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Development of a Weight Drop Injury Device Suitable for Blunt, Closed-Head Injury Using a Rodent Model. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Clay AM, Carr R, Dubien J, To F. Short-term behavioral and histological changes in a rodent model of mild traumatic brain injury. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A. Oxidative Stress in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113000. [PMID: 36361792 PMCID: PMC9657447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a major cause of disability worldwide. It involves a complex neurometabolic cascade, including oxidative stress. The products of this manuscript is examining the underlying pathophysiological mechanism, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This process in turn leads to secondary injury cascade, which includes lipid peroxidation products. These reactions ultimately play a key role in chronic inflammation and synaptic dysfunction in a synergistic fashion. Although there are no FDA approved antioxidant therapy for TBI, there is a number of antioxidant therapies that have been tested and include free radical scavengers, activators of antioxidant systems, inhibitors of free radical generating enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant therapies have led to cognitive and functional recovery post TBI, and they offer a promising treatment option for patients recovering from TBI. Current major challenges in treatment of TBI symptoms include heterogenous nature of injury, as well as access to timely treatment post injury. The inherent benefits of antioxidant therapies include minimally reported side effects, and relative ease of use in the clinical setting. The current review also provides a highlight of the more studied anti-oxidant regimen with applicability for TBI treatment with potential use in the real clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Translocation and Dissemination of Gut Bacteria after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102082. [PMID: 36296362 PMCID: PMC9611479 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae are often found in the lungs of patients with severe Traumatic Brain Injury (sTBI). However, it is unknown whether these bacteria come from the gut microbiota. To investigate this hypothesis, the mice model of sTBI was used in this study. After sTBI, Chao1 and Simpson index peaking at 7 d in the lungs (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Acinetobacter in the lungs increased to 16.26% at 7 d after sTBI. The chao1 index of gut microbiota increased after sTBI and peaked at 7 d (p < 0.05). Three hours after sTBI, the conditional pathogens such as Lachnoclostridium, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides and Streptococcus grew significantly. At 7 d and 14 d, the histology scores in the sTBI group were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity increased at all-time points after sTBI and peaked at 7 d (p < 0.05). The LBP and sCD14 peaking 7 d after sTBI (p < 0.05). The Zonulin increased significantly at 3 d after sTBI and maintained the high level (p < 0.05). SourceTracker identified that the lung tissue microbiota reflects 49.69% gut source at 7 d after sTBI. In the small intestine, sTBI induced gastrointestinal dysfunction with increased apoptosis and decreasing antimicrobial peptides. There was a negative correlation between gut conditional pathogens and the expression level of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells. Our data indicate that gut bacteria translocated to the lungs after sTBI, and Paneth cells may regulate gut microbiota stability and translocation.
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Construction of Standard Fast Medical Procedures for Traumatic Shock and Its Application Effects. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:2055925. [PMID: 36267142 PMCID: PMC9578901 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2055925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the construction of standard fast medical procedures for traumatic shock and its application effects. Methods 84 patients with traumatic shock were admitted to emergency department of the hospital between January 2018 and January 2020. Using random number table method, the patients were divided into the control group (was given emergency treatment by routine emergency rescue procedures) and the study group (was given emergency treatment by standard fast medical procedures) with 42 patients in each group. The treatment time (rescue time, consultation time in each department, and examination time), shock index (SI), blood pressure fluctuation range, urine output, serum lactate (LAC) level, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) were recorded. The incidences of complications in the two groups within 3 days were counted. Results The rescue time, consultation time, and examination time of the study group were shorter than those of the control group (P < 0.05). After 18 h of treatment, the SI, blood pressure fluctuation range, LAC, and APTT in the study group were lower or shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while urine volume and INR were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Within 3 days of treatment, the incidence of complications in the study group was 5.41% lower than that in the control group which was 24.14% (P < 0.05). Conclusion Standard fast medical procedures can effectively shorten the time of each stage of emergency treatment for traumatic shock, which allows patients to receive effective treatment in the shortest time while improving shock symptoms and reducing related complications.
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Dickerson M, Murphy S, Hyppolite N, Brolinson PG, VandeVord P. Osteopathy in the Cranial Field as a Method to Enhance Brain Injury Recovery: A Preliminary Study. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:456-472. [PMCID: PMC9622209 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dickerson
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan Murphy
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Natalie Hyppolite
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Pamela VandeVord
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Salem VA Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, USA
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Zhang H, Li CL, Qu Y, Yang YX, Du J, Zhao Y. Effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive impairment with traumatic brain injury in animal studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963334. [PMID: 36237612 PMCID: PMC9551312 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment is the main clinical feature after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is usually characterized by attention deficits, memory loss, and decreased executive function. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to show potential improvement in the cognition level after traumatic brain injury in clinical and preclinical studies. However, this topic has not yet been systematically reviewed in published literature. In this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of VNS on cognitive function in animal models of TBI and their underlying mechanisms. Methods We performed a literature search on PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library from inception to December 2021 to identify studies describing the effects of VNS on animal models of TBI. Results Overall, nine studies were identified in animal models (36 mice, 268 rats, and 27 rabbits). An analysis of these studies showed that VNS can improve the performance of TBI animals in behavioral tests (beam walk test: SMD: 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.66, 6.23; p < 0.00001) and locomotor placing tests (SMD: -2.39; 95% CI: -4.07, -0.71; p = 0.005), whereas it reduced brain edema (SMD: -1.58; 95% CI: -2.85, -0.31; p = 0. 01) and decrease TNF-α (SMD: -3.49; 95% CI: -5.78, -1.2; p = 0.003) and IL-1β (SMD: -2.84; 95% CI: -3.96, -1.71; p < 0.00001) expression level in the brain tissue. However, the checklist for SYRCLE showed a moderate risk of bias (quality score between 30% and 60%), mainly because of the lack of sample size calculation, random assignment, and blinded assessment. Conclusion The present review showed that VNS can effectively promote cognitive impairment and neuropathology in animal models of TBI. We hope that the results of this systematic review can be applied to improve the methodological quality of animal experiments on TBI, which will provide more important and conclusive evidence on the clinical value of VNS. To further confirm these results, there is a need for high-quality TBI animal studies with sufficient sample size and a more comprehensive outcome evaluation. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021290797, identifier: CRD42021290797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-liu Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-xuan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
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Dexamethasone-Loaded Hydrogels Improve Motor and Cognitive Functions in a Rat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911153. [PMID: 36232454 PMCID: PMC9570348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited due to progressive neuronal damage resulting from secondary injury-associated neuroinflammation. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone (DX), can reduce neuroinflammation by activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages. In our previous work, we developed hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene) glycol-bis-(acryloyloxy acetate) (PEG-bis-AA) hydrogels with dexamethasone (DX)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-DXM) and demonstrated that dexamethasone-loaded hydrogels (PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM) can reduce neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and lesion volume and improve neuronal cell survival and motor function recovery at seven days post-injury (DPI) in a rat mild-TBI model. In this study, we investigate the effects of the local application of PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels on motor function recovery at 7 DPI and cognitive functional recovery as well as secondary injury at 14 DPI in a rat mild-CCI TBI model. We observed that PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM-treated animals exhibit significantly improved motor functions by the rotarod test and cognitive functions by the Morris water maze test compared to untreated TBI animals. We also observed that PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels reduce the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and lesion volume compared to untreated animals at 14 DPI. Therefore, PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels can be promising a therapeutic intervention for TBI treatment.
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A Mouse Model of Neurodegeneration Induced by Blade Penetrating Stab Wound to the Hippocampus. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091365. [PMID: 36138848 PMCID: PMC9495452 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary To date, various animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been developed to investigate the cellular and molecular networks underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, and to examine the safeness and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. However, the commonly used animal TBI models usually have the weaknesses of low reproducibility and high mortality rates. In the present study, we created a mouse model of cognitive deficits induced by a blade penetrating stab wound to the hippocampus (HBSI). This model will contribute a better understanding of neurodegeneration and accelerate the translation of preclinical research to clinical applications. Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is closely associated with the later development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases which are still incurable. Although various animal TBI models have been generated, they usually have weaknesses in standardization, survivability and/or reproducibility. In the present study, we investigated whether applying a blade penetrating stab wound to the hippocampus would create an animal model of cognitive deficits. Open-field, Morris water maze and Barnes maze tests were used to evaluate the animal behaviors. The immunofluorescence staining of NeuN, GFAP, IBA1, and TUNEL was conducted to analyze the changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as cell death. Mice with a hippocampal blade stab injury (HBSI) displayed the activation of microglia and astrocytes, inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and deficits in spatial learning and memory. These findings suggest that HBSI is an easy approach to generate a reliable in vivo model of TBI to capture hemorrhage, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and neural death, as well as cognitive deficits observed in human patients.
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Synergistic effect of mild traumatic brain injury and alcohol aggravates neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations: Impact on psychological stress. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114222. [PMID: 36089059 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), victims often experience emotional/psychological stress such as heightened irritability, anxiety, apathy, and depression. Severe mental health complications are common in military populations following a combat-acquired TBI and intensified unhealthy alcohol use. The high prevalence of alcohol abuse among TBI victims underscores how alcohol abuse exacerbates emotional/psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The experimental mTBI was induced in vivo by fluid percussion injury (15 psi) in mice and ethanol diet feeding continued for 28 days. We analyzed different biomarkers of the biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiology of neurological damage, and functional outcome of psychological stress by sucrose preference, and light-dark tests. We demonstrated that the synergistic effect of TBI and alcohol leads to psychological stress such as depression and anxiety. The studies showed that oxidative stress, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration markers were elevated, and glial activation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage were exacerbated during the synergistic effect of TBI and alcohol. Further, we studied the biochemical mechanisms of psychological stress that showed the significant reduction of 5-HT1AR, neuropeptide-Y, and norepinephrine, and an increase in monoamine oxidase-a in the combined effect of TBI and alcohol. This work suggested that the combined TBI and alcohol-induced effect leads to depression and anxiety, via sequential biochemical changes that cause neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and BBB alterations. This clinically relevant study will contribute to developing a comprehensive therapeutic approach for patients suffering from TBI and alcohol-mediated neurological damage and psychological stress.
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Maisha N, Kulkarni C, Pandala N, Zilberberg R, Schaub L, Neidert L, Glaser J, Cannon J, Janeja V, Lavik EB. PEGylated Polyester Nanoparticles Trigger Adverse Events in a Large Animal Model of Trauma and in Naı̈ve Animals: Understanding Cytokine and Cellular Correlations with These Events. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10566-10580. [PMID: 35822898 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intravenously infusible nanoparticles to control bleeding have shown promise in rodents, but translation into preclinical models has been challenging as many of these nanoparticle approaches have resulted in infusion responses and adverse outcomes in large animal trauma models. We developed a hemostatic nanoparticle technology that was screened to avoid one component of the infusion response: complement activation. We administered these hemostatic nanoparticles, control nanoparticles, or saline volume controls in a porcine polytrauma model. While the hemostatic nanoparticles promoted clotting as marked by a decrease in prothrombin time and both the hemostatic nanoparticles and controls did not active complement, in a subset of the animals, hard thrombi were found in uninjured tissues in both the hemostatic and control nanoparticle groups. Using data science methods that allow one to work across heterogeneous data sets, we found that the presence of these thrombi correlated with changes in IL-6, INF-alpha, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. While these findings might suggest that this formulation would not be a safe one for translation for trauma, they provide guidance for developing screening tools to make nanoparticle formulations in the complex milieux of trauma as well as for therapeutic interventions more broadly. This is important as we look to translate intravenously administered nanoparticle formulations for therapies, particularly considering the vascular changes seen in a subset of patients following COVID-19. We need to understand adverse events like thrombi more completely and screen for these events early to make nanomaterials as safe and effective as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leasha Schaub
- Naval Medical Research Unit-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78234, United States
| | - Leslie Neidert
- Naval Medical Research Unit-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78234, United States
| | - Jacob Glaser
- Naval Medical Research Unit-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78234, United States
| | - Jeremy Cannon
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Alexandris AS, Wang Y, Frangakis CE, Lee Y, Ryu J, Alam Z, Koliatsos VE. Long-Term Changes in Axon Calibers after Injury: Observations on the Mouse Corticospinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7391. [PMID: 35806394 PMCID: PMC9266552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter pathology is common across a wide spectrum of neurological diseases. Characterizing this pathology is important for both a mechanistic understanding of neurological diseases as well as for the development of neuroimaging biomarkers. Although axonal calibers can vary by orders of magnitude, they are tightly regulated and related to neuronal function, and changes in axon calibers have been reported in several diseases and their models. In this study, we utilize the impact acceleration model of traumatic brain injury (IA-TBI) to assess early and late changes in the axon diameter distribution (ADD) of the mouse corticospinal tract using Airyscan and electron microscopy. We find that axon calibers follow a lognormal distribution whose parameters significantly change after injury. While IA-TBI leads to 30% loss of corticospinal axons by day 7 with a bias for larger axons, at 21 days after injury we find a significant redistribution of axon frequencies that is driven by a reduction in large-caliber axons in the absence of detectable degeneration. We postulate that changes in ADD features may reflect a functional adaptation of injured neural systems. Moreover, we find that ADD features offer an accurate way to discriminate between injured and non-injured mice. Exploring injury-related ADD signatures by histology or new emerging neuroimaging modalities may offer a more nuanced and comprehensive way to characterize white matter pathology and may also have the potential to generate novel biomarkers of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios S. Alexandris
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
| | | | - Youngrim Lee
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
| | - Jiwon Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zahra Alam
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (J.R.); (Z.A.)
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Novel Animal Model of Spontaneous Cerebral Petechial Hemorrhage Using Focused Ultrasound in Rats. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070881. [PMID: 35888600 PMCID: PMC9315537 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Petechial cerebral hemorrhages can be caused by various factors, such as traumas, cerebral infarctions, and aging, and is related to the disruption of the blood–brain barrier or the cellular damage of blood vessels. However, there is no animal model that recapitulates cerebral petechial hemorrhages. Materials and Methods: Here, we implemented a petechial hemorrhage using a novel technology, i.e., microbubble-assisted focused ultrasound (MB + FUS). Results: This method increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier by directly applying mechanical force to the vascular endothelial cells through cavitation of the microbubbles. Microbubble-enhanced cavitation has the advantage of controlling the degree and location of petechial hemorrhages. Conclusions: We thus generated a preclinical rat model using noninvasive focal MB + FUS. This method is histologically similar to actual petechial hemorrhages of the brain and allows the achievement of a physiologically resembling petechial hemorrhage. In the future, this method shall be considered as a useful animal model for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of petechial cerebral hemorrhages.
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Yang ZY, Wu Y, Li X, Tang T, Wang Y, Huang ZB, Fan R. Bioinformatics Analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs Network-Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Exerts Neuroprotection of Traumatic Brain Injury Mice in the Subacute Phase. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:772680. [PMID: 35814248 PMCID: PMC9257413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.772680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) is used to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). XFZYD-based therapies have achieved good clinical outcomes in TBI. However, the underlying mechanisms of XFZYD in TBI remedy remains unclear. The study aimed to identify critical miRNAs and putative mechanisms associated with XFYZD through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. We established a controlled cortical impact (CCI) mice model and treated the mice with XFZYD. The high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) confirmed the quality of XFZYD. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests indicated that XFZYD improved the neurological deficit (p < 0.05) and cognitive function (p < 0.01). Histological analysis validated the establishment of the CCI model and the treatment effect of XFZYD. HE staining displayed that the pathological degree in the XFZYD-treated group was prominently reduced. The transcriptomic data was generated using microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) of the hippocampus. According to cluster analysis, the TBI group clustered together was distinct from the XFZYD group. Sixteen differentially expressed (5 upregulated; 11 downregulated) miRNAs were detected between TBI and XFZYD. The reliability of the sequencing data was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Three miRNAs (mmu-miR-142a-5p, mmu-miR-183-5p, mmu-miR-96-5p) were distinctively expressed in the XFZYD compared with the TBI and consisted of the sequencing results. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the MAPK signaling pathway contributes to TBI pathophysiology and XFZYD treatment. Subsequently, the functions of miR-96-5p, miR-183-5p, and miR-142a-5p were validated in vitro. TBI significantly induces the down-expression of miR-96-5p, and up-expression of inflammatory cytokines, which were all inhibited by miR-96-5p mimics. The present research provides an adequate fundament for further knowing the pathologic and prognostic process of TBI and supplies deep insights into the therapeutic effects of XFZYD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-yu Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuexuan Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ze-bing Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Fan, ; Ze-bing Huang,
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Fan, ; Ze-bing Huang,
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Liao J, Fu W, Chen H, Chen Y, Wang W. Effects of Estrogen Receptor Antagonist ICI182.780 on a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971242202012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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TGF-β as a Key Modulator of Astrocyte Reactivity: Disease Relevance and Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051206. [PMID: 35625943 PMCID: PMC9138510 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the reactivity is highly heterogenous and context-dependent. Reactive astrocytes are active contributors to brain pathology and can exert beneficial, detrimental, or mixed effects following brain insults. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been identified as one of the key factors regulating astrocyte reactivity. The genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease alters pathological and functional outcomes. This review aims to provide recent understanding regarding astrocyte reactivity and TGF-β signaling in brain injury, aging, and neurodegeneration. Further, it explores how TGF-β signaling modulates astrocyte reactivity and function in the context of CNS disease and injury.
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Genetically modified mice for research on human diseases: A triumph for Biotechnology or a work in progress? THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are engineered as models for human diseases. These mouse models include inbred strains, mutants, gene knockouts, gene knockins, and ‘humanized’ mice. Each mouse model is engineered to mimic a specific disease based on a theory of the genetic basis of that disease. For example, to test the amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease, mice with amyloid precursor protein genes are engineered, and to test the tau theory, mice with tau genes are engineered. This paper discusses the importance of mouse models in basic research, drug discovery, and translational research, and examines the question of how to define the “best” mouse model of a disease. The critiques of animal models and the caveats in translating the results from animal models to the treatment of human disease are discussed. Since many diseases are heritable, multigenic, age-related and experience-dependent, resulting from multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, it will be essential to develop mouse models that reflect these genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors from a developmental perspective. Such models would provide further insight into disease emergence, progression and the ability to model two-hit and multi-hit theories of disease. The summary examines the biotechnology for creating genetically modified mice which reflect these factors and how they might be used to discover new treatments for complex human diseases such as cancers, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Gottlieb A, Toledano-Furman N, Prabhakara KS, Kumar A, Caplan HW, Bedi S, Cox CS, Olson SD. Time dependent analysis of rat microglial surface markers in traumatic brain injury reveals dynamics of distinct cell subpopulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6289. [PMID: 35428862 PMCID: PMC9012748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a cascade of cellular responses, which produce neuroinflammation, partly due to the activation of microglia. Accurate identification of microglial populations is key to understanding therapeutic approaches that modify microglial responses to TBI and improve long-term outcome measures. Notably, previous studies often utilized an outdated convention to describe microglial phenotypes. We conducted a temporal analysis of the response to controlled cortical impact (CCI) in rat microglia between ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres across seven time points, identified microglia through expression of activation markers including CD45, CD11b/c, and p2y12 receptor and evaluated their activation state using additional markers of CD32, CD86, RT1B, CD200R, and CD163. We identified unique sub-populations of microglial cells that express individual or combination of activation markers across time points. We further portrayed how the size of these sub-populations changes through time, corresponding to stages in TBI response. We described longitudinal changes in microglial population after CCI in two different locations using activation markers, showing clear separation into cellular sub-populations that feature different temporal patterns of markers after injury. These changes may aid in understanding the symptomatic progression following TBI and help define microglial subpopulations beyond the outdated M1/M2 paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Gottlieb
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Naama Toledano-Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Henry W Caplan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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A novel simple traumatic brain injury mouse model. Chin Neurosurg J 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35361274 PMCID: PMC8974042 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-022-00273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury, one of the leading causes of death in adults under 40 years of age in the world, is frequently caused by mechanical shock, resulting in diffuse neuronal damage and long-term cognitive dysfunction. Many existing TBI animal models revival with expensive equipment or special room are needed or the processes of operations are complex and not easy to be widely used. Therefore, a simpler TBI model needs to be designed. Methods Our TBI model is an innovation of the modeling method through air guns shutting rubber bullets. A core facet is the application of our designed rubber bullet impact device. It could focus the hitting power to the fixed site of the brain, thus triggering a mild closed head injury. Moreover, the degree of damage can be adjusted by the times of shots. Results Our model induced blood-brain barrier leakage and diffused neuronal damage. Besides, it led to an increased level of Tau phosphorylation and resulted in cognitive dysfunction within several weeks post-injury. Conclusion Our TBI model is not only simple and time-saving but also can simulate mild brain injuries in clinical. It is suitable for exploring pathobiological mechanisms as well as a screening of potential therapies for TBI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-022-00273-5.
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Jacotte-Simancas A, Middleton JW, Stielper ZF, Edwards S, Molina PE, Gilpin NW. Brain Injury Effects on Neuronal Activation and Synaptic Transmission in the Basolateral Amygdala of Adult Male and Female Wistar Rats. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:544-559. [PMID: 35081744 PMCID: PMC8978566 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as brain damage produced by an external mechanical force that leads to behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in emotional regulation, and its function and morphology are altered following TBI. Little is known about potential sex-specific effects of TBI on BLA neuronal function, but it is critical for the field to identify potential sex differences in TBI effects on brain and behavior. Here, we hypothesized that TBI would produce sex-specific acute (1 h) effects on BLA neuronal activation, excitability, and synaptic transmission in adult male and female rats. Forty-nine Wistar rats (n = 23 males and 26 females) were randomized to TBI (using lateral fluid percussion) or Sham groups in two separate studies. Study 1 used in situ hybridization (i.e., RNAscope) to measure BLA expression of c-fos (a marker of cell activation), vGlut, and vGat (markers of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, respectively) messenger RNA (mRNA). Study 2 used slice electrophysiology to measure intrinsic excitability and excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission in putative pyramidal neurons in the BLA. Physiological measures of injury severity were collected from all animals. Our results show that females exhibit increased apnea duration and reduced respiratory rate post-TBI relative to males. In male and female rats, TBI increased c-fos expression in BLA glutamatergic cells but not in BLA GABAergic cells, and TBI increased firing rate in BLA pyramidal neurons. Further, TBI increased spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic current (sEPSC and sIPSC) amplitude in BLA neurons of females relative to all other groups. TBI increased sEPSC frequency in BLA neurons of females relative to males but did not alter sIPSC frequency. In summary, lateral fluid percussion produced different physiological responses in male and female rats, as well as sex-specific alterations in BLA neuronal activation, excitability, and synaptic transmission 1 h after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Jacotte-Simancas
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jason W. Middleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zachary F. Stielper
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Shao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J. Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825086. [PMID: 35401152 PMCID: PMC8990307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many sequelae in the life time post injury, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the pathological mechanisms connecting these two processes have not yet been fully elucidated. It is important to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration, which will promote the development of precise treatment target for these notorious neurodegenerative consequences after TBI. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation is a pivotal pathological process underlying chronic neurodegeneration following TBI. Microglia, as the immune cells in the CNS, play crucial roles in neuroinflammation and many other CNS diseases. Of interest, microglial activation and functional alteration has been proposed as key mediators in the evolution of chronic neurodegenerative pathology following TBI. Here, we review the updated studies involving phenotypical and functional alterations of microglia in neurodegeneration after injury, survey key molecules regulating the activities and functional responses of microglia in TBI pathology, and explore their potential implications to chronic neurodegeneration after injury. The work will give us a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms driving TBI-related neurodegeneration and offer novel ideas of developing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wu,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
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Sun J, Liu J, Gao C, Zheng J, Zhang J, Ding Y, Gong W, Yang M, Li Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Gao C. Targeted delivery of PARP inhibitors to neuronal mitochondria via biomimetic engineered nanosystems in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:573-585. [PMID: 34958970 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which leads to pronounced negative effects on mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) repair and function. Notably, PARP inhibitors are reported to be beneficial in experimental models of TBI. A targeting strategy for the delivery of neuronal mitochondria-specific PARP inhibitors could result in a greater neuroprotective effect and be a safer approach for TBI treatment. In the present study, we developed the PARP inhibitor olaparib (Ola) as a model drug and devised red blood cell (RBC)-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (RBCNLCs) co-modified with C3 and SS31 peptide (C3/SS31-RBCNLCs) for brain neuronal mitochondria-targeting. Our results indicated that biomimetic nanosystems have the physical and chemical properties of the NLCs, as well as the biological properties of RBC. A high concentration of Ola delivered into brain mitochondria by C3/SS31-RBCNLCs-Ola effectively improved mitochondrial function and prevented neuronal cell death caused by excessive activation of injury-induced mitochondrial PARP (mt-PARP) in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the results of this study support the preclinical feasibility of developing highly effective nano-drugs as part of precision medicine for TBI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: TBI-induced neuronal mitochondria DNA damage activates Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP1) which leads to a pronounced negative effect on mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial function. In recent years, PARP inhibitors showed strong benefits in experimental models of TBI, more importantly PARP inhibitors specially target neuronal mitochondria may play a greater neuroprotective role and may be a safer approach for TBI treatment. Herein, we designed red blood cell (RBC) membrane-coated nanostructure lipid carriers dual-modified with C3 and SS31 (C3/SS31-RBCNLCs) to accomplish these objectives. After encapsulating Olaparib (Ola) as the model PARP inhibitor, the data demonstrated that C3/SS31-RBCNLCs, with brain neuronal mitochondria targeting, can reduce neuronal cell death and improve mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by mitochondrial PARP activation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jingzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunhong Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jinbang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yaning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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Role of Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Associated Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence and Where Do We Go From Here. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:438-448. [PMID: 34955170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increasing awareness that traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion substantially increase the risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Even mild TBI increases the risk for depression and anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder by two- to threefold, predisposing patients to further functional impairment. This strong epidemiological link supports examination of potential mechanisms driving neuropsychiatric symptom development after TBI. One potential mechanism for increased neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI is via inflammatory processes, as central nervous system inflammation can last years after initial injury. There is emerging preliminary evidence that TBI patients with posttraumatic stress disorder or depression exhibit increased central and peripheral inflammatory markers compared with TBI patients without these comorbidities. Growing evidence has demonstrated that immune signaling in animals plays an integral role in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors after severe stress or brain injury. In this review, we will 1) discuss current evidence for chronic inflammation after TBI in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, 2) highlight potential microglial activation and cytokine signaling contributions, and 3) discuss potential promise and pitfalls for immune-targeted interventions and biomarker strategies to identify and treat TBI patients with immune-related neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Vaughn MN, Winston CN, Levin N, Rissman RA, Risbrough VB. Developing Biomarkers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Promise and Progress of CNS-Derived Exosomes. Front Neurol 2022; 12:698206. [PMID: 35222223 PMCID: PMC8866179 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.698206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are common injuries across civilian and military populations. Although most individuals recover after mTBI, some individuals continue to show long-term symptoms as well as increased risk for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, diagnosing TBI severity relies primarily on self-report and subjective symptoms, with limited tools for diagnosis or prognosis. Brain-derived exosomes, a form of extracellular vesicle, may offer a solution for interpreting injury states by aiding in diagnosis as well as outcome prediction with relatively low patient burden. Exosomes, which are released into circulation, contain both protein and RNA cargo that can be isolated and quantified, providing a molecular window into molecular status of the exosome source. Here we examined the current literature studying the utility of exosomes, in particular neuronal- and astrocyte-derived exosomes, to identify protein and miRNA biomarkers of injury severity, trajectory, and functional outcome. Current evidence supports the potential for these emerging new tools to capture an accessible molecular window into the brain as it responds to a traumatic injury, however a number of limitations must be addressed in future studies. Most current studies are relatively small and cross sectional; prospective, longitudinal studies across injury severity, and populations are needed to track exosome cargo changes after injury. Standardized exosome isolation as well as advancement in identifying/isolating exosomes from CNS-specific tissue sources will improve mechanistic understanding of cargo changes as well as reliability of findings. Exosomes are also just beginning to be used in model systems to understand functional effects of TBI-associated cargo such as toxicity. Finally linking exosome cargo changes to objective markers of neuronal pathology and cognitive changes will be critical in validating these tools to provide insights into injury and recovery states after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melonie N. Vaughn
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Charisse N. Winston
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Levin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
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75
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Scott MC, Prabhakara KS, Walters AJ, Olson SD, Cox CS. Determining Sex-Based Differences in Inflammatory Response in an Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:753570. [PMID: 35222368 PMCID: PMC8864286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.753570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of injury-related death and morbidity. Multiple clinical and pre-clinical studies have reported various results regarding sex-based differences in TBI. Our accepted rodent model of traumatic brain injury was used to identify sex-based differences in the pathological features of TBI. Methods Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either controlled-cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury; brain tissue was harvested at different time intervals depending on the specific study. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) analysis was performed using infrared imaging to measure fluorescence dye extravasation. Microglia and splenocytes were characterized with traditional flow cytometry; microglia markers such as CD45, P2Y12, CD32, and CD163 were analyzed with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Flow cytometry was used to study tissue cytokine levels, and supplemented with ELISAs of TNF-⍺, IL-17, and IL-1β of the ipsilateral hemisphere tissue. Results CCI groups of both sexes recorded a higher BBB permeability at 72 hours post-injury than their respective sham groups. There was significant difference in the integrated density value of BBB permeability between the male CCI group and the female CCI group (female CCI mean = 3.08 x 108 ± 2.83 x 107, male CCI mean = 2.20 x 108 ± 4.05 x 106, p = 0.0210), but otherwise no differences were observed. Traditional flow cytometry did not distinguish any sex-based difference in regards to splenocyte cell population after CCI. t-SNE did not reveal any significant difference between the male and female injury groups in the activation of microglia. Cytokine analysis after injury by flow cytometry and ELISA was limited in differences at the time point of 6 hours post-injury. Conclusion In our rodent model of traumatic brain injury, sex-based differences in pathology and neuroinflammation at specified time points are limited, and only noted in one specific analysis of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Li G, Duan L, Yang F, Yang L, Deng Y, Yu Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Curcumin suppress inflammatory response in traumatic brain injury via p38/MAPK signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1326-1337. [PMID: 35080289 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common disease worldwide with a high mortality and disability rate and is closely related to the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms during the pathophysiological responses are not completely understood. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on TBI and the molecular mechanisms of the p38/MAPK signal pathway. We found that curcumin remarkably ameliorated secondary brain injury after TBI, including effects on the neurological severity score and inflammation. After injection of curcumin, the neurological function score of mice decreased significantly. Curcumin exhibited antiinflammatory pharmacological effects, as reflected by inhibition of inflammatory factors (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α). Additionally, curcumin notably reduced the expression of p-p38 according to western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. In conclusion, curcumin remarkably alleviated posttraumatic inflammation and thus shows potential for treating inflammation associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengbiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yajun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yinian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Lab of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Ou Y, Clifton BA, Li J, Sandlin D, Li N, Wu L, Zhang C, Chen T, Huang J, Yu Y, Allison J, Fan F, Roman RJ, Shaffery J, Zhou W, Pang Y, Zhu H. Traumatic brain injury induced by exposure to blast overpressure via ear canal. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:115-121. [PMID: 34100446 PMCID: PMC8451570 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to explosive shockwave often leads to blast-induced traumatic brain injury in military and civilian populations. Unprotected ears are most often damaged following exposure to blasts. Although there is an association between tympanic membrane perforation and TBI in blast exposure victims, little is known about how and to what extent blast energy is transmitted to the central nervous system via the external ear canal. The present study investigated whether exposure to blasts directed through the ear canal causes brain injury in Long-Evans rats. Animals were exposed to a single blast (0-30 pounds per square inch (psi)) through the ear canal, and brain injury was evaluated by histological and behavioral outcomes at multiple time-points. Blast exposure not only caused tympanic membrane perforation but also produced substantial neuropathological changes in the brain, including increased expression of c-Fos, induction of a profound chronic neuroinflammatory response, and apoptosis of neurons. The blast-induced injury was not limited only to the brainstem most proximal to the source of the blast, but also affected the forebrain including the hippocampus, amygdala and the habenula, which are all involved in cognitive functions. Indeed, the animals exhibited long-term neurological deficits, including signs of anxiety in open field tests 2 months following blast exposure, and impaired learning and memory in an 8-arm maze 12 months following blast exposure. These results suggest that the unprotected ear canal provides a locus for blast waves to cause TBI. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (Animal protocol# 0932E, approval date: September 30, 2016 and 0932F, approval date: September 27, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Brad A. Clifton
- MD Program, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jinghui Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - David Sandlin
- MD Program, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Na Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chunming Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Tianwen Chen
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jerome Allison
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - James Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Wu Zhou
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Departmant of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Xia H, Xiong J, Ma X, Liu C. The benefits of exercise for outcome improvement following traumatic brain injury: Evidence, pitfalls and future perspectives. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113958. [PMID: 34951984 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as a silent epidemic, is currently a substantial public health problem worldwide. Given the increased energy demands following brain injury, relevant guidelines tend to recommend absolute physical and cognitive rest for patients post-TBI. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that strict rest does not provide additional benefits to patients' recovery. By contrast, as a cost-effective non-pharmacological therapy, exercise has shown promise for enhancing functional outcomes after injury. This article summarizes the most recent evidence supporting the beneficial effects of exercise on TBI outcomes, focusing on the efficacy of exercise for cognitive recovery after injury and its potential mechanisms. Available evidence demonstrates the potential of exercise in improving cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-concussion syndrome following TBI. However, the clinical application for exercise rehabilitation in TBI remains challenging, particularly due to the inadequacy of the existing clinical evaluation system. Also, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms whereby exercise promotes its most beneficial effects post-TBI will aid in the development of new clinical strategies to best benefit of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Zhang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Honglin Xia
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Bozkurt I, Umana GE, Deora H, Wellington J, Karakoc E, Chaurasia B. Factors Affecting Neurosurgeons' Decisions to Forgo Life-Sustaining Treatments After Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:e311-e323. [PMID: 34933149 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multifaceted condition that causes mortality and disability worldwide. Limited data are available on the factors associated with the decision for the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST) for patients with TBI. In the present study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and attitudes affecting neurosurgeons when deciding on WLST for patients with TBI using a multicenter survey. METHODS An online questionnaire was applied worldwide and shared using social media platforms and electronic mail to ∼5000 neurosurgeons. The social media group "Neurosurgery Cocktail" was used to post a link to the questionnaire. In addition, randomly chosen neurosurgery clinics around the world were sent the survey via electronic mail. RESULTS Of the participants, 17.22% had decided on WLST after TBI for >26 patients. Neurosurgeons with more WLST decisions were older, had had more clinical experience and intensive care unit (ICU) training, and were better prepared to involve the family members of TBI patients in their decision-making compared with those with fewer WLST decisions. The respondents stated that the patient's family, ICU consultants, and themselves played the most influential role in the WLST decisions, with the hospital administration, social workers, spiritual caregivers, and nurses having lesser roles. The current and presenting Glasgow coma scale scores, pupillary response, advanced patient age, candidates for a vegetative state, and impaired neurological function were significant factors associated with the WLST decision. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to evaluate neurosurgeons concerning their opinions and behaviors regarding WLST decisions after TBI. Increased patient age, Glasgow coma scale score, pupillary response, the presence of comorbidities, candidacy for a vegetative state, and impaired neurological function were the main factors contributing to the decision for WLST. We also found that the family, ICU consultants, and the attending neurosurgeon had the most effective roles in the decisions regarding WLST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Bozkurt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cankiri State Hospital, Cankiri, Turkey.
| | - Giuseppe E Umana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trauma Center, Gamma Knife Center, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Harsh Deora
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jack Wellington
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ebru Karakoc
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation and Intensive Care, Cankiri State Hospital, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj, Nepal
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80
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Yuan M, Wu H. Astrocytes in the Traumatic Brain Injury: the Good and the Bad. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113943. [PMID: 34863998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes control many processes of the nervous system in health and disease, and respond to injury quickly. Astrocytes produce neuroprotective factors in the injured brain to clear cellular debris and to orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, astrocytes also become dysregulated and produce cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair by induction of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Hence, we discuss the potential role of astrocytes in neuropathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and blood-brain barrier repair after TBI. Thus, an improved understanding of the dual role of astrocytes may advance our knowledge of post-brain injury recovery, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), 102206 Beijing, China.
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81
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Tucker LB, McCabe JT. Measuring Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodent Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:682935. [PMID: 34776887 PMCID: PMC8586518 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.682935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a common complaint following acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the measurement of dysfunctional anxiety behavioral states following experimental TBI in rodents is complex. Some studies report increased anxiety after TBI, whereas others find a decreased anxiety-like state, often described as increased risk-taking behavior or impulsivity. These inconsistencies may reflect a lack of standardization of experimental injury models or of behavioral testing techniques. Here, we review the most commonly employed unconditioned tests of anxiety and discuss them in a context of experimental TBI. Special attention is given to the effects of repeated testing, and consideration of potential sensory and motor confounds in injured rodents. The use of multiple tests and alternative data analysis methods are discussed, as well as the potential for the application of common data elements (CDEs) as a means of providing a format for documentation of experimental details and procedures of each published research report. CDEs may improve the rigor, reproducibility, as well as endpoint for better relating findings with clinical TBI phenotypes and the final goal of translation. While this may not resolve all incongruities in findings across laboratories, it is seen as a way forward for standardized and universal data collection for improvement of data quality and sharing, and advance therapies for neuropsychiatric symptoms that often present for decades following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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82
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Chen C, Hu N, Wang J, Xu L, Jia XL, Fan X, Shi JX, Chen F, Tu Y, Wang YW, Li XH. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promote neurological repair after traumatic brain injury through regulating Treg/Th17 balance. Brain Res 2021; 1775:147711. [PMID: 34793756 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a brain injury resulting from blunt mechanical external forces, which is a crucial public health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. TBI is one of the leading causes of death or disability. The primary injury of TBI is generally irreversible. Secondary injury caused by neuroinflammation could result in exacerbation of patients, which indicated that anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory were necessary for the treatment of TBI. Accumulated evidence reveals that the transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) could regulate the microenvironment in vivo and keep a balance of helper T 17(Th17)/ regulatory T cell (Treg). Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the UCMSCs could repair neurological impairment by maintaining the balance of Th17/Treg after TBI. In the study, we observed the phenomenon of trans-differentiation of T lymphocytes into Th17 cells after TBI. Rats were divided into Sham, TBI, and TBI + UCMSCs groups to explore the effects of the UCMSCs. The results manifested that trans-differentiation of Th17 into Treg was facilitated by UCMSCs, which was followed by promotion of neurological recovery and improvement of learning and memory in TBI rats. Furthermore, UCMSCs decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and increased the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) in vivo and vitro experiments. In conclusion, UCMSCs maintained Th17/Treg balance via the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/ Smad3/ NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China; Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Medical Psychology Section, Hubei General Hospital of Armed Police Force, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Li Jia
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiu Fan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jian-Xin Shi
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yue Tu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Daines SA. The Therapeutic Potential and Limitations of Ketones in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:723148. [PMID: 34777197 PMCID: PMC8579274 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.723148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant health crisis. To date, no FDA approved pharmacotherapies are available to prevent the neurological deficits caused by TBI. As an alternative to pharmacotherapy treatment of TBI, ketones could be used as a metabolically based therapeutic strategy. Ketones can help combat post-traumatic cerebral energy deficits while also reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Experimental models of TBI suggest that administering ketones to TBI patients may provide significant benefits to improve recovery. However, studies evaluating the effectiveness of ketones in human TBI are limited. Unanswered questions remain about age- and sex-dependent factors, the optimal timing and duration of ketone supplementation, and the optimal levels of circulating and cerebral ketones. Further research and improvements in metabolic monitoring technology are also needed to determine if ketone supplementation can improve TBI recovery outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Anne Daines
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Cheng YQ, Wu CR, Du MR, Zhou Q, Wu BY, Fu JYY, Balawi E, Tan WL, Liao ZB. CircLphn3 protects the blood-brain barrier in traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:812-818. [PMID: 34472480 PMCID: PMC8530114 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new and large group of non-coding RNA molecules that are abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. However, very little is known about their roles in traumatic brain injury. In this study, we firstly screened differentially expressed circRNAs in normal and injured brain tissues of mice after traumatic brain injury. We found that the expression of circLphn3 was substantially decreased in mouse models of traumatic brain injury and in hemin-treated bEnd.3 (mouse brain cell line) cells. After overexpressing circLphn3 in bEnd.3 cells, the expression of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1, ZO-2, and occludin, was upregulated, and the expression of miR-185-5p was decreased. In bEnd.3 cells transfected with miR-185-5p mimics, the expression of ZO-1 was decreased. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that circLphn3 bound to miR-185-5p, and that miR-185-5p bound to ZO-1. Additionally, circLphn3 overexpression attenuated the hemin-induced high permeability of the in vitro bEnd.3 cell model of the blood-brain barrier, while miR-185-5p transfection increased the permeability. These findings suggest that circLphn3, as a molecular sponge of miR-185-5p, regulates tight junction proteins' expression after traumatic brain injury, and it thereby improves the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Chongqing Medical University of China (approval No. 2021-177) on March 22, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen-Rui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-Ran Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Yuan-Yuan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ehab Balawi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Lin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Bu Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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85
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A cortical injury model in a non-human primate to assess execution of reach and grasp actions: implications for recovery after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109283. [PMID: 34237383 PMCID: PMC9969347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances in developing experimentally controlled models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are prevalent in rodent models and these models have proven invaluable in characterizing temporal changes in brain and behavior after trauma. To date no long-term studies in non-human primates (NHPs) have been published using an experimentally controlled impact device to follow behavioral performance over time. NEW METHOD We have employed a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device to create a focal contusion to the hand area in primary motor cortex (M1) of three New World monkeys to characterize changes in reach and grasp function assessed for 3 months after the injury. RESULTS The CCI destroyed most of M1 hand representation reducing grey matter by 9.6 mm3, 12.9 mm3, and 15.5 mm3 and underlying corona radiata by 7.4 mm3, 6.9 mm3, and 5.6 mm3 respectively. Impaired motor function was confined to the hand contralateral to the injury. Gross hand-use was only mildly affected during the first few days of observation after injury while activity requiring skilled use of the hand was impaired over three months. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This study is unique in establishing a CCI model of TBI in an NHP resulting in persistent impairments in motor function evident in volitional use of the hand. CONCLUSIONS Establishing an NHP model of TBI is essential to extend current rodent models to the complex neural architecture of the primate brain. Moving forward this model can be used to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to improve or restore impaired motor function after trauma.
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Animal models of traumatic brain injury: a review of pathophysiology to biomarkers and treatments. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2939-2950. [PMID: 34324019 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death and disability in both civilian and military population. TBI may occur via a variety of etiologies, all of which involve trauma to the head. However, the neuroprotective drugs which were found to be very effective in animal TBI models failed in phase II or phase III clinical trials, emphasizing a compelling need to review the current status of animal TBI models and therapeutic strategies. No single animal model can adequately mimic all aspects of human TBI owing to the heterogeneity of clinical TBI. However, due to the ethical limitations, it is difficult to precisely emulate the TBI mechanisms that occur in humans. Therefore, many animal models with varying severity and mechanisms of brain injury have been developed, and each model has its own pros and cons in its implementation for TBI research. These challenges pose a need for study of continued TBI mechanisms, brain injury severity, duration, treatment strategies, and optimization of animal models across the neurotrauma research community. The aim of this review is to discuss (1) causes of TBI, (2) its prevalence in military and civilian population, (3) classification and pathophysiology of TBI, (4) biomarkers and detection methods, (5) animal models of TBI, and (6) the advantages and disadvantages of each model and the species used, as well as possible treatments.
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Li J, Zhang D, Guo S, Zhao C, Wang L, Ma S, Guan F, Yao M. Dual-enzymatically cross-linked gelatin hydrogel promotes neural differentiation and neurotrophin secretion of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of moderate traumatic brain injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:200-213. [PMID: 34310990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most devastating nervous injuries. Neural tissue engineering based on stem cells and bioactive scaffold is a promising but challenging approach for neural repair. A cutting-edge system with capability to control the fate of encapsulated stem cells is attractive to enhance neural regeneration after TBI. Herein, an injectable gelatin hydrogel dual-enzymatically cross-linked by horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and choline oxidase (ChOx) was performed as the neural scaffold to load murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) for TBI treatment. The results of in vitro cellular experiments showed that low cross-linked gelatin hydrogel could obviously promote cellular viability, neural differentiation, and neurotrophins secretion of the loaded BMSC. In vivo tests on a TBI model of C57BL/6 mouse demonstrated that BMSC-laden gelatin hydrogel implants could significantly reduce the damaged area, ameliorate inflammation, attenuate neuronal apoptosis, facilitate survival and proliferation of endogenous neural cells, and promote the neurological function recovery of TBI mice. All data suggest that establishment of this three-dimensional (3D) gelatin hydrogel stem cell-loaded system is a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI or other neurological rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Li
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shen Guo
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chengbin Zhao
- Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Luyu Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Marjani S, Zirh S, Sever-Bahcekapili M, Cakir-Aktas C, Muftuoglu SF, Mut M. Doxycycline alleviates acute traumatic brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577672. [PMID: 34364104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the significant causes of death among young people worldwide. Doxycycline (DOX), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory effects, has not been used as a therapeutic agent to modify the inflammatory response after the traumatic brain injury. In this study, intraperitoneal administration of DOX reduced significantly the acute inflammatory markers like IL-6 and CD3, microglial migration to the damaged area marked with Iba-1, and neuronal apoptosis assessed with TUNEL assay at 72 h after the trauma. The low dose, 10 mg/kg of DOX had a dominant anti-inflammatory effect; while the high dose, 100 mg/kg of DOX, was more effective in decreasing neuronal apoptosis. In early hours after the head trauma, use of a low dose (10 mg/kg) of DOX for decreasing the acute form of inflammation followed by a high dose (100 mg/kg) for the anti-apoptotic effects particularly in severe head traumas, would be a promising approach to alleviate the brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Marjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selim Zirh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Canan Cakir-Aktas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevda Fatma Muftuoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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89
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Song B, Lee SJ, Kim CH. Roles of Cytokines in the Temporal Changes of Microglial Membrane Currents and Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Efficacy in ATP-Induced Cortical Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136853. [PMID: 34202215 PMCID: PMC8268462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important neuroinflammatory modulators in neurodegenerative brain disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. However, their temporal effects on the physiological properties of microglia and neurons during the recovery period have been unclear. Here, using an ATP-induced cortical injury model, we characterized selective effects of ATP injection compared to needle-control. In the damaged region, the fluorescent intensity of CX3CR1-GFP (+) cells, as well as the cell density, was increased and the maturation of newborn BrdU (+) cells continued until 28 day-post-injection (dpi) of ATP. The excitability and synaptic E/I balance of neurons and the inward and outward membrane currents of microglia were increased at 3 dpi, when expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10/IL-4 were also enhanced. These changes of both cells at 3 dpi were mostly decayed at 7 dpi and were suppressed by any of IL-10, IL-4, suramin (P2 receptor inhibitor) and 4-AP (K+ channel blocker). Acute ATP application alone induced only small effects from both naïve neurons and microglial cells in brain slice. However, TNF-α alone effectively increased the excitability of naïve neurons, which was blocked by suramin or 4-AP. TNF-α and IL-1β increased and decreased membrane currents of naïve microglia, respectively. Our results suggest that ATP and TNF-α dominantly induce the physiological activities of 3 dpi neurons and microglia, and IL-10 effectively suppresses such changes of both activated cells in K+ channel- and P2 receptor-dependent manner, while IL-4 suppresses neurons preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Song
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sung-Joong Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Chong-Hyun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence:
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90
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Mester JR, Bazzigaluppi P, Dorr A, Beckett T, Burke M, McLaurin J, Sled JG, Stefanovic B. Attenuation of tonic inhibition prevents chronic neurovascular impairments in a Thy1-ChR2 mouse model of repeated, mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7685-7699. [PMID: 34335958 PMCID: PMC8315057 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the most common type of brain trauma, frequently leads to chronic cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Intervening effectively is impeded by our poor understanding of its pathophysiological sequelae. Methods: To elucidate the long-term neurovascular sequelae of mTBI, we combined optogenetics, two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and intracortical electrophysiological recordings in mice to selectively stimulate peri-contusional neurons weeks following repeated closed-head injury and probe individual vessel's function and local neuronal reactivity. Results: Compared to sham-operated animals, mTBI mice showed doubled cortical venular speeds (115 ± 25%) and strongly elevated cortical venular reactivity (53 ± 17%). Concomitantly, the pericontusional neurons exhibited attenuated spontaneous activity (-57 ± 79%) and decreased reactivity (-47 ± 28%). Post-mortem immunofluorescence revealed signs of peri-contusional senescence and DNA damage, in the absence of neuronal loss or gliosis. Alteration of neuronal and vascular functioning was largely prevented by chronic, low dose, systemic administration of a GABA-A receptor inverse agonist (L-655,708), commencing 3 days following the third impact. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that repeated mTBI leads to dramatic changes in the neurovascular unit function and that attenuation of tonic inhibition can prevent these alterations. The sustained disruption of the neurovascular function may underlie the concussed brain's long-term susceptibility to injury, and calls for development of better functional assays as well as of neurovascularly targeted interventions.
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91
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T. Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143777. [PMID: 34128471 PMCID: PMC8203445 DOI: 10.1172/jci143777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and progressive disease, and management requires an understanding of both the primary neurological injury and the secondary sequelae that affect peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain-gut axis is composed of bidirectional pathways through which TBI-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration impact gut function. The resulting TBI-induced dysautonomia and systemic inflammation contribute to the secondary GI events, including dysmotility and increased mucosal permeability. These effects shape, and are shaped by, changes in microbiota composition and activation of resident and recruited immune cells. Microbial products and immune cell mediators in turn modulate brain-gut activity. Importantly, secondary enteric inflammatory challenges prolong systemic inflammation and worsen TBI-induced neuropathology and neurobehavioral deficits. The importance of brain-gut communication in maintaining GI homeostasis highlights it as a viable therapeutic target for TBI. Currently, treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or systemic inflammation offer the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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92
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Lambru G, Benemei S, Andreou AP, Luciani M, Serafini G, van den Brink AM, Martelletti P. Position Paper on Post-Traumatic Headache: The Relationship Between Head Trauma, Stress Disorder, and Migraine. Pain Ther 2021; 10:1-13. [PMID: 33247827 PMCID: PMC8119555 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major public health concern, with mild TBI (mTBI) constituting the vast majority of the injuries. Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most frequent symptoms that follow a mTBI, occurring in isolation with a tension-type or migraine phenotype, or more often as part of a complex neurobehavioural array of symptoms. The existence of PTH as a separate entity from the primary headaches is still a matter of debate. Classification issues and a lack of methodologically robust epidemiological and clinical studies have made it difficult to elucidate the mechanisms underlying acute and even more persistent PTH (PPTH). Furthermore, psychiatric comorbidities such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), previous history of migraine, and legal issues often reported by PPTH patients have complicated the understanding of this condition, hence treatment approaches for PTH remain problematic. Recent findings from structural and functional neuroimaging studies have attempted to describe the brain architecture of PPTH, suggesting the involvement of different networks compared to migraine. It also seems that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels are not particularly raised in PPTH, although CGRP monoclonal antibodies have obtained positive initial open-label evidence of efficacy in PPTH, and more trials assessing the efficacy of this class of treatments are underway. The broad overlap between PTH, migraine, and PTSD suggests that research in this field should start with a re-appraisal of the diagnostic criteria, followed by methodologically sound epidemiological and clinical studies. Preclinical research should strive to create more reliable PTH models to support human neuroimaging, neurochemical, and neurogenetic studies, aiming to underpin new pathophysiological hypotheses that may expand treatment targets and improve the management of PTH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lambru
- The Headache Service, Pain Management and Neuromodulation Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's and St Thomas, London, UK.
| | - Silvia Benemei
- Health Sciences Department, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, and Headache Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna P Andreou
- The Headache Service, Pain Management and Neuromodulation Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's and St Thomas, London, UK
- Headache Research, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michelangelo Luciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Regional Referral Headache Centre, DAI Medical Sciences, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Childhood Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Regional Referral Headache Centre, DAI Medical Sciences, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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93
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Chen B, Shi QX, Nie C, Zhao ZP, Luo L, Zhao QJ, Si SY, Xu BX, Wang T, Gao LY, Gu JW. Establishment and Evaluation of a Novel High-Efficiency Model of Graded Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:e7-e18. [PMID: 33992827 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have made significant contributions to establishing animal traumatic brain injury (TBI) models for simulation of human TBI, the accuracy, controllability, and modeling efficiency of animal TBI models need to be further improved. This study established a novel high-efficiency graded mouse TBI model induced by shock wave. METHODS A total of 125 mice were randomly divided into sham, 0.7 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.5 mm groups according to the depth of the cross groove of the aluminum sheets. The stability and repeatability of apparatus were evaluated, and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral edema, neuropathologic immunohistochemistry, apoptosis-related protein, and behavioral tests of neurologic function were used to validate this new model. RESULTS The results showed that 4 mice were injured simultaneously in 1 experiment. They received the same intensity of shock waves. Moreover, the mortality rates caused by 3 different aluminum sheets were consistent with the mortality rates of mild TBI, moderate TBI, and severe TBI. Compared with the sham group, mice in different injured groups significantly increased brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neuronal apoptosis. And the mice in all injured groups showed poor motor ability, balancing, spatial learning, and memory abilities. CONCLUSIONS The novel TBI apparatus has advantages in its small size, simple operation, high repeatability, high efficiency, and graded severity. Our TBI apparatus provides a novel tool to investigate the neuropathologic changes and underlying mechanisms of TBI with various levels of severities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Savaid Medical College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan-Xing Shi
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Nie
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Luo
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan-Jun Zhao
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Yan Si
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xin Xu
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yu Gao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wen Gu
- People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.
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94
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Postolache TT, Wadhawan A, Can A, Lowry CA, Woodbury M, Makkar H, Hoisington AJ, Scott AJ, Potocki E, Benros ME, Stiller JW. Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:1-28. [PMID: 32176646 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence that inflammation contributes to clinical and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many successful target-engaging, lesion-reducing, symptom-alleviating, and function-improving interventions in animal models of TBI have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Timing and immunological context are paramount for the direction, quality, and intensity of immune responses to TBI and the resulting neuroanatomical, clinical, and functional course. We present components of the immune system implicated in TBI, potential immune targets, and target-engaging interventions. The main objective of our article is to point toward modifiable molecular and cellular mechanisms that may modify the outcomes in TBI, and contribute to increasing the translational value of interventions that have been identified in animal models of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abhishek Wadhawan
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adem Can
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Woodbury
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hina Makkar
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Potocki
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Neurology Consultation Services, Washington, DC, USA
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95
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Kostelnik C, Lucki I, Choi KH, Browne CA. Translational relevance of fear conditioning in rodent models of mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:365-376. [PMID: 33961927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military populations. Utilizing translationally relevant animal models is imperative for establishing a platform to delineate neurobehavioral deficits common to clinical PTSD that emerge in the months to years following mTBI. Such platforms are required to facilitate preclinical development of novel therapeutics. First, this mini review provides an overview of the incidence of PTSD following mTBI in military service members. Secondly, the translational relevance of fear conditioning paradigms used in conjunction with mTBI in preclinical studies is evaluated. Next, this review addresses an important gap in the current preclinical literature; while incubation of fear has been studied in other areas of research, there are relatively few studies pertaining to the enhancement of cued and contextual fear memory over time following mTBI. Incubation of fear paradigms in conjunction with mTBI are proposed as a novel behavioral approach to advance this critical area of research. Lastly, this review discusses potential neurobiological substrates implicated in altered fear memory post mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kostelnik
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States.
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814, United States.
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96
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Tucker LB, Fu AH, McCabe JT. Hippocampal-Dependent Cognitive Dysfunction following Repeated Diffuse Rotational Brain Injury in Male and Female Mice. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1585-1606. [PMID: 33622092 PMCID: PMC8126427 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a common, often long-term complaint following acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI). Cognitive deficits suggest dysfunction in hippocampal circuits. The goal of the studies described here is to phenotype in both male and female mice the hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits resulting from TBI sustained by the Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) device—a model that delivers both a contact–concussion injury as well as unrestrained rotational head movement. Mice sustained either sham procedures or four injuries (0.7 J, 24-h intervals). Spatial learning and memory skills assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM) approximately 3 weeks following injuries were significantly impaired by brain injuries; however, slower swimming speeds and poor performance on visible platform trials suggest that measurement of cognitive impairment with this test is confounded by injury-induced motor and/or visual impairments. A separate experiment confirmed hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits with trace fear conditioning (TFC), a behavioral test less dependent on motor and visual function. Male mice had greater injury-induced deficits on both the MWM and TFC tests than female mice. Pathologically, the injury was characterized by white matter damage as observed by silver staining and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrogliosis) in the optic tracts, with milder damage seen in the corpus callosum, and fimbria and brainstem (cerebral peduncles) of some animals. No changes in the density of GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing cells in the hippocampus, amygdala, or parietal cortex were found. This experiment confirmed significant sexually dimorphic cognitive impairments following a repeated, diffuse brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda H Fu
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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97
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Sarkar B, Ma X, Agas A, Siddiqui Z, Iglesias-Montoro P, Nguyen PK, Kim KK, Haorah J, Kumar VA. In vivo Neuroprotective Effect of a Self-assembled Peptide Hydrogel. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 408:127295. [PMID: 37842134 PMCID: PMC10571100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor intrinsic healing responses and long-term cognitive decline. A major pathological outcome of TBI is acute glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity (GME) experienced by neurons. Short peptides based on the neuroprotective extracellular glycoprotein ependymin have shown the ability to slow down the effect of GME - however, such short peptides tend to diffuse away from target sites after in vivo delivery. We have designed a self-assembling peptide containing an ependymin mimic that can form nanofibrous matrices. The peptide was evaluated in situ to assess neuroprotective utility after an acute fluidpercussion injury. This biomimetic matrix can conform to the intracranial damaged site after delivery, due its shear-responsive rheological properties. We demonstrated the potential efficacy of the peptide for supporting neuronal survival in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates the potential of these implantable acellular hydrogels for managing the acute (up to 7 days) pathophysiological sequelae after traumatic brain injury. Further work is needed to evaluate less invasive administrative routes and long-term functional and behavioral improvements after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Agnieszka Agas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Zain Siddiqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Peter K. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Ka Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - James Haorah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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98
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Lerouet D, Marchand-Leroux C, Besson VC. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:524-538. [PMID: 33527472 PMCID: PMC9290810 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals, contributing to devastating socioeconomic consequences. Despite numerous promising pharmacological strategies reported as neuroprotective in preclinical studies, the translation to clinical trials always failed, albeit the great diversity of therapeutic targets evaluated. In this review, first, we described epidemiologic features, causes, and primary and secondary injuries of TBI. Second, we outlined the current literature on animal models of TBI, and we described their goals, their advantages and disadvantages according to the species used, the type of injury induced, and their clinical relevance. Third, we defined the concept of neuroprotection and discussed its evolution. We also identified the reasons that might explain the failure of clinical translation. Then, we reviewed post‐TBI neuroprotective treatments with a focus on the following pleiotropic drugs, considered “low hanging fruit” with high probability of success: glitazones, glibenclamide, statins, erythropoietin, and progesterone, that were largely tested and demonstrated efficient in preclinical models of TBI. Finally, our review stresses the need to establish a close cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians to ensure the best clinical translation for neuroprotective strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lerouet
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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99
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McCorkle TA, Barson JR, Raghupathi R. A Role for the Amygdala in Impairments of Affective Behaviors Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:601275. [PMID: 33746719 PMCID: PMC7969709 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.601275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in chronic affective disorders such as depression, anxiety, and fear that persist up to years following injury and significantly impair the quality of life for patients. Although a great deal of research has contributed to defining symptoms of mild TBI, there are no adequate drug therapies for brain-injured individuals. Preclinical studies have modeled these deficits in affective behaviors post-injury to understand the underlying mechanisms with a view to developing appropriate treatment strategies. These studies have also unveiled sex differences that contribute to the varying phenotypes associated with each behavior. Although clinical and preclinical studies have viewed these behavioral deficits as separate entities with unique neurobiological mechanisms, mechanistic similarities suggest that a novel approach is needed to advance research on drug therapy. This review will discuss the circuitry involved in the expression of deficits in affective behaviors following mild TBI in humans and animals and provide evidence that the manifestation of impairment in these behaviors stems from an amygdala-dependent emotional processing deficit. It will highlight mechanistic similarities between these different types of affective behaviors that can potentially advance mild TBI drug therapy by investigating treatments for the deficits in affective behaviors as one entity, requiring the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. McCorkle
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Barson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zheng Y, Wu S, Yang Q, Xu Z, Zhang S, Fan S, Liu C, Li X, Ma C. Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation: An effective arousal treatment for loss of consciousness. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:81-93. [PMID: 33453332 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine if trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation (TNS) would be an effective arousal treatment for loss of consciousness (LOC), we applied neuroscientific methods to investigate the role of potential brain circuit and neuropeptide pathway in regulating level of consciousness. METHODS Consciousness behavioral analysis, Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, Chemogenetics, Microarray analysis, Milliplex MAP rat peptide assay, Chromatin immune-precipitation (ChIP), Dual-luciferase reporter experiment, Western blot, PCR and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS TNS can markedly activate the neuronal activities of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5), as well as improve rat consciousness level and EEG activities. Then we proved that LH activation and upregulated neuropeptide hypocretin are beneficial for promotion of consciousness recovery. We then applied gene microarray experiment and found hypocretin might be mediated by a well-known transcription factor Early growth response gene 1 (EGR1), and the results were confirmed by ChIP and Dual-luciferase reporter experiment. CONCLUSION This study illustrates that TNS is an effective arousal strategy Treatment for LOC state via the activation of Sp5 and LH neurons and upregulation of hypocretin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochao Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Subo Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Shengnuo Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China.
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