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Della Torre S, Mitro N, Fontana R, Gomaraschi M, Favari E, Recordati C, Lolli F, Quagliarini F, Meda C, Ohlsson C, Crestani M, Uhlenhaut NH, Calabresi L, Maggi A. An Essential Role for Liver ERα in Coupling Hepatic Metabolism to the Reproductive Cycle. Cell Rep 2016; 15:360-71. [PMID: 27050513 PMCID: PMC4835581 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein synthesis is controlled by estrogens, but the exact mechanisms underpinning this regulation and the role of the hepatic estrogen receptor α (ERα) in cholesterol physiology are unclear. Utilizing a mouse model involving selective ablation of ERα in the liver, we demonstrate that hepatic ERα couples lipid metabolism to the reproductive cycle. We show that this receptor regulates the synthesis of cholesterol transport proteins, enzymes for lipoprotein remodeling, and receptors for cholesterol uptake. Additionally, ERα is indispensable during proestrus for the generation of high-density lipoproteins efficient in eliciting cholesterol efflux from macrophages. We propose that a specific interaction with liver X receptor α (LXRα) mediates the broad effects of ERα on the hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Favari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Fondazione Filarete, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Lolli
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Quagliarini
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clara Meda
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Santos A, Fernández-Friera L, Villalba M, López-Melgar B, España S, Mateo J, Mota RA, Jiménez-Borreguero J, Ruiz-Cabello J. Cardiovascular imaging: what have we learned from animal models? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:227. [PMID: 26539113 PMCID: PMC4612690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular imaging has become an indispensable tool for patient diagnosis and follow up. Probably the wide clinical applications of imaging are due to the possibility of a detailed and high quality description and quantification of cardiovascular system structure and function. Also phenomena that involve complex physiological mechanisms and biochemical pathways, such as inflammation and ischemia, can be visualized in a non-destructive way. The widespread use and evolution of imaging would not have been possible without animal studies. Animal models have allowed for instance, (i) the technical development of different imaging tools, (ii) to test hypothesis generated from human studies and finally, (iii) to evaluate the translational relevance assessment of in vitro and ex-vivo results. In this review, we will critically describe the contribution of animal models to the use of biomedical imaging in cardiovascular medicine. We will discuss the characteristics of the most frequent models used in/for imaging studies. We will cover the major findings of animal studies focused in the cardiovascular use of the repeatedly used imaging techniques in clinical practice and experimental studies. We will also describe the physiological findings and/or learning processes for imaging applications coming from models of the most common cardiovascular diseases. In these diseases, imaging research using animals has allowed the study of aspects such as: ventricular size, shape, global function, and wall thickening, local myocardial function, myocardial perfusion, metabolism and energetic assessment, infarct quantification, vascular lesion characterization, myocardial fiber structure, and myocardial calcium uptake. Finally we will discuss the limitations and future of imaging research with animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Santos
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Madrid-MIT M+Visión Consortium Madrid, Spain ; Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leticia Fernández-Friera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Melgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel España
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Madrid-MIT M+Visión Consortium Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben A Mota
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Charles River Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Cardiac Imaging Department, Hospital de La Princesa Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid, Spain ; Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Wei Y, Chen F, Zhang T, Chen D, Jia X, Wang J, Guo W, Chen J. A Tubing-Free Microfluidic Wound Healing Assay Enabling the Quantification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14049. [PMID: 26365412 PMCID: PMC4568460 DOI: 10.1038/srep14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a tubing-free microfluidic wound healing assay to quantify the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where gravity was used to generate a laminar flow within microfluidic channels, enabling cell seeding, culture, and wound generation. As the first systemic study to quantify the migration of VSMCs within microfluidic environments, the effects of channel geometries, surface modifications and chemokines on cellular migration were investigated, revealing that 1) height of the micro channels had a significant impact on cell migration; 2) the surface coating of collagen induced more migration of VSMCs than fibronectin coated surfaces and 3) platelet derived growth factor resulted in maximal cell migration compared to tumor necrosis factor alpha and fetal bovine serum. Furthermore, migrations of five types of VSMCs (e.g., the human vascular smooth muscle cell line, two types of primary vascular smooth cells, and VSMCs isolated from two human samples) were quantified, finding that VSMCs from the cell line and human samples demonstrated comparable migration distances, which were significantly lower than the migration distances of two primary cell types. As a platform technology, this wound healing assay may function as a new model to study migration of VSMCs within microfluidic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China, 100190
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Division of Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China, 100853
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China, 100044
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China, 100190
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Division of Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China, 100853
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China, 100190
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Division of Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China, 100853
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China, 100190
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Liang SN, Xu K, Zhong HS. Establishment of Rabbit Abdominal Aortic Atherosclerosis Model by Pancreatic Elastase Infiltration Associated with High Fat Diet. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2015; 31:406-13. [PMID: 27122900 PMCID: PMC4804804 DOI: 10.6515/acs20141027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a high fat diet (HFD) associated with pancreatic elastase (PE) infiltration, in establishing the rabbit aortic atherosclerosis model. METHODS The HFD+PE method and the HFD+saccule injury (SI) method were simultaneously used to prepare the rabbit atherosclerosis model; the control group was established with the normal diet. Biochemical indicators, radiological imaging, pathomorphology and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the HFD+PE modeling results. RESULTS There were significant changes in the blood lipid contents, as well as the pathomorphological and immunohistochemical results between the two experimental groups and the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the two experimental groups. The rabbit aortic atherosclerosis model prepared by the HFD+PE method had no significant difference in the local vascular pathomorphological and immunohistochemical results with the traditional HFD+SI method. CONCLUSIONS The use of HFD with PE infiltration is feasible in establishing the rabbit aortic atherosclerosis model. KEY WORDS Animal model; Atherosclerosis; Rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Nian Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Hong-Shan Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Treatment of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, P.R. China
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Priyadharsini RP. Animal models to evaluate anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:329-40. [PMID: 26095240 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial condition characterized by endothelial injury, fatty streak deposition, and stiffening of the blood vessels. The pathogenesis is complex and mediated by adhesion molecules, inflammatory cells, and smooth muscle cells. Statins have been the major drugs in treating hypercholesterolemia for the past two decades despite little efficacy. There is an urgent need for new drugs that can replace statins or combined with statins. The preclinical studies evaluating atherosclerosis require an ideal animal model which resembles the disease condition, but there is no single animal model which mimics the disease. The animal models used are rabbits, rats, mice, hamsters, mini pigs, etc. Each animal model has its own advantages and disadvantages. The method of induction of atherosclerosis includes diet, chemical induction, mechanically induced injuries, and genetically manipulated animal models. This review mainly focuses on the various animal models, method of induction, the advantages, disadvantages, and the current perspectives with regard to preclinical studies on atherosclerosis.
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Leong XF, Ng CY, Jaarin K. Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research: Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:528757. [PMID: 26064920 PMCID: PMC4433641 DOI: 10.1155/2015/528757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension and atherosclerosis are among the most common causes of mortality in both developed and developing countries. Experimental animal models of hypertension and atherosclerosis have become a valuable tool for providing information on etiology, pathophysiology, and complications of the disease and on the efficacy and mechanism of action of various drugs and compounds used in treatment. An animal model has been developed to study hypertension and atherosclerosis for several reasons. Compared to human models, an animal model is easily manageable, as compounding effects of dietary and environmental factors can be controlled. Blood vessels and cardiac tissue samples can be taken for detailed experimental and biomolecular examination. Choice of animal model is often determined by the research aim, as well as financial and technical factors. A thorough understanding of the animal models used and complete analysis must be validated so that the data can be extrapolated to humans. In conclusion, animal models for hypertension and atherosclerosis are invaluable in improving our understanding of cardiovascular disease and developing new pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Yi Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamsiah Jaarin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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van Lith HA, Laarakker MC, Lozeman-van't Klooster JG, Ohl F. Chromosomal assignment of quantitative trait loci influencing baseline circulating total cholesterol level in male laboratory mice: report of a consomic strain survey and comparison with published results. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:128. [PMID: 25889519 PMCID: PMC4404604 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important risk for atherosclerosis is a low level of HDL cholesterol. Baseline HDL cholesterol is under complex genetic and environmental control. Here we report on results of male mice from a consomic strain survey and the parental inbred strains for baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration, which is almost the same as HDL cholesterol in chow fed mice. The consomic strains have been derived from C57BL/6J (host strain) and A/J (donor strain) inbred lines. The work contributes to the value of the mouse as an animal model for studying the genetic background of differences in baseline circulating total and HDL cholesterol levels. Results The consomic strain survey suggested that mouse chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 19, X, and Y contained at least one quantitative trait locus that is involved in baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration. All consomic lines, for which there is evidence that the substituted chromosome contains a quantitative trait locus, increase compared to the host strain baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration. Since there is evidence that ‘body weight’, ‘age at blood sampling’, ‘time of the day blood was collected’, and ‘season’ influence this phenotype, additional statistical analyses (with these variables as covariates) were performed. Now there is only evidence for quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 1, 8, 12, and Y. Taken the present results together with previous consomic strain surveys there is evidence that all mouse chromosomes carry quantitative trait loci that control baseline circulating total cholesterol levels. There was however little agreement between the present consomic strain results and previous sets of data. This might be explained by seasonal effects and differences in methodological variables such as age of the mice, fasting versus non-fasting, percentage of dietary fat, unanesthetized versus anesthetized mice, and the daily light–dark cycle. Conclusions The present findings, when compared with previous consomic strain surveys, clearly illustrate the complexity of the genetic-environmental architecture for the regulation of baseline circulating total cholesterol levels in mice. Different data can be obtained from different labs and it underscores that animal geneticists should present as accurate a picture as possible of the laboratory mouse’s environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein A van Lith
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke C Laarakker
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Current address: Boston Scientific Nederland B.V., Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - José G Lozeman-van't Klooster
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frauke Ohl
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ware J, Corken A. Platelets. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou J, Xu YQ, Guo SY, Li CQ. Rapid analysis of hypolipidemic drugs in a live zebrafish assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 72:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xu X, Mao W, Chai Y, Dai J, Chen Q, Wang L, Zhuang Q, Pan Y, Chen M, Ni G, Huang Z. Angiogenesis Inhibitor, Endostar, Prevents Vasa Vasorum Neovascularization in a Swine Atherosclerosis Model. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:1100-12. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.26906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Yueyang Chai
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Qian Chen
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Lihui Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Qin Zhuang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Yongming Pan
- Center of Experimental Animals, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Minli Chen
- Center of Experimental Animals, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Guibao Ni
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital
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Carneiro SS, Carminati RZ, Freitas FPS, Podratz PL, Balarini CM, Graceli JB, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC, Gava AL. Endogenous female sex hormones delay the development of renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:176. [PMID: 25422135 PMCID: PMC4280709 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction. Methods Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results Creatinine clearance (μL/min) was similar between C57 (171 ± 17) and ApoE (140 ± 26) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (112 ± 8, ~ − 35%, p < 0.05) and ApoE (61 ± 10, ~ − 56%, p < 0.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 73 ± 7; OVX: 73 ± 8, p < 0.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 49 ± 3; OVX: 60 ± 4), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.1 ± 5.7; OVX: 33.7 ± 4.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.4 ± 3.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.6 ± 5.8, p < 0.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.2 ± 0.4; C57 OVX: 22.9 ± 1.0; ApoE Sham: 13.9 ± 0.7; ApoE OVX: 34.0 ± 1.4 au x 103, p < 0.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 0 ± 0; C57 OVX: 0 ± 0; ApoE Sham: 6.8 ± 1.6; ApoE OVX: 5.2 ± 0.8% x 10−2, p < 0.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER-α protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.78 ± 0.04; ApoE: 0.81 ± 0.04 au, p < 0.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.00 ± 0.04; ApoE: 1.03 ± 0.03 au). Conclusion Taken together these data indicate that female sex hormones may delay hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction and emphasizes the importance of plasma cholesterol control in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jones B Graceli
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, 29042-755 Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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Moxon JV, Liu D, Moran CS, Crossman DJ, Krishna SM, Yonglitthipagon P, Emeto TI, Morris DR, Padula MP, Mulvenna JP, Rush CM, Golledge J. Proteomic and genomic analyses suggest the association of apolipoprotein C1 with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:762-72. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V. Moxon
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - Dawei Liu
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - Corey S. Moran
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - David J. Crossman
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Physiology; the University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Smriti M. Krishna
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | | | - Theophilus I. Emeto
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - Dylan R. Morris
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology; Sydney Australia
| | - Jason P. Mulvenna
- Infectious Disease and Cancer; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Brisbane Australia
| | - Catherine M. Rush
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Vascular Biology Unit; Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease; School of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Townsville Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery; The Townsville Hospital; Townsville Australia
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65
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Beaufrère H, Vet DM, Cray C, Ammersbach M, Tully TN. Association of Plasma Lipid Levels With Atherosclerosis Prevalence in Psittaciformes. J Avian Med Surg 2014; 28:225-31. [DOI: 10.1647/2013-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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66
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Al Batran R, Al-Bayaty F, Al-Obaidi MMJ, Ashrafi A. Insights into the antiatherogenic molecular mechanisms of andrographolide against Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1141-52. [PMID: 25172523 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and most important vascular disease. Andrographolide (AND) is the main bioactive component of the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata and is used in traditional medicine. This study was aimed to evaluate the antiatherogenic effect of AND against atherosclerosis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in White New Zealand rabbits. Thirty rabbits were divided into five groups as follows: G1, normal group; G2-5, were orally challenged with P. gingivalis five times a week over 12 weeks; G2, atherogenic control group; G3, standard group treated with atorvastatin (AV) 5 mg/kg; and G4 and G5, treatment groups treated with AND 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively over 12 weeks. Serums were subjected to antioxidant enzymatic and anti-inflammatory activities, and the aorta was subjected to histological analyses. Groups treated with AND showed a significant reversal of liver and renal biochemical changes, compared with the atherogenic control group. In the same groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total glutathione (GSH) levels in serum were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, treated groups with AV and AND showed significant decrease in the level of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 compared with the atherogenic control group. In aortic homogenate, the level of nitrotyrosine was significantly increased, while the level of MCP1 was significantly decreased in AV and AND groups compared with the atherogenic control group. In addition, staining the aorta with Sudan IV showed a reduction in intimal thickening plaque in AV and AND groups compared with the atherogenic control group. AND has showed an antiatherogenic property as well as the capability to reduce lipid, liver, and kidney biomarkers in atherogenic serum that prevents atherosclerosis complications caused by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Al Batran
- Center of Periodontology Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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67
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Weber B, Hoerstrup SP. Human bioengineered artery models for in vitro atherosclerosis research: fact or fiction? Altern Lab Anim 2014; 42:P28-32. [PMID: 25068934 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human bioengineered artery equivalents may represent a first step toward the future replacement of the animal models used for studying the initial phases of atherosclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Weber
- Swiss Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital Zurich, Moussonstrasse 13, CH8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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68
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Niacin inhibits vascular inflammation via downregulating nuclear transcription factor-κB signaling pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:263786. [PMID: 24991087 PMCID: PMC4058495 DOI: 10.1155/2014/263786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of niacin on vascular inflammatory lesions in vivo and in vitro as well as its lipid-regulating mechanism. In vivo study revealed that niacin downregulated the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) in plasma, suppressed protein expression of CD68 and NF-κB p65 in arterial wall, and attenuated oxidative stress in guinea pigs that have been fed high fat diet. In vitro study further confirmed that niacin decreased the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and inhibited NF-κB p65 and notch1 protein expression in oxLDL-stimulated HUVECs and THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, niacin attenuated oxLDL-induced apoptosis of HUVECs as well. In addition, niacin significantly lessened lipid deposition in arterial wall, increased HDL-C and apoA levels and decreased TG and non-HDL-C levels in plasma, and upregulated the mRNA amount of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase A1 in liver of guinea pigs. These data suggest for the first time that niacin inhibits vascular inflammation in vivo and in vitro via downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, niacin also modulates plasma lipid by upregulating the expression of factors involved in the process of reverse cholesterol transport.
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69
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Comparison of self-gated and prospectively triggered fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver at 9.4 T in a rat model of colorectal cancer metastases. Invest Radiol 2014; 48:738-44. [PMID: 23695083 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e318294dd0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare a retrospectively self-gated fast low angle shot sequence (RSG-FLASH) with a prospectively triggered fast low angle shot sequence (PT-FLASH) using an external trigger device for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver at 9.4 T in a rat model of colorectal cancer metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 10 rats with hepatic metastases, we acquired an axial RSG-FLASH sequence through the liver. A FLASH sequence with prospective triggering (PT-FLASH) using an external trigger device was acquired at the same location with the same imaging parameters. After intravenous injection of 0.2 mmol/kg body weight of Gd-DTPA, alternating acquisitions of both sequences were performed at 4 consecutive time points.Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and lesion enhancement were obtained for liver tumors and parenchyma. In addition, we assessed the total acquisition times of the different imaging approaches for each acquisition, including triggering and gating. Two independent readers performed a qualitative evaluation of each sequence. Statistical analyses included paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank tests. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in SNR, CNR, or lesion enhancement were observed. Qualitative assessments of the sequences were comparable. However, acquisition times of PT-FLASH were significantly longer (mean [SD], 160.6 [25.7] seconds; P < 0.0001) and markedly variable (minimum, 120 seconds; maximum, 209 seconds), whereas the RSG-FLASH approach demonstrated a constant mean (SD) acquisition time of 59.0 (0) seconds. CONCLUSIONS The RSG-FLASH and PT-FLASH sequences do not differ qualitatively or quantitatively regarding SNR, CNR, and lesion enhancement for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in the rats at 9.4 T. However, the variability of acquisition times for the PT-FLASH sequences is a major factor of inconsistency, and we therefore consider this approach as inappropriate for dynamic contrast-enhanced studies with multiple-measurement time points. In contrast, the RSG-FLASH sequence represents a fast, consistent, and reproducible technique suitable for contrast-agent kinetic studies in experimental small-animal imaging of the abdomen.
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Jiao R, Chen J, Peng C, Liang Y, Ma KY, Wang X, Liu Y, Lei L, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Cholesteryl ester species differently elevate plasma cholesterol in hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11041-11047. [PMID: 24151965 DOI: 10.1021/jf4039293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was to examine the effect of free cholesterol (C) and individual cholesteryl ester (CE) species, namely cholesteryl palmitate (CP), cholesteryl stearate (CS), cholesteryl oleate (CO), and cholesteryl linoleate (CL) on plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and triacylglycerols (TG) in hamsters. Results showed that addition of dietary CE species into diet at 0.1% differently raised plasma TC concentrations, with CO elevating plasma TC to 331 mg/dL, while CS raised plasma TC only to 220 mg/dL. It was found that CS was a poor substrate of pancreatic cholesterol esterase, while CO was a good substrate. The fecal analysis showed CS-fed hamsters had the highest fecal cholesterol concentration, while RT-PCR analysis found CS feeding was associated with down-regulations of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) as well as microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP). It was therefore concluded that the plasma cholesterol-raising activity of CE species was partially governed by their hydrolysis rates in the intestine, and the relative low raising activity associated with CS was mediated by down-regulation of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Gonzálvez M, Larrosa M, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, García-Almagro FJ, Ruiz-Ros JA, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1290:37-51. [PMID: 23855464 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) aims to avoid a first event in subjects that are at risk but have not yet been diagnosed with heart disease. Secondary prevention of CVD aims to avoid new events in patients with established heart disease. Both approaches involve clinical intervention and implementation of healthy lifestyles. The grape and wine polyphenol resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has shown cardioprotective benefits in humans. Most of these approaches deal with rather high doses and short follow-ups, and do not address the issue of long-term resveratrol consumption safety, especially in medicated individuals. Here, we review the trials conducted with resveratrol in patients at risk for or with established CVD, focusing on the two longest human clinical trials reported so far (1-year follow-up). We also discuss the expectations for resveratrol from a dietary and clinical perspective in relation to CVD. However, statistically significant changes in CVD-risk markers do not necessarily equal clinical significance in the daily care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Tomé-Carneiro
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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72
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Beaufrère H. Atherosclerosis: Comparative Pathogenesis, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Avian and Exotic Companion Mammal Models. J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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73
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Bi Y, Zhong H, Xu K, Qi X. Combination of Periaortic Elastase Incubation and Cholesterol-Rich Diet: A Novel Model of Atherosclerosis in Rabbit Abdominal Aorta. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 68:611-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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74
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Beaufrère H, Nevarez JG, Wakamatsu N, Clubb S, Cray C, Tully TN. Experimental diet-induced atherosclerosis in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1116-26. [PMID: 23696447 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813488958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous atherosclerosis is common in psittaciformes, and clinical signs associated with flow-limiting stenosis are encountered in pet birds. Nevertheless, a psittacine model of atherosclerosis has not been developed for research investigations. Sixteen captive-bred Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) were used in this study. While 4 control birds were fed a maintenance diet, 12 other birds were fed an atherogenic diet composed of 1% cholesterol controlling for a calorie-to-protein ratio for periods ranging from 2 to 8 months. The birds were euthanized at the end of their respective food trial period. Histopathology, transmission electron microscopy, and cholesterol measurement were performed on the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic and pulmonary arteries. Plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides were also measured on a monthly basis. Significant atherosclerotic lesions were induced within 2 months and advanced atherosclerotic lesions within 4 to 6 months. The advanced lesions were histologically similar to naturally occurring lesions identified in the same parrot species with a lipid core and a fibrous cap. Ultrastructurally, there were extracellular lipid, foam cell, and endothelial changes. Arterial cholesterol content increased linearly over time. Plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly increased over time by an average of 5- and 15-fold, respectively, with a shift from high-density lipoprotein to LDL as the main plasma lipoprotein. Quaker parrots also exhibited high plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity that increased, although not significantly, over time. This experiment demonstrates that in Quaker parrots fed 1% cholesterol, advanced atherosclerosis can be induced relatively quickly, and lesions resemble those found in other avian models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beaufrère
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, LSU-School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge 70808, LA, USA.
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75
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Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Decreases Athero-Susceptibility in Lipoproteins and the Aorta of Guinea Pigs Fed High Fat Diet. Lipids 2013; 48:619-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tranfield EM, Walker DC. The ultrastructure of animal atherosclerosis: What has been done, and the electron microscopy advancements that could help scientists answer new biological questions. Micron 2013; 46:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jové M, Pamplona R, Prat J, Arola L, Portero-Otín M. Atherosclerosis prevention by nutritional factors: a meta-analysis in small animal models. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:84-93. [PMID: 23332728 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis prevention in small laboratory models has been used as a preclinical stage in the development of functional foods with claimed antiatherogenic properties. However, a high heterogeneity of experimental atherosclerosis models as well as species-specific differences in lipoprotein metabolism could limit the usefulness of these developments. To solve this, we have performed a meta-analysis on the effects of nutritional complements (i.e. less than 2% of diet) with potential antiatherogenic properties in mice, rabbits and hamsters, and compared the outcomes with those obtained in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS A meta-analysis comprising works dealing with dietary prevention of experimental atherosclerosis (i.e. macroscopic and/or pathological evidences of atheromatosis in aorta) has been performed (n = 110 works). Quality criteria were applied resulting in selection of 16 works comprising 511 animals. Despite high heterogeneity, there is a significant effect of nutritional interventions reducing atheroma globally (mean effect 24.38% (95% CI: 13.24-35.51%) of prevention). In mouse studies (20.64% (95% CI: 8.38-32.90%)) and in rabbits (40.48% (95% CI: 6.73-74.23%)) this effect was significant, in contrast with hamster-based works (95% CI: 13.66-49.48%). Meta-regression showed that reduction of atheroma plaque formation was not linked to changes either in total circulating cholesterol or LDL cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION Nutritional addition of selected compounds significantly prevents experimental atheromatosis, but the reproduction of positive effects observed in humans was very limited. These analyses reinforce the need for adequate standardization of atherosclerosis studies in preclinical models and for human intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Suzuki S, Suzuki M, Sembon S, Fuchimoto D, Onishi A. Characterization of actions of octanoate on porcine preadipocytes and adipocytes differentiated in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:92-8. [PMID: 23376076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Octanoate is used to induce adipogenic differentiation and/or lipid accumulation in preadipocytes of domestic animals. However, information on detailed actions of octanoate and the characteristics of octanoate-induced adipocytes is limited. The aim of this study was to examine these issues by comparing the outcomes of the effects of octanoate with those of rosiglitazone, which is a well-defined activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. The adipocytes that were differentiated with 5mM of octanoate had dispersed and diversely sized lipid droplets compared to those that were differentiated with 1 μM of rosiglitazone. The gene expression levels of adiponectin, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, perilipin 1, and perilipin 4 were much higher in the adipocytes that were differentiated with rosiglitazone than in those differentiated with octanoate, while the gene expression levels of lipoprotein lipase and perilipin 2 were decreased in rosiglitazone-differentiated adipocytes compared to octanoate-differentiated adipocytes. However, the expressions of aP2 and CD36 genes were comparably induced. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that PPAR and liver-X-receptor activities were upregulated by octanoate more effectively than by rosiglitazone. Overall, these results suggested that the action of octanoate was complicated and may be dependent on the targeted genes and cellular status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Suzuki
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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79
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Saez Lancellotti TE, Boarelli PV, Romero AA, Funes AK, Cid-Barria M, Cabrillana ME, Monclus MA, Simón L, Vicenti AE, Fornés MW. Semen quality and sperm function loss by hypercholesterolemic diet was recovered by addition of olive oil to diet in rabbit. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52386. [PMID: 23326331 PMCID: PMC3543415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat increment (0.05% cholesterol, chol) in standard diet promoted a significant increase in serum and sperm membrane chol, which ultimately altered membrane-coupled sperm specific functions: osmotic resistance, acrosomal reaction, and sperm capacitation in White New Zealand rabbits. These changes were also associated with a reduction in motility percentage and appearance of abnormal sperm morphology. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary olive oil (OO, 7% v/w) administration to several male hypercholesterolemic rabbits (hypercholesterolemic rabbits, HCR) with altered fertility parameters. These HCR males were achieved by feeding normal rabbits with a high-fat diet (0.05% chol). HCR were associated with a modest non-significant increase in body weight (standard diet, 4.08±0.17 Kg, versus high-fat diet, 4.37±0.24 Kg). Hypercholesterolemic rabbits presented a marked decrease in semen volume, sperm cell count, and percentage of sperm motility, associated with a significant increase in sperm cell abnormalities. Moreover, sperm capacitation measured by the characteristic phosphorylated protein pattern in and induced acrosomal reaction were also altered suggesting sperm dysfunction. However, the administration of OO (for 16 weeks) to rabbits that were fed with 50% of the high-fat diet normalized serum chol. Curiously, OO supply succeeded to attenuate the seminal and sperm alterations observed in HCR group. Administration of OO alone did not cause any significant changes in above mentioned parameters. These data suggest that OO administration to HCR male rabbits recovers the loss of semen quality and sperm functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania E. Saez Lancellotti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paola V. Boarelli
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Aida A. Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Abi K. Funes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Macarena Cid-Barria
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María E. Cabrillana
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María A. Monclus
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Layla Simón
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Amanda E. Vicenti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Miguel W. Fornés
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad del Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
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Abstract
Experimental animals in biomedical research provide insights into disease mechanisms and models for determining the efficacy and safety of new therapies and for discovery of corresponding biomarkers. Although mouse and rat models are most widely used, observations in these species cannot always be faithfully extrapolated to human patients. Thus, a number of domestic species are additionally used in specific disease areas. This review summarizes the most important applications of domestic animal models and emphasizes the new possibilities genetic tailoring of disease models, specifically in pigs, provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bähr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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81
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Hag AMF, Ripa RS, Pedersen SF, Bodholdt RP, Kjaer A. Small animal positron emission tomography imaging and in vivo studies of atherosclerosis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:173-85. [PMID: 23522010 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a growing health challenge globally, and despite our knowledge of the disease has increased over the last couple of decades, many unanswered questions remain. As molecular imaging can be used to visualize, characterize and measure biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in living systems, this technology represents an opportunity to investigate some of these questions in vivo. In addition, molecular imaging may be translated into clinical use and eventually pave the way for more personalized treatment regimes in patients. Here, we review the current knowledge obtained from in vivo positron emission tomography studies of atherosclerosis performed in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Fisker Hag
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jové M, Ayala V, Ramírez-Núñez O, Serrano JCE, Cassanyé A, Arola L, Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Crescenti A, Pamplona R, Portero-Otín M. Lipidomic and metabolomic analyses reveal potential plasma biomarkers of early atheromatous plaque formation in hamsters. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:642-52. [PMID: 23241314 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is the main pathological process contributing to cardiovascular disease, with diet being the most important factor involved. Although the lipidome of atheromatous plaque has been studied previously, the use of comparative lipidomics and metabolomics in plasma in early atherogenesis could lead to the discovery of plasma biomarkers that allow not only disease prediction but also measurement of disease progression. METHODS AND RESULTS High-throughput techniques, such as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, allowed us to compare the circulating and aortic lipidome and plasma metabolome in order to look for new molecular targets involved in atherogenesis. To achieve this objective, we chose the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as the best small animal model for diet-induced early atherosclerosis, because its lipoprotein metabolism is similar to that of humans. The results revealed the existence of several, previously unreported, changes in lipid and amino-acid metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ pathway, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, also involving cell senescence. Furthermore, as a proof of concept in the modelling of dietary influences in atherogenesis, we have measured the effect of a potential anti-atherogenic polyphenol extract on the reported pathways. Our results support a previously unknown role for taurocholic acid as a potential plasma biomarker of early atheromatous plaque formation. CONCLUSION The use of comparative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and metabolomics allows the discovery of novel pathways in atherogenesis, as well as new potential plasma biomarkers, which could allow us to predict disease in its early stages and measure its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, Spain
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83
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The immunologic injury composite with balloon injury leads to dyslipidemia: a robust rabbit model of human atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:249129. [PMID: 22988422 PMCID: PMC3441062 DOI: 10.1155/2012/249129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which a lipid deposition, thrombus formation, immune cell infiltration, and a chronic inflammatory response, but its systemic study has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models, especially in herbalism fields. We have tried to perform a perfect animal model that completely replicates the stages of human atherosclerosis. This is the first combined study about the immunologic injury and balloon injury based on the cholesterol diet. In this study, we developed a modified protocol of the white rabbit model that could represent a novel approach to studying human atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque.
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84
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Schäfer H, Burger R. Tools for cellular immunology and vaccine research the in the guinea pig: Monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens and cell lines. Vaccine 2012; 30:5804-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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85
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Li R, Sun Q, Jia Y, Cong R, Ni Y, Yang X, Jiang Z, Zhao R. Coordinated miRNA/mRNA expression profiles for understanding breed-specific metabolic characters of liver between Erhualian and large white pigs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38716. [PMID: 22719927 PMCID: PMC3373568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of various metabolic processes in the liver, yet little is known on the breed-specific expression profiles of miRNAs in coordination with those of mRNAs. Here we used two breeds of male newborn piglets with distinct metabolic characteristics, Large White (LW) and Erhualian (EHL), to delineate the hepatic expression profiles of mRNA with microarray and miRNAs with both deep sequencing and microarray, and to analyze the functional relevance of integrated miRNA and mRNA expression in relation to the physiological and biochemical parameters. EHL had significantly lower body weight and liver weight at birth, but showed elevated serum levels of total cholesterol (TCH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), as well as higher liver content of cholesterol. Higher serum cortisol and lower serum insulin and leptin were also observed in EHL piglets. Compared to LW, 30 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated miRNAs were identified in the liver of EHL, together with 298 up-regulated and 510 down-regulated mRNAs (FDR<10%). RT-PCR validation of some differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) further confirmed the high-throughput data analysis. Using a target prediction algorithm, we found significant correlation between the up-regulated miRNAs and down-regulated mRNAs. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which are involved in proteolysis, were predicted to be mediated by DEMs. These findings provide new information on the miRNA and mRNA profiles in porcine liver, which would shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the breed-specific traits in the pig, and may serve as a basis for further investigation into the biological functions of miRNAs in porcine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rihua Cong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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86
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Azorín-Ortuño M, Yañéz-Gascón MJ, Pallarés FJ, Rivera J, González-Sarrías A, Larrosa M, Vallejo F, García-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán F, Espín JC. A dietary resveratrol-rich grape extract prevents the developing of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of pigs fed an atherogenic diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5609-5620. [PMID: 22594392 DOI: 10.1021/jf301154q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of grape and wine polyphenol resveratrol (RES) in the diet is negligible. Therefore, the cardiovascular benefits of this molecule, in a dietary context, remain to be established. We aimed to investigate, through dietary intervention, the effects of a resveratrol-rich grape extract (GE-RES) on the prevention of early aortic lesions in pigs fed an atherogenic diet (AD). These effects were compared with those produced by a grape extract lacking RES (GE) or RES alone. Pigs fed the AD for 4 months showed early atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic aorta: degeneration and fragmentation of elastic fibers, increase of intima thickness, subendothelial fibrosis, and accumulation of fatty cells and anion superoxide radicals. GE-RES was the most effective treatment and prevented the disruption of aortic elastic fibers, decreased their alteration (57%), and reduced the intima thickness (33%) and the accumulation of fatty cells (42%) and O(2)(•-) (38%) in aortic tissue. In addition, GE-RES moderately downregulated the expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and 3 (SOCS3), key regulators of vascular cell responses, in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Our results suggest that the consumption of this GE-RES nutraceutical, in a dietary prevention context, could prevent early atherosclerotic events. The presence of RES in the grape extract strengthened these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azorín-Ortuño
- Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Comparison of Retrospectively Self-Gated and Prospectively Triggered FLASH Sequences for Cine Imaging of the Aorta in Mice at 9.4 Tesla. Invest Radiol 2012; 47:259-66. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31823d3eb6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Iacobellis G, Bianco AC. Epicardial adipose tissue: emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:450-7. [PMID: 21852149 PMCID: PMC4978122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue is an unusual visceral fat depot with anatomical and functional contiguity to the myocardium and coronary arteries. Under physiological conditions, epicardial adipose tissue displays biochemical, mechanical and thermogenic cardioprotective properties. Under pathological circumstances, epicardial fat can locally affect the heart and coronary arteries through vasocrine or paracrine secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. What influences this equilibrium remains unclear. Improved local vascularization, weight loss, and targeted pharmaceutical interventions could help to return epicardial fat to its physiological role. This review focuses on the emerging physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the epicardial fat and its numerous and innovative clinical applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the paracrine/endocrine properties of epicardial fat and its role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Lennon FE, Singleton PA. Hyaluronan regulation of vascular integrity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2011; 1:200-213. [PMID: 22254199 PMCID: PMC3253523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular integrity or the maintenance of blood vessel continuity is a fundamental process regulated, in part, by the endothelial glycocalyx and cell-cell junctions. Defects in endothelial barrier function are an initiating factor in several disease processes including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, tumor angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, diabetes, sepsis and acute lung injury. The glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), maintains vascular integrity through endothelial glycocalyx modulation, caveolin-enriched microdomain regulation and interaction with endothelial HA binding proteins. Certain disease states increase hyaluronidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which break down high molecular weight HA to low molecular weight fragments causing damage to the endothelial glycocalyx. Further, these HA fragments can activate specific HA binding proteins upregulated in vascular disease to promote actin cytoskeletal reorganization and inhibition of endothelial cell-cell contacts. This review focuses on the crucial role of HA in vascular integrity and how HA degradation promotes vascular barrier disruption.
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