51
|
Smith MR, Fernandes J, Go YM, Jones DP. Redox dynamics of manganese as a mitochondrial life-death switch. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:388-398. [PMID: 28212723 PMCID: PMC5382988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sten Orrenius, M.D., Ph.D., pioneered many areas of cellular and molecular toxicology and made seminal contributions to our knowledge of oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, organellar functions and Ca+2-dependent mechanisms of cell death, and mechanisms of apoptosis. On the occasion of his 80th birthday, we summarize current knowledge on redox biology of manganese (Mn) and its role in mechanisms of cell death. Mn is found in all organisms and has critical roles in cell survival and death mechanisms by regulating Mn-containing enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) or affecting expression and activity of caspases. Occupational exposures to Mn cause "manganism", a Parkinson's disease-like condition of neurotoxicity, and experimental studies show that Mn exposure leads to accumulation of Mn in the brain, especially in mitochondria, and neuronal cell death occurs with features of an apoptotic mechanism. Interesting questions are why a ubiquitous metal that is essential for mitochondrial function would accumulate to excessive levels, cause increased H2O2 production and lead to cell death. Is this due to the interactions of Mn with other essential metals, such as iron, or with toxic metals, such as cadmium? Why is the Mn loading in the human brain so variable, and why is there such a narrow window between dietary adequacy and toxicity? Are non-neuronal tissues similarly vulnerable to insufficiency and excess, yet not characterized? We conclude that Mn is an important component of the redox interface between an organism and its environment and warrants detailed studies to understand the role of Mn as a mitochondrial life-death switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Michalke B. Review about the manganese speciation project related to neurodegeneration: An analytical chemistry approach to increase the knowledge about manganese related parkinsonian symptoms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 37:50-61. [PMID: 27006066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases get a growing relevance for societies. But yet the complex multi-factorial mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood, although it is well accepted that metal ions may play a crucial role. Manganese (Mn) is a transition metal which has essential biochemical functions but from occupational exposure scenarios it appeared that Mn can cause severe neurological damage. This "two-faces"-nature of manganese initiated us to start a project on Mn-speciation, since different element species are known to exhibit different impacts on health. A summary about the step-wise developments and findings from our working group was presented during the annual conference of the German trace element society in 2015. This paper summarizes now the contribution to this conference. It is intended to provide a complete picture of the so far evolved puzzle from our studies regarding manganese, manganese speciation and metabolomics as well as Mn-related mechanisms of neural damage. Doing so, the results of the single studies are now summarized in a connected way and thus their interrelationships are demonstrated. In short terms, we found that Mn-exposure leads to an increase of low molecular weight Mn compounds, above all Mn-citrate complex, which gets even enriched across neural barriers (NB). At a Mn serum concentration between 1.5 and 1.9μg/L a carrier switch from Mn-transferrin to Mn-citrate was observed. We concluded that the Mn-citrate complex is that important Mn-carrier to NB which can be found also beyond NB in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or brain of exposed rats. In brain of Mn-exposed rats manganese leads to a decreased iron (Fe) concentration, to a shift from Fe(III) to Fe(II) after long term exposure and thus to a shift toward oxidative stress. This was additionally supported by an increase of markers for oxidative stress, inflammation or lipid peroxidation at increased Mn concentration in brain extracts. Furthermore, glutamate and acetylcholineesterase were elevated and many metabolite concentrations were significantly changed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Lee EY, Flynn MR, Du G, Lewis MM, Herring AH, Van Buren E, Van Buren S, Kong L, Mailman RB, Huang X. Editor's Highlight: Lower Fractional Anisotropy in the Globus Pallidus of Asymptomatic Welders, a Marker for Long-Term Welding Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:165-73. [PMID: 27466214 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Welding fumes contain several metals including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) that at high exposure may co-influence welding-related neurotoxicity. The relationship between brain accumulation of these metals and neuropathology, especially in welders with subclinical exposure levels, is unclear. This study examined the microstructural integrity of basal ganglia (BG) regions in asymptomatic welders using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS Subjects with (n = 43) and without (age- and gender-matched controls; n = 31) history of welding were studied. Occupational questionnaires estimated short-term (HrsW; welding hours and E90; cumulative exposure, past 90 days) and long-term (YrsW; total years welding and ELT; cumulative exposure, lifetime) exposure. Whole blood metal levels (Mn, Fe, and Cu) were obtained. Brain MRI pallidal index (PI), R1 (1/T1), and R2* (1/T2*) were measured to estimate Mn and Fe accumulation in BG [caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (GP)]. DTI was used to assess BG microstructural differences, and related with exposure measurements. RESULTS When compared with controls, welders had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the GP. In welders, GP FA values showed non-linear relationships to YrsW, blood Mn, and PI. GP FA decreased after a critical level of YrsW or Mn was reached, whereas it decreased with increasing PI values until plateauing at the highest PI values. GP FA, however, did not show any relationship with short-term exposure measurements (HrsW, E90), blood Cu and Fe, or R(2)* values. CONCLUSION GP FA captured microstructural changes associated with chronic low-level Mn exposure, and may serve as a biomarker for neurotoxicity in asymptomatic welders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Michael R Flynn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Guangwei Du
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Scott Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences
| | - Richard B Mailman
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Xuemei Huang
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Radiology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Nishito Y, Tsuji N, Fujishiro H, Takeda TA, Yamazaki T, Teranishi F, Okazaki F, Matsunaga A, Tuschl K, Rao R, Kono S, Miyajima H, Narita H, Himeno S, Kambe T. Direct Comparison of Manganese Detoxification/Efflux Proteins and Molecular Characterization of ZnT10 Protein as a Manganese Transporter. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14773-87. [PMID: 27226609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese homeostasis involves coordinated regulation of specific proteins involved in manganese influx and efflux. However, the proteins that are involved in detoxification/efflux have not been completely resolved nor has the basis by which they select their metal substrate. Here, we compared six proteins, which were reported to be involved in manganese detoxification/efflux, by evaluating their ability to reduce manganese toxicity in chicken DT40 cells, finding that human ZnT10 (hZnT10) was the most significant contributor. A domain swapping and substitution analysis between hZnT10 and the zinc-specific transporter hZnT1 showed that residue Asn(43), which corresponds to the His residue constituting the potential intramembranous zinc coordination site in other ZnT transporters, is necessary to impart hZnT10's unique manganese mobilization activity; residues Cys(52) and Leu(242) in transmembrane domains II and V play a subtler role in controlling the metal specificity of hZnT10. Interestingly, the His → Asn reversion mutant in hZnT1 conferred manganese transport activity and loss of zinc transport activity. These results provide important information about manganese detoxification/efflux mechanisms in vertebrate cells as well as the molecular characterization of hZnT10 as a manganese transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Nishito
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tsuji
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujishiro
- the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Takeda
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumie Teranishi
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Okazaki
- the Department of Food Science, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Ayu Matsunaga
- the Department of Food Science, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Karin Tuschl
- the Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rajini Rao
- the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Satoshi Kono
- the First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- the First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Narita
- the Department of Food Science, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- From the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ototoxicity of Divalent Metals. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:268-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
56
|
Hearne E, Grund JPC, Van Hout MC, McVeigh J. A scoping review of home-produced heroin and amphetamine-type stimulant substitutes: implications for prevention, treatment, and policy. Harm Reduct J 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 27094257 PMCID: PMC4837500 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several home-produced substances such as krokodil and boltushka are prevalent in many Eastern European countries. Anecdotal reports of its use have been circulating in Germany and Norway; however, this has not been confirmed. Its use has also been reported by the media in the USA, although only one confirmed report of its use exists. Home-produced drugs are associated with high levels of morbidity and a number of complex health issues such as the spread of blood borne viruses, gangrene, and internal organ damage. The high incidence of HIV rates amongst people who inject home-produced substances is a public health concern. The resulting physical health consequences of injecting these crude substances are very severe in comparison to heroin or amphetamine acquired in black markets. Due to this fact and the increased mortality associated with these substances, professionals in the area of prevention, treatment, and policy development need to be cognisant of the presentation, harms, and the dangers associated with home-produced substances globally. This scoping review aimed to examine existing literature on the subject of home-produced heroin and amphetamine-type stimulant substitutes. The review discussed the many implications such research may have in the areas of policy and practice. Data were gathered through the use of qualitative secondary resources such as journal articles, reports, reviews, case studies, and media reports. The home production of these substances relies on the utilisation of precursor drugs such as less potent stimulants, tranquillizers, analgesics, and sedatives or natural plant ingredients. The Internet underpins the facilitation of this practice as recipes, and diverted pharmaceutical sales are available widely online, and currently, ease of access to the Internet is evident worldwide. This review highlights the necessity of prevention, education, and also harm reduction related to home-produced drugs and also recommends consistent monitoring of online drug fora, online drug marketplaces, and unregulated pharmacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Hearne
- School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Jean-Paul Cornelius Grund
- Department of Addictology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,CVO - Addiction Research Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jim McVeigh
- Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sowers D, Liu Y, Mostafaei F, Blake S, Nie LH. A Dosimetry Study of Deuterium-Deuterium Neutron Generator-based In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 109:566-72. [PMID: 26509624 PMCID: PMC7742511 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A neutron irradiation cavity for in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) to detect manganese, aluminum, and other potentially toxic elements in human hand bone has been designed and its dosimetric specifications measured. The neutron source is a customized deuterium-deuterium neutron generator that produces neutrons at 2.45 MeV by the fusion reaction 2H(d, n)3He at a calculated flux of 7 × 10(8) ± 30% s(-1). A moderator/reflector/shielding [5 cm high density polyethylene (HDPE), 5.3 cm graphite and 5.7 cm borated (HDPE)] assembly has been designed and built to maximize the thermal neutron flux inside the hand irradiation cavity and to reduce the extremity dose and effective dose to the human subject. Lead sheets are used to attenuate bremsstrahlung x rays and activation gammas. A Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP6) was used to model the system and calculate extremity dose. The extremity dose was measured with neutron and photon sensitive film badges and Fuji electronic pocket dosimeters (EPD). The neutron ambient dose outside the shielding was measured by Fuji NSN3, and the photon dose was measured by a Bicron MicroREM scintillator. Neutron extremity dose was calculated to be 32.3 mSv using MCNP6 simulations given a 10-min IVNAA measurement of manganese. Measurements by EPD and film badge indicate hand dose to be 31.7 ± 0.8 mSv for neutrons and 4.2 ± 0.2 mSv for photons for 10 min; whole body effective dose was calculated conservatively to be 0.052 mSv. Experimental values closely match values obtained from MCNP6 simulations. These are acceptable doses to apply the technology for a manganese toxicity study in a human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sowers
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Michalke B, Aslanoglou L, Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou M, Bergström B, Berthele A, Vinceti M, Lucio M, Lidén G. An approach for manganese biomonitoring using a manganese carrier switch in serum from transferrin to citrate at slightly elevated manganese concentration. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:145-54. [PMID: 26302922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After high-dose-short-term exposure (usually from occupational exposure) and even more under low-dose long term exposure (mainly environmental) manganese (Mn) biomonitoring is still problematic since these exposure scenarios are not necessarily reflected by a significant increase of total Mn in blood or serum. Usually, Mn concentrations of exposed and unexposed persons overlap and individual differentiation is often not possible. In this paper Mn speciation on a large sample size (n=180) was used in order to be able to differentiate between highly Mn-exposed or low or unexposed individuals at low total Mn concentration in serum (Mn(S)). The whole sample set consisted of three subsets from Munich, Emilia Romagna region in Italy and from Sweden. It turned out that also at low total Mn(S) concentrations a change in major Mn carriers in serum takes place from Mn-transferrin (Mn-Tf(S)) towards Mn-citrate (Mn-Cit(S)) with high statistical significance (p<0.000002). This carrier switch from Mn-Tf(S) to Mn-Cit(S) was observed between Mn(S) concentrations of 1.5μg/L to ca. 1.7μg/L. Parallel to this carrier change, for sample donors from Munich where serum and cerebrospinal fluid were available, the concentration of Mn beyond neural barriers - analysed as Mn in cerebrospinal fluid (Mn(C)) - positively correlates to Mn-Cit(S) when Mn(S) concentration was above 1.7μg/L. The correlation between Mn-Cit(S) and Mn(C) reflects the facilitated Mn transport through neural barrier by means of Mn-citrate. Regional differences in switch points from Mn-Tf(S) to Mn-Cit(S) were observed for the three sample subsets. It is currently unknown whether these differences are due to differences in location, occupation, health status or other aspects. Based on our results, Mn-Cit(S) determination was considered as a potential means for estimating the Mn load in brain and CSF, i.e., it could be used as a biomarker for Mn beyond neural barrier. For a simpler Mn-Cit(S) determination than size exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS), ultrafiltration (UF) of serum samples was tested for suitability, the latter possibly being a preferred choice for routine occupational medicine laboratories. Our results revealed that UF could be an alternative if methodical prerequisites and limitations are carefully considered. These prerequisites were determined to be a thorough cleaning procedure at a minimum Mn(S) concentration >1.5μg/L, as at lower concentrations a wide scattering of the measured concentrations in comparison to the standardized SEC-ICP-MS results were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - L Aslanoglou
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
| | - M Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
| | - B Bergström
- Örebro University Hospital, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, SE-70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - A Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - M Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - M Lucio
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Lidén
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science Unit, Stockholm University, SE-106 90 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Neth K, Lucio M, Walker A, Zorn J, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Michalke B. Changes in Brain Metallome/Metabolome Pattern due to a Single i.v. Injection of Manganese in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138270. [PMID: 26383269 PMCID: PMC4575095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high concentrations of Manganese (Mn) is known to potentially induce an accumulation in the brain, leading to a Parkinson related disease, called manganism. Versatile mechanisms of Mn-induced brain injury are discussed, with inactivation of mitochondrial defense against oxidative stress being a major one. So far, studies indicate that the main Mn-species entering the brain are low molecular mass (LMM) compounds such as Mn-citrate. Applying a single low dose MnCl2 injection in rats, we observed alterations in Mn-species pattern within the brain by analysis of aqueous brain extracts by size-exclusion chromatography—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Additionally, electrospray ionization—ion cyclotron resonance-Fourier transform-mass spectrometry (ESI-ICR/FT-MS) measurement of methanolic brain extracts revealed a comprehensive analysis of changes in brain metabolisms after the single MnCl2 injection. Major alterations were observed for amino acid, fatty acid, glutathione, glucose and purine/pyrimidine metabolism. The power of this metabolomic approach is the broad and detailed overview of affected brain metabolisms. We also correlated results from the metallomic investigations (Mn concentrations and Mn-species in brain) with the findings from metabolomics. This strategy might help to unravel the role of different Mn-species during Mn-induced alterations in brain metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Neth
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Zorn
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D- 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Han F, Baremberg D, Gao J, Duan J, Lu X, Zhang N, Chen Q. Development of stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:16. [PMID: 26339485 PMCID: PMC4559356 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders of aging, characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons (DA neurons) in the substantial nigra, leading to the advent of both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. Current treatments include electrical stimulation of the affected brain areas and dopamine replacement therapy. Even though both categories are effective in treating PD patients, the disease progression cannot be stopped. The research advance into cell therapies provides exciting potential for the treatment of PD. Current cell sources include neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain tissues, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly induced dopamine neurons (iDA neurons). Here, we evaluate the research progress in different cell sources with a focus on using iPSCs as a valuable source and propose key challenges for developing cells suitable for large-scale clinical applications in the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Deborah Baremberg
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Junyu Gao
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Jing Duan
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Xianjie Lu
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Frisbie SH, Mitchell EJ, Sarkar B. Urgent need to reevaluate the latest World Health Organization guidelines for toxic inorganic substances in drinking water. Environ Health 2015; 14:63. [PMID: 26268322 PMCID: PMC4535738 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines for drinking-water quality that cover biological and chemical hazards from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In the most recent edition of Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (2011), the WHO withdrew, suspended, did not establish, or raised guidelines for the inorganic toxic substances manganese, molybdenum, nitrite, aluminum, boron, nickel, uranium, mercury, and selenium. In this paper, we review these changes to the WHO drinking-water guidelines, examining in detail the material presented in the WHO background documents for each of these toxic substances. In some cases, these WHO background documents use literature reviews that do not take into account scientific research published within the last 10 or more years. In addition, there are instances in which standard WHO practices for deriving guidelines are not used; for example, rounding and other mathematical errors are made. According to published meeting reports from the WHO Chemical Aspects Working Group, the WHO has a timetable for revising some of its guidelines for drinking-water quality, but for many of these toxic substances the planned changes are minimal or will be delayed for as long as 5 years. Given the limited nature of the planned WHO revisions to the inorganic toxic substances and the extended timetable for these revisions, we suggest that governments, researchers, and other stakeholders might establish independent recommendations for inorganic toxic substances and possibly other chemicals to proactively protect public health, or at the very least, revert to previous editions of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, which were more protective of public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth H Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
| | - Erika J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
| | - Bibudhendra Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function, The Research Institute of The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pavilonis BT, Lioy PJ, Guazzetti S, Bostick BC, Donna F, Peli M, Zimmerman NJ, Bertrand P, Lucas E, Smith DR, Georgopoulos PG, Mi Z, Royce SG, Lucchini RG. Manganese concentrations in soil and settled dust in an area with historic ferroalloy production. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:443-50. [PMID: 25335867 PMCID: PMC4406789 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferroalloy production can release a number of metals into the environment, of which manganese (Mn) is of major concern. Other elements include lead, iron, zinc, copper, chromium, and cadmium. Mn exposure derived from settled dust and suspended aerosols can cause a variety of adverse neurological effects to chronically exposed individuals. To better estimate the current levels of exposure, this study quantified the metal levels in dust collected inside homes (n=85), outside homes (n=81), in attics (n=6), and in surface soil (n=252) in an area with historic ferroalloy production. Metals contained in indoor and outdoor dust samples were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, whereas attic and soil measurements were made with a X-ray fluorescence instrument. Mean Mn concentrations in soil (4600 μg/g) and indoor dust (870 μg/g) collected within 0.5 km of a plant exceeded levels previously found in suburban and urban areas, but did decrease outside 1.0 km to the upper end of background concentrations. Mn concentrations in attic dust were ~120 times larger than other indoor dust levels, consistent with historical emissions that yielded high airborne concentrations in the region. Considering the potential health effects that are associated with chronic Mn inhalation and ingestion exposure, remediation of soil near the plants and frequent, on-going hygiene indoors may decrease residential exposure and the likelihood of adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Pavilonis
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Paul J Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Filippo Donna
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Peli
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Neil J Zimmerman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick Bertrand
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Erika Lucas
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Panos G Georgopoulos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Mi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Steven G Royce
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- 1] Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy [2] Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA [3] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ye Q, Kim J. Effect of olfactory manganese exposure on anxiety-related behavior in a mouse model of iron overload hemochromatosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:333-41. [PMID: 26189056 PMCID: PMC4522346 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Manganese in excess promotes unstable emotional behavior. Our previous study showed that olfactory manganese uptake into the brain is altered in Hfe(-/-) mice, a model of iron overload hemochromatosis, suggesting that Hfe deficiency could modify the neurotoxicity of airborne manganese. We determined anxiety-related behavior and monoaminergic protein expression after repeated intranasal instillation of MnCl2 to Hfe(-/-) mice. Compared with manganese-instilled wild-type mice, Hfe(-/-) mice showed decreased manganese accumulation in the cerebellum. Hfe(-/-) mice also exhibited increased anxiety with decreased exploratory activity and elevated dopamine D1 receptor and norepinephrine transporter in the striatum. Moreover, Hfe deficiency attenuated manganese-associated impulsivity and modified the effect of manganese on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter and serotonin transporter. Together, our data indicate that loss of HFE function alters manganese-associated emotional behavior and further suggest that HFE could be a potential molecular target to alleviate affective disorders induced by manganese inhalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
van der Mark M, Vermeulen R, Nijssen PCG, Mulleners WM, Sas AMG, van Laar T, Huss A, Kromhout H. Occupational exposure to solvents, metals and welding fumes and risk of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:635-9. [PMID: 25903042 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between occupational exposure to solvents, metals and/or welding fumes and risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Data of a hospital based case-control study including 444 PD patients and 876 age and sex matched controls was used. Occupational histories and lifestyle information of cases and controls were collected in a structured telephone interview. Exposures to aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents and metals were estimated by linking the ALOHA+ job-exposure matrix to the occupational histories. Exposure to welding fumes was estimated using self-reported information on welding activities. RESULTS No statistically significant associations with any of the studied metal and solvent exposures were found. However, for self-reported welding activities we observed non-statistically significant reduced risk estimates (third tertile cumulative exposure: OR = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.21-1.24)). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study did not provide support for an increased chance on developing PD after occupational exposure to aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents or exposure to metals. The results showed reduced risk estimates for welding, which is in line with previous research, but no clear explanation for these findings is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van der Mark
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter C G Nijssen
- St Elisabeth Hospital, P.O. Box 90151, 5000 LC Tilburg, The Netherlands; TweeSteden Hospital, P.O. Box 90107, 5000 LA Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim M Mulleners
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, P.O. Box 9015, 6500 GS Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonetta M G Sas
- Vlietland Hospital, P.O. Box 215, 3100 AE Schiedam, The Netherlands.
| | - Teus van Laar
- University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Huss
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 25883837 PMCID: PMC4392553 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an often overlooked but important nutrient, required in small amounts for multiple essential functions in the body. A recent study on cows fed genetically modified Roundup(®)-Ready feed revealed a severe depletion of serum Mn. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup(®), has also been shown to severely deplete Mn levels in plants. Here, we investigate the impact of Mn on physiology, and its association with gut dysbiosis as well as neuropathologies such as autism, Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, anxiety syndrome, Parkinson's disease (PD), and prion diseases. Glutamate overexpression in the brain in association with autism, AD, and other neurological diseases can be explained by Mn deficiency. Mn superoxide dismutase protects mitochondria from oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of autism and Alzheimer's. Chondroitin sulfate synthesis depends on Mn, and its deficiency leads to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Lactobacillus, depleted in autism, depend critically on Mn for antioxidant protection. Lactobacillus probiotics can treat anxiety, which is a comorbidity of autism and chronic fatigue syndrome. Reduced gut Lactobacillus leads to overgrowth of the pathogen, Salmonella, which is resistant to glyphosate toxicity, and Mn plays a role here as well. Sperm motility depends on Mn, and this may partially explain increased rates of infertility and birth defects. We further reason that, under conditions of adequate Mn in the diet, glyphosate, through its disruption of bile acid homeostasis, ironically promotes toxic accumulation of Mn in the brainstem, leading to conditions such as PD and prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Samsel
- Research Scientist and Consultant, Deerfield, NH 03037, USA
| | - Stephanie Seneff
- Spoken Language Systems Group, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Foster ML, Bartnikas TB, Johnson LC, Herrera C, Pettiglio MA, Keene AM, Taylor MD, Dorman DC. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the equivalency of gavage, dietary, and drinking water exposure to manganese in F344 rats. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:244-51. [PMID: 25724921 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns exist as to whether individuals may be at greater risk for neurotoxicity following increased manganese (Mn) oral intake. The goals of this study were to determine the equivalence of 3 methods of oral exposure and the rate (mg Mn/kg/day) of exposure. Adult male rats were allocated to control diet (10 ppm), high manganese diet (200 ppm), manganese-supplemented drinking water, and manganese gavage treatment groups. Animals in the drinking water and gavage groups were given the 10 ppm manganese diet and supplemented with manganese chloride (MnCl(2)) in drinking water or once-daily gavage to provide a daily manganese intake equivalent to that seen in the high-manganese diet group. No statistically significant difference in body weight gain or terminal body weights was seen. Rats were anesthetized following 7 and 61 exposure days, and samples of bile and blood were collected. Rats were then euthanized and striatum, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, cerebellum, liver, spleen, and femur samples were collected for chemical analysis. Hematocrit was unaffected by manganese exposure. Liver and bile manganese concentrations were elevated in all treatment groups on day 61 (relative to controls). Increased cerebellum manganese concentrations were seen in animals from the high-manganese diet group (day 61, relative to controls). Increased (relative to all treatment groups) femur, striatum, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and olfactory bulb manganese concentrations were also seen following gavage suggesting that dose rate is an important factor in the pharmacokinetics of oral manganese. These data will be used to refine physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, extending their utility for manganese risk assessment by including multiple dietary exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Foster
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Thomas B Bartnikas
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Laura C Johnson
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Michael A Pettiglio
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Athena M Keene
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - David C Dorman
- *North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Rm. 522, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240 Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
The central nervous system's extrapyramidal system provides involuntary motor control to the muscles of the head, neck, and limbs. Toxicants that affect the extrapyramidal system are generally clinically characterized by impaired motor control, which is usually the result of basal ganglionic dysfunction. A variety of extrapyramidal syndromes are recognized in humans and include Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism, other degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia, and clinical syndromes that result in dystonia, dyskinesia, essential tremor, and other forms of tremor and chorea. This chapter briefly reviews the anatomy of the extrapyramidal system and discusses several naturally occurring and experimental models that target the mammalian (nonhuman) extrapyramidal system. Topics discussed include extrapyramidal syndromes associated with antipsychotic drugs, carbon monoxide, reserpine, cyanide, rotenone, paraquat, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and manganese. In most cases, animals are used as experimental models to improve our understanding of the toxicity and pathogenesis of these agents. Another agent discussed in this chapter, yellowstar thistle poisoning in horses, however, represents an important spontaneous cause of parkinsonism that naturally occurs in animals. The central focus of the chapter is on animal models, especially the concordance between clinical signs, neurochemical changes, and neuropathology between animals and people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dorman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Baker MG, Simpson CD, Sheppard L, Stover B, Morton J, Cocker J, Seixas N. Variance components of short-term biomarkers of manganese exposure in an inception cohort of welding trainees. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:123-9. [PMID: 24916793 PMCID: PMC4241381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various biomarkers of exposure have been explored as a way to quantitatively estimate an internal dose of manganese (Mn) exposure, but given the tight regulation of Mn in the body, inter-individual variability in baseline Mn levels, and variability in timing between exposure and uptake into various biological tissues, identification of a valuable and useful biomarker for Mn exposure has been elusive. Thus, a mixed model estimating variance components using restricted maximum likelihood was used to assess the within- and between-subject variance components in whole blood, plasma, and urine (MnB, MnP, and MnU, respectively) in a group of nine newly-exposed apprentice welders, on whom baseline and subsequent longitudinal samples were taken over a three month period. In MnB, the majority of variance was found to be between subjects (94%), while in MnP and MnU the majority of variance was found to be within subjects (79% and 99%, respectively), even when controlling for timing of sample. While blood seemed to exhibit a homeostatic control of Mn, plasma and urine, with the majority of the variance within subjects, did not. Results presented here demonstrate the importance of repeat measure or longitudinal study designs when assessing biomarkers of Mn, and the spurious associations that could result from cross-sectional analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa G Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bert Stover
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - John Cocker
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Noah Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Bowler RM, Lezak MD. Neuropsychologic evaluation and exposure to neurotoxicants. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:23-45. [PMID: 26563781 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The history of neuropsychologic assessment describes the development of a psychometric approach to neuropsychologic measurement, based on the initial clinical/theoretical approach exemplified by pioneers, who also discussed different brain functions and hypotheses for clinical exploration and treatment. Early neuropsychologic assessment practices in the USA arose out of the need to screen, diagnose, and treat World War II veterans who returned with brain injuries. Clinical testing was used to determine treatment and rehabilitation potential. Clinical psychologists had previously developed educational tests to investigate students' abilities and disabilities. Using population studies, primarily in the USA, Canada and Europe, neuropsychologists developed standardized test scores, permitting comparisons of scores based on the normal curve and evolving knowledge of brain/behavior relationships. In clinical interpretations, neuropsychologists use extensive normative data based on cognitive, mood, executive, neurologic, and motor brain functions of groups with different cultural and educational backgrounds and psychiatric illnesses. Large groups of workers can be screened with a brief neuropsychologic screening test battery to assess the psychologic status of personnel. Commonly used tests by domain are described, as well as patterns of acute and chronic neurotoxicant exposures, treatment, and rehabilitation. Future developments will relate imaging studies to neuropsychologic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie M Bowler
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Muriel D Lezak
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Chen P, Chakraborty S, Peres TV, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Manganese-induced Neurotoxicity: From C. elegans to Humans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 4:191-202. [PMID: 25893090 DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is one of the most abundant metals on the earth. It is required for normal cellular activities, but overexposure leads to toxicity. Neurons are more susceptible to Mn-induced toxicity than other cells, and accumulation of Mn in the brain results in Manganism that presents with Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms. In the last decade, a number of Mn transporters have been identified, which improves our understanding of Mn transport in and out of cells. However, the mechanism of Mn-induced neurotoxicity is only partially uncovered, with further research needed to explore the whole picture of Mn-induced toxicity. In this review, we will address recent progress in Mn-induced neurotoxicity from C. elegans to humans, and explore future directions that will help understand the mechanisms of its neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tanara V Peres
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA ; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mousa AM, Shehab AA. The effect of manganese on the olfactory bulb of adult male albino rat and the role of meloxicam: A histological and immunohistochemical study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2014; 3:8-18. [PMID: 30023176 PMCID: PMC6014222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal commonly found in the environment and is used for industrial purposes. Exposure to excessively high Mn levels may induce neurotoxicity referred to as manganism. This work was conducted to study the effect of manganese on the olfactory bulb of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of meloxicam. Forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups: control group, meloxicam-treated group (5 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks), MnCl2-treated group (10 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks), and the fourth group received both meloxicam and MnCl2 at the same doses and duration. Specimens of the olfactory bulbs were prepared for light and electron microscopy. An immunohistochemical study with a quantitative morphometry was performed using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The control group and meloxicam-treated group showed the same normal structure. MnCl2-treated group showed shrinkage of mitral nerve cells with dark peripheral nuclei as well as disorganization of mitral and granule nerve cells. The surrounding neuropil showed vacuolar spaces. Ultrastructurally, the mitral cells showed accumulation of lysosomes, swelling of mitochondria and irregularity of the nuclei. The nerve fibers contained swollen mitochondria with splitting and irregularity of the surrounding myelin sheaths. GFAP immunoreaction showed a highly significant increase compared to control group. On the other hand, the group that received both meloxicam and MnCl2 showed less marked histological changes. It was concluded that manganese induced structural changes in the olfactory bulb of albino rat that were ameliorated by concomitant use of meloxicam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amany M Mousa
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Amal A Shehab
- Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Liu Y, Byrne P, Wang H, Koltick D, Zheng W, Nie LH. A compact DD neutron generator-based NAA system to quantify manganese (Mn) in bone in vivo. Physiol Meas 2014; 35:1899-911. [PMID: 25154883 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/9/1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A deuterium-deuterium (DD) neutron generator-based neutron activation analysis (NAA) system has been developed to quantify metals, including manganese (Mn), in bone in vivo. A DD neutron generator with a flux of up to 3*10(9) neutrons s(-1) was set up in our lab for this purpose. Optimized settings, including moderator, reflector, and shielding material and thickness, were selected based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations conducted in our previous work. Hand phantoms doped with different Mn concentrations were irradiated using the optimized DD neutron generator irradiation system. The Mn characteristic γ-rays were collected by an HPGe detector system with 100% relative efficiency. The calibration line of the Mn/calcium (Ca) count ratio versus bone Mn concentration was obtained (R(2) = 0.99) using the hand phantoms. The detection limit (DL) was calculated to be about 1.05 μg g(-1) dry bone (ppm) with an equivalent dose of 85.4 mSv to the hand. The DL can be reduced to 0.74 ppm by using two 100% HPGe detectors. The whole body effective dose delivered to the irradiated subject was calculated to be about 17 μSv. Given the average normal bone Mn concentration of 1 ppm in the general population, this system is promising for in vivo bone Mn quantification in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
New perspectives on oxidized genome damage and repair inhibition by pro-oxidant metals in neurological diseases. Biomolecules 2014; 4:678-703. [PMID: 25036887 PMCID: PMC4192668 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause(s) of neuronal death in most cases of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are still unknown. However, the association of certain etiological factors, e.g., oxidative stress, protein misfolding/aggregation, redox metal accumulation and various types of damage to the genome, to pathological changes in the affected brain region(s) have been consistently observed. While redox metal toxicity received major attention in the last decade, its potential as a therapeutic target is still at a cross-roads, mostly because of the lack of mechanistic understanding of metal dyshomeostasis in affected neurons. Furthermore, previous studies have established the role of metals in causing genome damage, both directly and via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little was known about their impact on genome repair. Our recent studies demonstrated that excess levels of iron and copper observed in neurodegenerative disease-affected brain neurons could not only induce genome damage in neurons, but also affect their repair by oxidatively inhibiting NEIL DNA glycosylases, which initiate the repair of oxidized DNA bases. The inhibitory effect was reversed by a combination of metal chelators and reducing agents, which underscore the need for elucidating the molecular basis for the neuronal toxicity of metals in order to develop effective therapeutic approaches. In this review, we have focused on the oxidative genome damage repair pathway as a potential target for reducing pro-oxidant metal toxicity in neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
75
|
Golasik M, Wodowski G, Gomółka E, Herman M, Piekoszewski W. Urine as a material for evaluation of exposure to manganese in methcathinone users. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:338-43. [PMID: 24867657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure even to low doses of manganese may lead to development of neurological syndrome similar to parkinsonism. The aim of this research is to assess the possibility of manganese poisoning based on the level of metal in the urine of long-term methcathinone users from Poland. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) was used to determine manganese in urine, while the detection of the psychoactive drugs was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of survey on longitudinal patterns of drug use showed that users of traditional illicit drugs now turn to cheaper alternatives, such as methcathinone. Parkinsonian features were observed in almost half of methcathinone users. The subjects had a higher mean level of Mn in their urine (8.68±9.27 μg L(-1)) than the controls (4.27±1.91 μg L(-1)). The presence of numerous psychoactive substances (in unchanged forms and their metabolites) was confirmed in all of the samples, with only one exception. The elevated level of manganese in urine (in 29.2% of patients) can be used as a primary marker of recent methcathinone administration, especially in the case of long time intravenous drug users where blood sampling is complicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Golasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wodowski
- Outpatients Clinic for Drug Prevention and Treatment of Addicts, Św. Katarzyny 3, 31-063 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Gomółka
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15b, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Herman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Deng Y, Jiao C, Mi C, Xu B, Li Y, Wang F, Liu W, Xu Z. Melatonin inhibits manganese-induced motor dysfunction and neuronal loss in mice: involvement of oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:68-88. [PMID: 24969583 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive manganese (Mn) induces oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, the relationship between them during Mn neurotoxicity has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the probable role of melatonin (MLT) against Mn-induced motor dysfunction and neuronal loss as a result of antagonizing oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mice were randomly divided into five groups as follows: control, MnCl2, low MLT + MnCl2, median MLT + MnCl2, and high MLT + MnCl2. Administration of MnCl2 (50 mg/kg) for 2 weeks significantly induced hypokinesis, dopaminergic neurons degeneration and loss, neuronal ultrastructural damage, and apoptosis in the substantia nigra and the striatum. These conditions were caused in part by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde accumulation, and dysfunction of the nonenzymatic (GSH) and enzymatic (GSH-Px, superoxide dismutase, quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase) antioxidative defense systems. Mn-induced neuron degeneration, astrocytes, and microglia activation contribute to the changes of oxidative stress markers. Dopamine (DA) depletion and downregulation of DA transporter and receptors were also found after Mn administration, this might also trigger motor dysfunction and neurons loss. Pretreatment with MLT prevented Mn-induced oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration and inhibited the interaction between them. As a result, pretreatment with MLT significantly alleviated Mn-induced motor dysfunction and neuronal loss. In conclusion, Mn treatment resulted in motor dysfunction and neuronal loss, possibly involving an interaction between oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and the striatum. Pretreatment with MLT attenuated Mn-induced neurotoxicity by means of its antioxidant properties and promotion of the DA system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, North 2nd Road 92, Heping ward, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Michalke B, Fernsebner K. New insights into manganese toxicity and speciation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:106-116. [PMID: 24200516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is known to be a neurotoxic agent for nearly 175 years now. A lot of research has therefore been carried out over the last century. From preliminary describing only symptoms of Mn-(over)exposed workers, research was preceded to more detail on toxic mechanisms of Mn. Unraveling those neurotoxic mechanisms implicated a number of studies, which were summarized partly in several reviews (e.g. Yokel RA. Neuromol Med 2009;11(4):297-310; Aschner M, et al. Toxicology Appl Pharmacol 2007;221(2):131-47; Michalke B, et al. J Environ Monit 2007;9(7):650). Since our recent review on Mn-speciation in 2007 (Michalke B, et al. J Environ Monit 2007;9(7):650), Mn-research was considerably pushed forward and several new research articles were published. The very recent years though, Mn toxicity investigating science is spreading into different fields with very detailed and complex study designs. Especially the mechanisms of Mn-induced neuronal injury on cellular and molecular level was investigated in more detail, discussing neurotransmitter and enzyme interactions, mechanisms of action on DNA level and even inclusion of genetic influences. Depicting the particular Mn-species was also a big issue to determine which molecule is transporting Mn at the cell membranes and which one is responsible for the injury of neuronal tissue. Other special foci on epidemiologic studies were becoming more and more important: These foci were directed toward environmental influences of Mn on especially Parkinson disease prevalence and the ability to carry out follow-up studies about Mn-life-span exposure. All these very far-reaching research applications may finally lead to a suitable future human Mn-biomonitoring for being able to prevent or at least detect the early onset of manganism at the right time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Fernsebner
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Arndt A, Borella MI, Espósito BP. Toxicity of manganese metallodrugs toward Danio rerio. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:46-50. [PMID: 23916747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential metal which can be neurotoxic in some instances. As Mn-based metallodrugs are ever more prevalent in clinical practice, concern regarding the toxic effects of Mn discharges to water bodies on the biota prompted us to study the physicochemical parameters of these complexes and to assess their acute toxicity toward adult Danio rerio individuals, particularly in terms of brain tissue damage. Our results show that the Mn(III)-salen acetate complex EUK108 is toxic, which can be rationalized in terms of its lipophilicity, stability and redox activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Arndt
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Gening LV, Lakhin AV, Stelmashook EV, Isaev NK, Tarantul VZ. Inhibition of Mn2+-induced error-prone DNA synthesis with Cd2+ and Zn2+. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
80
|
Brain deposition and neurotoxicity of manganese in adult mice exposed via the drinking water. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:47-64. [PMID: 23832297 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural leaching processes and/or anthropogenic contamination can result in ground water concentrations of the essential metal manganese (Mn) that far exceed the current regulatory standards. Neurological consequences of Mn drinking water (DW) overexposure to experimental animals, i.e., mice, including its brain deposition/distribution and behavioral effects are understudied. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to Mn via the DW for 8 weeks. After 5 weeks of Mn exposure, magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant Mn deposition in all examined brain regions; the degree of Mn deposition did not increase further a week later. Behaviorally, early hyperactivity and more time spent in the center of the arenas in an open field test, decreased forelimb grip strength and less time swimming in a forced swim test were observed after 6 weeks of Mn DW exposure. Eight-week Mn DW exposure did not alter striatal dopamine, its metabolites, or the expression of key dopamine homeostatic proteins, but it significantly increased striatal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (a serotonin metabolite) levels, without affecting the levels of serotonin itself. Increased expression (mRNA) of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an astrocyte activation marker), heme oxygenase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, respectively) were observed 8 weeks post-Mn DW exposure in the substantia nigra. Besides mRNA increases, GFAP protein expression was increased in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In summary, the neurobehavioral deficits, characterized by locomotor and emotional perturbations, and nigral glial activation associated with significant brain Mn deposition are among the early signs of Mn neurotoxicity caused by DW overexposure.
Collapse
|
81
|
Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Aschner M. Manganese toxicity in the central nervous system: the glutamine/glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid cycle. J Intern Med 2013; 273:466-77. [PMID: 23360507 PMCID: PMC3633698 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining proper function and regulation of numerous biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). Increased accumulation of Mn in specific brain regions, such as the substantia nigra, globus pallidus and striatum, triggers neurotoxicity resulting in a neurological brain disorder, termed manganism. Mn has been also implicated in the pathophysiology of several other neurodegenerative diseases. Its toxicity is associated with disruption of the glutamine (Gln)/glutamate (Glu)-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cycle (GGC) between astrocytes and neurons, thus leading to changes in Glu-ergic and/or GABAergic transmission and Gln metabolism. Here we discuss the common mechanisms underlying Mn-induced neurotoxicity and their relationship to CNS pathology and GGC impairment.
Collapse
|
82
|
Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Aschner M. Role of astrocytes in manganese mediated neurotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:23. [PMID: 23594835 PMCID: PMC3637816 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are responsible for numerous aspects of metabolic support, nutrition, control of the ion and neurotransmitter environment in central nervous system (CNS). Failure by astrocytes to support essential neuronal metabolic requirements plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of brain injury and the ensuing neuronal death. Astrocyte-neuron interactions play a central role in brain homeostasis, in particular via neurotransmitter recycling functions. Disruption of the glutamine (Gln)/glutamate (Glu) -γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cycle (GGC) between astrocytes and neurons contributes to changes in Glu-ergic and/or GABA-ergic transmission, and is associated with several neuropathological conditions, including manganese (Mn) toxicity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in support of the important roles for astrocytes in normal as well as neuropathological conditions primarily those caused by exposure to Mn.
Collapse
|
83
|
Deng Q, Liu J, Li Q, Chen K, Liu Z, Shen Y, Niu P, Yang Y, Zou Y, Yang X. Interaction of occupational manganese exposure and alcohol drinking aggravates the increase of liver enzyme concentrations from a cross-sectional study in China. Environ Health 2013; 12:30. [PMID: 23587294 PMCID: PMC3639182 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over exposure to manganese (Mn) can damage the human central nervous system and potentially cause liver toxicity. Alcohol drinking is also one of the well-known harmful factors to hepatic organism. The interaction between Mn exposure and alcohol consumption to liver function was investigated in this study. METHODS A total of 1112 on-the-spot workers were included in the cross-sectional survey from a large scale of manganese exposed workers healthy cohort (MEWHC) in a ferro-manganese refinery company. A questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information, occupational history, and alcohol drinking habits. Occupational health examination was carried out for each worker. The five key serum indices, including total bilirubin (TBILI), direct bilirubin (DBILI), indirect bilirubin (IBILI), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST), were determined to evaluate the liver function of each subject. RESULTS Workers exposed to high levels of Mn had significantly elevated serum concentrations of liver enzymes (DBILI: 3.84±1.20 μmol/L, ALT: 27.04±19.12 IU/L, and AST: 29.96±16.68 IU/L), when compared to those in the low-exposure group (DBIL: 3.54±0.85 μmol/L, ALT: 20.38±10.97 IU/L, and AST: 26.39±8.07 IU/L), all P<0.01. These serum indices had a significantly increasing trend with the elevation of Mn exposure level (Ptrend <0.01). In addition, the workers with alcohol drinking also showed higher concentrations of liver enzymes than those non-drinkers, especially, and there was significant interaction between Mn exposure and alcohol consumption in terms of these three indices (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Occupational exposure to Mn can lead to a dose-dependent increase of liver enzyme concentrations, and interact with alcohol drinking to potentially aggravate the liver damage. It will be important for Mn exposed workers to control drinking and also assess liver function in the occupational health examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Department of occupational health and environmental health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of occupational health and environmental health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Kangcheng Chen
- Department of occupational health and environmental health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenfang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Piye Niu
- Department of Occupational health and environmental health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of occupational health and environmental health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University,, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Çelik MS, Güven K, Akpolat V, Akdağ MZ, Nazıroğlu M, Gül-Güven R, Çelik MY, Erdoğan S. Extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces manganese accumulation in brain, kidney and liver of rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:576-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713480204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on accumulation of manganese (Mn) in the kidney, liver and brain of rats. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into eight groups. Four control groups received 0, 3.75, 15 and 60 mg Mn per kg body weight orally every 2 days for 45 days, respectively. The remaining four groups received same concentrations of Mn and were also exposed to ELF-MF (1.5 mT; 50 Hz) for 4 h for 5 days a week during 45 days. Following the last exposure, kidney, liver and brain were taken from all rats and they were analyzed for Mn accumulation levels using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. In result of the current study, we observed that Mn levels in brain, kidney and liver were higher in Mn groups than in control groups. Mn levels in brain, kidney and liver were also higher in Mn plus ELF-MF groups than in Mn groups. In conclusion, result of the current study showed that the ELF-MF induced manganese accumulation in kidney, liver and brain of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Salih Çelik
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Güven
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Veysi Akpolat
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdağ
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Gül-Güven
- Science Teaching Program, Primary Education Department, Faculty of Ziya Gokalp Education, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - M Yusuf Çelik
- Department of Biostatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Sait Erdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Gil H, Seok S, Hong J, Jeong M, Hong S. A case of acute prochloraz-manganese complex intoxication treated with extracorporeal elimination. Blood Purif 2013; 34:344-8. [PMID: 23306804 DOI: 10.1159/000345518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We treated a patient with critical manganese intoxication with vigorous extracorporeal elimination. In this article, we describe the clinical characteristics and treatment modalities of the patient. PATIENT A 65-year-old man was brought to the emergency room (ER) 5.5 h after ingesting prochloraz-manganese complex. He experienced circulatory collapse and went into a coma without self-breathing on arrival at the ER. Mechanical ventilation was initiated and hemoperfusion, hemodialysis and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration were performed with the help of norepinephrine. MEASUREMENT AND RESULT: The manganese levels on the first, second and fourth hospital days were 34.1, 23.6 and 12.5 µg/l, respectively. He recuperated from the shock state within 7 hospital days. After 4 critical weeks, the patient regained full consciousness. CONCLUSION Rigorous extracorporeal elimination by hemoperfusion, hemodialysis and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration was an effective treatment modality for patients with acute manganese intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyowook Gil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Chtourou Y, Garoui E, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Therapeutic efficacy of silymarin from milk thistle in reducing manganese-induced hepatic damage and apoptosis in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:70-81. [PMID: 22899727 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112455674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed as a possible mechanism involved in manganese (Mn) toxicity. Using natural antioxidants against metal-induced hepatotoxicity is a modern approach. The present study investigated the beneficial role of silymarin, a natural flavonoid, in Mn-induced hepatotoxicity focusing on histopathology and biochemical approaches. Male Wistar rats were exposed orally to manganese chloride (20 mg/mL) for 30 days followed by intraperitoneal cotreatment with silymarin (100 mg/kg). Exposure to Mn resulted in a significant elevation of the plasma marker enzyme activities and bilirubin level related to liver dysfunction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hepatic oxidative stress indices. This metal reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels such as reduced glutathione, total sulfhydryl groups and vitamin C. In addition, it caused hepatic hemorrhage, cellular degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes as indicated by liver histopathology and DNA fragmentation studies. Coadministration of silymarin alleviated Mn oxidative damage effects by inhibiting ROS generation. Histological studies also supported the beneficial role of silymarin against Mn-induced hepatic damages. Combining all, results suggested that silymarin could protect hepatic tissues against Mn-induced oxidative stress probably through its antioxidant activity. Therefore, its supplementation could provide a new approach for the reduction in hepatic complication due to Mn poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chtourou
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal that is pivotal for normal cell function and metabolism. Its homeostasis is tightly regulated; however, the mechanisms of Mn homeostasis are poorly characterized. While a number of proteins such as the divalent metal transporter 1, the transferrin/transferrin receptor complex, the ZIP family metal transporters ZIP-8 and ZIP-14, the secretory pathway calcium ATPases SPCA1 and SPCA2, ATP13A2, and ferroportin have been suggested to play a role in Mn transport, the degree that each of them contributes to Mn homeostasis has still to be determined. The recent discovery of SLC30A10 as a crucial Mn transporter in humans has shed further light on our understanding of Mn transport across the cell. Although essential, Mn is toxic at high concentrations. Mn neurotoxicity has been attributed to impaired dopaminergic (DAergic), glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As a result of preferential accumulation of Mn in the DAergic cells of the basal ganglia, particularly the globus pallidus, Mn toxicity causes extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Firstly described as "manganism" in miners during the nineteenth century, this movement disorder resembles Parkinson's disease characterized by hypokinesia and postural instability. To date, a variety of acquired causes of brain Mn accumulation can be distinguished from an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of Mn metabolism caused by mutations in the SLC30A10 gene. Both, acquired and inherited hypermanganesemia, lead to Mn deposition in the basal ganglia associated with pathognomonic magnetic resonance imaging appearances of hyperintense basal ganglia on T1-weighted images. Current treatment strategies for Mn toxicity combine chelation therapy to reduce the body Mn load and iron (Fe) supplementation to reduce Mn binding to proteins that interact with both Mn and Fe. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of Mn homeostasis and the mechanisms of Mn toxicity and highlights the clinical disorders associated with Mn neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tuschl
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Farina M, Avila DS, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: a focus on iron, manganese and mercury. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:575-94. [PMID: 23266600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Essential metals are crucial for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Among the 23 elements that have known physiological functions in humans, 12 are metals, including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Nevertheless, excessive exposure to these metals may lead to pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration. Similarly, exposure to metals that do not have known biological functions, such as mercury (Hg), also present great health concerns. This review focuses on the neurodegenerative mechanisms and effects of Fe, Mn and Hg. Oxidative stress (OS), particularly in mitochondria, is a common feature of Fe, Mn and Hg toxicity. However, the primary molecular targets triggering OS are distinct. Free cationic iron is a potent pro-oxidant and can initiate a set of reactions that form extremely reactive products, such as OH. Mn can oxidize dopamine (DA), generating reactive species and also affect mitochondrial function, leading to accumulation of metabolites and culminating with OS. Cationic Hg forms have strong affinity for nucleophiles, such as -SH and -SeH. Therefore, they target critical thiol- and selenol-molecules with antioxidant properties. Finally, we address the main sources of exposure to these metals, their transport mechanisms into the brain, and therapeutic modalities to mitigate their neurotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Aboud AA, Tidball AM, Kumar KK, Neely MD, Ess KC, Erikson KM, Bowman AB. Genetic risk for Parkinson's disease correlates with alterations in neuronal manganese sensitivity between two human subjects. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1443-1449. [PMID: 23099318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Recessive inheritance of PARK2 mutations is strongly associated with early onset PD (EOPD). It is widely assumed that the influence of PD environmental risk factors may be enhanced by the presence of PD genetic risk factors in the genetic background of individuals. However, such interactions may be difficult to predict owing to the complexities of genetic and environmental interactions. Here we examine the potential of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived early neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to model differences in Mn neurotoxicity between a control subject (CA) with no known PD genetic risk factors and a subject (SM) with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in PARK2 and family history of PD but no evidence of PD by neurological exam. Human iPS cells were generated from primary dermal fibroblasts of both subjects. We assessed several outcome measures associated with Mn toxicity and PD. No difference in sensitivity to Mn cytotoxicity or mitochondrial fragmentation was observed between SM and CA NPCs. However, we found that Mn exposure was associated with significantly higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in SM compared to CA NPCs despite significantly less intracellular Mn accumulation. Thus, this report offers the first example of human subject-specific differences in PD-relevant environmental health related phenotypes that are consistent with pathogenic interactions between known genetic and environmental risk factors for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asad A Aboud
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Andrew M Tidball
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Kevin K Kumar
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - M Diana Neely
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology and The Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA
| | - Keith M Erikson
- University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Nutrition Department, Greensboro, NC 27402-6107, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology and The Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA; Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Block ML, Elder A, Auten RL, Bilbo SD, Chen H, Chen JC, Cory-Slechta DA, Costa D, Diaz-Sanchez D, Dorman DC, Gold DR, Gray K, Jeng HA, Kaufman JD, Kleinman MT, Kirshner A, Lawler C, Miller DS, Nadadur SS, Ritz B, Semmens EO, Tonelli LH, Veronesi B, Wright RO, Wright RJ. The outdoor air pollution and brain health workshop. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:972-84. [PMID: 22981845 PMCID: PMC3726250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that outdoor air pollution may have a significant impact on central nervous system (CNS) health and disease. To address this issue, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institute of Health convened a panel of research scientists that was assigned the task of identifying research gaps and priority goals essential for advancing this growing field and addressing an emerging human health concern. Here, we review recent findings that have established the effects of inhaled air pollutants in the brain, explore the potential mechanisms driving these phenomena, and discuss the recommended research priorities/approaches that were identified by the panel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Block
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Kenborg L, Funch Lassen C, Hansen J, Olsen JH. Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders among welders: A Danish cohort study. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1283-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
92
|
Frisbie SH, Mitchell EJ, Dustin H, Maynard DM, Sarkar B. World Health Organization discontinues its drinking-water guideline for manganese. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:775-8. [PMID: 22334150 PMCID: PMC3385445 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) released the fourth edition of Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality in July 2011. In this edition, the 400-µg/L drinking-water guideline for manganese (Mn) was discontinued with the assertion that because "this health-based value is well above concentrations of manganese normally found in drinking water, it is not considered necessary to derive a formal guideline value." OBJECTIVE In this commentary, we review the WHO guideline for Mn in drinking water--from its introduction in 1958 through its discontinuation in 2011. METHODS For the primary references, we used the WHO publications that documented the Mn guidelines. We used peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, published conference proceedings, and theses to identify countries with drinking water or potential drinking-water supplies exceeding 400 µg/L Mn and peer-reviewed journal articles to summarize the health effects of Mn. DISCUSSION Drinking water or potential drinking-water supplies with Mn concentrations > 400 µg/L are found in a substantial number of countries worldwide. The drinking water of many tens of millions of people has Mn concentrations > 400 µg/L. Recent research on the health effects of Mn suggests that the earlier WHO guideline of 400 µg/L may have been too high to adequately protect public health. CONCLUSIONS The toxic effects and geographic distribution of Mn in drinking-water supplies justify a reevaluation by the WHO of its decision to discontinue its drinking-water guideline for Mn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth H Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest nonmotor features of Parkinson disease (PD). Such dysfunction is present in approximately 90% of early-stage PD cases and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. The mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. As equivalent deficits are observed in Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, and the Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam, a common pathological substrate may be involved. Given that olfactory loss occurs to a lesser extent or is absent in disorders such as multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy, olfactory testing can be useful in differential diagnosis. The olfactory dysfunction in PD and a number of related diseases with smell loss correlates with decreased numbers of neurons in structures such as the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the nucleus basalis of Meynart. These neuroanatomical findings, together with evidence for involvement of the autonomic nervous system in numerous PD-related symptoms, suggest that deficits in cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic function may contribute to the olfactory loss. This Review discusses the current understanding of olfactory dysfunction in PD, including factors that may be related to its cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
García-Rodríguez N, Díaz de la Loza MDC, Andreson B, Monje-Casas F, Rothstein R, Wellinger RE. Impaired manganese metabolism causes mitotic misregulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18717-29. [PMID: 22493290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element, whose intracellular levels need to be carefully regulated. Mn(2+) acts as a cofactor for many enzymes and excess of Mn(2+) is toxic. Alterations in Mn(2+) homeostasis affect metabolic functions and mutations in the human Mn(2+)/Ca(2+) transporter ATP2C1 have been linked to Hailey-Hailey disease. By deletion of the yeast orthologue PMR1 we have studied the impact of Mn(2+) on cell cycle progression and show that an excess of cytosolic Mn(2+) alters S-phase transit, induces transcriptional up-regulation of cell cycle regulators, bypasses the need for S-phase cell cycle checkpoints and predisposes to genomic instability. On the other hand, we find that depletion of the Golgi Mn(2+) pool requires a functional morphology checkpoint to avoid the formation of polyploid cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Néstor García-Rodríguez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Crinella FM. Does soy-based infant formula cause ADHD? Update and public policy considerations. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:395-407. [PMID: 22449212 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An earlier article hypothesized a relationship between soy-based infant formulas, manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity and symptoms of ADHD. In this update, more recent literature on ADHD, Mn and Mn neurotoxicity is reviewed, as well as the risks of Mn toxicity that may accompany ingestion of soy-based infant formula. The results of several critical studies are described, including rodent and primate models that demonstrate an association between ingestion of relatively high levels of Mn and: overactivity, disinhibition and inattention; stereotypes and disturbances of social relatedness; and alterations of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and dopamine transporter in critical brain regions. Similar deficits have been shown in children with ADHD. In addition, ADHD-like symptoms of behavioral disinhibition were found to be correlated with Mn content in tooth enamel, apparently deposited at or before the fifth gestational month. The results are discussed in terms of their weight as a risk factor in ADHD, vis-à-vis compelling evidence of genetic, epigenetic and other environmental risk factors associated with the disorder, as well as the appropriateness of additional public policy decisions regarding the safety of soy formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Crinella
- University of California Irvine, Department of Pediatrics, UCI Child Development Center, 19722 MacArthur Blvd, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Tuschl K, Clayton P, Gospe S, Gulab S, Ibrahim S, Singhi P, Aulakh R, Ribeiro R, Barsottini O, Zaki M, Del Rosario M, Dyack S, Price V, Rideout A, Gordon K, Wevers R, “Kling” Chong W, Mills P. Syndrome of hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythemia, and hypermanganesemia caused by mutations in SLC30A10, a manganese transporter in man. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:457-66. [PMID: 22341972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental manganese (Mn) toxicity causes an extrapyramidal, parkinsonian-type movement disorder with characteristic magnetic resonance images of Mn accumulation in the basal ganglia. We have recently reported a suspected autosomal recessively inherited syndrome of hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythemia, and hypermanganesemia in cases without environmental Mn exposure. Whole-genome mapping of two consanguineous families identified SLC30A10 as the affected gene in this inherited type of hypermanganesemia. This gene was subsequently sequenced in eight families, and homozygous sequence changes were identified in all affected individuals. The function of the wild-type protein and the effect of sequence changes were studied in the manganese-sensitive yeast strain Δpmr1. Expressing human wild-type SLC30A10 in the Δpmr1 yeast strain rescued growth in high Mn conditions, confirming its role in Mn transport. The presence of missense (c.266T>C [p.Leu89Pro]) and nonsense (c.585del [p.Thr196Profs(∗)17]) mutations in SLC30A10 failed to restore Mn resistance. Previously, SLC30A10 had been presumed to be a zinc transporter. However, this work has confirmed that SLC30A10 functions as a Mn transporter in humans that, when defective, causes Mn accumulation in liver and brain. This is an important step toward understanding Mn transport and its role in neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
|
97
|
Kumar KK, Aboud AA, Bowman AB. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cells as a translational model for neurotoxicological risk. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:518-29. [PMID: 22330734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of neurotoxicological research is to provide relevant and accurate risk assessment of environmental and pharmacological agents for populations and individuals. Owing to the challenges of human subject research and the real possibility of species specific toxicological responses, neuronal lineages derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human neuronal precursors have been offered as a potential solution for validation of neurotoxicological data from model organism systems in humans. More recently, with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, there is now the possibility of personalized toxicological risk assessment, the ability to predict individual susceptibility to specific environmental agents, by this approach. This critical advance is widely expected to facilitate analysis of cellular physiological pathways in the context of human neurons and the underlying genetic factors that lead to disease. Thus this technology opens the opportunity, for the first time, to characterize the physiological, toxicological, pharmacological and molecular properties of living human neurons with identical genetic determinants as human patients. Furthermore, armed with a complete clinical history of the patients, human iPSC (hiPSC) studies can theoretically compare patients and at risk groups with distinct sensitivities to particular environmental agents, divergent clinical outcomes, differing co-morbidities, and so forth. Thus iPSCs and neuronal lineages derived from them may reflect the unique genetic blueprint of the individuals from which they are generated. Indeed, iPSC technology has the potential to revolutionize scientific approaches to human health. However, before this overarching goal can be reached a number of technical and theoretical challenges must be overcome. This review seeks to provide a realistic assessment of hiPSC technology and its application to risk assessment and mechanistic studies in the area of neurotoxicology. We seek to identify, prioritize, and detail the primary hurdles that need to be overcome if personalized toxicological risk assessment using patient-derived iPSCs is to succeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Wegrzynowicz M, Holt HK, Friedman DB, Bowman AB. Changes in the striatal proteome of YAC128Q mice exhibit gene-environment interactions between mutant huntingtin and manganese. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1118-32. [PMID: 22191580 DOI: 10.1021/pr200839d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a CAG repeat within the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, though the clinical presentation of disease and age-of-onset are strongly influenced by ill-defined environmental factors. We recently reported a gene-environment interaction wherein expression of mutant HTT is associated with neuroprotection against manganese (Mn) toxicity. Here, we are testing the hypothesis that this interaction may be manifested by altered protein expression patterns in striatum, a primary target of both neurodegeneration in HD and neurotoxicity of Mn. To this end, we compared striatal proteomes of wild-type and HD (YAC128Q) mice exposed to vehicle or Mn. Principal component analysis of proteomic data revealed that Mn exposure disrupted a segregation of WT versus mutant proteomes by the major principal component observed in vehicle-exposed mice. Identification of altered proteins revealed novel markers of Mn toxicity, particularly proteins involved in glycolysis, excitotoxicity, and cytoskeletal dynamics. In addition, YAC128Q-dependent changes suggest that axonal pathology may be an early feature in HD pathogenesis. Finally, for several proteins, genotype-specific responses to Mn were observed. These differences include increased sensitivity to exposure in YAC128Q mice (UBQLN1) and amelioration of some mutant HTT-induced alterations (SAE1, ENO1). We conclude that the interaction of Mn and mutant HTT may suppress proteomic phenotypes of YAC128Q mice, which could reveal potential targets in novel treatment strategies for HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wegrzynowicz
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is found abundantly in the central nervous system (CNS) where it participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Its major role in the brain is that of a precursor of the neurotransmitter amino acids: the excitatory amino acids, glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp), and the inhibitory amino acid, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). The precursor-product relationship between Gln and Glu/GABA in the brain relates to the intercellular compartmentalization of the Gln/Glu(GABA) cycle (GGC). Gln is synthesized from Glu and ammonia in astrocytes, in a reaction catalyzed by Gln synthetase (GS), which, in the CNS, is almost exclusively located in astrocytes (Martinez-Hernandez et al., 1977). Newly synthesized Gln is transferred to neurons and hydrolyzed by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) to give rise to Glu, a portion of which may be decarboxylated to GABA or transaminated to Asp. There is a rich body of evidence which indicates that a significant proportion of the Glu, Asp and GABA derived from Gln feed the synaptic, neurotransmitter pools of the amino acids. Depolarization-induced-, calcium- and PAG activity-dependent releases of Gln-derived Glu, GABA and Asp have been observed in CNS preparations in vitro and in the brain in situ. Immunocytochemical studies in brain slices have documented Gln transfer from astrocytes to neurons as well as the location of Gln-derived Glu, GABA and Asp in the synaptic terminals. Patch-clamp studies in brain slices and astrocyte/neuron co-cultures have provided functional evidence that uninterrupted Gln synthesis in astrocytes and its transport to neurons, as mediated by specific carriers, promotes glutamatergic and GABA-ergic transmission. Gln entry into the neuronal compartment is facilitated by its abundance in the extracellular spaces relative to other amino acids. Gln also appears to affect neurotransmission directly by interacting with the NMDA class of Glu receptors. Transmission may also be modulated by alterations in cell membrane polarity related to the electrogenic nature of Gln transport or to uncoupled ion conductances in the neuronal or glial cell membranes elicited by Gln transporters. In addition, Gln appears to modulate the synthesis of the gaseous messenger, nitric oxide (NO), by controlling the supply to the cells of its precursor, arginine. Disturbances of Gln metabolism and/or transport contribute to changes in Glu-ergic or GABA-ergic transmission associated with different pathological conditions of the brain, which are best recognized in epilepsy, hepatic encephalopathy and manganese encephalopathy.
Collapse
|
100
|
Intranasal administration of neurotoxicants in animals: support for the olfactory vector hypothesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:90-116. [PMID: 22002807 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown, but there is evidence that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of viruses, toxins, agricultural chemicals, dietary nutrients, and metals, is associated with its development in some cases. The presence of smell loss and the pathological involvement of the olfactory pathways in the early stages of PD are in accord with the tenants of the olfactory vector hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that some forms of PD may be caused or catalyzed by environmental agents that enter the brain via the olfactory mucosa. In this article, we provide an overview of evidence implicating xenobiotics agents in the etiology of PD and review animal, mostly rodent, studies in which toxicants have been introduced into the nose in an attempt to induce behavioral or neurochemical changes similar to those seen in PD. The available data suggest that this route of exposure results in highly variable outcomes, depending upon the involved xenobiotic, exposure history, and the age and species of the animals tested. Some compounds, such as rotenone, paraquat, and 6-hydroxydopamine, have limited capacity to reach and damage the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system via the intranasal route. Others, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), readily enter the brain via this route in some species and influence the function of the nigrostriatal pathway. Intranasal infusion of MPTP in some rodents elicits a developmental sequence of behavioral and neurochemical changes that closely mimics that seen in PD. For this reason, such an MPTP rodent model appears to be an ecologically valid means for assessing novel palliative treatments for both the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. More research is needed, however, on this and other ecologically valid models.
Collapse
|