concerted upregulation of the general phenylpropanoid and stilbenoid pathway genes and downregulation of flavonoid pathway genes were observed in skins of small compared to large berries. Cis-regulatory element analysis of differentially expressed hormone, fruit texture, flavor, and aroma genes revealed an enrichment of specific regulatory motifs related to bZIP, bHLH, AP2/ERF, NAC, MYB, and MADS-box transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that physiological and compositional differences between berries of different sizes parallel transcriptome changes that involve fruit texture, flavor, and aroma pathways. These results suggest that, in addition to direct effects brought about by differences in size, key aspects involved in the regulation of ripening likely contribute to different quality profiles between small and large berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C J Wong
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Lopez Gutierrez
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - N Dimopoulos
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G A Gambetta
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287, F-33140, Villenave d' Ornon, France
| | - S D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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59
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Vondras AM, Gouthu S, Schmidt JA, Petersen AR, Deluc LG. The contribution of flowering time and seed content to uneven ripening initiation among fruits within Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir clusters. PLANTA 2016; 243:1191-202. [PMID: 26874729 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ripening initiation-associated hormonal changes and sugar accumulation for individual fruits differed by seed content and did not depend heavily on flowering time or duration from anthesis to clusters' onset of ripening. For Vitis vinifera, the ripening initiation of individual fruits in a cluster occurs unevenly. This developmental period is called véraison. Why individual fruits initiate ripening at different times is not well studied, though differences in seed content and unequal developmental durations that arise from asynchronous flowering within a cluster have been proposed. This study examined how much both variables contribute to individual fruits' ripening progress by mid-véraison, when half of berries in a cluster have initiated ripening, and whether either or both factors affect the timing of characteristic, ripening-initiation associated changes in abscisic acid and auxin before, at, and after véraison. Overall, developmental duration and flowering time did not sufficiently explain how far berries had progressed into the ripening stage because fruits did not require a fixed amount of time to initiate ripening. Fruits from early and late flowers but of similar seed content were able to initiate ripening at the same time despite differences in chronological age. This suggests either an early developmental enhancement occurred for late-initiated fruits or that flowering time is an inappropriate "day zero". Ultimately, only seed content was linked to the timing and magnitude of ripening-related hormone changes, supporting that seeds have a comparatively larger influence than flowering time on the ripening initiation of individual berries. More specifically, if the fraction of berry weight occupied by seed was high, then the initiation of ripening for that berry and its associated hormone changes were delayed relative to berries with less seed weight versus total berry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Vondras
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Gouthu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joseph A Schmidt
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anna-Rose Petersen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laurent G Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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60
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Hocking B, Tyerman SD, Burton RA, Gilliham M. Fruit Calcium: Transport and Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:569. [PMID: 27200042 PMCID: PMC4850500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium has well-documented roles in plant signaling, water relations and cell wall interactions. Significant research into how calcium impacts these individual processes in various tissues has been carried out; however, the influence of calcium on fruit ripening has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how calcium may impact the development, physical traits and disease susceptibility of fruit through facilitating developmental and stress response signaling, stabilizing membranes, influencing water relations and modifying cell wall properties through cross-linking of de-esterified pectins. We explore the involvement of calcium in hormone signaling integral to the physiological mechanisms behind common disorders that have been associated with fruit calcium deficiency (e.g., blossom end rot in tomatoes or bitter pit in apples). This review works toward an improved understanding of how the many roles of calcium interact to influence fruit ripening, and proposes future research directions to fill knowledge gaps. Specifically, we focus mostly on grapes and present a model that integrates existing knowledge around these various functions of calcium in fruit, which provides a basis for understanding the physiological impacts of sub-optimal calcium nutrition in grapes. Calcium accumulation and distribution in fruit is shown to be highly dependent on water delivery and cell wall interactions in the apoplasm. Localized calcium deficiencies observed in particular species or varieties can result from differences in xylem morphology, fruit water relations and pectin composition, and can cause leaky membranes, irregular cell wall softening, impaired hormonal signaling and aberrant fruit development. We propose that the role of apoplasmic calcium-pectin crosslinking, particularly in the xylem, is an understudied area that may have a key influence on fruit water relations. Furthermore, we believe that improved knowledge of the calcium-regulated signaling pathways that control ripening would assist in addressing calcium deficiency disorders and improving fruit pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradleigh Hocking
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
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Rossdeutsch L, Edwards E, Cookson SJ, Barrieu F, Gambetta GA, Delrot S, Ollat N. ABA-mediated responses to water deficit separate grapevine genotypes by their genetic background. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:91. [PMID: 27091220 PMCID: PMC4836075 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABA-mediated processes are involved in plant responses to water deficit, especially the control of stomatal opening. However in grapevine it is not known if these processes participate in the phenotypic variation in drought adaptation existing between genotypes. To elucidate this question, the response to short-term water-deficit was analysed in roots and shoots of nine Vitis genotypes differing in their drought adaptation in the field. The transcript abundance of 12 genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, catabolism, and signalling were monitored, together with physiological and metabolic parameters related to ABA and its role in controlling plant transpiration. RESULTS Although transpiration and ABA responses were well-conserved among the genotypes, multifactorial analyses separated Vitis vinifera varieties and V. berlandieri x V. rupestris hybrids (all considered drought tolerant) from the other genotypes studied. Generally, V. vinifera varieties, followed by V. berlandieri x V. rupestris hybrids, displayed more pronounced responses to water-deficit in comparison to the other genotypes. However, changes in transcript abundance in roots were more pronounced for Vitis hybrids than V. vinifera genotypes. Changes in the expression of the cornerstone ABA biosynthetic gene VviNCED1, and the ABA transcriptional regulator VviABF1, were associated with the response of V. vinifera genotypes, while changes in VviNCED2 abundance were associated with the response of other Vitis genotypes. In contrast, the ABA RCAR receptors were not identified as key components of the genotypic variability of water-deficit responses. Interestingly, the expression of VviSnRK2.6 (an AtOST1 ortholog) was constitutively lower in roots and leaves of V. vinifera genotypes and higher in roots of V. berlandieri x V. rupestris hybrids. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that Vitis genotypes exhibiting different levels of drought adaptation differ in key steps involved in ABA metabolism and signalling; both under well-watered conditions and in response to water-deficit. In addition, it supports that adaptation may be related to various mechanisms related or not to ABA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landry Rossdeutsch
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-INRA, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Everard Edwards
- />CSIRO Agriculture, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Sarah J. Cookson
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-INRA, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - François Barrieu
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-Bordeaux University, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gregory A. Gambetta
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-Bordeaux Sciences-Agro, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-Bordeaux University, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- />UMR EGFV, ISVV-INRA, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Giordano D, Provenzano S, Ferrandino A, Vitali M, Pagliarani C, Roman F, Cardinale F, Castellarin SD, Schubert A. Characterization of a multifunctional caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase activated in grape berries upon drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 101:23-32. [PMID: 26851572 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects anthocyanin accumulation and modification in vegetative and reproductive plant tissues. Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoids in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) coloured berry genotypes and are essential markers of grape winemaking quality. They are mostly mono- and di-methylated, such modifications increase their stability and improve berry quality for winemaking. Anthocyanin methylation in grape berries is induced by drought stress. A few caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferases (CCoAOMTs) active on anthocyanins have been described in grape. However, no drought-activated O-methyltransferases have been described in grape berries yet. In this study, we characterized VvCCoAOMT, a grapevine gene known to induce methylation of CoA esters in cultured grape cells. Transcript accumulation of VvCCoAOMT was detected in berry skins, and increased during berry ripening on the plant, and in cultured berries treated with ABA, concomitantly with accumulation of methylated anthocyanins, suggesting that anthocyanins may be substrates of this enzyme. Contrary as previously observed in cell cultures, biotic stress (Botrytis cinerea inoculation) did not affect VvCCoAOMT gene expression in leaves or berries, while drought stress increased VvCCoAOMT transcript in berries. The recombinant VvCCoAOMT protein showed in vitro methylating activity on cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. We conclude that VvCCoAOMT is a multifunctional O-methyltransferase that may contribute to anthocyanin methylation activity in grape berries, in particular under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Giordano
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sofia Provenzano
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrandino
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Marco Vitali
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Federica Roman
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardinale
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- The University of British Columbia Wine Research Centre, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrea Schubert
- University of Turin, Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Castellarin SD, Gambetta GA, Wada H, Krasnow MN, Cramer GR, Peterlunger E, Shackel KA, Matthews MA. Characterization of major ripening events during softening in grape: turgor, sugar accumulation, abscisic acid metabolism, colour development, and their relationship with growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:709-22. [PMID: 26590311 PMCID: PMC4737070 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Along with sugar accumulation and colour development, softening is an important physiological change during the onset of ripening in fruits. In this work, we investigated the relationships among major events during softening in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) by quantifying elasticity in individual berries. In addition, we delayed softening and inhibited sugar accumulation using a mechanical growth-preventing treatment in order to identify processes that are sugar and/or growth dependent. Ripening processes commenced on various days after anthesis, but always at similarly low elasticity and turgor. Much of the softening occurred in the absence of other changes in berry physiology investigated here. Several genes encoding key cell wall-modifying enzymes were not up-regulated until softening was largely completed, suggesting softening may result primarily from decreases in turgor. Similarly, there was no decrease in solute potential, increase in sugar concentration, or colour development until elasticity and turgor were near minimum values, and these processes were inhibited when berry growth was prevented. Increases in abscisic acid occurred early during softening and in the absence of significant expression of the V. vinifera 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases. However, these increases were coincident with decreases in the abscisic acid catabolite diphasic acid, indicating that initial increases in abscisic acid may result from decreases in catabolism and/or exogenous import. These data suggest that softening, decreases in turgor, and increases in abscisic acid represent some of the earliest events during the onset of ripening. Later, physical growth, further increases in abscisic acid, and the accumulation of sugar are integral for colour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, the University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0041, Japan
| | - Mark N Krasnow
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Enrico Peterlunger
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Kenneth A Shackel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark A Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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64
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Guan L, Dai Z, Wu BH, Wu J, Merlin I, Hilbert G, Renaud C, Gomès E, Edwards E, Li SH, Delrot S. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is differentially regulated by light in the skin and flesh of white-fleshed and teinturier grape berries. PLANTA 2016; 243:23-41. [PMID: 26335854 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light exclusion reduces the concentration and modifies the composition of grape anthocyanins, by altering the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport, in a cultivar- and tissue-specific manner. Unlike most grapes, teinturier grapes accumulate anthocyanins both in skin and flesh. However, the concentration and composition of anthocyanins in both tissues differ, providing a valuable system to study tissue-specific regulation of anthocyanin synthesis. Furthermore, little is known about the mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of anthocyanin accumulation to light. Here, light was excluded from Gamay (white-fleshed) and Gamay Fréaux (teinturier mutant) berries throughout berry development. Under light-exposed conditions, the skin of Gamay Fréaux accumulated the highest level of anthocyanins, followed by the skin of Gamay, while the pulp of Gamay Fréaux had much lower anthocyanins than the skins. Network analysis revealed the same order on the number of significant correlations among metabolites and transcripts in the three colored tissues, indicating a higher connectivity that reflects a higher efficiency of the anthocyanin pathway. Compared to light conditions, light exclusion reduced the total amount of anthocyanins, most severely in the skin of Gamay and to a lesser extent in the flesh and skin of Gamay Fréaux. Coordinated decrease in the transcript abundance of structural, regulatory and transporter genes by light exclusion correlated with the reduced anthocyanin concentration in a cultivar- and tissue-specific manner. Moreover, light exclusion increased the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated anthocyanins, in parallel with F3'H and F3'5'H transcript amounts. Sugars and ABA only play a limited role in the control of anthocyanin synthesis in the berries, in contrast with what has been described in cell suspensions. This study provides novel insights into the regulation of anthocyanin in wild type and teinturier cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guan
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Ben-Hong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Merlin
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Ghislaine Hilbert
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christel Renaud
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Everard Edwards
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture Flagship, PMB2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Zarrouk O, Brunetti C, Egipto R, Pinheiro C, Genebra T, Gori A, Lopes CM, Tattini M, Chaves MM. Grape Ripening Is Regulated by Deficit Irrigation/Elevated Temperatures According to Cluster Position in the Canopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1640. [PMID: 27895648 PMCID: PMC5108974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water deficit on berry quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of knowledge on the performance of varieties exposed to a combination of high temperatures/water stress during the growing season and under vineyard conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI, 30% ETc) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI, 15% ETc) and of two cluster positions within the canopy (east- and west-exposed sides) on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines. The study was undertaken for two successive years in a commercial vineyard in South Portugal, monitoring the following parameters: pre-dawn leaf water potential, berry temperature, sugars, polyphenols, abscisic acid (ABA) and related metabolites. Additionally, expression patterns for different transcripts encoding for enzymes responsible for anthocyanin and ABA biosynthesis (VviUFGT, VvNCED1, VvβG1, VviHyd1, VviHyd2) were analyzed. In both years anthocyanin concentration was lower in RDI at the west side (RDIW- the hottest one) from véraison onwards, suggesting that the most severe water stress conditions exacerbated the negative impact of high temperature on anthocyanin. The down-regulation of VviUFGT expression revealed a repression of the anthocyanin synthesis in berries of RDIW, at early stages of berry ripening. At full-maturation, anthocyanin degradation products were detected, being highest at RDIW. This suggests that the negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins results from the repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stages. On the other hand, berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, pointing out for the attenuation of the negative temperature effects under SDI. Irrigation regime and berry position had small effect on free-ABA concentration. However, ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathway were affected by water and heat stresses. This indicates the role of ABA-GE and catabolites in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stresses. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the strongest influence in berry ripening is the deficit irrigation regime, while temperature is an important variable determining the improvement or impairment of berry quality by the deficit irrigation regime. In summary, this work shows the interaction between irrigation regime and high temperature on the control of berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Zarrouk
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Olfa Zarrouk
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Ricardo Egipto
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
- Carla Pinheiro
| | - Tânia Genebra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Antonella Gori
- Trees and Timber Institute, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Carlos M. Lopes
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
| | - M. Manuela Chaves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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Oikawa A, Otsuka T, Nakabayashi R, Jikumaru Y, Isuzugawa K, Murayama H, Saito K, Shiratake K. Metabolic Profiling of Developing Pear Fruits Reveals Dynamic Variation in Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Including Plant Hormones. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131408. [PMID: 26168247 PMCID: PMC4500446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites in the fruits of edible plants include sweet sugars, visually appealing pigments, various products with human nutritional value, and biologically active plant hormones. Although quantities of these metabolites vary during fruit development and ripening because of cell division and enlargement, there are few reports describing the actual dynamics of these changes. Therefore, we applied multiple metabolomic techniques to identify the changes in metabolite levels during the development and ripening of pear fruits (Pyrus communis L. ‘La France’). We quantified and classified over 250 metabolites into six groups depending on their specific patterns of variation during development and ripening. Approximately half the total number of metabolites, including histidine and malate, accumulated transiently around the blooming period, during which cells are actively dividing, and then decreased either rapidly or slowly. Furthermore, the amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids also increased in pear fruits around 3–4 months after the blooming period, when fruit cells are enlarging, but virtually disappeared from ripened fruits. Some metabolites, including the plant hormone abscisic acid, accumulated particularly in the receptacle prior to blooming and/or fruit ripening. Our results show several patterns of variation in metabolite levels in developing and ripening pear fruits, and provide fundamental metabolomic data that is useful for understanding pear fruit physiology and enhancing the nutritional traits of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Otsuka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Kanji Isuzugawa
- Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Sagae, 999–7601, Japan
| | - Hideki Murayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260–8675, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
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67
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Casassa LF, Keller M, Harbertson JF. Regulated deficit irrigation alters anthocyanins, tannins and sensory properties of cabernet sauvignon grapes and wines. Molecules 2015; 20:7820-44. [PMID: 25939070 PMCID: PMC6272144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) regimes were applied to Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, which were analyzed for phenolics and also made into wine over three consecutive growing seasons. Relative to an industry standard regime (IS), yield was reduced over the three years by 37% in a full-deficit (FD) regime and by 18% in an early deficit (ED) regime, whereas no yield reduction occurred with a late deficit (LD) regime. Relative to IS, skin anthocyanin concentration (fresh weight basis) was 18% and 24% higher in ED and FD, respectively, whereas no effect was seen in LD. Seed tannin concentration was 3% and 8% higher in ED and FD, respectively, relative to the other two RDI regimes, whereas seed tannin content (amount per berry) was higher in IS than in FD. There were no practically relevant effects on the basic chemistry of the wines. The finished wines showed concentrations of tannins and anthocyanins that generally mirrored observed differences in skin and seed phenolic concentrations, although these were amplified in FD wines. Descriptive sensory analysis of the 2008 wines showed that FD wines were the most saturated in color, with higher purple hue, roughness, dryness and harshness, followed by ED wines, whereas IS and LD wines were less saturated in color and with higher brown and red hues. Overall, FD and ED seemed to yield fruit and wine with greater concentrations of phenolics than IS and LD, with the additional advantage of reducing water usage. However, these apparent benefits need to be balanced out with reductions in crop yields and potential long-term effects associated with pre-véraison water deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Federico Casassa
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Wine Science Center, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
- Wine Research Center, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Luján de Cuyo, 5507 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. Bunn Rd., Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
| | - James F Harbertson
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Wine Science Center, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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Berdeja M, Nicolas P, Kappel C, Dai ZW, Hilbert G, Peccoux A, Lafontaine M, Ollat N, Gomès E, Delrot S. Water limitation and rootstock genotype interact to alter grape berry metabolism through transcriptome reprogramming. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15012. [PMID: 26504567 PMCID: PMC4595978 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a perennial crop often cultivated by grafting a scion cultivar on a suitable rootstock. Rootstocks influence scions, particularly with regard to water uptake and vigor. Therefore, one of the possibilities to adapt viticulture to the extended drought stress periods is to select rootstocks conferring increased tolerance to drought. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the ability of rootstock/scion combination to influence grape berry metabolism under drought stress are still poorly understood. The transcriptomic changes induced by drought stress in grape berries (cv. Pinot noir) from vines grafted on either 110R (drought-tolerant) or 125AA (drought-sensitive) rootstock were compared. The experiments were conducted in the vineyard for two years and two grape berry developmental stages (50% and 100% veraison). The genome-wide microarray approach showed that water stress strongly impacts gene expression in the berries, through ontology categories that cover cell wall metabolism, primary and secondary metabolism, signaling, stress, and hormones, and that some of these effects strongly depend on the rootstock genotype. Indeed, under drought stress, berries from vines grafted on 110R displayed a different transcriptional response compared to 125AA-concerning genes related to jasmonate (JA), phenylpropanoid metabolism, and pathogenesis-related proteins. The data also suggest a link between JA and secondary metabolism in water-stressed berries. Overall, genes related to secondary metabolism and JA are more induced and/or less repressed by drought stress in the berries grafted on the drought-sensitive rootstock 125AA. These rootstock-dependent gene expression changes are relevant for berry composition and sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Berdeja
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Philippe Nicolas
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Christian Kappel
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Zhan Wu Dai
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Ghislaine Hilbert
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Anthony Peccoux
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magali Lafontaine
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Villenave d′Ornon F-33140, France
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Li X, Yin X, Wang H, Li J, Guo C, Gao H, Zheng Y, Fan C, Wang X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) TIFY gene family. TREE GENETICS & GENOMES 2015. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-014-0808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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70
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Zhang YJ, Wang XJ, Wu JX, Chen SY, Chen H, Chai LJ, Yi HL. Comparative transcriptome analyses between a spontaneous late-ripening sweet orange mutant and its wild type suggest the functions of ABA, sucrose and JA during citrus fruit ripening. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116056. [PMID: 25551568 PMCID: PMC4281182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous late-ripening mutant of 'Jincheng' (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) sweet orange exhibited a delay of fruit pigmentation and harvesting. In this work, we studied the processes of orange fruit ripening through the comparative analysis between the Jincheng mutant and its wild type. This study revealed that the fruit quality began to differ on 166th days after anthesis. At this stage, fruits were subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. 13,412 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were found. Of these unigenes, 75.8% were down-regulated in the wild type, suggesting that the transcription level of wild type was lower than that of the mutant during this stage. These DEGs were mainly clustered into five pathways: metabolic pathways, plant-pathogen interaction, spliceosome, biosynthesis of plant hormones and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Therefore, the expression profiles of the genes that are involved in abscisic acid, sucrose, and jasmonic acid metabolism and signal transduction pathways were analyzed during the six fruit ripening stages. The results revealed the regulation mechanism of sweet orange fruit ripening metabolism in the following four aspects: First, the more mature orange fruits were, the lower the transcription levels were. Second, the expression level of PME boosted with the maturity of the citrus fruit. Therefore, the expression level of PME might represent the degree of the orange fruit ripeness. Third, the interaction of PP2C, PYR/PYL, and SnRK2 was peculiar to the orange fruit ripening process. Fourth, abscisic acid, sucrose, and jasmonic acid all took part in orange fruit ripening process and might interact with each other. These findings provide an insight into the intricate process of sweet orange fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xing-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ju-Xun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Engineering Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li-Jun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (LJC); (HLY)
| | - Hua-Lin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (LJC); (HLY)
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71
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Cramer GR, Ghan R, Schlauch KA, Tillett RL, Heymann H, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Zenoni S, Fasoli M, Pezzotti M. Transcriptomic analysis of the late stages of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) berry ripening reveals significant induction of ethylene signaling and flavor pathways in the skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:370. [PMID: 25524329 PMCID: PMC4312598 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine berry, a nonclimacteric fruit, has three developmental stages; the last one is when berry color and sugar increase. Flavors derived from terpenoid and fatty acid metabolism develop at the very end of this ripening stage. The transcriptomic response of pulp and skin of Cabernet Sauvignon berries in the late stages of ripening between 22 and 37 °Brix was assessed using whole-genome micorarrays. RESULTS The transcript abundance of approximately 18,000 genes changed with °Brix and tissue type. There were a large number of changes in many gene ontology (GO) categories involving metabolism, signaling and abiotic stress. GO categories reflecting tissue differences were overrepresented in photosynthesis, isoprenoid metabolism and pigment biosynthesis. Detailed analysis of the interaction of the skin and pulp with °Brix revealed that there were statistically significantly higher abundances of transcripts changing with °Brix in the skin that were involved in ethylene signaling, isoprenoid and fatty acid metabolism. Many transcripts were peaking around known optimal fruit stages for flavor production. The transcript abundance of approximately two-thirds of the AP2/ERF superfamily of transcription factors changed during these developmental stages. The transcript abundance of a unique clade of ERF6-type transcription factors had the largest changes in the skin and clustered with genes involved in ethylene, senescence, and fruit flavor production including ACC oxidase, terpene synthases, and lipoxygenases. The transcript abundance of important transcription factors involved in fruit ripening was also higher in the skin. CONCLUSIONS A detailed analysis of the transcriptome dynamics during late stages of ripening of grapevine berries revealed that these berries went through massive transcriptional changes in gene ontology categories involving chemical signaling and metabolism in both the pulp and skin, particularly in the skin. Changes in the transcript abundance of genes involved in the ethylene signaling pathway of this nonclimacteric fruit were statistically significant in the late stages of ripening when the production of transcripts for important flavor and aroma compounds were at their highest. Ethylene transcription factors known to play a role in leaf senescence also appear to play a role in fruit senescence. Ethylene may play a bigger role than previously thought in this non-climacteric fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Ryan Ghan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Karen A Schlauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
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72
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Gouthu S, O'Neil ST, Di Y, Ansarolia M, Megraw M, Deluc LG. A comparative study of ripening among berries of the grape cluster reveals an altered transcriptional programme and enhanced ripening rate in delayed berries. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5889-902. [PMID: 25135520 PMCID: PMC4203125 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional studies in relation to fruit ripening generally aim to identify the transcriptional states associated with physiological ripening stages and the transcriptional changes between stages within the ripening programme. In non-climacteric fruits such as grape, all ripening-related genes involved in this programme have not been identified, mainly due to the lack of mutants for comparative transcriptomic studies. A feature in grape cluster ripening (Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir), where all berries do not initiate the ripening at the same time, was exploited to study their shifted ripening programmes in parallel. Berries that showed marked ripening state differences in a véraison-stage cluster (ripening onset) ultimately reached similar ripeness states toward maturity, indicating the flexibility of the ripening programme. The expression variance between these véraison-stage berry classes, where 11% of the genes were found to be differentially expressed, was reduced significantly toward maturity, resulting in the synchronization of their transcriptional states. Defined quantitative expression changes (transcriptional distances) not only existed between the véraison transitional stages, but also between the véraison to maturity stages, regardless of the berry class. It was observed that lagging berries complete their transcriptional programme in a shorter time through altered gene expressions and ripening-related hormone dynamics, and enhance the rate of physiological ripening progression. Finally, the reduction in expression variance of genes can identify new genes directly associated with ripening and also assess the relevance of gene activity to the phase of the ripening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Gouthu
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shawn T O'Neil
- Center For Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yanming Di
- Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mitra Ansarolia
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Molly Megraw
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Laurent G Deluc
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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73
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Cherian S, Figueroa CR, Nair H. 'Movers and shakers' in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4705-22. [PMID: 24994760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process involving the expression of many ripening-related genes under the control of a network of signalling pathways. The hormonal control of climacteric fruit ripening, especially ethylene perception and signalling transduction in tomato has been well characterized. Additionally, great strides have been made in understanding some of the major regulatory switches (transcription factors such as RIPENING-INHIBITOR and other transcriptional regulators such as COLOURLESS NON-RIPENING, TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs), that are involved in tomato fruit ripening. In contrast, the regulatory network related to non-climacteric fruit ripening remains poorly understood. However, some of the most recent breakthrough research data have provided several lines of evidences for abscisic acid- and sucrose-mediated ripening of strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit model. In this review, we discuss the most recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of fleshy fruit ripening and their cross-talk and the future challenges taking tomato as a climacteric fruit model and strawberry as a non-climacteric fruit model. We also highlight the possible contribution of epigenetic changes including the role of plant microRNAs, which is opening new avenues and great possibilities in the fields of fruit-ripening research and postharvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Helen Nair
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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74
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Dai S, Li P, Chen P, Li Q, Pei Y, He S, Sun Y, Wang Y, Kai W, Zhao B, Liao Y, Leng P. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding ABA metabolism enzymes during the fruit development and dehydration stress of pear 'Gold Nijisseiki'. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 82:299-308. [PMID: 25038474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the contribution of abscisic acid (ABA) in pear 'Gold Nijisseiki' during fruit ripening and under dehydration stress, two cDNAs (PpNCED1 and PpNCED2) which encode 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) (a key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis), two cDNAs (PpCYP707A1 and PpCYP707A2) which encode 8'-hydroxylase (a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of ABA), one cDNA (PpACS3) which encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and one cDNA (PpACO1) which encodes ACC oxidase involved in ethylene biosynthesis were cloned from 'Gold Nijisseiki' fruit. In the pulp, peel and seed, expressions of PpNCED1 and PpNCED2 rose in two stages which corresponded with the increase of ABA levels. The expression of PpCYP707A1 dramatically declined after 60-90 days after full bloom (DAFB) in contrast to the changes of ABA levels during this period, while PpCYP707A2 stayed low during the whole development of fruit. Application of exogenous ABA at 100 DAFB increased the soluble sugar content and the ethylene release but significantly decreased the titratable acid and chlorophyll contents in fruits. When fruits harvested at 100 DAFB were stored in the laboratory (25 °C, 50% relative humidity), the ABA content and the expressions of PpNCED1/2 and PpCYP707A1 in the pulp, peel and seed increased significantly, while ethylene reached its highest value after the maximum peak of ABA accompanied with the expressions of PpACS3 and PpACO1. In sum the endogenous ABA may play an important role in the fruit ripening and dehydration of pear 'Gold Nijisseiki' and the ABA level was regulated mainly by the dynamics of PpNCED1, PpNCED2 and PpCYP707A1 at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Dai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Pei Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qian Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yuelin Pei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Suihuan He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yufei Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Wenbin Kai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yalan Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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75
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Dai ZW, Meddar M, Renaud C, Merlin I, Hilbert G, Delrot S, Gomès E. Long-term in vitro culture of grape berries and its application to assess the effects of sugar supply on anthocyanin accumulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4665-77. [PMID: 24477640 PMCID: PMC4115254 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grape berry development and ripening are under complex regulation by the nutrients, hormones, and environment cues sensed by the berry. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these types of regulation are poorly understood. A simplified but realistic model system that enables fruit growth conditions to be modulated easily will facilitate the deciphering of these mechanisms. Here, an in vitro culture system of intact detached grape berries was developed by coupling the production of greenhouse fruiting-cuttings and in vitro organ culture techniques. (13)C and (15)N labelling experiments showed that this system enables the intact detached berries actively to absorb and utilize carbon and nitrogen from the culture medium. It was further used to study the effects of sugars on anthocyanin accumulation. A sucrose concentration >2% could induce anthocyanin synthesis in the absence of additional exogenous abscisic acid. The higher the sucrose concentration, the earlier was the induction of anthocyanin accumulation. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose increased anthocyanin accumulation, with glucose and fructose being more effective than sucrose. This increase was not due to an increase in its precursor level, since the phenylalanine content was decreased by a high sugar supply. Instead, genome-wide transcriptome analysis suggests that the sugar-induced enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation results from altered expression of regulatory and structural genes (especially UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase), together with massive reprogramming in signalling transduction pathways. This in vitro system may serve to study the response of berry composition to nutrient factors and hormones, and their interaction with environmental factors (e.g. light and temperature), which can all be finely tuned and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wu Dai
- INRA, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Serge Delrot
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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76
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Kuhn N, Guan L, Dai ZW, Wu BH, Lauvergeat V, Gomès E, Li SH, Godoy F, Arce-Johnson P, Delrot S. Berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4543-59. [PMID: 24285825 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a non-climacteric fruit species used as table fruit, dried raisins, and for vinification (wines) and distillation (liquors). In recent years, our knowledge of the molecular basis of ripening regulation has improved. Water status, light conditions, and temperature may hasten, delay, or enhance ripening. Hormones seem to play a central role, as their concentrations change prior to and during ripening and in response to several environmental cues. The review summarizes recent data related to the molecular and hormonal control of grape berry development and ripening, with special emphasis on secondary metabolism and its response to the environment, and pinpoints some experimental limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kuhn
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Le Guan
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zhan Wu Dai
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Ben-Hong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Serge Delrot
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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77
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Kumar R, Khurana A, Sharma AK. Role of plant hormones and their interplay in development and ripening of fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4561-75. [PMID: 25028558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones have been extensively studied for their roles in the regulation of various aspects of plant development. However, in the last decade important new insights have been made into their action during development and ripening, in both dry and fleshy fruits. Emerging evidence suggests that relative functions of plant hormones are not restricted to a particular stage, and a complex network of more than one plant hormone is involved in controlling various aspects of fruit development. Though some areas are extensively covered, considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding still exist in the control of hormonal networks and crosstalk between different hormones during fruit expansion, maturation, and various other aspects of ripening. Here, we evaluate the new knowledge on their relative roles during tomato fruit development with a view to understand their mechanism of action in fleshy fruits. For a better understanding, pertinent evidences available on hormonal crosstalk during fruit development in other species are also discussed. We envisage that such detailed knowledge will help design new strategies for effective manipulation of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India. Current address: Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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78
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Leng P, Yuan B, Guo Y. The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4577-88. [PMID: 24821949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role not only in fruit development and ripening, but also in adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In these processes, the actions of ABA are under the control of complex regulatory mechanisms involving ABA metabolism, signal transduction, and transport. The endogenous ABA content is determined by the dynamic balance between biosynthesis and catabolism, processes which are regulated by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A), respectively. ABA conjugation by cytosolic UDP-glucosyltransferases, or release by β-glucosidases, is also important for maintaining ABA homeostasis. Recently, multiple putative ABA receptors localized at different subcellular sites have been reported. Among these is a major breakthrough in the field of ABA signalling-the identification of a signalling cascade involving the PYR/PYL/RCAR protein family, the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), and subfamily 2 of the SNF1-related kinases (SnRK2s). With regard to transport, two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins and two ABA transporters in the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1/PTR) family have been identified. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the role of ABA in fruit ripening, stress response, and transcriptional regulation, and also the functional verification of both ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes. In addition, we suggest possible commercial applications of genetic manipulation of ABA signalling to improve fruit quality and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Leng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University BouleVard, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yangdong Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, PR China
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Degu A, Hochberg U, Sikron N, Venturini L, Buson G, Ghan R, Plaschkes I, Batushansky A, Chalifa-Caspi V, Mattivi F, Delledonne M, Pezzotti M, Rachmilevitch S, Cramer GR, Fait A. Metabolite and transcript profiling of berry skin during fruit development elucidates differential regulation between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz cultivars at branching points in the polyphenol pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:188. [PMID: 25064275 PMCID: PMC4222437 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine berries undergo complex biochemical changes during fruit maturation, many of which are dependent upon the variety and its environment. In order to elucidate the varietal dependent developmental regulation of primary and specialized metabolism, berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolite profiling from pre-veraison to harvest. The generated dataset was augmented with transcript profiling using RNAseq. RESULTS The analysis of the metabolite data revealed similar developmental patterns of change in primary metabolites between the two cultivars. Nevertheless, towards maturity the extent of change in the major organic acid and sugars (i.e. sucrose, trehalose, malate) and precursors of aromatic and phenolic compounds such as quinate and shikimate was greater in Shiraz compared to Cabernet Sauvignon. In contrast, distinct directional projections on the PCA plot of the two cultivars samples towards maturation when using the specialized metabolite profiles were apparent, suggesting a cultivar-dependent regulation of the specialized metabolism. Generally, Shiraz displayed greater upregulation of the entire polyphenol pathway and specifically higher accumulation of piceid and coumaroyl anthocyanin forms than Cabernet Sauvignon from veraison onwards. Transcript profiling revealed coordinated increased transcript abundance for genes encoding enzymes of committing steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The anthocyanin metabolite profile showed F3'5'H-mediated delphinidin-type anthocyanin enrichment in both varieties towards maturation, consistent with the transcript data, indicating that the F3'5'H-governed branching step dominates the anthocyanin profile at late berry development. Correlation analysis confirmed the tightly coordinated metabolic changes during development, and suggested a source-sink relation between the central and specialized metabolism, stronger in Shiraz than Cabernet Sauvignon. RNAseq analysis also revealed that the two cultivars exhibited distinct pattern of changes in genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Compared with CS, Shiraz showed higher number of significant correlations between metabolites, which together with the relatively higher expression of flavonoid genes supports the evidence of increased accumulation of coumaroyl anthocyanins in that cultivar. Enhanced stress related metabolism, e.g. trehalose, stilbene and ABA in Shiraz berry-skin are consistent with its relatively higher susceptibility to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfaw Degu
- The Albert Katz International School, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Uri Hochberg
- The Albert Katz International School, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Noga Sikron
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Luca Venturini
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Genny Buson
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Ryan Ghan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno 9557, NV, USA
| | - Inbar Plaschkes
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Albert Batushansky
- The Albert Katz International School, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno 9557, NV, USA
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
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Pilati S, Brazzale D, Guella G, Milli A, Ruberti C, Biasioli F, Zottini M, Moser C. The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by ROS accumulation and lipoxygenase-mediated membrane peroxidation in the skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:87. [PMID: 24693871 PMCID: PMC4021102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ripening of fleshy fruits is a complex developmental program characterized by extensive transcriptomic and metabolic remodeling in the pericarp tissues (pulp and skin) making unripe green fruits soft, tasteful and colored. The onset of ripening is regulated by a plethora of endogenous signals tuned to external stimuli. In grapevine and tomato, which are classified as non-climacteric and climacteric species respectively, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and extensive modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes at the onset of ripening has been reported, suggesting that ROS could participate to the regulatory network of fruit development. In order to investigate this hypothesis, a comprehensive biochemical study of the oxidative events occurring at the beginning of ripening in Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir has been undertaken. RESULTS ROS-specific staining allowed to visualize not only H2O2 but also singlet oxygen (1O2) in berry skin cells just before color change in distinct subcellular locations, i.e. cytosol and plastids. H2O2 peak in sample skins at véraison was confirmed by in vitro quantification and was supported by the concomitant increase of catalase activity. Membrane peroxidation was also observed by HPLC-MS on galactolipid species at véraison. Mono- and digalactosyl diacylglycerols were found peroxidized on one or both α-linolenic fatty acid chains, with a 13(S) absolute configuration implying the action of a specific enzyme. A lipoxygenase (PnLOXA), expressed at véraison and localizing inside the chloroplasts, was indeed able to catalyze membrane galactolipid peroxidation when overexpressed in tobacco leaves. CONCLUSIONS The present work demonstrates the controlled, harmless accumulation of specific ROS in distinct cellular compartments, i.e. cytosol and chloroplasts, at a definite developmental stage, the onset of grape berry ripening. These features strongly candidate ROS as cellular signals in fruit ripening and encourage further studies to identify downstream elements of this cascade. This paper also reports the transient galactolipid peroxidation carried out by a véraison-specific chloroplastic lipoxygenase. The function of peroxidized membranes, likely distinct from that of free fatty acids due to their structural role and tight interaction with photosynthesis protein complexes, has to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Biofisica Trento, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Alberto Milli
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
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Nicolas P, Lecourieux D, Kappel C, Cluzet S, Cramer G, Delrot S, Lecourieux F. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR2 is an important transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-dependent grape berry ripening processes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:365-83. [PMID: 24276949 PMCID: PMC3875815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In grape (Vitis vinifera), abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates during fruit ripening and is thought to play a pivotal role in this process, but the molecular basis of this control is poorly understood. This work characterizes ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR2 (VvABF2), a grape basic leucine zipper transcription factor belonging to a phylogenetic subgroup previously shown to be involved in ABA and abiotic stress signaling in other plant species. VvABF2 transcripts mainly accumulated in the berry, from the onset of ripening to the harvesting stage, and were up-regulated by ABA. Microarray analysis of transgenic grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 showed that this transcription factor up-regulates and/or modifies existing networks related to ABA responses. In addition, grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 exhibited enhanced responses to ABA treatment compared with control cells. Among the VvABF2-mediated responses highlighted in this study, the synthesis of phenolic compounds and cell wall softening were the most strongly affected. VvABF2 overexpression strongly increased the accumulation of stilbenes that play a role in plant defense and human health (resveratrol and piceid). In addition, the firmness of fruits from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants overexpressing VvABF2 was strongly reduced. These data indicate that VvABF2 is an important transcriptional regulator of ABA-dependent grape berry ripening.
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82
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Grzeskowiak L, Costantini L, Lorenzi S, Grando MS. Candidate loci for phenology and fruitfulness contributing to the phenotypic variability observed in grapevine. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2763-76. [PMID: 23918063 PMCID: PMC3825586 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified several genes, which potentially contribute to phenological variation in the grapevine. This may help to maintain consistent yield and suitability of particular varieties in future climatic conditions. The timing of major developmental events in fruit crops differs with cultivar, weather conditions and ecological site. This plasticity results also in diverse levels of fruitfulness. Identifying the genetic factors responsible for phenology and fertility variation may help to improve these traits to better match future climates. Two Vitis vinifera populations, an F1 progeny of Syrah × Pinot Noir and a phenological core collection composed of 163 cultivars, were evaluated for phenology and fertility subtraits during three to six growing seasons in the same geographical location. The phenotypic variability in the core collection mostly overlapped with that observed in the F1 progeny and several accessions had exceeding values of phenological response. The progeny population was used together with SSR and SNP markers to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs). This allowed us to detect nine QTLs related to budburst, flowering beginning, the onset of ripening (véraison) and total fertility, explaining from 8 to 44 % of phenotypic variation. A genomic region on chromosome 15 was associated with budburst and véraison and two QTLs for fruitfulness were located on chromosomes 3 and 18. Several genes potentially affecting fertility and the timing of fruit development were proposed, based on their position and putative function. Allelic variation at these candidate loci may be explored by sampling accessions from the core collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Grzeskowiak
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy,
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83
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Gambetta GA, Fei J, Rost TL, Knipfer T, Matthews MA, Shackel KA, Walker MA, McElrone AJ. Water uptake along the length of grapevine fine roots: developmental anatomy, tissue-specific aquaporin expression, and pathways of water transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1254-65. [PMID: 24047863 PMCID: PMC3813648 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To better understand water uptake patterns in root systems of woody perennial crops, we detailed the developmental anatomy and hydraulic physiology along the length of grapevine (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) fine roots from the tip to secondary growth zones. Our characterization included the localization of suberized structures and aquaporin gene expression and the determination of hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) and aquaporin protein activity (via chemical inhibition) in different root zones under both osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients. Tissue-specific messenger RNA levels of the plasma membrane aquaporin isogenes (VvPIPs) were quantified using laser-capture microdissection and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results highlight dramatic changes in structure and function along the length of grapevine fine roots. Although the root tip lacked suberization altogether, a suberized exodermis and endodermis developed in the maturation zone, which gave way to the secondary growth zone containing a multilayer suberized periderm. Longitudinally, VvPIP isogenes exhibited strong peaks of expression in the root tip that decreased precipitously along the root length in a pattern similar to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. In the radial orientation, expression was always greatest in interior tissues (i.e. stele, endodermis, and/or vascular tissues) for all root zones. High Lpr and aquaporin protein activity were associated with peak VvPIP expression levels in the root tip. This suggests that aquaporins play a limited role in controlling water uptake in secondary growth zones, which contradicts existing theoretical predictions. Despite having significantly lower Lpr, woody roots can constitute the vast majority of the root system surface area in mature vines and thus provide for significant water uptake potential.
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84
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Li X, Guo R, Li J, Singer SD, Zhang Y, Yin X, Zheng Y, Fan C, Wang X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 71:268-82. [PMID: 23978559 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) represent a protein superfamily encoding NAD(P)(+)-dependent enzymes that oxidize a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. In plants, they are involved in many biological processes and play a role in the response to environmental stress. In this study, a total of 39 ALDH genes from ten families were identified in the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) genome. Synteny analysis of the apple ALDH (MdALDH) genes indicated that segmental and tandem duplications, as well as whole genome duplications, have likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of these gene families in apple. Moreover, synteny analysis between apple and Arabidopsis demonstrated that several MdALDH genes were found in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, suggesting that these genes appeared before the divergence of lineages that led to apple and Arabidopsis. In addition, phylogenetic analysis, as well as comparisons of exon-intron and protein structures, provided further insight into both their evolutionary relationships and their putative functions. Tissue-specific expression analysis of the MdALDH genes demonstrated diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns, while their expression profiles under abiotic stress and various hormone treatments indicated that many MdALDH genes were responsive to high salinity and drought, as well as different plant hormones. This genome-wide identification, as well as characterization of evolutionary relationships and expression profiles, of the apple MdALDH genes will not only be useful for the further analysis of ALDH genes and their roles in stress response, but may also aid in the future improvement of apple stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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85
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Guo R, Xu X, Carole B, Li X, Gao M, Zheng Y, Wang X. Genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analysis of the aspartic protease gene superfamily in grape. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:554. [PMID: 23945092 PMCID: PMC3751884 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspartic proteases (APs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes found in almost all organisms. In plants, they are involved in many biological processes, such as senescence, stress responses, programmed cell death, and reproduction. Prior to the present study, no grape AP gene(s) had been reported, and their research on woody species was very limited. Results In this study, a total of 50 AP genes (VvAP) were identified in the grape genome, among which 30 contained the complete ASP domain. Synteny analysis within grape indicated that segmental and tandem duplication events contributed to the expansion of the grape AP family. Additional analysis between grape and Arabidopsis demonstrated that several grape AP genes were found in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, suggesting that these genes arose before the divergence of grape and Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic relationships of the 30 VvAPs with the complete ASP domain and their Arabidopsis orthologs, as well as their gene and protein features were analyzed and their cellular localization was predicted. Moreover, expression profiles of VvAP genes in six different tissues were determined, and their transcript abundance under various stresses and hormone treatments were measured. Twenty-seven VvAP genes were expressed in at least one of the six tissues examined; nineteen VvAPs responded to at least one abiotic stress, 12 VvAPs responded to powdery mildew infection, and most of the VvAPs responded to SA and ABA treatments. Furthermore, integrated synteny and phylogenetic analysis identified orthologous AP genes between grape and Arabidopsis, providing a unique starting point for investigating the function of grape AP genes. Conclusions The genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analyses of grape AP genes provide a framework for future analysis of AP genes in defining their roles during stress response. Integrated synteny and phylogenetic analyses provide novel insight into the functions of less well-studied genes using information from their better understood orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Gambetta GA, McElrone AJ, Matthews MA. Genomic DNA-based absolute quantification of gene expression in Vitis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:334-343. [PMID: 23198692 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many studies in which gene expression is quantified by polymerase chain reaction represent the expression of a gene of interest (GOI) relative to that of a reference gene (RG). Relative expression is founded on the assumptions that RG expression is stable across samples, treatments, organs, etc., and that reaction efficiencies of the GOI and RG are equal; assumptions which are often faulty. The true variability in RG expression and actual reaction efficiencies are seldom determined experimentally. Here we present a rapid and robust method for absolute quantification of expression in Vitis where varying concentrations of genomic DNA were used to construct GOI standard curves. This methodology was utilized to absolutely quantify and determine the variability of the previously validated RG ubiquitin (VvUbi) across three test studies in three different tissues (roots, leaves and berries). In addition, in each study a GOI was absolutely quantified. Data sets resulting from relative and absolute methods of quantification were compared and the differences were striking. VvUbi expression was significantly different in magnitude between test studies and variable among individual samples. Absolute quantification consistently reduced the coefficients of variation of the GOIs by more than half, often resulting in differences in statistical significance and in some cases even changing the fundamental nature of the result. Utilizing genomic DNA-based absolute quantification is fast and efficient. Through eliminating error introduced by assuming RG stability and equal reaction efficiencies between the RG and GOI this methodology produces less variation, increased accuracy and greater statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Gambetta
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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87
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Jia HF, Lu D, Sun JH, Li CL, Xing Y, Qin L, Shen YY. Type 2C protein phosphatase ABI1 is a negative regulator of strawberry fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1677-87. [PMID: 23404898 PMCID: PMC3617833 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although a great deal of progress has been made toward understanding the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit ripening, many components in the ABA signalling pathway remain to be elucidated. Here, a strawberry gene homologous to the Arabidopsis gene ABI1, named FaABI1, was isolated and characterized. The 1641bp cDNA includes an intact open reading frame that encodes a deduced protein of 546 amino acids, in which putative conserved domains were determined by homology analysis. Transcriptional analysis showed that the levels of FaABI1 mRNA expression declined rapidly during strawberry fruit development as evidenced by real-time PCR, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and northern blotting analyses, suggesting that the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP2C1 encoded by FaABI1 may be involved in fruit ripening as a negative regulator. The results of Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing and PBI121 vector-mediated overexpression suggested that the down- and up-regulation of FaABI1 mRNA expression levels in degreening strawberry fruit could promote and inhibit ripening, respectively. Furthermore, alteration of FaABI1 expression could differentially regulate the transcripts of a set of both ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes, including ABI3, ABI4, ABI5, SnRK2, ABRE1, CHS, PG1, PL, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT. Taken together, the data provide new evidence for an important role for ABA in regulating strawberry fruit ripening in the processes of which the type 2C protein phosphatase ABI1 serves as a negative regulator. Finally, a possible core mechanism underlying ABA perception and signalling transduction in strawberry fruit ripening is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid
- Agrobacterium/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fragaria/enzymology
- Fragaria/genetics
- Fragaria/growth & development
- Fruit/enzymology
- Fruit/genetics
- Fruit/growth & development
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Phosphatase 2C
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/analysis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, PR China
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88
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Gambetta GA, Manuck CM, Drucker ST, Shaghasi T, Fort K, Matthews MA, Walker MA, McElrone AJ. The relationship between root hydraulics and scion vigour across Vitis rootstocks: what role do root aquaporins play? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6445-55. [PMID: 23136166 PMCID: PMC3504504 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera scions are commonly grafted onto rootstocks of other grape species to influence scion vigour and provide resistance to soil-borne pests and abiotic stress; however, the mechanisms by which rootstocks affect scion physiology remain unknown. This study characterized the hydraulic physiology of Vitis rootstocks that vary in vigour classification by investigating aquaporin (VvPIP) gene expression, fine-root hydraulic conductivity (Lp(r)), % aquaporin contribution to Lp(r), scion transpiration, and the size of root systems. Expression of several VvPIP genes was consistently greater in higher-vigour rootstocks under favourable growing conditions in a variety of media and in root tips compared to mature fine roots. Similar to VvPIP expression patterns, fine-root Lp(r) and % aquaporin contribution to Lp(r) determined under both osmotic (Lp(r)(Osm)) and hydrostatic (Lp(r)(Hyd)) pressure gradients were consistently greater in high-vigour rootstocks. Interestingly, the % aquaporin contribution was nearly identical for Lp(r)(Osm) and Lp(r)(Hyd) even though a hydrostatic gradient would induce a predominant flow across the apoplastic pathway. In common scion greenhouse experiments, leaf area-specific transpiration (E) and total leaf area increased with rootstock vigour and were positively correlated with fine-root Lp(r). These results suggest that increased canopy water demands for scion grafted onto high-vigour rootstocks are matched by adjustments in root-system hydraulic conductivity through the combination of fine-root Lp(r) and increased root surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Gambetta
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - C. M. Manuck
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - S. T. Drucker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - T. Shaghasi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - K. Fort
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - M. A. Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - M. A. Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
| | - A. J. McElrone
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis CA 95616,USA
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89
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Azuma A, Yakushiji H, Koshita Y, Kobayashi S. Flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in grape skin are differentially regulated by temperature and light conditions. PLANTA 2012; 236:1067-80. [PMID: 22569920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and light are important environmental factors that affect flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berry skin. However, the interrelationships between temperature and light effects on flavonoid biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated at the molecular level. Here, we investigated the effects of temperature and light conditions on the biosynthesis of flavonoids (anthocyanins and flavonols) and the expression levels of related genes in an in vitro environmental experiment using detached grape berries. Sufficient anthocyanin accumulation in the grape skin was observed under a low temperature (15 °C) plus light treatment, whereas high temperature (35 °C) or dark treatment severely suppressed anthocyanin accumulation. This indicates that the accumulation of anthocyanins is dependent on both low temperature and light. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the responses of three MYB-related genes (VlMYBA1-3, VlMYBA1-2, and VlMYBA2) to temperature and light differed greatly even though the products of all three genes had the ability to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes. Furthermore, the expression levels of other MYB-related genes and many flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes were regulated independently by temperature and light. We also found that temperature and light conditions affected the anthocyanin composition in the skin through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes. Our results suggest that low temperature and light have a synergistic effect on the expression of genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. These findings provide new information about the relationships between environmental factors and flavonoid accumulation in grape berry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Azuma
- Grape and Persimmon Research Station, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, NARO, Akitsu 301-2, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan.
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90
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Ben-Ari G. The ABA signal transduction mechanism in commercial crops: learning from Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1357-69. [PMID: 22660953 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) affects a wide range of stages of plant development as well as the plant's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Manipulation of ABA signaling in commercial crops holds promising potential for improving crop yields. Several decades of research have been invested in attempts to identify the first components of the ABA signaling cascade. It was only in 2009, that two independent groups identified the PYR/PYL/RCAR protein family as the plant ABA receptor. This finding was followed by a surge of studies on ABA signal transduction, many of them using Arabidopsis as their model. The ABA signaling cascade was found to consist of a double-negative regulatory mechanism assembled from three protein families. These include the ABA receptors, the PP2C family of inhibitors, and the kinase family, SnRK2. It was found that ABA-bound PYR/RCARs inhibit PP2C activity, and that PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s. Researchers today are examining how the elucidation of the ABA signaling cascade in Arabidopsis can be applied to improvements in commercial agriculture. In this article, we have attempted to review recent studies which address this issue. In it, we discuss various approaches useful in identifying the genetic and protein components involved. Finally, we suggest possible commercial applications of genetic manipulation of ABA signaling to improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giora Ben-Ari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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91
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Boneh U, Biton I, Schwartz A, Ben-Ari G. Characterization of the ABA signal transduction pathway in Vitis vinifera. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 187:89-96. [PMID: 22404836 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes in plants including the response to abiotic stress. ABA signal transduction consists of a double-negative regulatory mechanism, whereby ABA-bound PYR/RCARs inhibit PP2C activity, and PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s. We studied and analyzed the various genes participating in the ABA signaling cascade of the grape (Vitis vinifera). The grape ABA signal transduction consists of at least six SnRK2s. Yeast two-hybrid system was used to test direct interactions between core components of grape ABA signal transduction. We found that a total of forty eight interactions can occur between the various components. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stresses such as drought, high salt concentration and cold, were applied to vines growing in a hydroponic system. These stresses regulated the expression of various grape SnRK2s as well as ABFs in leaves and roots. Based on the interactions between SnRK2s and its targets and the expression pattern, we suggest that VvSnRK2.1 and VvSnRK2.6, can be considered the major VvSnRK2 candidates involved in the stomata response to abiotic stress. Furthermore, we found that the expression pattern of the two grape ABF genes indicates organ specificity of these genes. The key role of ABA signaling in response to abiotic stresses makes the genes involve in this signaling potential candidates for manipulation in programs designed to improve fruit tree performance in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Boneh
- Institute of Plant Science, Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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92
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Duchêne E, Butterlin G, Dumas V, Merdinoglu D. Towards the adaptation of grapevine varieties to climate change: QTLs and candidate genes for developmental stages. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:623-35. [PMID: 22052019 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic determinism of developmental stages in grapevine was studied in the progeny of a cross between grapevine cultivars Riesling and Gewurztraminer by combining ecophysiological modelling, genetic analysis and data mining of the grapevine whole genome sequence. The dates of three phenological stages, budbreak, flowering and veraison, were recorded during four successive years for 120 genotypes in the vineyard. The phenotypic data analysed were the duration of three periods expressed in thermal time (degree-days): 15 February to budbreak (Bud), budbreak to flowering (Flo) and flowering to veraison (Ver). Parental and consensus genetic maps were built using 153 microsatellite markers on 188 individuals. Six independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for the three phases. They were located on chromosomes 4 and 19 for Bud, chromosomes 7 and 14 for Flo and chromosomes 16 and 18 for Ver. Interactions were detected between loci and also between alleles at the same locus. Using the available grapevine whole-genome sequences, candidate genes underlying the QTLs were identified. VvFT, on chromosome 7, and a CONSTANS-like gene, on chromosome 14, were found to colocalise with the QTLs for flowering time. Genes related to the abscisic acid response and to sugar metabolism were detected within the confidence intervals of QTLs for veraison time. Their possible roles in the developmental process are discussed. These results raise new hypotheses for a better understanding of the physiological processes governing grapevine phenology and provide a framework for breeding new varieties adapted to the future predicted climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Duchêne
- UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRA, Université de Strasbourg, 28, rue de Herrlisheim, BP 20507, 68021, Colmar, France.
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93
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Boneh U, Biton I, Zheng C, Schwartz A, Ben-Ari G. Characterization of potential ABA receptors in Vitis vinifera. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:311-21. [PMID: 22016084 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular control mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance are based on the activation and regulation of specific stress-related genes. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key endogenous messenger in a plant's response to such stresses. A novel ABA binding mechanism which plays a key role in plant cell signaling cascades has recently been uncovered. In the absence of ABA, a type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) interacts and inhibits the kinase SnRK2. Binding of ABA to the PYR/PYLs receptors enables interaction between the ABA receptor and the PP2C protein, and abrogates the SnRK2 inactivation. The active SnRK2 is then free to activate the ABA-responsive element Binding Factors which target ABA-dependent gene expression. We used the grape as a model to study the ABA perception mechanism in fruit trees. The grape ABA signaling cascade consists of at least seven ABA receptors and six PP2Cs. We used a yeast two-hybrid system to examine physical interaction in vitro between the grape ABA receptors and their interacting partners, and found that twenty-two receptor-PP2C interactions can occur. Moreover, quantifying these affinities by the use of the LacZ reporter enables us to show that VvPP2C4 and VvPP2C9 are the major binding partners of the ABA receptor. We also tested in vivo the root and leaf gene expression of the various ABA receptors and PP2Cs in the presence of exogenic ABA and under different abiotic stresses such as high salt concentration, cold and drought, and found that many of these genes are regulated by such abiotic environmental factors. Our results indicate organ specificity in the ABA receptor genes and stress specificity in the VvPP2Cs. We suggest that VvPP2C4 is the major PP2C involved in ABA perception in leaves and roots, and VvRCAR6 and VvRCAR5 respectively, are the major receptors involved in ABA perception in these organs. Identification, characterization and manipulation of the central players in the ABA signaling cascades in fruit trees is likely to prove essential for improving their performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Boneh
- Institute of Plant Science, Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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94
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Li C, Jia H, Chai Y, Shen Y. Abscisic acid perception and signaling transduction in strawberry: a model for non-climacteric fruit ripening. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1950-3. [PMID: 22095148 PMCID: PMC3337185 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
On basis of fruit differential respiration and ethylene effects, climacteric and non-climacteric fruits have been classically defined. Over the past decades, the molecular mechanisms of climacteric fruit ripening were abundantly described and found to focus on ethylene perception and signaling transduction. In contrast, until our most recent breakthroughs, much progress has been made toward understanding the signaling perception and transduction mechanisms for abscisic acid (ABA) in strawberry, a model for non-climacteric fruit ripening. Our reports not only have provided several lines of strong evidences for ABA-regulated ripening of strawberry fruit, but also have demonstrated that homology proteins of Arabidopsis ABA receptors, including PYR/PYL/RCAR and ABAR/CHLH, act as positive regulators of ripening in response to ABA. These receptors also trigger a set of ABA downstream signaling components, and determine significant changes in the expression levels of both sugar and pigment metabolism-related genes that are closely associated with ripening. Soluble sugars, especially sucrose, may act as a signal molecular to trigger ABA accumulation through an enzymatic action of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (FaNCED1). This mini-review offers an overview of these processes and also outlines the possible, molecular mechanisms for ABA in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening through the ABA receptors.
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95
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Fortes AM, Agudelo-Romero P, Silva MS, Ali K, Sousa L, Maltese F, Choi YH, Grimplet J, Martinez- Zapater JM, Verpoorte R, Pais MS. Transcript and metabolite analysis in Trincadeira cultivar reveals novel information regarding the dynamics of grape ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:149. [PMID: 22047180 PMCID: PMC3215662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are economically the most important fruit crop worldwide. However, the complexity of molecular and biochemical events that lead to the onset of ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood which is further complicated in grapes due to seasonal and cultivar specific variation. The Portuguese wine variety Trincadeira gives rise to high quality wines but presents extremely irregular berry ripening among seasons probably due to high susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stresses. RESULTS Ripening of Trincadeira grapes was studied taking into account the transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data. The mRNA expression profiles of four time points spanning developmental stages from pea size green berries, through véraison and mature berries (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35 and EL 36) and in two seasons (2007 and 2008) were compared using the Affymetrix GrapeGen® genome array containing 23096 probesets corresponding to 18726 unique sequences. Over 50% of these probesets were significantly differentially expressed (1.5 fold) between at least two developmental stages. A common set of modulated transcripts corresponding to 5877 unigenes indicates the activation of common pathways between years despite the irregular development of Trincadeira grapes. These unigenes were assigned to the functional categories of "metabolism", "development", "cellular process", "diverse/miscellanenous functions", "regulation overview", "response to stimulus, stress", "signaling", "transport overview", "xenoprotein, transposable element" and "unknown". Quantitative RT-PCR validated microarrays results being carried out for eight selected genes and five developmental stages (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35, EL 36 and EL 38). Metabolic profiling using 1H NMR spectroscopy associated to two-dimensional techniques showed the importance of metabolites related to oxidative stress response, amino acid and sugar metabolism as well as secondary metabolism. These results were integrated with transcriptional profiling obtained using genome array to provide new information regarding the network of events leading to grape ripening. CONCLUSIONS Altogether the data obtained provides the most extensive survey obtained so far for gene expression and metabolites accumulated during grape ripening. Moreover, it highlighted information obtained in a poorly known variety exhibiting particular characteristics that may be cultivar specific or dependent upon climatic conditions. Several genes were identified that had not been previously reported in the context of grape ripening namely genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms as well as in growth regulators; metabolism, epigenetic factors and signaling pathways. Some of these genes were annotated as receptors, transcription factors, and kinases and constitute good candidates for functional analysis in order to establish a model for ripening control of a non-climacteric fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Fortes
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Departmento de Biologia Vegetal/ICAT, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Departmento de Biologia Vegetal/ICAT, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta S Silva
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kashif Ali
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisete Sousa
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, CEAUL (Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da UL), FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Federica Maltese
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young H Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome Grimplet
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobierno de La Rioja), CCT, C/Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - José M Martinez- Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobierno de La Rioja), CCT, C/Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria S Pais
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Departmento de Biologia Vegetal/ICAT, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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96
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Galbiati M, Matus JT, Francia P, Rusconi F, Cañón P, Medina C, Conti L, Cominelli E, Tonelli C, Arce-Johnson P. The grapevine guard cell-related VvMYB60 transcription factor is involved in the regulation of stomatal activity and is differentially expressed in response to ABA and osmotic stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:142. [PMID: 22018045 PMCID: PMC3206852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under drought, plants accumulate the signaling hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which induces the rapid closure of stomatal pores to prevent water loss. This event is trigged by a series of signals produced inside guard cells which finally reduce their turgor. Many of these events are tightly regulated at the transcriptional level, including the control exerted by MYB proteins. In a previous study, while identifying the grapevine R2R3 MYB family, two closely related genes, VvMYB30 and VvMYB60 were found with high similarity to AtMYB60, an Arabidopsis guard cell-related drought responsive gene. RESULTS Promoter-GUS transcriptional fusion assays showed that expression of VvMYB60 was restricted to stomatal guard cells and was attenuated in response to ABA. Unlike VvMYB30, VvMYB60 was able to complement the loss-of-function atmyb60-1 mutant, indicating that VvMYB60 is the only true ortholog of AtMYB60 in the grape genome. In addition, VvMYB60 was differentially regulated during development of grape organs and in response to ABA and drought-related stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS These results show that VvMYB60 modulates physiological responses in guard cells, leading to the possibility of engineering stomatal conductance in grapevine, reducing water loss and helping this species to tolerate drought under extreme climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Alameda 340. Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priscilla Francia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Rusconi
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Cañón
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Alameda 340. Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Medina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Alameda 340. Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucio Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR; Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Alameda 340. Santiago, Chile
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97
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Molecular characterization of a strawberry FaASR gene in relation to fruit ripening. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24649. [PMID: 21915355 PMCID: PMC3167850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ABA-, stress- and ripening-induced (ASR) proteins have been reported to act as a downstream component involved in ABA signal transduction. Although much attention has been paid to the roles of ASR in plant development and stress responses, the mechanisms by which ABA regulate fruit ripening at the molecular level are not fully understood. In the present work, a strawberry ASR gene was isolated and characterized (FaASR), and a polyclonal antibody against FaASR protein was prepared. Furthermore, the effects of ABA, applied to two different developmental stages of strawberry, on fruit ripening and the expression of FaASR at transcriptional and translational levels were investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings FaASR, localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, contained 193 amino acids and shared common features with other plant ASRs. It also functioned as a transcriptional activator in yeast with trans-activation activity in the N-terminus. During strawberry fruit development, endogenous ABA content, levels of FaASR mRNA and protein increased significantly at the initiation of ripening at a white (W) fruit developmental stage. More importantly, application of exogenous ABA to large green (LG) fruit and W fruit markedly increased endogenous ABA content, accelerated fruit ripening, and greatly enhanced the expression of FaASR transcripts and the accumulation of FaASR protein simultaneously. Conclusions These results indicate that FaASR may be involved in strawberry fruit ripening. The observed increase in endogenous ABA content, and enhanced FaASR expression at transcriptional and translational levels in response to ABA treatment might partially contribute to the acceleration of strawberry fruit ripening.
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98
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Castellarin SD, Gambetta GA, Wada H, Shackel KA, Matthews MA. Fruit ripening in Vitis vinifera: spatiotemporal relationships among turgor, sugar accumulation, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4345-54. [PMID: 21586429 PMCID: PMC3153685 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first observations indicating the spatiotemporal relationships among genetic and physiological aspects of ripening in the berry of Vitis vinifera. At the onset of ripening in the red flesh variety Alicante Bouschet, colour development began in the flesh at the stylar end of the fruit and progressed toward the pedicel end flesh and into the skin. Tissue solute potential and cell turgor also decreased first in the flesh. The decrease in flesh solute potential was due to accumulation of sugars, glucose and fructose, an accumulation that is integral to ripening. Expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes VvMybA and VvUFGT was linearly related to the decrease in solute potential. Expression of VvMybA, and to a lesser extent VvUFGT, was correspondingly low in green tissue, higher in the red, stylar end flesh of berries beginning to ripen, and greatest in red berries. In contrast, expression of the abscisic acid biosynthesis-related genes VvNCED1 and VvNCED2 was not correlated with the other spatiotemporal aspects of the onset of ripening. These results, together with earlier work showing that sugar accumulation and acid loss also begin in the stylar flesh in other varieties, indicate that ripening in the grape berry originates in the stylar end flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Castellarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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99
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Tranbarger TJ, Dussert S, Joët T, Argout X, Summo M, Champion A, Cros D, Omore A, Nouy B, Morcillo F. Regulatory mechanisms underlying oil palm fruit mesocarp maturation, ripening, and functional specialization in lipid and carotenoid metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:564-84. [PMID: 21487046 PMCID: PMC3177259 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit provide essential nutrients and vitamins for the human diet. Not only is the lipid-rich fleshy mesocarp tissue of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit the main source of edible oil for the world, but it is also the richest dietary source of provitamin A. This study examines the transcriptional basis of these two outstanding metabolic characters in the oil palm mesocarp. Morphological, cellular, biochemical, and hormonal features defined key phases of mesocarp development. A 454 pyrosequencing-derived transcriptome was then assembled for the developmental phases preceding and during maturation and ripening, when high rates of lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis occur. A total of 2,629 contigs with differential representation revealed coordination of metabolic and regulatory components. Further analysis focused on the fatty acid and triacylglycerol assembly pathways and during carotenogenesis. Notably, a contig similar to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed oil transcription factor WRINKLED1 was identified with a transcript profile coordinated with those of several fatty acid biosynthetic genes and the high rates of lipid accumulation, suggesting some common regulatory features between seeds and fruits. We also focused on transcriptional regulatory networks of the fruit, in particular those related to ethylene transcriptional and GLOBOSA/PISTILLATA-like proteins in the mesocarp and a central role for ethylene-coordinated transcriptional regulation of type VII ethylene response factors during ripening. Our results suggest that divergence has occurred in the regulatory components in this monocot fruit compared with those identified in the dicot tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fleshy fruit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tranbarger
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Diversité et Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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100
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Berli FJ, Fanzone M, Piccoli P, Bottini R. Solar UV-B and ABA are involved in phenol metabolism of Vitis vinifera L. increasing biosynthesis of berry skin polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4874-84. [PMID: 21469737 DOI: 10.1021/jf200040z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously found that abscisic acid (ABA) participates in the activation of grapevine leaf tissue defense against potentially damaging effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B), apparently by triggering biosynthesis of phenols that filter the harmful radiation and act as antioxidants. The present work studies the effect of solar UV-B and exogenously applied ABA on berry growth, sugar accumulation, and phenol (anthocyanin and nonanthocyanin) profiles across berry development and ripening of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec in a vineyard at 1450 m of altitude. The grapevines were exposed to relatively high UV-B irradiation (normal sunlight; +UV-B) and also to a reduced UV-B treatment (filter exclusion; -UV-B). These two UV-B treatments were combined with weekly spray applications to the leaves and berries of 1 mM ABA (+ABA) or H(2)O (-ABA). Reduction of UV-B delayed berry development and maturation, whereas the +UV-B and +ABA combined treatment hastened berry sugar and phenol accumulation. +UV-B/+ABA treatments also reduced berry growth and decreased sugar per berry without affecting sugar concentration (°Brix) at harvest. Berry skin ABA levels were higher in the +UV-B and +ABA combined treatment, which also hastened the onset of ripening up to 20 days. Berry skin ABA levels then decreased toward harvest, implying a possible role for ABA in the control of ripening in this nonclimacteric fruit. Under both +UV-B and +ABA treatments berry skin phenols were additively increased with a change in anthocyanin and nonanthocyanin profiles and increases in the proportion of phenols with high antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico J Berli
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
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