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Kim SP, Kang MY, Kim JH, Nam SH, Friedman M. Composition and mechanism of antitumor effects of Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts in tumor-bearing mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9861-9. [PMID: 21846141 DOI: 10.1021/jf201944n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated antitumor effects of the following four extracts of freeze-dried Hericium erinaceus mushrooms in Balb/c mice intracutaneously transplanted on the backs with CT-26 colon cancer cells: HWE, hot water extraction by boiling in water for 3 h; MWE, microwaving in 50% ethanol/water at 60 W for 3 min; and ACE and AKE, boiling in 1% HCl or 3% NaOH for 2 h. HWE and MWE with a higher content of β-glucans, determined by an assay kit, than ACE and MKE were active in all bioassays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses showed the presence of 40, 27, 16, and 13 compounds, respectively, in the four extracts. Daily intraperitoneal (ip) injections of HWE and MWE for 2 weeks significantly reduced tumor weights by 38 and 41%. Tumor regressions were associated with changes in the following cancer biomarkers as compared to phosphate buffer (PBS)-treated control mice: 2.7- and 2.4-fold increases in cytolytic activity of splenic natural killer (NK) cells; restored nitric oxide production and phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages to 95-98% of normal levels; ∼2-fold increase in released pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 from macrophages; and ∼56 and ∼60% reductions in the number of blood vessels inside the tumor. The pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were also significantly reduced in mRNA and protein expression by tumor genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of tumor cells confirmed reduced expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX (32 and 31%). Reduced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression down-regulated VEGF expression, resulting in inhibition of neo-angiogenesis inside the tumors. The results indicate that induction of NK activity, activation of macrophages, and inhibition of angiogenesis all contribute to the mechanism of reduction of tumor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Phil Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Kim KH, Seo HS, Choi HS, Choi I, Shin YC, Ko SG. Induction of apoptotic cell death by ursolic acid through mitochondrial death pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1363-72. [PMID: 21910059 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (3-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from leaves, berries, fruits, and flowers of medicinal plants, such as Rosemarinus officinalis. Ursolic acid has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis, tumor promotion, and suppress angiogenesis. In our present study, we found that ursolic acid decreased cell proliferation rate and induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. When we checked the expression levels of proteins associated with apoptosis signal by using immunoblotting, we found that ursolic acid induces various apoptotic molecules related to either extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis signal pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. In our study, we found that ursolic acid induced the appearance of Fas receptor and cleavage of caspase-8, -3 and PARP. We also found that ursolic acid induced Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation and release of cytochrome C to the cytosol from mitochondria. Moreover, ursolic acid cleaved caspase-9 and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as shown with JC-1 staining. These data indicate that ursolic acid induce apoptosis through both mitochondrial death pathway and extrinsic death receptor dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data clearly indicate that ursolic acid could be used as a potential anticancer drug for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Seow LJ, Beh HK, Majid AMSA, Murugaiyah V, Ismail N, Asmawi MZ. Anti-angiogenic activity of Gynura segetum leaf extracts and its fractions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:221-227. [PMID: 21167271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynura segetum is a popular medicinal plant in Indonesia and Malaysia, known to possess various medicinal properties especially for treatment of cancer, diabetes and hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effect of Gynura segetum leaves extracts and its fractions. The chemical compositions of the active extracts were also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-angiogenic activity of Gynura segetum leaves extracts and its fractions was evaluated in vivo using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to identify the chemical compositions of the active extracts. RESULTS The CAM treated with Gynura segetum leaves extracts and its fractions (100μg/disc) showed a significantly greater anti-angiogenic effect compared to the positive control suramin (50μg/disc). Chemical analysis of the active extracts from the leaves of Gynura segetum yielded nine known compounds: undecane (1), neophytadine (2), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (4), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (5), phytol (6), tetradecanal (7), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (8) and γ-sitosterol (9). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that Gynura segetum has anti-angiogenic activity. The plant may be used as a potential source for protection against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Jing Seow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Schwaiger S, Zeller I, Pölzelbauer P, Frotschnig S, Laufer G, Messner B, Pieri V, Stuppner H, Bernhard D. Identification and pharmacological characterization of the anti-inflammatory principal of the leaves of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:704-9. [PMID: 21040770 PMCID: PMC3029555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The performed investigations aimed on the identification of the anti-inflammatory principal of extracts of leaves of Sambucus ebulus L. (dwarf elder) in order to rationalize the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of chronically inflammatory diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dwarf elder leaf extract was subjected to activity guided fractionation using inhibition of TNFα induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as monitoring tool (positive control: parthenolide 10μM, VCAM-1 expression (% of control): 5.35±0.38%). RESULTS Bio-guided isolation resulted in identification of ursolic acid as anti-inflammatory principal. Besides its inhibitory effects against TNFα induced expression of VCAM-1 (IC(50) 6.25 μM), ursolic acid inhibits also TNFα induced expression of ICAM-1 (IC(50) value between 3.13 and 6.25 μM) (positive control: parthenolide 10 μM, ICAM-1 expression (% of control): 38.89±16.6%). Toxic effects of ursolic acid on HUVECs can be drastically reduced using an enriched extract instead of the pure compound. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an additional mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid by demonstrating its ability to inhibit TNFα-stimulated expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and support the traditional use of extracts and preparations of Sambucus ebulus L., rich in ursolic acid, for the treatment of chronically inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Josef-Moeller-Haus, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lee AW, Chen TL, Shih CM, Huang CY, Tsao NW, Chang NC, Chen YH, Fong TH, Lin FY. Ursolic acid induces allograft inflammatory factor-1 expression via a nitric oxide-related mechanism and increases neovascularization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12941-9. [PMID: 21070071 DOI: 10.1021/jf103265x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound found in plants, is used in the human diet and in medicinal herbs and possesses a wide range of biological benefits including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. Endothelial expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) mediates vasculogenesis, and nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO (eNOS) represents a mechanism of vascular protection. It is unclear whether UA affects the neovascularization mediated by AIF-1 and eNOS expression. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of UA on angiogenesis in vivo in hind limb ischemic animal models and in vitro in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCECs). This study explored the impact of UA on endothelial cell (EC) activities in vitro in HCECs, vascular neovasculogenesis in vivo in a mouse hind limb ischemia model, and the possible role of AIF-1 in vasculogenesis. The results demonstrate that UA enhances collateral blood flow recovery through induction of neovascularization in a hind limb ischemia mouse model. In vitro data showed that UA increases tube formation and migration capacities in human endothelial cells, and exposing HCECs to UA increased AIF-1 expression through a NO-related mechanism. Moreover, UA administration increased capillary density and eNOS and AIF-1 expression in ischemic muscle. These findings suggest that UA may be a potential therapeutic agent in the induction of neovascularization and provide a novel mechanistic insight into the potential effects of UA on ischemic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Takada K, Nakane T, Masuda K, Ishii H. Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, members of pentacyclic triterpenoid acids, suppress TNF-α-induced E-selectin expression by cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1114-9. [PMID: 20579861 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
E-selectin is an early response adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of endothelial cells during inflammatory responses. We examined the effects of two pentacyclic triterpenoid acids, ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), on the expression of E-selectin by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment of the cells with UA or OA alone did not influence expression of E-selectin. Expression of E-selectin mRNA and surface antigen by HUVECs was induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TNF-α-induced up-regulation of E-selectin was abrogated by pre-treatment of the cells with UA or OA which decreased expression of E-selectin mRNA. The repression of E-selectin mRNA expression caused by the pentacyclic triterpenoid acids paralleled the inhibition of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation, as evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, although the degree of repression by UA was approximately two times more effective than that of OA. The results suggest that UA and OA suppress the inflammatory cytokine-induced expression of E-selectin in endothelial cells by decreasing E-selectin transcription via inhibition of NF-κB activation. Thus, UA and OA function as anti-inflammatory agents. The differences in the inhibitory efficacy between UA and OA may be due to conformational differences in ring-E of the two pentacyclic triterpenoid acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takada
- Laboratory of Molecular Cellular Pathophysiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Higashi Tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Lee YS, Kim YH, Shin EK, Kim DH, Lim SS, Lee JY, Kim JK. Anti-angiogenic activity of methanol extract of Phellinus linteus and its fractions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:56-62. [PMID: 20554007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of MeOH extract of PL (PLME) and its fractions on angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS PLME and its subsequent fractions (methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions) were evaluated in vitro. Specifically, the anti-angiogenic activities of PLME and its fractions were investigated by measuring their effects on the proliferation, migration, tube formation and phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, the in vivo Matrigel plug model was applied to evaluate new vessel formation. RESULTS The results revealed that PLME and its subsequent fractions, except for the aqueous fraction, led to significant inhibition of the proliferation, migration, tube formation and VEGFR-2 phosphorylation of HUVECs as well as in vivo angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the potential for the use of PLME in pathological situations involving stimulated angiogenesis, such as inflammation and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sil Lee
- Center for Efficacy Assessment and Development of Functional Foods and Drugs, Hallym University, 39 Hallym daehakgil, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Santos RC, Pinto RMA, Matos Beja A, Salvador JAR, Paixão JA. 3-Oxo-18α-olean-28,13β-olide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2139-40. [PMID: 21588427 PMCID: PMC3007419 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681002903x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title terpene, C30H46O3, is a 28,13β-lactone of oleanolic acid prepared with bismuth trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf), Bi(OTf)3·xH2O. All rings are trans-fused. The X-ray study shows the inversion of the orientation of 18-H in the lactonization reaction. A quantum chemical ab-initio Roothaan Hartree–Fock calculation of the equilibrium geometry of the isolated molecule gives values for bond lengths and valency angles in close agreement with experimental values. The calculation also reproduces the observed molecular conformation, with puckering parameters that agree well with those determined from the crystallographic study.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from preexisting vessels, is essential for tumor progression. Ursolic acid inhibited the tumor-associated capillary formation in C57BL/6 mice induced by highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. The levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), NO, and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in ursolic acid-treated animals compared with those in control animals. The diminished expressions of VEGF and iNOS genes in B16F-10 melanoma cells treated with nontoxic concentrations of ursolic acid support these observations; the serum TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) and IL-2 (interleukin-2) levels were significantly elevated after the ursolic acid treatment. Nontoxic concentrations of ursolic acid toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were determined by MTT (methylthiazol tetrazolium) assay, and these nontoxic concentrations were selected for the in vitro studies. Nontoxic concentrations of ursolic acid inhibited vessel growth from the rat aortic ring. (3)H-thymidine proliferation assay clearly showed the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid on the proliferation of HUVECs in vitro. Ursolic acid significantly inhibited endothelial cell migration and invasion. The role of metalloproteinases has been shown to be important in angiogenesis; therefore, gelatin zymography was performed to determine whether ursolic acid affected protease activity. Gelatin zymographic analysis showed the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid on the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. The above observation shows the antiangiogenic activity of ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kanjoormana
- Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
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Phytochemical profiles and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of Perilla frutescens cv. Chookyoupjaso mutants induced by mutagenesis with γ-ray. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Kong C, Zeng Y, Wang L, Li Z, Wang H, Xu C, Sun Y. Ursolic acid induces PC-3 cell apoptosis via activation of JNK and inhibition of Akt pathways in vitro. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:374-85. [PMID: 20146252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, has been demonstrated to have an antiproliferative effect in various tumors. We investigated the cell killing effects of UA in the human hormone refractory prostate cancer cell line, PC-3 cells. Also, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antigrowth effect were explored. We found that UA treatment in vitro can effectively inhibit PC-3 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, demonstrated by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways appear to be triggered by UA treatment, because inhibiting activation of both caspase-8 and -9 could prevent UA-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was found to be activated, followed by Bcl-2 phosphorylation and activation of caspase-9. On the other hand, UA inhibited the Akt pathway, subsequently upregulating the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), which initiates death receptor-mediated apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Importantly, experimentally lowering FasL expression by siRNA significantly inhibited UA-induced caspase-8 activation and at least partly attenuated the consequent apoptosis, suggesting an involvement of FasL and its regulating pathway in the cell killing effect of UA. UA also inhibited cell invasion by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 via inhibition of Akt in PC-3 cells. Although further evaluation of the UA effects in vivo is needed, the present results suggest the potential utility of UA as a novel therapeutic agent in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as an In Vivo Assay to Study Antiangiogenesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:482-513. [PMID: 27713265 PMCID: PMC4033966 DOI: 10.3390/ph3030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiangiogenesis, e.g., inhibition of blood vessel growth, is being investigated as a way to prevent the growth of tumors and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Pharmacological inhibition interferes with the angiogenic cascade or the immature neovasculature with synthetic or semi-synthetic substances, endogenous inhibitors or biological antagonists.The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is an extraembryonic membrane, which serves as a gas exchange surface and its function is supported by a dense capillary network. Because its extensive vascularization and easy accessibility, CAM has been used to study morphofunctional aspects of the angiogenesis process in vivo and to study the efficacy and mechanism of action of pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules. The fields of application of CAM in the study of antiangiogenesis, including our personal experience, are illustrated in this review article.
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Lu XM, Yi HW, Xu JL, Sun Y, Li JX, Cao SX, Xu Q. A novel synthetic oleanolic acid derivative with amino acid conjugate suppresses tumour growth by inducing cell cycle arrest. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1087-93. [PMID: 17725850 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.8.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (3β-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid; OA) has a wide variety of bioactivities and is used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. Various derivatives of OA have been synthesized in attempts to improve the potency. Here we describe the anti-tumour activity of a novel OA derivative, N-[(3β)-3-(acetyloxy)-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-glycine methyl ester (AOA-GMe). AOA-GMe was a more potent inhibitor of the growth of B16 melanoma cells than its parent compound OA, both in-vitro and in-vivo. AOA-GMe also exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of human K562 leukaemia cells, but had almost no toxicity in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AOA-GMe induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and blocked G1-S transition, which correlated well with marked decreases in levels of cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, and increases in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15. OA did not show such activities. These results suggest that AOA-GMe may induce growth arrest in tumour cells through regulation of proteins involved in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Kowalczyk MC, Walaszek Z, Kowalczyk P, Kinjo T, Hanausek M, Slaga TJ. Differential effects of several phytochemicals and their derivatives on murine keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo: implications for skin cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1008-15. [PMID: 19329757 PMCID: PMC2691143 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate in vitro the potential cancer preventive properties of several phytochemicals, i.e. grape seed extract (GSE), resveratrol (RES), ursolic acid (URA), ellagic acid (ELA), lycopene and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to define the mechanisms by which these compounds may inhibit murine skin carcinogenesis. We measured quenching of peroxyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by these phytochemicals. We also used adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence, Caspase-Glo 3/7 and P450-Glo (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) assays to study antiproliferative, proapoptotic and CYP-inhibiting effects of the phytochemicals. We next determined their effects on a 4 week inflammatory hyperplasia assay using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced murine skin carcinogenesis model to further understand their mechanism of action. Three murine keratinocyte cell lines, i.e. non-tumorigenic (3PC), papilloma-derived (MT1/2) and squamous cell carcinoma-derived (Ca3/7) cell lines, were used in in vitro assays. We have found that GSE, ELA and RES are potent scavengers of peroxyl and superoxide radicals. Statistically significant effects on activities of caspase-3 and -7 were observed only after GSE and URA treatments. All tested compounds protected cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage. Using a short-term complete carcinogenesis assay, we have found that all selected compounds caused marked decreases of epidermal thickness and (except RES) reduced percentages of mice with mutation in codon 61 of Ha-ras oncogene. In conclusion, differential effects of tested phytochemicals on events and processes critical for the growth inhibition of keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo indicate that combinations of tested compounds may, in the future, better counteract both tumor initiation and tumor promotion/progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zbigniew Walaszek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Sultana N, Ata A. Oleanolic acid and related derivatives as medicinally important compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 23:739-56. [PMID: 18618318 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701633187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid has been isolated from chloroform extract of Olea ferruginea Royle after removal of organic bases and free acids. The literature survey revealed it to be biologically very important. In this review the biological significance of oleanolic acid and its derivatives has been discussed. The aim of this review is to update current knowledge on oleanolic acid and its natural and semisynthetic analogs, focussing on its cytotoxic, antitumer, antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, anti-HIV, acetyl cholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, spasmolytic activity, anti-angiogenic, antiallergic, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. We present in this review, for the first time, a compilation of the most relevant scientific papers and technical reports of the chemical, pre-clinical and clinical research on the properties of oleanolic acid and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Sultana
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Meng YQ, Liu D, Cai LL, Chen H, Cao B, Wang YZ. The synthesis of ursolic acid derivatives with cytotoxic activity and the investigation of their preliminary mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:848-54. [PMID: 19091579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen ursolic acid derivatives (15 novel compounds) modified at the C-3 and the C-28 positions were synthesized. The cytotoxic activity of the derivatives was evaluated against HeLa, BGC-823 and SKOV3 cells by MTT assay. Inducing apoptosis and affecting cell cycle distribution by the derivatives in HeLa cells were assessed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation. Compounds 10b and 11b were particularly active to inhibit HeLa cells growth through inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle progression. The typical 'sub-G1 peak' and DNA ladder formation were checked and cell cycle was arrested at the S phase in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology, Jing Ji Kai Fa Que 11 street, Shenyang 110142, PR China.
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Reyes-Zurita FJ, Rufino-Palomares EE, Lupiáñez JA, Cascante M. Maslinic acid, a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L., induces apoptosis in HT29 human colon-cancer cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Lett 2009; 273:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jang SM, Yee ST, Choi J, Choi MS, Do GM, Jeon SM, Yeo J, Kim MJ, Seo KI, Lee MK. Ursolic acid enhances the cellular immune system and pancreatic beta-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:113-9. [PMID: 19013541 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of ursolic acid on immunoregulation and pancreatic beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Male mice were divided into non-diabetic, diabetic control, and diabetic-ursolic acid (0.05%, w/w) groups, which were fed a high-fat (37% calories from fat). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg B.W., i.p.). Ursolic acid significantly improved blood glucose levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin sensitivity compared to the diabetic group. The plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetic-ursolic acid group than in the diabetic group. Ursolic acid significantly elevated the insulin levels with preservation of insulin staining of beta-cells in the pancreas. In splenocytes, concanavalin (Con) A-induced T-cell proliferation was significantly higher in the diabetic-ursolic acid group compared to the diabetic group, but liposaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell proliferation did not differ between groups. Ursolic acid enhanced IL-2 and IFN-gamma production in response to Con A stimulation, whereas it inhibited TNF-alpha production in response to LPS stimulation. In this study, neither streptozotocin nor ursolic acid had effects on lymphocyte subsets. These results indicate that ursolic acid exhibits potential anti-diabetic and immunomodulatory properties by increasing insulin levels with preservation of pancreatic beta-cells and modulating blood glucose levels, T-cell proliferation and cytokines production by lymphocytes in type 1 diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Jang
- Department of Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
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69
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Shyu MH, Kao TC, Yen GC. Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Heml.) prevents against rat liver fibrosis induced by CCl(4) via inhibition of hepatic stellate cells activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3707-13. [PMID: 18929613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the protective effect of extract of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens) (EHT) against liver fibrogenesis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-injured rats was evaluated. The inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), which are the active compounds in EHT, on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) was also determined. The results showed that EHT at a dosage of 1.2g/kg of b.w. significantly reduced the liver injury induced by CCl(4) in rats. It also decreased the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the deposition of collagen in the liver. Oral administration of EHT reduced the levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and the activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in rats injured by treatment with CCl(4). In addition, we performed experiments with the rat hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 in which we induced the expression of MMP-2 and alpha-SMA with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Treating these cells with OA (20microM) or UA (10microM) caused a decrease in the levels of both proteins. Taken together, our data indicate that EHT can efficiently inhibit CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. EHT may therefore be a useful functional food for preventing liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huan Shyu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuokuang Road, Taiching 402, Taiwan
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70
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Kiran MS, Viji RI, Sameer Kumar VB, Sudhakaran PR. Modulation of angiogenic factors by ursolic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:556-60. [PMID: 18448068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigations were carried out to understand the molecular basis of the effect of ursolic acid on angiogenesis by analysing its effects on the expression of modulators of angiogenesis by HUVECs in culture. Treatment with ursolic acid increased the expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, CD-31 and I-CAM, upregulated angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF and FGF-2 and their receptors and caused increase in the ratio of PGE(2) to PGD(2). Reversal of the effect of ursolic acid by inhibition of PI3K-Akt pathway and increase in the level of phospho Akt suggest that the ursolic acid effect is mediated through PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kiran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India.
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71
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Bonaccorsi I, Altieri F, Sciamanna I, Oricchio E, Grillo C, Contartese G, Galati EM. Endogenous reverse transcriptase as a mediator of ursolic acid's anti-proliferative and differentiating effects in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2008; 263:130-9. [PMID: 18282657 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and has a broad range of biological effects. Here, we examined the effects of UA on the proliferation and differentiation of human tumor cell lines from melanoma (A375), glioblastoma (U87) and thyroid anaplastic carcinoma (ARO), and on the proliferation of a non-transformed human fibroblast cell line (WI-38). The results show that UA inhibits tumor cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consistent with this finding, UA treatment promotes differentiation of all of the analyzed tumor cell lines. Interestingly, we found that UA inhibits the endogenous reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in tumor cells, which has recently been shown to be involved in the control of proliferation and differentiation of neoplastic cells. Considering these findings, we suggest that the observed anti-proliferative and differentiating effects of UA may be related to this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bonaccorsi
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Messina, Vill. SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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72
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Flores-Rosete G, Martínez-Vázquez M. Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Cycloartanes from Guayule (Parthenium Argentatum). Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer demands that all approaches to drug discovery should be exploited. Among the possible approaches, the one from natural products has made many unique and vital contributions to drug discovery. This mini review focuses on researches made in our laboratory on cycloartanes isolated from Parthenium argentatum, as well as some of its derivatives, in order to obtain potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariano Martínez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México C. Exterior, C. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México, D. F
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73
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Yamaguchi H, Noshita T, Kidachi Y, Umetsu H, Hayashi M, Komiyama K, Funayama S, Ryoyama K. Isolation of Ursolic Acid from Apple Peels and Its Specific Efficacy as a Potent Antitumor Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiro Noshita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University
| | - Yumi Kidachi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University
| | - Hironori Umetsu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Junior College, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University
| | | | | | - Shinji Funayama
- Department of Kampo Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuo Ryoyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University
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74
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Zhang P, Li H, Chen D, Ni J, Kang Y, Wang S. Oleanolic acid induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through caspase activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:803-9. [PMID: 17928930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL), a promising traditional Chinese medicine, can inhibit the growth of tumors. However, the effective component and molecular mechanism of FLL act to inhibit tumor proliferation are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that oleanolic acid (OA), a principal chemical component of FLL, inhibited the proliferation of human leukemia HL60 cells in culture. MTT assay showed that treatment of HL60 cells with FLL crude extracts or OA dramatically blocked the growth of target tumor cell in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Morphological changes of the nuclei and DNA fragmentation showed that apoptotic cell death occurred in the HL60 cells after treating with FLL extracts (20 mg/ml) or OA (3.65 x 10(-2) mg/ml). Furthermore, flow cytometry assay showed that treatment of HL60 cells with FLL or OA caused an increased accumulation of G(1) and sub-G(1) subpopulations. Western blot analysis showed that caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated, accompanied by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the target cells during FLL- or OA-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that OA acts as the effective component of FLL by exerting its cytotoxicity towards target tumor cells through activation of caspases and cleavage of PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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75
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Pathak AK, Bhutani M, Nair AS, Ahn KS, Chakraborty A, Kadara H, Guha S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. Ursolic acid inhibits STAT3 activation pathway leading to suppression of proliferation and chemosensitization of human multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:943-55. [PMID: 17855663 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been linked with the proliferation of a variety of human cancer cells, including multiple myeloma. Agents that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential for prevention and treatment of cancer. In the present report, we tested an agent, ursolic acid, found in basil, apples, prunes, and cranberries, for its ability to suppress STAT3 activation. We found that ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, inhibited both constitutive and interleukin-6-inducible STAT3 activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner in multiple myeloma cells. The suppression was mediated through the inhibition of activation of upstream kinases c-Src, Janus-activated kinase 1, Janus-activated kinase 2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Vanadate treatment reversed the ursolic acid-induced down-regulation of STAT3, suggesting the involvement of a tyrosine phosphatase. Indeed, we found that ursolic acid induced the expression of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 protein and mRNA. Moreover, knockdown of SHP-1 by small interfering RNA suppressed the induction of SHP-1 and reversed the inhibition of STAT3 activation, thereby indicating the critical role of SHP-1 in the action of this triterpene. Ursolic acid down-regulated the expression of STAT3-regulated gene products such as cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, Mcl-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, ursolic acid inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis and the accumulation of cells in G1-G0 phase of cell cycle. This triterpenoid also significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of thalidomide and bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells. Overall, these results suggest that ursolic acid is a novel blocker of STAT3 activation that may have a potential in prevention and treatment of multiple myeloma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Pathak
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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76
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Martín R, Carvalho-Tavares J, Carvalho J, Ibeas E, Hernández M, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Nieto ML. Acidic Triterpenes Compromise Growth and Survival of Astrocytoma Cell Lines by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3741-51. [PMID: 17440087 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown how pentacyclic triterpenes can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of some tumor cell lines; however, its effect on astrocytic tumors, one of the most malignant forms of cancer, has rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to examine how the pentacyclic triterpenes, oleanolic acid and maslinic acid, isolated from olive juice, affected astrocytoma cell morphology and survival. Cell proliferation was inhibited in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells by using 1 to 50 micromol/L of either oleanolic acid or maslinic acid, with an average IC(50) of 25 micromol/L. Growth inhibition led to morphologic and cytoskeletal alterations associated with the loss of stellate morphology and characterized by a retraction of the cytoplasm and collapse of actin stress fibers. Using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and Annexin V, we showed that astrocytoma cell death induced by oleanolic acid or maslinic acid were mainly due to apoptotic events. Furthermore, we showed that caspase-3 is activated as a consequence of triterpene treatment. Finally, we found that exposure of the cells to oleanolic acid or maslinic acid resulted in a significant increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species, followed by loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Importantly, enzymatic scavengers, such as catalase, or phenolic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, rescued cells from the triterpene-mediated apoptosis, suggesting that the potential therapeutic effect of these acidic triterpenes is dependent on oxidative stress. Our data show that acidic triterpenes play a major role in 1321N1 astrocytoma morphology and viability and support the conclusion that oleanolic acid and maslinic acid may thus be promising new agents in the management of astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, C/Sanz y Forés s/n, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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77
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Yim EK, Lee MJ, Lee KH, Um SJ, Park JS. Antiproliferative and antiviral mechanisms of ursolic acid and dexamethasone in cervical carcinoma cell lines. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:2023-31. [PMID: 17177841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical structure of ursolic acid is very similar to that of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. Herein, we investigated the antiproliferative and antiviral effects of ursolic acid and dexamethasone in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer cells. We performed 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazonium bromide assay to measure antiproliferative activity, and also characterized apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. We investigated apoptosis-related proteins using western blots. After in vitro treatment, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the expression of the HPV E6/E7 gene to observe the antiviral effects. Ursolic acid suppressed the growth of HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa, CaSki, and SiHa) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but not the HPV-negative cervical cancer cell line (C33A). Ursolic acid-treated HeLa cells showed typical apoptosis characteristics in DNA fragmentation, DAPI staining, and FACS analysis. The expression of Fas protein was induced, and caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) proteins were cleaved after ursolic acid treatment. HPV-18 E6/E7 gene expression decreased after ursolic acid treatment in HeLa cells, but the levels of p53 and Rb proteins did not change. In contrast, dexamethasone, which has a similar structure, did not inhibit proliferation. Our findings may offer new insight into the mechanism of antiproliferative and antiviral effect of ursolic acid. Also, these results suggest that ursolic acid might be a useful anticancer drug in treatment of HPV-associated cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-K Yim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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78
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Yim EK, Lee KH, Namkoong SE, Um SJ, Park JS. Proteomic analysis of ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in cervical carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 235:209-20. [PMID: 15925442 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses can efficiently detect the variation of protein in high throughput screening. Using 2DE/MALDI-TOF-MS and SELDI-TOF-MS, we tried to search several cellular proteins that are responsive to ursolic acid (UA) in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. Compared to control, UA-treated HeLa cells unfolded 25 proteins in significant changes by 2DE/MALDI-TOF-MS, most of which were involved in apoptosis. SELDI-TOF-MS with two types of protein chips profiled and analyzed proteomic features after administration of UA. Interestingly, eight polypeptide peaks can be detected. Further identification and characterization of these proteins may build the molecular basis of UA-induced apoptosis and provide insight into the anti-proliferative mechanism in cervical carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Yim
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Catholic University, Kangnam St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
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79
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Abstract
Salvia species are important medicinal and culinary plants, and they have been the subject of numerous chemical and biological studies. The bioactive triterpenoids of Salvia species, reported in the literature to date, are reviewed. About 200 triterpenoids, almost 80 of which are new, isolated, and characterized from about 100 Salvia species, are presented herein. In addition to the diverse biological activities of the pure triterpenoids, studies on biological activity of extracts of Salvia species are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülaçti Topçu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Turkey.
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80
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Parra-Delgado H, García-Pillado F, Sordo M, Ramírez-Apan T, Martínez-Vázquez M, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, cytostaticity and genotoxicity of argentatins A and B from Parthenium argentatum (Gray). Life Sci 2006; 77:2855-65. [PMID: 15979099 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Argentatins A and B are abundant triterpenes present in Parthenium argentatum. Both compounds have shown cytotoxic properties on K562, MCF-7, PC-3, HCT-15 and U251 human cancer cell lines. Furthermore the cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic effects of the argentatins on proliferating lymphocytes were evaluated using cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. Argentatin A had no cytostatic properties, but it was cytotoxic for proliferating lymphocytes at a concentration of 25 microM (P < 0.005). On the other hand, argentatin B showed significant cytostatic effects (P < 0.001) at concentrations of 5 to 25 microM and it did not show cytotoxic effects at the same concentrations. Neither argentatin showed genotoxic effects in terms of micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes. According to these results the argentatins are not able to cause injury on DNA by clastogenic or aneugenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Parra-Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, México, D.F
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81
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Dzubak P, Hajduch M, Vydra D, Hustova A, Kvasnica M, Biedermann D, Markova L, Urban M, Sarek J. Pharmacological activities of natural triterpenoids and their therapeutic implications. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:394-411. [PMID: 16741586 DOI: 10.1039/b515312n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dzubak
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University and Faculty Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic
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82
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Parra-Delgado H, Compadre CM, Ramírez-Apan T, Muñoz-Fambuena MJ, Compadre RL, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Martínez-Vázquez M. Synthesis and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of argentatin B derivatives as growth inhibitors of human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:1889-901. [PMID: 16289661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization, anticancer activity, and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of 14 argentatin B (1) analogs are described. The effect of argentatin B derivatives on the growth of K562 (leukemia), PC-3 (prostate), U251 (CNS), and HCT-15 (colon) human cancer cell lines was determined using the sulforhodamine B test. The most active compound in this series, 2-formyl-(16beta,24R)-16,24-epoxy-25-hydroxycycloart-1-en-3-one (12), was about 35-50 times more potent than argentatin B (1). Structures were built using the X-ray crystallography of six derivatives for 3D modeling with Sybyl6.9. CoMFA of Log (1/IC50) in K562 cell line gave q2 = 0.507, r2 = 0.907, and three components. The standard deviation CoMFA contours indicate that increased activity is associated with a bulky group at C-2, a C1-C2 double bond, and low electronic density at C-25. Experimental Log P values for argentatin B and one derivative were 1-2 Log units more hydrophilic than the calculated CLog P values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Parra-Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
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83
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Parra-Delgado H, Ramírez-Apan T, Martínez-Vázquez M. Synthesis of argentatin A derivatives as growth inhibitors of human cancer cell lines in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1005-8. [PMID: 15686901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of nine argentatin A analogs are described. These compounds were assessed for their ability to inhibit growth in vitro in four human cancer cell lines. Our results showed that the presence of either a double bond at C-1/C-2, or a bromine atom or formyl moiety at C-2 as well as the presence of an isoxazol ring in argentatin A enhanced its potency in all cell lines tested. In addition, an X-ray study of (16S,17R,20S,24R)-3-oxime-20,24-epoxy-16,25-dihydroxy-cycloartan-3-one led to the determination of the correct stereochemistry of argentatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Parra-Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacán C. P. 04510, México, DF
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84
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Bunpo P, Kataoka K, Arimochi H, Nakayama H, Kuwahara T, Vinitketkumnuen U, Ohnishi Y. Inhibitory effects of asiatic acid and CPT-11 on growth of HT-29 cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2005; 52:65-73. [PMID: 15751275 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Asiatic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene contained in medicinal plants. The cytotoxic effect of this compound and its augmentative effect on the anticancer drug irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) were investigated in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. Asiatic acid dose-dependently showed cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. DNA fragmentation, annexin-positive apoptotic cells, and caspase-3 activation were observed in a dose-dependent manner. A caspase-3 inhibitor suppressed the DNA ladder formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins were decreased by asiatic acid treatment. These results indicate that asiatic acid induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells via caspase-3 activation. Cytotoxic effects of combined treatment with CPT-11 and asiatic acid on HT-29 cells were further examined. Simultaneous treatment or sequential exposure first to asiatic acid and then to CPT-11 showed an additive effect. Synergism was observed when cells were first exposed to CPT-11 and then to asiatic acid. These results suggest that asiatic acid can be used as an agent for increasing sensitivity of colon cancer cells to treatment with CPT-11 or as an agent for reducing adverse effects of CPT-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Bunpo
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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85
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Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Lin CC. Proliferative inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis by ursolic acid in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Life Sci 2004; 75:2303-16. [PMID: 15350828 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene compound isolated from many types of medicinal plants and is present in human diet. It has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties, and is one of the most promising chemopreventive agents for cancer. Here, we report that UA inhibits the cell proliferation of human lung cancer cell line A549 and provide a molecular understanding of this effect. The results showed that UA blocked cell cycle progression in the G1 phase that was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of cyclin D1, D2, and E and their activating partner cdk2, 4, and 6 with concomitant induction of p21/WAF1. This accumulation of p21/WAF1 might be through a p53-dependent manner. Further, UA treatment also resulted in the triggering of apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation assay. This effect was found to correlate with the up-regulation of Fas/APO-1, Fas ligand, and Bax, and down-regulation of NF-kappaB, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. Taken together, our study indicated that UA might be a potential chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, 807, Taiwan
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86
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Cárdenas C, Quesada AR, Medina MA. Effects of ursolic acid on different steps of the angiogenic process. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:402-8. [PMID: 15219842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a triterpenoid with pleiotropic biological effects. In this report, we study the effects of ursolic acid on different key steps of angiogenesis. Our results show that ursolic acid is able to inhibit key steps of angiogenesis in vitro, including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. At the same time, it seems to stimulate other key steps of angiogenesis, such as extracellular matrix degradation by MMP-2 and urokinase. Although ursolic acid can inhibit in vivo angiogenesis in the CAM assay, the different signs of the effects it causes on different steps of angiogenesis force one to be cautious concerning its anti-angiogenic potential.
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87
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Kim KA, Lee JS, Park HJ, Kim JW, Kim CJ, Shim IS, Kim NJ, Han SM, Lim S. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in human liver microsomes. Life Sci 2004; 74:2769-79. [PMID: 15043991 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), triterpene acids having numerous pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hepato-protective effects, were tested for their ability to modulate the activities of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using human liver microsomes. OA competitively inhibited CYP1A2-catalyzed phenacetin O-deethylation and CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1-hydroxylation, the major human drug metabolizing CYPs, with IC50 (Ki) values of 143.5 (74.2) microM and 78.9 (41.0) microM, respectively. UA competitively inhibited CYP2C19-catalyzed S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation with an IC50 (Ki) value of 119.7 (80.3) microM. However, other CYPs tested showed no or weak inhibition by both OA and UA. The present study demonstrates that OA and UA have inhibitory effects on CYP isoforms using human liver microsomes. It is thus likely that consumption of herbal medicines containing OA or UA, or administration of OA or UA, can cause drug interactions in humans when used concomitantly with drugs that are metabolized primarily by CYP isoforms. In addition, it appears that the inhibitory effect of OA on CYP1A2 is, in part, related to its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ah Kim
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemoongu, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
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88
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89
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Fernandes J, Castilho RO, da Costa MR, Wagner-Souza K, Coelho Kaplan MA, Gattass CR. Pentacyclic triterpenes from Chrysobalanaceae species: cytotoxicity on multidrug resistant and sensitive leukemia cell lines. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:165-9. [PMID: 12565171 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants are known as important source in the search for new anti-cancer agents. Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of leaves and fruits from Licania tomentosa Bench and leaves from Chrysobalanus icaco L. resulted in the isolation of betulinic, oleanolic and pomolic acids. These triterpenoids inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of K562, an erythroleukemia cell line. Most importantly, they also inhibited the proliferation of Lucena 1, a vincristine-resistant derivative of K562 that displays several multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics. Taken together, our findings emphasize the anti-tumor activity of these triterpenes on leukemia cell lines and call attention to their potential as anti MDR agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Fernandes
- Instituto de BiofIsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, CEP, Ilha do Fundão 21949-900, R.J., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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90
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You HJ, Choi CY, Kim JY, Park SJ, Hahm KS, Jeong HG. Ursolic acid enhances nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in the resting macrophages. FEBS Lett 2001; 509:156-60. [PMID: 11741581 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid, is reported to have anti-tumor activities; however, the mechanism underlying its anti-tumorigenic effects is poorly understood. To further determine the mechanism of UA, we investigated the effects of UA on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and on the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha gene expression in mouse resting macrophages. We found that UA elicited a dose-dependent increase in NO and TNF-alpha production, and the level of iNOS and TNF-alpha mRNA. Transient expression and electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding sites revealed that the increased level of iNOS mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA induced by UA were mediated by the NF-kappaB transcription factor complex. These results demonstrate that UA stimulates NO and TNF-alpha release and is able to upregulate iNOS and TNF-alpha expression through NF-kappaB transactivation in the resting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J You
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, South Korea
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91
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Choi CY, You HJ, Jeong HG. Nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by oleanolic acid via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:49-55. [PMID: 11594750 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid, is reported to have antitumor activities; however, the mechanism underlying its antitumorigenic effects is poorly understood. To further determine the mechanism of OA, we investigated the effects of OA on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and on the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha gene expression in mouse macrophages. We found that OA elicited a dose-dependent increase in NO and TNF-alpha production. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the increased NO and TNF-alpha secretion were due to an increase in iNOS mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA, respectively. Since iNOS and TNF-alpha transcription have recently been shown to be under the control of the NF-kappaB transcription factor, the effects of OA on NF-kappaB activation were examined using a transient transfection assay and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Transient expression assays with NF-kappaB binding sites linked to the luciferase gene revealed that the increased levels of iNOS mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA induced by OA were mediated by the NF-kappaB transcription factor complex. Using DNA fragments containing the NF-kappaB binding sequence, OA was shown to activate the protein/DNA binding of NF-kappaB to its cognate site as measured by EMSA. These results demonstrate that OA stimulates NO and TNF-alpha release and is able to upregulate iNOS and TNF-alpha expression through NF-kappaB transactivation, which may be the mechanism whereby OA elicits its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Kwangju 501-759, South Korea
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92
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Iwai S, Wei M, Morimura K, Wanibuchi H, Tanaka R, Matsunaga S, Yoshitake A, Seki S, Fukushima S. Possible prevention by abieslactone of development of diethylnitrosamine-initiated GST-P positive foci in the rat liver. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2001; 21:223-9. [PMID: 11301417 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid compounds, isolated from plants of Abies genus (Pinceae), are known to exert anti-tumor promotion activities in mouse skin carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether AVB-1 and acid and acid methyl ester derivatives have inhibitory effects on rat hepatocarcinogenesis by using a liver medium-term bioassay for carcinogens (Ito's test), immunohistochemically assessing the numbers and areas per cm(2) of preneoplastic lesions, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci. In experiment 1, 6-week-old male Fisher 344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w.) and subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. From weeks 2 to 8, the compounds were given three times a week at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage and found to significantly decrease the number of GST-P-positive foci in the liver. In experiment 2, AVB-1 was given three times a week at doses of 3, 1, or 0.3 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage from weeks 2 to 8. All doses of AVB-1 significantly decreased the numbers of GST-P-positive foci. Thus, our results suggest that AVB-1 is a chemopreventive agent for rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iwai
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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93
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Min BS, Kim YH, Lee SM, Jung HJ, Lee JS, Na MK, Lee CO, Lee JP, Bae K. Cytotoxic triterpenes from Crataegus pinnatifida. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:155-8. [PMID: 10836742 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of Crataegus pinnatifida (Rosaceae) gave two cytotoxic ursane-type triterpenes which were identified as uvaol (1) and ursolic acid (2) by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. 3-Oxo-ursolic acid (3) was synthesized from ursolic acid (2) by Jones method. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were tested against murine L1210 and human cancer cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF498, and HCT15) in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxicities against L1210, whereas they showed weak activities against human cancer cell lines. However, compound 3 exhibited potent cytotoxic activities both in murine and in human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea
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94
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Kim MS, Lee YM, Moon EJ, Kim SE, Lee JJ, Kim KW. Anti-angiogenic activity of torilin, a sesquiterpene compound isolated fromTorilis japonica. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000715)87:2<269::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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95
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Kim DK, Baek JH, Kang CM, Yoo MA, Sung JW, Kim DK, Chung HY, Kim ND, Choi YH, Lee SH, Kim KW. Apoptotic activity of ursolic acid may correlate with the inhibition of initiation of DNA replication. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000901)87:5<629::aid-ijc2>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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96
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Wynendaele W, van Oosterom AT, Pawinski A, de Bruijn EA, Maes RA. Angiogenesis: possibilities for therapeutic interventions. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1998; 20:225-35. [PMID: 9972522 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008600603059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular proliferation normally occurs only during embryonic development, the female reproductive cycle and wound healing. Various pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy are characterized by persistent, uncontrolled angiogenesis. At the other hand, impaired development of new blood vessels has been found to be related with myocardial infarction. A series of anti-angiogenic drugs are currently included in experimental cancer treatment, whereas the failure of ulcers to heal may be limited by increased angiogenesis upon administration of growth factors. In the present review control mechanisms of the vasculature are summarized and therapeutic approaches discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wynendaele
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Leuven, Belgium
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97
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Paik KJ, Jeon SS, Chung HY, Lee KH, Kim KW, Chung JK, Kim ND. Induction of differentiation of the cultured rat mammary epithelial cells by triterpene acids. Arch Pharm Res 1998; 21:398-405. [PMID: 9875466 DOI: 10.1007/bf02974633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of triterpene acids (TAs), ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), on the induction of proliferation and differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (RMEC) or organoids cultured in Matrigel or primary culture system. To elucidate the effects, we tested their differentiation inducing activities with intercellular communication ability, cell cycle patterns, induction of apoptosis, and morphological differentiation in the three dimensional extracellular culture system. To study the changes of RMEC subpopulation in culture, the cultured cells were isolated, immunostained with peanut lectin (PNA) and anti-Thy-1.1 antibody and then analyzed with flow cytometry. Four different subpopulations, such as PNA and Thy-1.1 negative cells (B-), PNA positive cells (PNA+), Thy-1.1 positive cells (Thy-1.1+), PNA and Thy-1.1 positive cells (B+), were obtained and the size of each subpopulation was changed in culture with time in the presence of TAs. Intercellular communication was observed in culture for 7 days in TAs-treated cells, but not in culture for 4 days with scrape-loading dye transfer technique. G2/M phase cells and the number of apoptotic population were increased in TAs-treated groups in cell cycle analyses. S phase fractions were reduced and the change of G1 phase cells was not observed. The colonies with distinct multicellular structures, such as stellate, ductal, webbed, squamous, lobulo-ductal colonies, were observed in Matrigel culture and the frequencies of each colony were changed in the presence of TAs. These results suggest that UA and OA have differentiation inducing effects on rat mammary epithelial cells in primary or in Matrigel culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Paik
- Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Korea
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98
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Baek JH, Lee YS, Kang CM, Kim JA, Kwon KS, Son HC, Kim KW. Intracellular Ca2+ release mediates ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:725-8. [PMID: 9398053 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971127)73:5<725::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ursolic acid (UA) on tumor cell apoptosis was investigated using HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells as a model cellular system. Treatment with UA resulted in a concentration-dependent decreased cell viability assessed by MTT assay. UA also induced genomic DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, indicating that the mechanism by which UA induced cell death was through apoptosis. The intracellular Ca2+ level was increased by treatment with UA. Intracellular Ca2+ inhibitors, such as intracellular Ca2+-release blockers (dantrolene, TMB-8 and ruthenium red) and an intracellular Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA/AM), significantly blocked the UA-induced increased intracellular Ca+ concentration. These inhibitors also blocked the effects of UA on cell viability and apoptosis. These results suggest that enhanced intracellular Ca2+ signals may be involved in UA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Baek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Korea
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99
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Abstract
The effects of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) on the fluidity and stability of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomal membrane were monitored by measuring the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene labeled in the liposomal membrane and the leakage of calcein from the probe-encapsulated liposomes. The experiments with the liposomes made of DPPC and OA or UA showed that OA and UA exhibited a moderate fluidity-modulating effect for the liquid-crystalline liposomal membrane, and a strong condensing effect for both crystalline and liquid-crystalline liposomal membranes. Their effects were comparable to those of cholesterol. These results suggest that their fluidity-modulating and condensing effects might have some implications in their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Han
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea.
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100
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Suh H, Jung EJ, Kim TH, Lee HY, Park YH, Kim KW. Anti-angiogenic activity of ursodeoxycholic acid and its derivatives. Cancer Lett 1997; 113:117-22. [PMID: 9065810 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its derivatives were examined for anti-angiogenic activities by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The presence of UDCA or its derivatives inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner; the dose required for half-maximal inhibition (ID50) was 4 microg per CAM for UDCA. The conjugate forms of UDCA with glycine methyl ester (HS-1030), L-leucine benzyl ester (HS-1068) and L-leucine methyl ester (HS-1133) were showing ID50 of 0.09, 0.08 and 0.6 microg per CAM, respectively. Also, the effect of UDCA and its derivatives on the viability of calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells was examined. Among them, HS-1030 effectively reduced the viability of CPAE cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, we speculated that HS-1030 might be a promising candidate as angiogenesis inhibitor for use in the management of diseases accompanied by uncontrolled angiogenesis including solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, South Korea
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