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Arivarasu NA, Fatima S, Mahmood R. Oral administration of potassium dichromate inhibits brush border membrane enzymes and alters anti-oxidant status of rat intestine. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:951-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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52
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Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Pedraza-Chaverri J. PJ34, a Poly Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor, Attenuates Chromate-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:483-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Joseph P, He Q, Umbright C. Heme-oxygenase 1 Gene Expression is a Marker for Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Stress and Toxicity in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:325-34. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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54
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Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Villanueva C, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Afolaranmi GA, Tettey J, Meek RMD, Grant MH. Release of chromium from orthopaedic arthroplasties. Open Orthop J 2008; 2:10-8. [PMID: 19461924 PMCID: PMC2685051 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000802010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many orthopaedic implants are composed of alloys containing chromium. Of particular relevance is the increasing number of Cobalt Chromium bearing arthroplasies being inserted into young patients with osteoarthritis. Such implants will release chromium ions. These patients will be exposed to the released chromium for over 50 years in some cases. The subsequent chromium ion metabolism and redistribution in fluid and tissue compartments is complex. In addition, the potential biological effects of chromium are also controversial, including DNA and chromosomal damage, reduction in CD8 lymphocyte levels and possible hypersensitivity reactions (ALVAL). The establishment of these issues and the measurement of chromium in biological fluids is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Afolaranmi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
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56
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Abbas HH, Ali FK. Study the effect of hexavalent chromium on some biochemical, citotoxicological and histopathological aspects of the Orechromis spp. fish. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:3973-3982. [PMID: 19090268 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.3973.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In nature chromium occurs in divalent, trivalent and hexavalent forms. Hexavalent chromium predominates over the trivalent form in natural waters. Knowledge of acute toxicity of a xenobiotic often can be very helpful in predicting and preventing acute damage to aquatic life in receiving waters as well as in regulating toxic waste discharges. The 96 h LC50 tests can be used to obtain toxicity data as rapidly and inexpensively as possible. In the present study, results showed a significant decrease in total glycogen, total lipids and total protein of liver, muscles and gills after 24 and 96 h of exposure to 96 h LC50 of hexavalent chromium (43.7 mg L(-1)). Cytotoxicity of metals is important because some metals are potential mutagens able to induce tumors in humans and experimental animals, the treatment of(Cr VI) at 43.7 mg L(-1) was for 24 and 96 h, respectively. DNA was extracted after treatment from brain and liver of the tested fish. Our results showed appearance of polymorphic bands at the long treatment interval (96 h) ofhexavalent chromium. However, these bands were not appeared when the fish were exposed to the (Cr VI) for the short treatment interval (24 h). Histopathological changes were seen in liver, muscle and gills sections of chromium-exposed fishes. The obtained results were discussed in the study research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Abbas
- Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Dokki, Gizza, Egypt
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Fatima S, Mahmood R. Vitamin C attenuates potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity and alterations in renal brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport in rats. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 386:94-9. [PMID: 17822687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to chromium compounds can result in nephrotoxicity. The administration of potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), a hexavalent chromium compound, results in impairment in functions of renal brush border membrane (BBM). METHODS The effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced nephrotoxicity, changes in BBM enzymes, Pi transport and the anti-oxidant status of rat kidney were studied. Animals were divided into 4 groups and were intraperitoneally given saline (control), vitamin C alone, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) alone and vitamin C plus K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by urea and creatinine levels in the serum. Anti-oxidant status was evaluated in kidney homogenates. RESULTS A single dose of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (15 mg/kg body weight) resulted in an increase of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in total sulfhydryl groups. However, prior treatment with a single dose of vitamin C (250 mg/kg body weight) protected the kidney from the damaging effects of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). It greatly ameliorated the K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced nephrotoxicity and reduction in Pi transport, activities of catalase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and BBM enzymes. This was accompanied by decrease in lipid peroxidation and recovery of sulfhydryl content of renal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C is an effective chemoprotectant against K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced acute renal failure and dysfunction of the renal BBM in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
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58
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Medina-Campos ON, Barrera D, Segoviano-Murillo S, Rocha D, Maldonado PD, Mendoza-Patiño N, Pedraza-Chaverri J. S-allylcysteine scavenges singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid and protects LLC-PK1 cells of potassium dichromate-induced toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2030-9. [PMID: 17576034 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that S-allylcysteine (SAC), a garlic-derived compound, has in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties. In addition, it is known that SAC is able to scavenge different reactive oxygen or nitrogen species including superoxide anion (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical (OH()), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-)) although the IC(5O) values for each reactive species has not been calculated and the potential ability of SAC to scavenge singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has not been explored. The purposes of this work was (a) to explore the potential ability of SAC to scavenge (1)O(2) and HOCl, (b) to further characterize the O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), OH(), and ONOO(-) scavenging ability of SAC by measuring the IC(50) values using in vitro assays, and (c) to explore the potential ability of SAC to ameliorate the potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7))-induced cytotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells in which oxidative stress is involved. The scavenging activity was compared against the following reference compounds: N-acetylcysteine for O(2)(-), sodium pyruvate for H(2)O(2), dimethylthiourea for OH(), lipoic acid and glutathione for (1)O(2), lipoic acid for HOCl, and penicillamine for ONOO(-). It was found that SAC was able to scavenge concentration-dependently all the species assayed with the following IC(5O) (mean+/-SEM, mM): O(2)(-) (14.49+/-1.67), H(2)O(2) (68+/-1.92), OH() (0.68+/-0.06), (1)O(2) (1.93+/-0.27), HOCl (2.86+/-0.15), and ONOO(-) (0.80+/-0.05). When the ability of SAC to scavenge these species was compared to those of the reference compounds it was found that the efficacy of SAC (a) to scavenge O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), OH(), and ONOO(-) was lower, (b) to scavenge HOCl was similar, and (c) to scavenge (1)O(2) was higher. In addition, it was found that SAC was able to prevent K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells in culture. It was showed for the first time that SAC is able to scavenge (1)O(2) and HOCl and to ameliorate the K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio F, Sequndo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D.F., Mexico
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Pedraza-Chaverri J, Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Medina-Campos ON. Protective effects of garlic powder against potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:619-27. [PMID: 17950512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7))-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress. In the present work the effect of garlic powder, a recognized antioxidant, on K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress was studied. Rats were fed a 2% garlic powder diet for 1 month. A single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (15 mg/kg) to rats induced tubule interstitial damage and an increase in the following markers of renal injury 2 days later: blood urea nitrogen (4.6-fold), serum creatinine (9.7-fold), proteinuria (35.9-fold), urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (12.9-fold) and glutathione-S-transferase (2.3-fold) and a decrease of 65% in serum glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection increased the following nitrosative and oxidative stress markers in kidney: 3-nitrotyrosine (1.9-fold), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (2.1-fold), malondialdehyde (1.8-fold) and protein carbonyl content (1.7-fold). It was found that garlic powder feeding was able to prevent by 44-71% the alterations in the markers of renal injury studied, by 55% the histological damage, and by 47-100% the increase in markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress. It is concluded that the ability of garlic powder to ameliorate K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced renal injury is associated with its antioxidant properties. Our data support the use of garlic powder as a renoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio F, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
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60
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Chandra AK, Chatterjee A, Ghosh R, Sarkar M. Effect of curcumin on chromium-induced oxidative damage in male reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 24:160-166. [PMID: 21783805 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium, an environmental contaminant, undergoes redox cycling with generation of free radicals inside the biological system. Curcumin, the yellow bioactive component of turmeric has established its antioxidant activities. The present study evaluates possible ameliorating effects of curcumin on potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) (hexavalent chromium) induced reproductive toxicity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Three experimental groups, each consisting of eight rats, were treated with 0.4mg K(2)Cr(2)O(7)/kg bw/day, 0.4mg K(2)Cr(2)O(7)/kg bw/day+20mg curcumin/kg bw on every alternate day and 20mg curcumin/kg bw on every alternate day, respectively, for 26 days. Altered testicular histology, reduced sperm count, low testosterone level, decreased accessory sex organs weight, enhanced lipid peroxidation along with reduced SOD and catalase activities were observed following K(2)Cr(2)O(7) exposure while curcumin supplementation along with K(2)Cr(2)O(7) exposure had shown to prevent the altered parameters. The results thus suggest that curcumin may have a protective role against chromium(VI) induced oxidative damage in male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar K Chandra
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University College of Science & Technology, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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61
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Abstract
Partial-stabilized cement (PSC) is a kind of modified calcium silicate cement used for root-end surgery. Minor transition metal elements Co, Cr, and Zn were added for enhancing the setting property of to PSC. In our previous study, minor transition metal additions greatly improved the setting property of PSC. However, the concern of metal toxicity was raised, as the material would be used in the human body. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of PSC in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), which is one of the commercialized materials used for dental root-end filling. Primary osteoblast cell was used as the target cell. Cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, viability, function, and senescence were analyzed. The cytotoxicity of the PSC-Zn group (PSC with Zn addition) was similar to that of MTA. PSC-Zn is not only nontoxic at the cellular level but also has adequate mechanical property, which makes it a potential root-end filling material for apical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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62
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Noblitt SD, Huehls AM, Morris DL. The role of metal ion binding in generating 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine from the nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine and the nucleotide 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 101:536-42. [PMID: 17234269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The metal ions Cu(II), Fe(II), and Cr(III) were allowed to react with H(2)O(2) in the presence of either the mononucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) or the mononucleotide 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP). The percentage of reacted dG or dGMP that formed the oxidative damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was monitored. Oxidative damage from reactions involving Cu(II) appear dependent on an interaction between copper and N7 on the guanine base. Any interactions involving the phosphate group have little additional effect on overall oxidative damage or 8-OH-dG production. Reactions involving Fe(II) seem very dependent on an interaction that may involve both N7 on the guanine base and the phosphate group. This interaction may slow oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) in solution, keeping iron in a readily available form to undergo the Fenton reaction. Chromium(III) appears to interact with the phosphate group of dGMP, resulting in significant overall oxidative damage. However, production of 8-OH-dG appears to be very dependent on the ability of Cr(III) to interact with N7 on the guanine base, an interaction that seems to be weak for both the mononucleoside and mononucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA
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63
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Subramanian S, Rajendiran G, Sekhar P, Gowri C, Govindarajulu P, Aruldhas MM. Reproductive toxicity of chromium in adult bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata Geoffrey). Reversible oxidative stress in the semen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 215:237-49. [PMID: 16678873 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates chromium-induced reproductive toxicity. Monthly semen samples were collected from adult monkeys (Macaca radiata), which were exposed to varying doses (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) of chromium (as potassium dichromate) for 6 months through drinking water. Chromium treatment decreased sperm count, sperm forward motility and the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and the concentration of reduced glutathione in both seminal plasma and sperm in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. On the other hand, the quantum of hydrogen peroxide in the seminal plasma/sperm from monkeys exposed to chromium increased with increasing dose and duration of chromium exposure. All these changes were reversed after 6 months of chromium-free exposure period. Simultaneous supplementation of vitamin C (0.5 g/L; 1.0 g/L; 2.0 g/L) prevented the development of chromium-induced oxidative stress. Data support the hypothesis and show that chronic chromium exposure induces a reversible oxidative stress in the seminal plasma and sperm by creating an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system, leading to sperm death and reduced motility of live sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthivinayagam Subramanian
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, India.
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Abstract
Chromium is a human carcinogen primarily by inhalation exposure in occupational settings. Although lung cancer has been established as a consequence of hexavalent chromium exposure in smokers and nonsmokers, some cancers of other tissues of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems have also been noted. Except for a few reports from China, little is known about the health risks of environmental exposures to chromium. Likewise, there has been a lack of epidemiological studies of human exposure to hexavalent Cr by drinking water or ingestion, and it has been suggested that humans can perhaps tolerate hexavalent Cr at higher levels than the current drinking water standard of 50 ppb. This review highlights the most recent data on the induction of skin tumors in mice by chronic drinking-water exposure to hexavalent chromium in combination with solar ultraviolet light. This experimental system represents an important new animal model for chromate-induced cancers by ingestion of drinking water, and it suggests by extrapolation that chromate can likely be considered a human carcinogen by ingestion as well. The potential use of this animal model for future risk assessment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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65
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M. The role of intracellular zinc in chromium(VI)-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:212-27. [PMID: 16887109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that zinc is required for the optimal functioning of the skin. Changes in intracellular zinc concentrations have been associated with both improved protection of skin cells against various noxious factors as well as with increased susceptibility to external stress. Still, little is known about the role of intracellular zinc in hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-induced skin injury. To address this question, the effects of zinc deficiency or supplementation on Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA injury and cell death were investigated in human diploid dermal fibroblasts during 48 h. Zinc levels in fibroblasts were manipulated by pretreatment of cells with 100 microM ZnSO4 and 4 or 25 microM zinc chelator TPEN. Cr(VI) (50, 10 and 1 microM) was found to produce time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity resulting in oxidative stress, suppression of antioxidant systems and activation of p53-dependent apoptosis which is reported for the first time in this model in relation to environmental Cr(VI). Increased intracellular zinc partially attenuated Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis by enhancing cellular antioxidant systems while inhibiting Cr(VI)-dependent apoptosis by preventing the activation of caspase-3. Decreased intracellular zinc enhanced cytotoxic effects of all the tested Cr(VI) concentrations, leading to rapid loss of cell membrane integrity and nuclear dispersion--hallmarks of necrosis. These new findings suggest that Cr(VI) as a model environmental toxin may damage in deeper regions residing skin fibroblasts whose susceptibility to such toxin depends among others on their intracellular Zn levels. Further investigation of the impact of Zn status on skin cells as well as any other cell populations exposed to Cr(VI) or other heavy metals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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66
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Matsumoto ST, Mantovani MS, Malaguttii MIA, Dias AL, Fonseca IC, Marin-Morales MA. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of water contaminated with tannery effluents, as evaluated by the micronucleus test and comet assay using the fish Oreochromis niloticus and chromosome aberrations in onion root-tips. Genet Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572006000100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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67
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Anand SS. Protective effect of vitamin B6 in chromium-induced oxidative stress in liver. J Appl Toxicol 2005; 25:440-3. [PMID: 15986493 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of vitamin B6 against chromium (Cr)-induced oxidative stress. Adult male albino Wistar rats (100-120 g) were used in this study. Potassium dichromate, a Cr VI compound, was administered at a dose of 127 mg kg(-1) p.o. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) was administered at a dose of 100 mg kg(-1) p.o. either alone or 12 h prior to Cr or simultaneously with Cr. Chromium treatment induced oxidative stress in the liver as measured by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). Both pre- and simultaneous treatments countered Cr-induced oxidative stress; pre-treatment was more effective than concurrent administration. The results demonstrate the antioxidant potential of vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathanandam S Anand
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr A. L. M. P.G. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, TN, India.
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Geetha S, Singh V, Ram MS, Ilavazhagan G, Banerjee PK, Sawhney RC. Immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against chromium (VI) induced immunosuppression. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 278:101-9. [PMID: 16180095 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-7095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cellular and humoral immune response by studying delayed-type hypersensitivity response, IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN levels and antibody titres in chromium-induced immunosuppressed animals. Oral feeding of chromium (30 mg/kg bw) significantly inhibited antibody production and S-RBC induced delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Administration of leaf extract (100 mg/kg bw) along with chromium significantly inhibited chromium-induced immunosuppression. To understand the immunomodulatory mechanism of leaf extract, in vitro studies were carried out using rat lymphocytes. Addition of chromium resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte size and increased ROS generation. The leaf extract of seabuckthorn significantly inhibited chromium-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and maintained the cell size identical to that of control cells. Chromium treatment markedly inhibited the mitochondrial transmembrane potential by larger lymphocytes in particular, while the leaf extract restored the same significantly. Chromium also inhibited significantly concanavalin A (ConA) induced IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN production in rat lymphocytes. The leaf extract (100 microg/ml) alone stimulated IL-2 and gamma-IFN production even in the absence of ConA and also inhibited chromium-induced decline in IL-2 and gamma-IFN production but it did not change IL-4 production. These observations suggest that the leaf extract of seabuckthorn has significant immunomodulatory activity and specifically activates the cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geetha
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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Cakir S, Biçer E. The interaction of cysteine with chromium(VI) ions under UV irradiation. Bioelectrochemistry 2005; 67:75-80. [PMID: 15967403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), the interaction of chromium(VI) with cysteine in the presence and absence of UV irradiation was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electronic spectroscopy techniques. The reduction of Cr(VI) by cysteine takes place through the formation of Cr(VI)-thioester intermediate. On the cyclic voltammograms of cysteine and Cr(VI) mixture, the peaks at -0.315 and -0.800 V were observed, and these peaks are corresponding to the reduction of Cr(VI)-thioester and thiyl radical, respectively. In the cysteine solution exposed to UV irradiation, the formation of free cystine was observed at -0.792 V. In the cysteine and Cr(VI) mixture exposed to UV irradiation, the peak current of thiyl radical increases while the peak current of Cr(VI)-thioester reaches a maximum at 15 min and then decreases by increasing UV irradiation time. The formation of the thioester in the reaction between Cr(VI) and cysteine in aqueous media has been studied by monitoring the decrease of Cr(VI) at 370 nm. It was observed that the reaction is catalyzed by the UV irradiation of the Cr(VI) and cysteine mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiha Cakir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gazi University, Beşevler-Ankara, Turkey.
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M, Cerman J, Schroterova L. Hexavalent chromium disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:713-23. [PMID: 15908174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hexavalent chromium causes various adverse effects including deep skin ulcerations and allergic dermatitis. Because of many potential intracellular targets for hexavalent chromium toxicity, its mechanisms of action are not entirely understood. To investigate the role of the cytoskeleton and mitochondria in this process, primary human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of potassium chromate for 24 h. The followed markers included cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity and activation of the apoptotic cascade. Potassium chromate (1.5-45 microM) induced time- and concentration-dependent cell shrinkage, reorganization of cytoskeleton and loss of motile activity in fibroblasts. In some cells this was followed by membrane blebbing. Dynamic changes in cell morphology were accompanied with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased oxidative stress and release of cytochrome c. Apoptosis was confirmed by detection of activated caspase-3 and nuclear fragmentation. The results indicate that in fibroblasts hexavalent chromium-induced damage to cytoskeleton and mitochondria might occur concurrently at relatively early stages of exposure. Furthermore, alterations of these targets seem to activate mitochondria-dependent and- independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathanandam S Anand
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. P.G. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, TN, India
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Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Carvajal RC, Hernández-Pando R, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Maldonado PD, Salcedo MI, Tapia E, Saldívar L, Castilla ME, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Time course study of oxidative and nitrosative stress and antioxidant enzymes in K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6:4. [PMID: 15854231 PMCID: PMC1142323 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study we investigated the relation between the time course of the oxidative and nitrosative stress with kidney damage and alterations in the following antioxidant enzymes: Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT). Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by a single injection of K2Cr2O7. Groups of animals were sacrificed on days 1,2,3,4,6,8,10, and 12. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by histological studies and by measuring creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and total protein. Oxidative and nitrosative stress were measured by immunohistochemical localization of protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine, respectively. Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT were studied by immunohistochemical localization. The activity of total SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR was also measured as well as serum and kidney content of chromium and urinary excretion of NO2 -/NO3-. Data were compared by two-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. Results Serum and kidney chromium content increased reaching the highest value on day 1. Nephrotoxicity was made evident by the decrease in creatinine clearance (days 1–4) and by the increase in serum creatinine (days 1–4), BUN (days 1–6), urinary excretion of NAG (days 1–4), and total protein (day 1–6) and by the structural damage to the proximal tubules (days 1–6). Oxidative and nitrosative stress were clearly evident on days 1–8. Urinary excretion of NO2-/NO3- decreased on days 2–6. Mn-SOD and Cu, Zn-SOD, estimated by immunohistochemistry, and total SOD activity remained unchanged. Activity of GPx decreased on days 3–12 and those of GR and CAT on days 2–10. Similar findings were observed by immunohistochemistry of CAT. Conclusion These data show the association between oxidative and nitrosative stress with functional and structural renal damage induced by K2Cr2O7. Renal antioxidant enzymes were regulated differentially and were not closely associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress or with kidney damage. In addition, the decrease in the urinary excretion of NO2-/NO3- was associated with the renal nitrosative stress suggesting that nitric oxide was derived to the formation of reactive nitrogen species involved in protein nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Diana Barrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Omar N Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Raymundo C Carvajal
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Departamento de Patología, 14000, México, D.F., México
| | - Norma A Macías-Ruvalcaba
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Laboratorio 124, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Perla D Maldonado
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Marcos I Salcedo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano #1, Col Sección XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, México, D.F., México
| | - Liliana Saldívar
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - María E Castilla
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - María E Ibarra-Rubio
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M, Cerman J. Zinc has ambiguous effects on chromium (VI)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2005; 18:251-60. [PMID: 15966574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an important cellular antioxidant. We investigated its role in chromium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human tumor cell line Hep-2. The measured parameters included intracellular labile zinc content (Zinquin-E fluorescence), cell viability (WST-1 assay), oxidative stress (spectrophotometry), mitochondrial potential (flow cytometry), caspase-3 activity, and PARP cleavage (immunofluorescence). We found that Hep-2 cells contain abundant labile zinc stores that may be depleted by the ionophore TPEN or increased by external zinc supplementation. Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were enhanced in zinc-depleted cells after 24 h, in particular at chromium (VI) concentrations of 50 and 150 micromol/l. On the other hand, elevated levels of labile zinc were able to protect against apoptosis induced by 10 micromol/l chromium (VI) but at higher chromium (VI) concentrations (50 and 150 micromol/l) acted synergistically, significantly enhancing oxidative stress and the course of apoptosis, possibly through oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Krdlove, Czech Republic.
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Chiu A, Katz AJ, Beaubier J, Chiu N, Shi X. Genetic and cellular mechanisms in chromium and nickel carcinogenesis considering epidemiologic findings. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 255:181-94. [PMID: 14971659 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000007274.25052.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental interactions determine cancer risks but some cancer incidence is primarily a result of inherited genetic deficits alone. Most cancers have an occupational, viral, nutritional, behavioral or iatrogenic etiology. Cancer can sometimes be controlled through broad public health interventions including industrial hygiene and engineering controls. Chromium and nickel are two human carcinogens associated with industrial exposures where public health measures apparently work. Carcinogenic mechanisms of these metals are examined by electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy and somatic-mutation-and-recombination in Drosophila melanogaster in this report. Both metals primarily affect initiation processes in cancer development suggesting important theoretical approaches to prevention and followup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chiu
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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De Mattia G, Bravi MC, Laurenti O, De Luca O, Palmeri A, Sabatucci A, Mendico G, Ghiselli A. Impairment of cell and plasma redox state in subjects professionally exposed to chromium. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46:120-5. [PMID: 15273963 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium (Cr) is widely used in chemical, tannery, building, and metal industries. More recently, it has been demonstrated that Cr induces oxidative stress in mouse brain. Nevertheless very few data exist on in vivo oxidative damage in humans exposed to Cr. METHODS Changes in antioxidant parameters both in plasma (acid ascorbic redox state and total antioxidant capacity) and in red blood cells (glutathione (GSH) redox state) of 40 subjects (age 37.65 +/- 7.46; M/F 20/20) professionally exposed to Cr who were recruited from metal, chemistry, and building industries were evaluated. We also evaluated the levels of lipoperoxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive material, TBA-RM) and thiol levels in plasma to assess the extent of oxidative stress state. To evaluate Cr exposure rate, we measured urinary-chromium (U-Cr) by an electrothermic atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS) method. RESULTS In this study, we found that Cr exposure induced a decrease both in GSH (P < 0.0005) and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio (P < 0.0001) in red blood cells from workers with respect to control subjects. Furthermore, we also demonstrated a significant decrease of plasma acid ascorbic levels (45.7 +/- 14.9 vs. 53.5 +/- 16.5 micromol/L; P < 0.05) and in total plasma antioxidant capacity (1,126.3 +/- 212.2 vs. 1,266.9 +/- 207.8 micromol/L; P < 0.05) in subjects exposed to Cr. No difference was found with regard to TBA-RM and thiol levels. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that in humans, an oxidative stress occurs for Cr exposures as low as those considered safe. This oxidative stress appears to be able to affect intracellular and plasmatic antioxidant defense.
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Gunaratnam M, Grant MH. Damage to F-actin and cell death induced by chromium VI and nickel in primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:245-53. [PMID: 15046770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of hexavalent chromium and nickel was investigated using primary cultures of hepatocytes as an in vitro system. Cr VI and Ni are widely used in the steel and orthopaedic implant industry. Although their toxicity has been extensively investigated, the mechanism(s) of action is/are not fully understood. Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes (10(5) cells/cm2) were exposed to various concentrations of Cr VI and Ni for 24 h. Cells were stained with phalloidin-FITC for the detection of the cytoskeletal component, F-actin, and Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide for the detection of the mode of cell death. Exposure of cells to Cr VI (1, 5, 10 and 50 microM) resulted in the loss of the cell cytoskeleton, and this was accompanied by membrane blebbing and shrinking of the cell. Ni, on the other hand, induced detectable damage to the cytoskeleton only at 500 microM. Staining of the cells with Annexin V and propidium iodide showed that Cr VI induces apoptosis at low concentrations (5 microM), and necrosis at higher concentrations (25 and 50 microM). Ni almost exclusively induced necrosis at 500 microM with very few cells undergoing apoptosis. Below this concentration it had no discernable effect on hepatocytes. Damage to the cell cytoskeleton caused by Cr VI may be an early indication of apoptosis in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Gunaratnam
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
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78
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Protective Effect of Korean Panax ginseng against Chromium Ⅵ Toxicity and Free Radicals Generation in Rats. J Ginseng Res 2004. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2004.28.1.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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79
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Acharya UR, Mishra M, Mishra I, Tripathy RR. Potential role of vitamins in chromium induced spermatogenesis in Swiss mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 15:53-59. [PMID: 21782680 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) (VI) compounds are known carcinogens and mutagens. The mechanism of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity caused by chromium(VI) compounds remained unclear for several years. However, in the recent past chromium-induced carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity was known to happen due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present context, chromic acid (CrO(3)), a potential Cr(VI) compound could be able to generate reactive oxygen radicals in the testes of Swiss mice as evidenced from significantly higher lipid peroxidation compared to untreated controls. The cytotoxic effects of the compound on the testes are depicted in terms of significantly reduced sperm count level accompanied with increased abnormal sperm population in treated mice. Supplementation of vitamins like Vitamin C and Vitamin E (Vit C and Vit E) to CrO(3) injected mice groups could partially prevent the incidence of abnormal sperm population and increased the sperm count. Of the two vitamins, taken for the study, Vit C happens to be more effective in ameliorating germ cells from degeneration and from mutation to abnormal sperm. Possible antioxidative role of both the vitamins have been studied for significant decrease in lipid peroxidation associated with marked elevation in sperm count level and significant decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm formation in CrO(3)-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha R Acharya
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760007, Orissa, India
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Vasant C, Rajaram R, Ramasami T. Apoptosis of lymphocytes induced by chromium(VI/V) is through ROS-mediated activation of Src-family kinases and caspase-3. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1082-100. [PMID: 14572611 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic insights into Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity and possible implication of Cr(V) species formed by the redox reactions of chromium-bearing species have attracted interest. We have previously demonstrated that when human peripheral blood lymphocytes are exposed to the Cr(V) complexes, viz., sodium bis(2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyrato)oxochromate(V), Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] and sodium bis(2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyrato)oxochromate(V), Na[Cr(V)O(hmba)(2)], apoptosis and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are observed. The molecular mechanisms involving cellular signaling pathways leading to apoptosis are addressed in the present study. Treatment of lymphocytes with Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] and K(2)Cr(2)O(7) leads to the activation of the Src-family protein tyrosine kinases namely, p56(lck), p59(fyn), and p56/53(lyn), which then activates caspase-3, both of which are under the partial influence of ROS. Inhibition of the Src-family tyrosine kinases activity by PP2 and of caspase-3 by Z-DEVD-FMK reverses apoptosis, thereby suggesting their importance. Antioxidants only partially reverse the apoptosis induced by Cr(VI/V), suggesting that pathways other than those induced by ROS cannot be ruled out. Although the complex, Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] is known to be relatively stable in aqueous solutions, previous studies have shown that the Cr(V) complex, Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] disproportionates to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms at pH 7.4 through complex mechanistic processes. Dynamics studies employing EPR data show that the Cr(V) state in Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] is relatively more stable in RPMI-1640 medium containing plasma. Formation of ROS during the reaction of redox partners with Na[Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)] is an early event and compares favorably in kinetic terms with the reported rate processes for disproportionation. This investigation presents evidence for the direct implication of Cr(V) in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappa Vasant
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India
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Barrera D, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Hernández-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverrí J. Protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: the indispensability of HO-1 preinduction and lack of association with some antioxidant enzymes. Life Sci 2003; 73:3027-41. [PMID: 14519451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the ameliorative effect of stannous chloride (SnCl2) pretreatment on potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced renal damage 24 h after K2Cr2O7 injection was associated with the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In this work we evaluated: (a) if the protective effect of SnCl2 (given 12 h before K2Cr2O7) is associated with changes in the renal activity of HO-1, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) 24 and 48 h after K2Cr2O7 injection, and (b) if HO-1 induction is indispensable before K2Cr2O7 injection. It was found that the protective effect of SnCl2 on renal function was observed both at 24 and 48 h reaching its maximum at 24 h when HO-1 expression was higher. Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and GR activities remained unchanged whereas GPx and CAT activities decreased at 48 h in K2Cr2O7-treated rats. The activity of Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, CAT, and GR was unchanged in the SnCl2-treated rats. To fulfill the objective (b) groups of rats treated with K2Cr2O7 and SnCl2 (given at the same time or 12 h after K2Cr2O7) were studied 24 h after K2Cr2O7-injection. The simultaneous injections of SnCl2 and K2Cr2O7 had no protective effect whereas the injection of SnCl2 12 h after K2Cr2O7 exacerbated renal damage. In conclusion, the protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with HO-1 induction and not with other antioxidant enzymes (Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT) and SnCl2 has a preventive and not a therapeutic effect on renal damage induced by K2Cr2O7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Lab 209, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
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Geetha S, Sai Ram M, Mongia SS, Singh V, Ilavazhagan G, Sawhney RC. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on chromium(VI) induced oxidative stress in albino rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 87:247-251. [PMID: 12860317 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the antioxidant activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), family Elaegnaceae, on chromium induced oxidative stress in male albino rats. Oxidative stress was induced in the rats by force-feeding of potassium dichromate equivalent to a dose of 30mg/kg body weight (BW) of chromium(VI) for 30 days. Administration of chromium decreased the body weight and increased organ to body weight ratio significantly. Chromium treatment significantly decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels; further it also enhanced glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transferase (GPT) levels in the serum. Different doses of the alcoholic leaf extract of Seabuckthorn were evaluated for the protection against the chromium induced oxidative stress. The results show that the leaf extract at a concentration of 100 and 250mg/kg BW protected the animals from the chromium induced oxidative injury significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geetha
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110 054, India
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83
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Barrera D, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Hernández-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Pedraza-Chaverrrí J. HO-1 induction attenuates renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K2Cr2O7. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1390-8. [PMID: 12757849 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme; its inducible isozyme HO-1 protects against some types of acute tissue injury. The expression and functional role of HO-1 in rats with renal injury induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) was investigated in this work. Rats were studied 24 h after a single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). To address the possible protective effect of HO-1 in this experimental model, this enzyme was induced by an injection of stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) 12 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) administration. The functional role of HO-1 in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2)-treated animals was tested by inhibiting HO activity with an injection of zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) 18 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7). In K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-treated rats: (i) renal HO-1 content, measured by Western blot, increased 2.6-fold; and, (ii) renal nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl content, markers of oxidative stress, increased 3.5- and 1.36-fold, respectively. Renal damage and oxidative stress were ameliorated and HO-1 content was increased in the K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) group. The attenuation of renal injury and oxidative stress was lost by the inhibition of HO activity in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) + ZnPP-treated animals. Our data suggest that HO-1 overexpression induced by SnCl(2) is responsible for the attenuation of renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K(2)Cr(2)O(7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barrera
- Department of Biology, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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Gunaratnam M, Pohlscheidt M, Grant MH. Pretreatment of rats with the inducing agents phenobarbitone and 3-methylcholanthrene ameliorates the toxicity of chromium (VI) in hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:509-16. [PMID: 12206817 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To exert cytotoxicity chromium VI (Cr(VI)) has to be reduced inside cells. This is achieved through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Enzymatic mechanisms include DT-diaphorase, cytochrome P450, and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and non-enzymatic mechanisms involve reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid. The extent of cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) may thus be influenced by the availability of non-enzymatic reductants, and by the activities of the reductase enzymes. In the present paper we have investigated the effect of pretreatment with the inducing agents, phenobarbitone (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), on the response of rat hepatocytes to Cr(VI). Pretreatment with PB increased the activity of NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and 3-MC increased DT-diaphorase activity in hepatocytes. Both inducers increased cytochrome P450 content, while neither influenced intracellular GSH content or the activity of glutathione reductase. Pretreatment with either PB or 3-MC resulted in amelioration of Cr(VI) toxicity both in terms of hepatocyte viability, and to a greater extent, in terms of Cr(VI) induced GSH loss. We propose that the inducing agents increase the amount of enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) relative to non-enzymatic reduction. Thus, less GSH is used in the reduction of Cr(VI), and intracellular GSH does not fall as rapidly as in cells from control animals therefore cell integrity is better maintained. Exposure to environmental inducing agents in vivo may also alter the response of human tissues to Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gunaratnam
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, Scotland, UK
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85
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Proctor DM, Otani JM, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Bland JA, Speizer N, Sargent EV. Is hexavalent chromium carcinogenic via ingestion? A weight-of-evidence review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:701-746. [PMID: 12028825 DOI: 10.1080/00984100290071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is recognized as a human carcinogen via inhalation, based on elevated rates of lung cancer among occupationally exposed workers in certain industries. Cr(VI) is also genotoxic in bacterial and mammalian cell lines. In contrast, scientific panels in the United States and abroad have reviewed the weight of evidence (WOE) and decided that the available data are insufficient to conclude that Cr(VI) is an oral carcinogen. A criterion of 0.2 ppb was established by a California agency for Cr(VI) in drinking water to prevent cancer, however, this criterion was withdrawn in November, 2001. This criterion was remarkably lower than the promulgated California and federal drinking-water standards for total chromium of 50 ppb and 100 ppb, respectively. Both of the promulgated standards are designed to be protective of humans who ingest Cr(VI). This article describes a WOE analysis to examine the likelihood that Cr(VI) in drinking water poses a cancer hazard at the current U.S. drinking-water standard. The results indicate that: (1) From the historical epidemiological studies, there are a few reports of increased rates of digestive system cancer among Cr(VI)-exposed workers, although most are not statistically significant; (2) the preponderance of evidence from recent epidemiological studies of Cr(VI)-exposed workers does not support an increased risk of cancer outside of the respiratory system; (3) studies of four environmentally exposed populations are negative; (4) there is only one lifetime animal feeding study, and the findings from that study are considered to be flawed and inconclusive; and (5) recent kinetics and in vivo genotoxicity data demonstrate that Cr(VI) is reduced to nontoxic Cr(III) in saliva, in the acidic conditions of the stomach, and in blood. In short, at concentrations at least as high as the current U.S. maximum contaminant level (100 ppb), and probably at least an order of magnitude higher, Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) prior to or upon systemic absorption. The weight of scientific evidence supports that Cr(VI) is not carcinogenic in humans via the oral route of exposure at permissible drinking-water concentrations.
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86
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Gunaratnam M, Grant MH. The role of glutathione reductase in the cytotoxicity of chromium (VI) in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 134:191-202. [PMID: 11311213 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (VI) is an environmental and occupational carcinogen, and it is accepted that intracellular reduction is necessary for DNA damage and cytotoxicity. We have investigated the interaction of Cr(VI) with hepatocytes in vitro to determine the contribution of various hepatic enzymes to the reduction of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels between 100 and 500 microM within 3 h exposure of hepatocytes. Both DT-diaphorase and cytochrome P450 play only a minor role in detoxifying Cr(VI) and/or its metabolites. (GSH) appears to act as a non-enzymatic reductant, reducing Cr(VI) to a toxic form. The evidence for this is two-fold. Firstly, GSH was depleted during the metabolism of Cr(VI) and, secondly, pretreatment of the cells with diethylmaleate to deplete GSH levels, partially protected the cells from Cr(VI) toxicity. Glutathione reductase appears to play an important role in the enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) as inhibition of this enzyme by carmustine (BCNU) markedly protected the cells from cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gunaratnam
- Bioengineering Unit, Strathclyde University, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, G4 0NW, Glasgow, UK
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87
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Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases account for a large proportion of all skin disorders and constitute a major health problem worldwide. Contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis represent the most prevalent inflammatory skin disorders and share a common efferent T-lymphocyte mediated response. Oxidative stress and inflammation have recently been linked to cutaneous damage in T-lymphocyte mediated skin diseases, particularly in contact dermatitis. Insights into the pathophysiology responsible for contact dermatitis can be used to better understand the mechanism of other T-lymphocyte mediated inflammatory skin diseases, and may help to develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on redox sensitive events in the inflammatory scenario of contact dermatitis, which comprise for example, several kinases, transcription factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, dendritic cell surface markers, the T-lymphocyte receptor, and the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA). In vitro and animal studies clearly point to a central role of several distinct but interconnected redox-sensitive pathways in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis. However, clinical evidence that modulation of the skin's redox state can be used therapeutically to modulate the inflammatory response in contact dermatitis is presently not convincing. The rational for this discrepancy seems to be multi-faceted and complex and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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88
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Ueno S, Kashimoto T, Susa N, Furukawa Y, Ishii M, Yokoi K, Yasuno M, Sasaki YF, Ueda J, Nishimura Y, Sugiyama M. Detection of dichromate (VI)-induced DNA strand breaks and formation of paramagnetic chromium in multiple mouse organs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 170:56-62. [PMID: 11141356 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.9081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (and/or alkali-labile sites) induced by Cr(VI) were evaluated with the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) (Comet) assay in five organs (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and brain) of male mice dosed with K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (20 mg Cr/kg) by a single ip injection in vivo, and the formation of paramagnetic Cr(V) in these organs was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. Furthermore, the in vivo effects of deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, and dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a hydroxyl radical scavenger, on the formation of Cr(V) and DNA strand breaks induced by the metal in the liver and kidney were examined. SCG assay detected DNA strand breaks were detected in the liver and kidney at 15 min and showed that they were being repaired at 3 h after Cr(VI) injection. The ESR spectra of paramagnetic Cr(V) were also observed in the liver and kidney for 15 min to 24 h after Cr(VI) injection. In contrast, there were no significant levels of DNA strand breaks and Cr(V) in the spleen, lung, or brain. The pretreatment of mice with DFO reduced the formation of Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks and Cr(V) complexes as well as the total contents of Cr in the liver and kidney at 15 min after the metal injection. In the case of the pretreatment with DMTU, DNA strand breaks induced by Cr(VI) were suppressed in the liver and kidney at 15 min, without any influence on the levels of Cr(V) complexes and total Cr contents in the organs. The in vitro study showed that DFO decreased the levels of Cr(V)-GSH complexes and Cr(V)-mediated hydroxyl radicals, while DMTU reduced only the levels of Cr(V)-mediated hydroxyl radicals without affecting the formation of Cr(V)-GSH complexes. These results demonstrated that the SCG assay may be useful for detecting DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile sites caused by Cr(VI) in vivo. The results also indicated that the in vivo formation of hydroxyl radicals during the reduction of Cr(VI) may play an important role in the induction of the DNA strand breaks caused by this metal and implied that the levels of Cr(V) inside the cells may not always be related to the induction of DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ueno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori-ken, 034-8628, Japan
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89
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Abstract
Potassium dichromate was given to female Swiss mice (25 mg/kg per day) orally in water for 1-3 days. Brain homogenates were prepared to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress in this organ through the measurement of the antioxidant defense levels, and the extent of lipid peroxidation. In addition, mitochondrial fractions were isolated from brain homogenates to determine the production of reactive oxygen species in this subcellular fraction. The administration of potassium dichromate for 3 days caused increases of 72 and 74% in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, respectively, in the homogenates. The treatment with this metal for 3 days increased brain homogenate chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances by 34 and 29%, respectively. The brain contents of the non-enzymatic antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and sulfhydryl groups decreased by 35 and 32%, respectively. Ascorbic acid levels were not modified by the administration of potassium dichromate. Finally, there was a significant increment in the mitochondrial production of oxidants in the brain of treated mice as compared with controls. These results suggest that chromium(VI) produces an increased formation of reactive oxygen species and brain lipid peroxidation. The increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities reflects an adaptive response against oxidative stress, while the reduction in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants might be due to their reaction with reactive oxygen species generated during the metabolism of chromium(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Travacio
- Química General e Inorgánica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Güemes 4144-170F, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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90
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Ning J, Grant MH. The role of reduced glutathione and glutathione reductase in the cytotoxicity of chromium (VI) in osteoblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2000; 14:329-35. [PMID: 10906439 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(00)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that to exert cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity chromium VI has to be reduced inside cells. The role of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase in the intracellular reduction of Cr VI was investigated using an immortalized rat osteoblast cell line, FFC. Alkaline phosphatase activity was the index of cytotoxicity measured. To investigate the role of GSH in Cr VI toxicity, GSH levels in the cells were elevated by pretreatment with L-cysteine, and depleted using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. Intracellular GSH levels were not depleted during the metabolism of Cr VI. Depletion of GSH by BSO caused the cells to be more resistant to the toxicity of Cr VI, indicating that GSH is involved in reduction of the Cr VI. Inhibition of glutathione reductase by carmustine (BCNU) partially protected against the cytotoxicity of Cr VI irrespective of the intracellular GSH. The cytotoxic response was similar if cells were pretreated with BCNU plus L-cysteine, or with BCNU plus BSO, although the GSH levels were markedly different. The results indicate that glutathione reductase plays an important role in the intracellular reduction of Cr VI in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ning
- Bioengineering Unit, Strathclyde University, Wolfson Centre, G4 0NW, Glasgow, UK
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91
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Yuan C, Kadiiska M, Achanzar WE, Mason RP, Waalkes MP. Possible role of caspase-3 inhibition in cadmium-induced blockage of apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 164:321-9. [PMID: 10799343 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) are human carcinogens. Cr(VI) is taken up into cells and reduced by cellular reductants to the potential DNA damaging species Cr(V), (IV), and (III). Reactive oxygen species and carbon-based radicals may also be produced during Cr reduction. We previously found that Cd blocks Cr-induced apoptosis, which could allow a larger proportion of genetically damaged cells to escape and become transformed. This study helped define the mechanisms of Cd-induced suppression of apoptosis. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO K1-BH4) cells were treated with either Cd (5-20 microM), Cr(VI) (350 microM), or Cd (5-20 microM) plus Cr(VI) (350 microM) for 3 h and then cultured in metal-free media for an additional 48 h at which time DNA was extracted or nuclei were examined to determine apoptosis. Cd markedly reduced Cr-induced DNA fragmentation and reduced the number of Cr-induced apoptotic cell nuclei to control levels. Additional study investigated the biokinetics and cellular metabolism of Cr. Cd did not alter the cellular Cr accumulation and there were no differences in the levels of reduced glutathione, a compound possibly important in Cr reduction and reflective of the cellular reducing environment. The antiapoptotic effect of Cd was not due to diminished cellular reduction of Cr(VI) as assessed by electron-spin resonance determination of the levels of Cr(V). Thus, Cd suppression of Cr-induced apoptosis is not based on altered Cr toxicokinetics or metabolism. In addition to Cr, Cd also inhibited apoptosis induced by hygromycin B and actinomycin D. Cd was a very effective inhibitor of caspase-3 activity, a central mediator of apoptosis, with nontoxic levels of Cd resulting in up to approximately 60% inhibition. These results indicate that Cd may have a generalized inhibitory effect on apoptosis, possibly by inhibiting caspase-3. Inhibition of apoptosis by Cd may allow a greater portion of genetically damaged cells to survive, or give selective growth advantages, and has implications as a potential nongenotoxic mechanism of Cd carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yuan
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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92
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Qi W, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Garcia JJ, Manchester LC, Karbownik M, Calvo JR. Chromium(III)-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA and its reduction by antioxidants: comparative effects of melatonin, ascorbate, and vitamin E. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2000; 108:399-402. [PMID: 10811565 PMCID: PMC1638051 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromium compounds are well documented carcinogens. Cr(III) is more reactive than Cr(VI) toward DNA under in vitro conditions. In the present study, we investigated the ability of Cr(III) to induce oxidative DNA damage by examining the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in calf thymus DNA incubated with CrCl(3) plus H(2)O(2). We measured 8-OH-dG using HPLC with electrochemical detection. In the presence of H(2)O(2), we observed that Cr(III)-induced formation of 8-OH-dG in isolated DNA was dose and time dependent. Melatonin, ascorbate, and vitamin E (Trolox), all of which are free radical scavengers, markedly inhibited the formation of 8-OH-dG in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentration that reduced DNA damage by 50% was 0.51, 30.4, and 36.2 microM for melatonin, ascorbate, and Trolox, respectively. The results show that melatonin is 60- and 70-fold more effective than ascorbate or vitamin E, respectively, in reducing oxidative DNA damage in this in vitro model. These findings also are consistent with the conclusion that the carcinogenic mechanism of Cr(III) is possibly due to Cr(III)-mediated Fenton-type reactions and that melatonin's highly protective effects against Cr(III) relate, at least in part, to its direct hydroxyl radical scavenging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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93
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Fernandes MA, Geraldes CF, Oliveira CR, Alpoim MC. Chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation: influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide. Toxicol Lett 2000; 114:237-43. [PMID: 10713489 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to attenuate or to prevent chromate-induced human erythrocytes injury, the influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide on chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation were investigated. It was observed that pretreatment of human erythrocytes with vitamin E (20 microM), vitamin C (1 mM), salicylate (3 mM), and deferoxamine (4 mM) significantly increased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation in a time dependent manner, while it was significantly decreased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM). In contrast, pretreatment of human erythrocytes with deferoxamine (4 mM) immediately inhibited (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation, while it was significantly increased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) during the first 4 h of cells exposition to chromate. For time periods superior to 6 h pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) significantly decreased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation. It was concluded that care must be taken as these drugs are used to prevent against toxicity induced by chromium(VI) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernandes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
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94
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Ning J, Grant M. Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity to osteoblast-derived cells. Toxicol In Vitro 1999; 13:879-87. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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95
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Seekamp A, Hultquist DE, Till GO. Protection by vitamin B2 against oxidant-mediated acute lung injury. Inflammation 1999; 23:449-60. [PMID: 10466581 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021965026580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) on oxidant-mediated acute lung injury has been examined in three different rat models. Pulmonary injury was induced by intravenous injection of cobra venom factor (CVF), by the intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes, or by hind limb ischemia-reperfusion. In each of the three models, injury was characterized by increases in vascular permeability (leakage of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin), alveolar hemorrhage (extravasation of 51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes), and neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity). Intraperitoneal administration of riboflavin at a dose of 6 micromoles/kg body weight reduced vascular leakage by 56% in the CVF model, by 31% in the immune complex model, and by 53% in the lung injury model following ischemia-reperfusion of the hind limbs. Similar treatment reduced hemorrhage by 76%, 51%, and 70% in the three models of lung injury. In the CVF model, riboflavin was also shown to decrease products of lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes) in lungs (by 45%) and in plasma (by 74%). Neutrophil accumulation in the lungs was not influenced by riboflavin administration in any of the three models. The studies demonstrate that riboflavin can mount a significant protection against oxidant-mediated inflammatory organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seekamp
- Unfallchirugische Klinik Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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96
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Abstract
Humans have been in contact with metals almost since the beginning of our existence. In fact, one cannot even think on human evolution without considering the great role played by metals in mankind's development. Metals are common moieties of molecules involved in a wide variety of biological processes, and hence are found in virtually all living organisms. Some metals are essential for human nutrition; others are found as contaminants in foodstuffs. One feature of the normal human diet which is frequently found is the simultaneous presence of both essential and toxic metals. Other factors important in the risk-evaluation analysis of metals are their pharmacokinetics, interactions among them and with other major components of the diet, and, especially, the great differences in the dietary habits of different populations and in the regional distribution of metals. In attempting to understand the role which dietary metals could play in human carcinogenesis, we found that the many factors involved and the lack of specific information made it difficult to reach firm conclusions on the hazards of dietary metals. We hope that this paper will raise the interest of genetic toxicologists in the subject and will consequently facilitate a risk analysis of the carcinogenic potential of dietary metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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97
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Fernandes MA, Mota IM, Silva MT, Oliveira CR, Geraldes CF, Alpoim MC. Human erythrocytes are protected against chromate-induced peroxidation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1999; 43:38-46. [PMID: 10330319 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies performed in this laboratory it was realized that in a broad concentration range (0.5-8 mM) dichromate does not induced red blood cell (RBC) peroxidation. To investigate the reasons behind RBC protection against chromate-induced peroxidation, the effects of 8 mM dichromate on white ghost and RBC peroxidation, RBC antioxidant system and hemoglobin status, as well as RBC osmotic fragility and morphology, were studied in more detail. It was observed that the peroxidation level induced by dichromate on RBCs is practically negligible when compared with the peroxidation induced in white ghosts. Furthermore, the osmotic fragility of RBCs exposed to dichromate is not altered, but the cells undergo echinocytic transformation, probably due to chromate-induced structural RBC membrane modifications. The activities of catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase of RBCs exposed to dichromate were similar to those observed in controls, but the gluthatione reductase and GSH levels were significantly reduced (P<0. 05). Concomitantly, GSSG and methemoglobin levels increased and NADH-methemoglobin reductase activity decreased. These results indicate that chromate does not induce RBC peroxidation, but does promote echinocytic shape transformation, oxidation of hemoglobin and GSH, and inhibition of gluthatione reductase and methemoglobin reductase. The enzymatic antioxidant defense system and hemoglobin oxidation are probably involved in the mechanism of RBC proctection against chromate-induced peroxidation, as is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernandes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000, Portugal
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98
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Appenroth D, Winnefeld K. Vitamin E and C in the prevention of metal nephrotoxicity in developing rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1998; 50:391-6. [PMID: 9784013 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(98)80024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of vitamin E and C on sodium chromate (Cr) and thallium (Tl) induced nephrotoxicity was tested in 10- and 55-day-old rats. The concentrations of Cr and Tl were determined in renal cortex and medulla by atomic absorption spectrometry. Urinary volume and protein excretion as well as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration were determined as parameters of nephrotoxicity. Cr and Tl induced nephrotoxicity was significantly more expressed in adult than in young rats. In Cr and Tl nephrotoxicity the protective effect of vitamin E was evident in both age groups. Vitamin E decreased Tl concentration in renal tissue. Therefore its protective effect is not to be attributed to its known antioxidant effect but to lower Tl concentration in renal tissue. Vitamin C was protective in Cr and Tl induced nephrotoxicity in adult rats without influence on metal concentrations in renal tissue. The dose necessary for protection against toxic Cr action in adult rats was not tolerated by young rats. The combined administration of both vitamins abolished the protective effect against Cr nephrotoxicity of the administration of each vitamin alone in adult rats. When vitamin E and C were administered in Tl treated adult and young rats the protective effect was the same as after the administration of each vitamin alone. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Appenroth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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99
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Shi X, Leonard SS, Liu KJ, Zang L, Gannett PM, Rojanasakul Y, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. Cr(III)-mediated hydroxyl radical generation via Haber-Weiss cycle. J Inorg Biochem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(97)10037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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100
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Susa N, Ueno S, Furukawa Y. Protective effect of diethyldithiocarbamate pretreatment on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:71-6. [PMID: 9492363 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) for 15 min prior to exposure to K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked decrease in dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, pretreatment with DDTC attenuated the suppression of the level of vitamin E attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DDTC pretreatment had no effect on the cellular levels of glutathione or vitamin C or on the activity of the glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake or distribution of chromium was not affected by DDTC. These results indicate that the protective effect of DDTC on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation may be associated with the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Susa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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