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Guo Y, Pizzol R, Gabbanini S, Baschieri A, Amorati R, Valgimigli L. Absolute Antioxidant Activity of Five Phenol-Rich Essential Oils. Molecules 2021; 26:5237. [PMID: 34500670 PMCID: PMC8434318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have promising antioxidant activities which are gaining interest as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in the food and cosmetic industries. However, quantitative data on chain-breaking activity and on the kinetics of peroxyl radical trapping are missing. Five phenol-rich EOs were analyzed by GC-MS and studied by oxygen-uptake kinetics in inhibited controlled autoxidations of reference substrates (cumene and squalene). Terpene-rich Thymus vulgaris (thymol 4%; carvacrol 33.9%), Origanum vulgare, (thymol 0.4%; carvacrol 66.2%) and Satureja hortensis, (thymol 1.7%; carvacrol 46.6%), had apparent kinh (30 °C, PhCl) of (1.5 ± 0.3) × 104, (1.3 ± 0.1) × 104 and (1.1 ± 0.3) × 104 M-1s-1, respectively, while phenylpropanoid-rich Eugenia caryophyllus (eugenol 80.8%) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, (eugenol 81.4%) showed apparent kinh (30 °C, PhCl) of (5.0 ± 0.1) × 103 and (4.9 ± 0.3) × 103 M-1s-1, respectively. All EOs already granted good antioxidant protection of cumene at a concentration of 1 ppm (1 mg/L), the duration being proportional to their phenolic content, which dictated their antioxidant behavior. They also afforded excellent protection of squalene after adjusting their concentration (100 mg/L) to account for the much higher oxidizability of this substrate. All investigated EOs had kinh comparable to synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were are eligible to replace it in the protection of food or cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Guo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (Y.G.); (R.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Romeo Pizzol
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (Y.G.); (R.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Simone Gabbanini
- Research & Development—BeC s.r.l., Via C. Monteverdi 49, 47122 Forlì, Italy;
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- The Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (Y.G.); (R.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (Y.G.); (R.P.); (R.A.)
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Wei LJ, Cao X, Liu JJ, Kwak S, Jin YS, Wang W, Hua Q. Increased Accumulation of Squalene in Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica through Deletion of PEX10 and URE2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0048121. [PMID: 34132586 PMCID: PMC8357297 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00481-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenoid serving as an ingredient of various products in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica offers enormous potential as a microbial chassis for the production of terpenoids, such as carotenoid, limonene, linalool, and farnesene, as the yeast provides ample storage space for hydrophobic products. Here, we present a metabolic design that allows the enhanced accumulation of squalene in Y. lipolytica. First, we improved squalene accumulation in Y. lipolytica by overexpressing the genes (ERG and HMG) coding for the mevalonate pathway enzymes. Second, we increased the production of lipid where squalene is accumulated by overexpressing DGA1 (encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase) and deleting PEX10 (for peroxisomal membrane E3 ubiquitin ligase). Third, we deleted URE2 (coding for a transcriptional regulator in charge of nitrogen catabolite repression [NCR]) to induce lipid accumulation regardless of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in culture media. The resulting engineered Y. lipolytica exhibited a 115-fold higher squalene content (22.0 mg/g dry cell weight) than the parental strain. These results suggest that the biological function of Ure2p in Y. lipolytica is similar to that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its deletion can be utilized to enhance the production of hydrophobic target products in oleaginous yeast strains. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated a novel strategy for increasing squalene production in Y. lipolytica. URE2, a bifunctional protein that is involved in both nitrogen catabolite repression and oxidative stress response, was identified and demonstrated correlation to squalene production. The data suggest that double deletion of PEX10 and URE2 can serve as a positive synergistic effect to help yeast cells in boosting squalene production. This discovery can be combined with other strategies to engineer cell factories to efficiently produce terpenoid in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Schindler MSZ, Calisto JFF, Marins K, Regginato A, Mezzomo H, Zanatta AP, Radunz AL, Mariot MP, Dal Magro J, Zanatta L. Characterization of the chemical profile and the effects of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek on glucose metabolism in normal hyperglycemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114173. [PMID: 33932519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, Celastraceae, is popularly known as "espinheira-santa" and used to treat pathologies related to the stomach. However, in popular culture, this species has also been used to treat other disorders such as diabetes, but without scientific evidence, requiring more phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the plant. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aims to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves from two different accessions of Maytenus ilicifolia (MIA and MIB) in normal hyperglycemic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were divided into different experimental groups: normal hyperglycemic (negative control); MIA (treatment of Maytenus ilicifolia extract from access 116); MIB (treatment with Maytenus ilicifolia extract from access 122; and glipizide (positive control). At 30 min after treatment, all animals received glucose overload orally. Blood collection occurred at different periods for the assessment of blood glucose (0, 60, 90 and 210 min after treatment) and at the end of the experiment blood was collected through cardiac puncture and the liver, muscle, pancreas and intestine were dissected for further analysis. RESULTS Chromatographic analysis identified oleic and palmitic acid as the most common constituents, and both extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia caused a reduction in blood glucose levels within 60 min after administration of glucose overload when compared to the normal hyperglycemic group. No significant changes were observed in hepatic and muscular glycogen levels, plasma insulin concentration and disaccharidases activity with none of the extracts in the model employed. However, hyperglycemic rats treated with the extracts showed a marked increase in triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Maytenus ilicifolia extracts from different locations showed differences in chemical composition which did not reflect significant differences in the results of biological tests. In addition, it was possible to conclude that the treatment with Maytenus ilicifolia had a discreet anti-hyperglycemic effect; however, it was not possible to identify the responsible mechanism, being necessary, therefore, new studies using different technologies in order to determine the possible mechanisms of action of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katiuska Marins
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Alissara Regginato
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Hemilli Mezzomo
- Pharmacy Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Zanatta
- Pharmacy Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Radunz
- Agronomy Course - Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Brazil.
| | - Márcio Paim Mariot
- Agronomy Course - Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFSul), Brazil.
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Leila Zanatta
- Western Higher Education Center, Santa Catarina State University - UDESC, Brazil.
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Reddy K, Gurupadayya B M, Choezom L, Vikram P R H. Determination of phytocomponents and validation of squalene in ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum Linn roots—using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and GC-FID technique. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Clerodendrum serratum Linn commonly known as Bharangi in India has wide applications in the Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine which has been attributed to the treatment of various diseases like asthma, cough, fever, rheumatism, and cephalalgia ophthalmia. Squalene has nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical health benefits, hence possess antioxidant and cytoprotective effects.
Method
The study presents the GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents present in the Clerodendrum serratum roots and further estimation of one of the constituents, i.e., squalene which is ought to be present in the roots as per mass spectral data obtained. Squalene was determined from the ethanolic extract of C. serratum roots using GC-FID without derivatization.
Results
Four major constituents, i.e., squalene, methyl palmitate, hexadecenoic acid, and stigmasterol were detected by GC-MS. Squalene from the extract was eluted at 17.5min which was confirmed with the standard squalene peak eluted at the same retention time. The linearity range chosen was 5–30ug/mL, and the method was found to be pretty linear (R=0.995), accurate with satisfactory repeatability. Hence, the phytochemical compounds were detected by GC-MS and the squalene was determined and validated according to the ICH guidelines.
Conclusion
Thus, the green gas chromatographic method can be used for quantification and qualification of active constituents in the roots of ethanolic extract of C. serratum. In addition, the presence of metabolite squalene by the GC-FID method was developed for the extract which is simple, fast, and environmentally friendly.
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Xu W, Wang D, Fan J, Zhang L, Ma X, Yao J, Wang Y. Improving squalene production by blocking the competitive branched pathways and expressing rate-limiting enzymes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1502-1508. [PMID: 34278608 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a medically valuable bioactive compound that can be used as a raw material for fuels. Microbial fermentation is the preferred method for the squalene production. In this study, we employed several metabolic engineering strategies to increase squalene yield in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. A 57% increase in squalene titer was achieved by blocking the carotenoid pathway, thus directing more FPP into the squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to cut down the conversion of squalene to haponoids, a recombinant strain R. palustris [Δshc, ΔcrtB] in which both carotenoid and haponoid pathways were blocked was then constructed, resulting in a 50-fold increase in squalene titer. Based on the expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in the squalene pathway, the final squalene content reached 23.3 mg/g DCW, which was 178-times higher than that of the wild-type strain. In this study, several methods effective in improving squalene yield have been described and the potential of R. palustris for producing squalene has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinbo Fan
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Ma
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Singh A, Tandon S, Nandi SP, Kaur T, Tandon C. Downregulation of inflammatory mediators by ethanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) in oxalate injured renal epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114104. [PMID: 33836258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl. has been used for treatment of urolithiasis. Its efficacious nature has led to its incorporation in various commercial herbal formulations such as Cystone and Neeri which are prescribed for kidney related ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess whether ethanolic extract of B. ligulata can mitigate the cascade of inflammatory responses that cause oxidative stress and ultimately cell death in renal epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxaluric conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioactivity guided fractionation using solvents of varying polarities was employed to evaluate the potential of the extracts of B. ligulata to inhibit the crystallization process. Modulation of crystal morphology was visualized through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Cell death was assessed using flow cytometry based assays. Alteration in the inflammatory mediators was evaluated using real time PCR and immunocytochemistry. Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract was carried out using FTIR, LC-MS and GC-MS. RESULTS Bioactivity guided fractionation for the assessment of antilithiatic activity revealed dose dependent inhibition of nucleation and aggregation process of calcium oxalate crystals in the presence of various extracts, however ethanolic extract showed maximum inhibition and was chosen for further experiments. Studies on renal epithelial NRK-52E cells showed, cytoprotective efficacy of B. ligulata extract against oxalate injury. SEM anaysis further revealed the potential of the extract to modulate the crystal structure and adhesion to renal cell surface. Exposure of the renal cells to the extract led to conversion of the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to the less injurious calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) form. Expression analysis for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in NRK-52E cells revealed up-regulation of Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Osteopontin (OPN) and Nuclear factor- ĸB (NF-ĸB), in response to calcium oxalate insult; which was drastically reduced in the presence of B. ligulata extract. Flow cytometric evaluation pointed to caspase 3 mediated apoptotic cell death in oxalate injured cells, which was attenuated by B. ligulata extract. CONCLUSION Considering the complex multifactorial etiology of urolithiasis, ethanolic extract from B. ligulata can be a promising option for the management of kidney stones, as it has the potential to limit inflammation and the subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shoma Paul Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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van Vliet S, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Provenza FD, Kronberg SL, Pieper CF, Huffman KM. A metabolomics comparison of plant-based meat and grass-fed meat indicates large nutritional differences despite comparable Nutrition Facts panels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13828. [PMID: 34226581 PMCID: PMC8257669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new generation of plant-based meat alternatives-formulated to mimic the taste and nutritional composition of red meat-have attracted considerable consumer interest, research attention, and media coverage. This has raised questions of whether plant-based meat alternatives represent proper nutritional replacements to animal meat. The goal of our study was to use untargeted metabolomics to provide an in-depth comparison of the metabolite profiles a popular plant-based meat alternative (n = 18) and grass-fed ground beef (n = 18) matched for serving size (113 g) and fat content (14 g). Despite apparent similarities based on Nutrition Facts panels, our metabolomics analysis found that metabolite abundances between the plant-based meat alternative and grass-fed ground beef differed by 90% (171 out of 190 profiled metabolites; false discovery rate adjusted p < 0.05). Several metabolites were found either exclusively (22 metabolites) or in greater quantities in beef (51 metabolites) (all, p < 0.05). Nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3), niacinamide (vitamin B3), glucosamine, hydroxyproline and the anti-oxidants allantoin, anserine, cysteamine, spermine, and squalene were amongst those only found in beef. Several other metabolites were found exclusively (31 metabolites) or in greater quantities (67 metabolites) in the plant-based meat alternative (all, p < 0.05). Ascorbate (vitamin C), phytosterols, and several phenolic anti-oxidants such as loganin, sulfurol, syringic acid, tyrosol, and vanillic acid were amongst those only found in the plant-based meat alternative. Large differences in metabolites within various nutrient classes (e.g., amino acids, dipeptides, vitamins, phenols, tocopherols, and fatty acids) with physiological, anti-inflammatory, and/or immunomodulatory roles indicate that these products should not be viewed as truly nutritionally interchangeable, but could be viewed as complementary in terms of provided nutrients. The new information we provide is important for making informed decisions by consumers and health professionals. It cannot be determined from our data if either source is healthier to consume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - James R Bain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott L Kronberg
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, ND, USA
| | - Carl F Pieper
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Hage-Hülsmann J, Klaus O, Linke K, Troost K, Gora L, Hilgers F, Wirtz A, Santiago-Schübel B, Loeschcke A, Jaeger KE, Drepper T. Production of C20, C30 and C40 terpenes in the engineered phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:20-30. [PMID: 34237394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites that are used, for example, as food-additives, fragrances or pharmaceuticals. Due to the formation of an intracytoplasmic membrane system and an efficient intrinsic tetraterpene pathway, the phototrophic α-proteobacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus offers favorable properties for the production of hydrophobic terpenes. However, research efforts have largely focused on sesquiterpene production. Recently, we have developed modular tools allowing to engineer the biosynthesis of terpene precursors. These tools were now applied to boost the biosynthesis of the diterpene casbene, the triterpene squalene and the tetraterpene β-carotene in R. capsulatus SB1003. Selected enzymes of the intrinsic isoprenoid pathway and the heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway were co-expressed together with the respective terpene synthases in various combinations. Remarkably, co-expression of genes ispA, idi and dxs enhanced the synthesis of casbene and β-carotene. In contrast, co-expression of precursor biosynthetic genes with the squalene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana reduced squalene titers. Therefore, we further employed four alternative pro- and eukaryotic squalene synthases. Here, the synthase from Methylococcus capsulatus enabled highest product levels of 90 mg/L squalene upon co-expression with ispA. In summary, we demonstrate the applicability of R. capsulatus for the heterologous production of diverse terpene classes and provide relevant insights for further development of such platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany.
| | - Oliver Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Karl Linke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Troost
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Lukas Gora
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Astrid Wirtz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Beatrix Santiago-Schübel
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry ZEA-3: Analytik/Biospec, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Mutalipassi M, Esposito R, Ruocco N, Viel T, Costantini M, Zupo V. Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceutical Value from Fishery and Aquaculture Discards. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071495. [PMID: 34203174 PMCID: PMC8303620 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood by-products, produced by a range of different organisms, such as fishes, shellfishes, squids, and bivalves, are usually discarded as wastes, despite their possible use for innovative formulations of functional foods. Considering that “wastes” of industrial processing represent up to 75% of the whole organisms, the loss of profit may be coupled with the loss of ecological sustainability, due to the scarce recycling of natural resources. Fish head, viscera, skin, bones, scales, as well as exoskeletons, pens, ink, and clam shells can be considered as useful wastes, in various weight percentages, according to the considered species and taxa. Besides several protein sources, still underexploited, the most interesting applications of fisheries and aquaculture by-products are foreseen in the biotechnological field. In fact, by-products obtained from marine sources may supply bioactive molecules, such as collagen, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant compounds, and chitin, as well as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis. In addition, those sources can be processed via chemical procedures, enzymatic and fermentation technologies, and chemical modifications, to obtain compounds with antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-coagulant effects. Here, we review the main discards from fishery and aquaculture practices and analyse several bioactive compounds isolated from seafood by-products. In particular, we focus on the possible valorisation of seafood and their by-products, which represent a source of biomolecules, useful for the sustainable production of high-value nutraceutical compounds in our circular economy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Mutalipassi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.)
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.)
| | - Thomas Viel
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (R.E.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.Z.)
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Phytosterols and Novel Triterpenes Recovered from Industrial Fermentation Coproducts Exert In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Macrophages. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060583. [PMID: 34207156 PMCID: PMC8235040 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The unstoppable growth of human population that occurs in parallel with all manufacturing activities leads to a relentless increase in the demand for resources, cultivation land, and energy. In response, currently, there is significant interest in developing strategies to optimize any available resources and their biowaste. While solutions initially focused on recovering biomolecules with applications in food, energy, or materials, the feasibility of synthetic biology in this field has been demonstrated in recent years. For instance, it is possible to genetically modify Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce terpenes for commercial applications (i.e., against malaria or as biodiesel). But the production process, similar to any industrial activity, generates biowastes containing promising biomolecules (from fermentation) that if recovered may have applications in different areas. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, the lipid composition of by-products from the industrial production of β-farnesene by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae are studied to identify potentially bioactive compounds, their recovery, and finally, their stability and in vitro bioactivity. The assayed biowaste showed the presence of triterpenes, phytosterols, and 1-octacosanol which were recovered through molecular distillation into a single fraction. During the assayed stability test, compositional modifications were observed, mainly for the phytosterols and 1-octacosanol, probably due to oxidative reactions. However, such changes did not affect the in vitro bioactivity in macrophages, where it was found that the obtained fraction decreased the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.
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Yang Y, Ge S, Song Z, Zhao A, Zhao L, Hu Z, Cai D, Zhang Z, Peng L, Lu D, Luo P, Zhang W, Sun H, Zou Q, Zeng H. A novel self-assembled epitope peptide nanoemulsion vaccine targeting nasal mucosal epithelial cell for reinvigorating CD8 + T cell immune activity and inhibiting tumor progression. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1891-1902. [PMID: 34052270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epitope peptides are not suitable for nasal administration immunity due to their poor immunogenicity and low delivery efficiency. Here, we reported an intranasal self-assembled nanovaccine (I-OVA NE), which was loaded with the peptides IKVAV-OVA257-264 (I-OVA), a laminin peptide (Ile-Lys-Val-ala-Val, IKVAV) and OVA257-264 epitope conjugated peptide. This nanovaccine with I-OVA at a concentration of 4 mg/mL showed the average particle size of 30.37 ± 2.49 nm, zeta potential of -16.67 ± 1.76 mV, and encapsulation rate of 84.07 ± 7.59%. Moreover, the mucin did not alter its stability (size, PdI and zeta potential). And it also had no obvious acute pathological changes neither in the nasal mucosa nor lung tissues after nasal administration. Meanwhile, the antigen uptake of I-OVA NE was promoted, and the nasal residence time was also prolonged in vivo. Besides, the uptake rate of this nanovaccine was obviously higher than that of free I-OVA (P < 0.001) after blocking by the integrin antibody, suggesting that the binding of IKVAV to integrin is involved in the epitope peptide uptake. Importantly, this nanovaccine enhanced peptide-specific CD8+T cells exhibiting OVA257-264-specific CTL activity and Th1 immune response, leading to the induction of the protective immunity in E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice. Overall, these data indicate that I-OVA NE can be an applicable strategy of tumor vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuang Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhen Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Anni Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liqun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dingyi Cai
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zelong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liusheng Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dongshui Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongwu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Xu W, Ma X, Yao J, Wang D, Li W, Liu L, Shao L, Wang Y. Increasing coenzyme Q 10 yield from Rhodopseudomonas palustris by expressing rate-limiting enzymes and blocking carotenoid and hopanoid pathways. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:88-95. [PMID: 33783839 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 ), a strong antioxidant, is used extensively in food, cosmetic and medicine industries. A natural producer, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, was engineered to overproduce CoQ10 . For increasing the CoQ10 content, crtB gene was deleted to block the carotenoid pathway. crtB gene deletion led to 33% improvement of CoQ10 content over the wild type strain. However, it was found that the yield of hopanoids was also increased by competing for the precursors from carotenoid pathway with CoQ10 pathway. To further increase the CoQ10 content, hopanoid pathway was blocked by deleting shc gene, resulting in R. palustris [Δshc, ΔcrtB] to produce 4·7 mg g-1 DCW CoQ10 , which was 1·2 times higher than the CoQ10 content in the wild type strain. The common strategy of co-expression of rate-limiting enzymes (DXS, DPS and UbiA) was combined with the pathway blocking method resulted in 8·2 mg g-1 DCW of CoQ10 , which was 2·9 times higher than that of wild type strain. The results suggested a synergistic effect among different metabolic engineering strategies. This study demonstrates the potential of R. palustris for CoQ10 production and provides viable strategies to increase CoQ10 titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Ma
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - J Yao
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - W Li
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Shao
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Wang
- The Xi'an key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Jesus Garcia Ataide E, Carvalho KWP, de Brito MFF, Rodrigues MS, de Morais SV, Silva GEB, da Rocha CQ, Garcia JBS, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS. Arrabidaea chica Verlot fractions reduce MIA-induced osteoarthritis progression in rat knees. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:735-752. [PMID: 33881683 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions obtained from Arrabidaea chica Verlot against MIA-induced osteoarthritis (OA). The antinociceptive potentials of each fraction were evaluated through a cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 inhibition test and an in vivo OA-model. In addition, toxicity assessments in the liver, spleen and kidney, as well as radiographic and histopathological knee analyses, were performed. The chemical composition of the n-hexane fraction was elucidated, and a molecular docking protocol was carried out to identify which compounds are associated with the detected bioactivity. The n-hexane A. chica fraction preferentially inhibits COX-2, with 90% inhibition observed at 10 µg/mL. The fractions also produced significant improvements in OA incapacity, motor activity and hyperalgesia parameters and in radiological knee conditions. However, concerning the histopathological evaluations, these improvements were only significant in the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction treatments, which resulted in better average scores, suggesting that these fractions slow OA-promoted joint injury progression. Histopathological organ analyses indicate that the fractions are not toxic to animals. Twenty compounds were identified in the n-hexane fraction, comprising fatty acids, terpenes and phytosterols. In silico analyses indicate the presence of favourable interactions between some of the identified compounds and the COX-2 enzyme, mainly concerning alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), squalene and beta-sitosterol. The findings indicate that A. chica fractions display analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties, are non-toxic and are able to slow OA progression, and may, therefore, be prioritized as natural products in OA human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleydlenne Costa Vasconcelos
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Emilly de Jesus Garcia Ataide
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Kevin Waquim Pessoa Carvalho
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | | | - Marineide Sodré Rodrigues
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Vieira de Morais
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Gyl Eanes Barros Silva
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Presidente Dutra, HUPD, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Santos Garcia
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
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Characterization and response surface optimization driven ultrasonic nanoemulsification of oil with high phytonutrient concentration recovered from palm oil biodiesel distillation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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65
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dos Santos LC, Johner JC, Scopel E, Pontes PV, Ribeiro AP, Zabot GL, Batista EA, Meireles MAA, Martínez J. Integrated supercritical CO2 extraction and fractionation of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) by-products. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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66
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Li Y, Qi W. Experimental Study of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in the Treatment of Immune Lupus Nephritis. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:1099-1106. [PMID: 33183449 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.18671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common, frequently-occurring and refractory renal medical disease. With the progress of society, the improvement of people's living standards, changes in lifestyles, and drug abuse, the incidence rate is increasing year by year. The effect of treatment on it is currently unsatisfactory clinically, and the recurrence rate is relatively high, which seriously affects People's quality of life. Therefore, the disease has become a hot and difficult point of research. In recent years, the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease have been thoroughly studied at home and abroad, especially the application of hormones and cyclophosphamide, which have achieved relatively good clinical effects. In this paper, nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared and their pharmacodynamics were studied in the treatment of mice with immunological lupus nephritis. The main experimental methods and results show that the nanostructured lipid carrier TWHF-NLC prepared by the high-pressure microjet method is characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the TP-NLC has a uniform particle size, and the nanoparticles are spherical or short rod-shaped. Animal experiments show that TWHF-NLC has obvious therapeutic effect on mice with immune lupus nephritis. Pathological sections of the kidney showed that TWHF-NLC can effectively reduce the collagen content of the renal interstitial cells, and remove MCP-1 deposited in the kidney, and inhibit its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wufang Qi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
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67
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Phan VHG, Trang Duong HT, Tran PT, Thambi T, Ho DK, Murgia X. Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Starch Based Drug Delivery Platform: Synthesis, Preparation, and Interactions with Biological Barriers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:572-585. [PMID: 33346660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) render the simultaneous coloading capacity of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and may eventually enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we employed a facile squalenoylation technology to synthesize a new amphiphilic starch derivative from partially oxidized starch, which self-assembled into core-shell starch NPs (StNPs) only at a squalenyl degree of substitution (DoS) of ∼1%. The StNPs characteristics could be tuned as the functions of the polymer molecular weight, DoS, and NPs concentration. The biopharmaceutical features of the StNPs, including colloidal stability, carrier properties, and biocompatibility, were carefully investigated. The interaction study between StNPs and mucin glycoproteins, the main organic component of mucus, revealed a moderate mucin interacting profile. Furthermore, the StNPs also showed good penetration through Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These results nominate StNPs as a versatile drug delivery platform with potential applications for mucosal drug delivery and the treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Giang Phan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Huu Thuy Trang Duong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | | | - Duy-Khiet Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Kusudama Therapeutics, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San, Sebastián 20014, Spain
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68
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Hawner M, Ducho C. Cellular Targeting of Oligonucleotides by Conjugation with Small Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E5963. [PMID: 33339365 PMCID: PMC7766908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug candidates derived from oligonucleotides (ON) are receiving increased attention that is supported by the clinical approval of several ON drugs. Such therapeutic ON are designed to alter the expression levels of specific disease-related proteins, e.g., by displaying antigene, antisense, and RNA interference mechanisms. However, the high polarity of the polyanionic ON and their relatively rapid nuclease-mediated cleavage represent two major pharmacokinetic hurdles for their application in vivo. This has led to a range of non-natural modifications of ON structures that are routinely applied in the design of therapeutic ON. The polyanionic architecture of ON often hampers their penetration of target cells or tissues, and ON usually show no inherent specificity for certain cell types. These limitations can be overcome by conjugation of ON with molecular entities mediating cellular 'targeting', i.e., enhanced accumulation at and/or penetration of a specific cell type. In this context, the use of small molecules as targeting units appears particularly attractive and promising. This review provides an overview of advances in the emerging field of cellular targeting of ON via their conjugation with small-molecule targeting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66 123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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Toopkanloo SP, Tan TB, Abas F, Azam M, Nehdi IA, Tan CP. Improving Vesicular Integrity and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Mixed Soy Lecithin-Based Liposomes Containing Squalene and Their Stability against UV Light. Molecules 2020; 25:E5873. [PMID: 33322600 PMCID: PMC7764204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the membrane lipophilicity and the affinity towards the environment of lipid bilayers, squalene (SQ) could be conjugated to phospholipids in the formation of liposomes. The effect of membrane composition and concentrations on the degradation of liposomes prepared via the extrusion method was investigated. Liposomes were prepared using a mixture of SQ, cholesterol (CH) and Tween80 (TW80). Based on the optimal conditions, liposome batches were prepared in the absence and presence of SQ. Their physicochemical and stability behavior were evaluated as a function of liposome constituent. From the optimization study, the liposomal formulation containing 5% (w/w) mixed soy lecithin (ML), 0.5% (w/w) SQ, 0.3% (w/w) CH and 0.75% (w/w) TW80 had optimal physicochemical properties and displayed a unilamellar structure. Liposome prepared using the optimal formulation had a low particle size (158.31 ± 2.96 nm) and acceptable %increase in the particle size (15.09% ± 3.76%) and %trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (%TEAC) loss (35.69% ± 0.72%) against UV light treatment (280-320 nm) for 6 h. The interesting outcome of this research was the association of naturally occurring substance SQ for size reduction without the extra input of energy or mechanical procedures, and improvement of vesicle stability and antioxidant activity of ML-based liposome. This study also demonstrated that the presence of SQ in the membrane might increase the acyl chain dynamics and decrease the viscosity of the dispersion, thereby limiting long-term stability of the liposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pakbaten Toopkanloo
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Tai Boon Tan
- Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Azam
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (I.A.N.)
| | - Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (I.A.N.)
- Chemistry Department, El Manar Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies, Tunis El Manar University, P.O. Box 244, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lasoń E. Topical Administration of Terpenes Encapsulated in Nanostructured Lipid-Based Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235758. [PMID: 33297317 PMCID: PMC7730254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are a group of phytocompounds that have been used in medicine for decades owing to their significant role in human health. So far, they have been examined for therapeutic purposes as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral agents, and the clinical potential of this class of compounds has been increasing continuously as a source of pharmacologically interesting agents also in relation to topical administration. Major difficulties in achieving sustained delivery of terpenes to the skin are connected with their low solubility and stability, as well as poor cell penetration. In order to overcome these disadvantages, new delivery technologies based on nanostructures are proposed to improve bioavailability and allow controlled release. This review highlights the potential properties of terpenes loaded in several types of lipid-based nanocarriers (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers) used to overcome free terpenes' form limitations and potentiate their therapeutic properties for topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Lasoń
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska St 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Di Lena G, Sanchez del Pulgar J, Lombardi Boccia G, Casini I, Ferrari Nicoli S. Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications. Foods 2020; 9:E1788. [PMID: 33276511 PMCID: PMC7760800 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports data from a characterization study conducted on the unsaponifiable lipid fraction of dry-grind corn bioethanol side streams. Phytosterols, squalene, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenoids were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in different lots of post-fermentation corn oil and thin stillage collected from a bioethanol plant over a time-span of one year. Fat-soluble bioactives were present at high levels in corn oil, with a prevalence of plant sterols over tocols and squalene. Beta-sitosterol and sitostanol accounted altogether for more than 60% of total sterols. The carotenoid profile was that typical of corn, with lutein and zeaxanthin as the prevalent molecules. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction profile of thin stillage was qualitatively similar to that of post-fermentation corn oil but, in quantitative terms, the amounts of valuable biomolecules were much lower because of the very high dilution of this side stream. Results indicate that post-fermentation corn oil is a promising and sustainable source of health-promoting bioactive molecules. The concomitant presence of a variegate complex of bioactive molecules with high antioxidant potentialities and their potential multifaceted market applications as functional ingredients for food, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical formulations, make the perspective of their recovery a promising strategy to create new bio-based value chains and maximize the sustainability of corn dry-grind bioethanol biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Di Lena
- CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (J.S.d.P.); (G.L.B.); (I.C.); (S.F.N.)
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Christmann R, Ho DK, Wilzopolski J, Lee S, Koch M, Loretz B, Vogt T, Bäumer W, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Tofacitinib Loaded Squalenyl Nanoparticles for Targeted Follicular Delivery in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1131. [PMID: 33255225 PMCID: PMC7760822 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib (TFB), a Janus kinase inhibitor, has shown excellent success off-label in treating various dermatological diseases, especially alopecia areata (AA). However, TFB's safe and targeted delivery into hair follicles (HFs) is highly desirable due to its systemic adverse effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance targeted follicular drug delivery and minimize interfollicular permeation and thereby reduce systemic drug exposure. In this study, we report a facile method to assemble the stable and uniform 240 nm TFB loaded squalenyl derivative (SqD) nanoparticles (TFB SqD NPs) in aqueous solution, which allowed an excellent loading capacity (LC) of 20%. The SqD NPs showed an enhanced TFB delivery into HFs compared to the aqueous formulations of plain drug in an ex vivo pig ear model. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of the TFB SqD NPs was studied in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis by ear swelling reduction and compared to TFB dissolved in a non-aqueous mixture of acetone and DMSO (7:1 v/v). Whereas such formulation would not be acceptable for use in the clinic, the TFB SqD NPs dispersed in water illustrated a better reduction in inflammatory effects than plain TFB's aqueous formulation, implying both encouraging good in vivo efficacy and safety. These findings support the potential of TFB SqD NPs for developing a long-term topical therapy of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Christmann
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.C.); (D.-K.H.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Duy-Khiet Ho
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.C.); (D.-K.H.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.C.); (D.-K.H.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.C.); (D.-K.H.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (W.B.)
| | - Ulrich F. Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.C.); (D.-K.H.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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73
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Rajamani K, Thirugnanasambandan SS, Natesan C, Subramaniam S, Thangavel B, Aravindan N. Squalene deters drivers of RCC disease progression beyond VHL status. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:611-631. [PMID: 33219891 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying drug candidates to target cellular events/signaling that evades von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) gene interaction is critical for the cure of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recently, we characterized a triterpene-squalene derived from marine brown alga. Herein, we investigated the potential of squalene in targeting HIF-signaling and other drivers of RCC progression. Squalene inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell dealth and reverted the cells' metastatic state (migration, clonal expansion) independent of their VHL status. Near-identical inhibition of HIF-1α and HIF-2α and the regulation of downstream targets in VHL wild type and mutant cell lines demonstrated squalene efficacy beyond VHL-HIF interaction. In a rat model of chemically induced RCC, squalene displayed chemopreventive capabilities by substantial reversal of lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial redox regulation, maintaining ∆ψm, inflammation [Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)], angiogenesis (VEGFα), metastasis [matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)], and survival (Bax/Bcl2, cytochrome-c, Casp3). Squalene restored glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and stabilized alkaline phosphatase, alkaline transaminase, and aspartate transaminase. The correlation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance with VEGF/NF-κB and negative association of GSH with Casp3 show that squalene employs reduction in ROS regulation. Cytokinesis-block micronuclei (CBMN) assay in VHLwt/mut cells revealed both direct and bystander effects of squalene with increased micronucleus (MN) frequency. Clastogenicity analysis of rat bone marrow cells demonstrated an anti-clastogenic effect of squalene, with increased polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), decreased MNPCE,s and MN normochromatic erythrocytes. Squalene could effectively target HIF signaling that orchestrate RCC evolution. The efficacy of squalene is similar in VHLwt and VHLmut RCC cells, and hence, squalene could serve as a promising drug candidate for an RCC cure beyond VHL status and VHL-HIF interaction dependency. Summary: Squalene derived from marine brown algae displays strong anti-cancer (RCC) activity, functionally targeting HIF-signaling pathway, and affects various cellular process. The significance of squalene effect for RCC is highlighted by its efficiency beyond VHL status, designating itself a promising drug candidate. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Rajamani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, TN, India.
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India.
- WHO Collaborating Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, ICMR Center for Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, TN, 600116, India.
| | | | - Chidambaram Natesan
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India
| | - Sethupathy Subramaniam
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India
| | | | - Natarajan Aravindan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, BMSB 737, 947 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Aresta A, Damascelli A, De Vietro N, Zambonin C. Measurement of squalene in olive oil by fractional crystallization or headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1833033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Damascelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Guo Y, Baschieri A, Amorati R, Valgimigli L. Synergic antioxidant activity of γ-terpinene with phenols and polyphenols enabled by hydroperoxyl radicals. Food Chem 2020; 345:128468. [PMID: 33341300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant interactions of γ-terpinene with α-tocopherol mimic 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMHC) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), used as models, respectively, of mono- and poly-phenols were demonstrated by differential oximetry during the inhibited autoxidation of model substrates: stripped sunflower oil, squalene, and styrene. With all substrates, γ-terpinene acts synergistically regenerating the chain-breaking antioxidants PMHC and CAPE from their radicals, via the formation of hydroperoxyl radicals. The inhibition duration for mixtures PMHC/γ-terpinene and CAPE/γ-terpinene increased with γ-terpinene concentration, while rate constants for radical-trapping were unchanged by γ-terpinene, being 3.1 × 106 and 4.8 × 105 M-1s-1 for PMHC and CAPE in chlorobenzene (30 °C). Using 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-bezoquinone we demonstrate that γ-terpinene can reduce quinones to catechols enabling their antioxidant activity. The different synergy mechanism of γ-terpinene with mono- and poly-phenolic antioxidants is discussed and its relevance is proven in homogenous lipids using natural α-tocopherol and hydroxytyrosol as antioxidants, calling for further studies in heterogenous food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Guo
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Szabóová M, Záhorský M, Gažo J, Geuens J, Vermoesen A, D’Hondt E, Hricová A. Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties ( Amaranthus spp.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1412. [PMID: 33105789 PMCID: PMC7690577 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Grain amaranth is known as an alternative crop with exclusive nutritional value and health benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on quantitative and qualitative amaranth seed traits, including 1000-seed weight, amino acids, fatty acids content, oil, and squalene yield. Two Slovak mutant varieties "Pribina" (A. cruentus) and "Zobor" (A.hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) were evaluated and compared to nonirradiated controls Ficha (A. cruentus L.) and K-433 (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) and commercial varieties, Aztec (A. cruentus L.), Plainsman and Koniz (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus). Mutant varieties, "Pribina" and "Zobor", showed superior 1000-seed weight performance compared to all investigated amaranth samples. The change in quantitative seed trait was accompanied by significantly higher oil and squalene content compared to commercial varieties. Moreover, significantly higher content of essential linoleic acid was detected in mutant variety "Zobor". The present findings suggest that seeds of irradiation-derived varieties have high nutritional potential and can be used as a supplementary crop in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szabóová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Michal Záhorský
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ján Gažo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Jeroen Geuens
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Ann Vermoesen
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Els D’Hondt
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Andrea Hricová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
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Ho DK, Christmann R, Murgia X, De Rossi C, Frisch S, Koch M, Schaefer UF, Loretz B, Desmaele D, Couvreur P, Lehr CM. Synthesis and Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Amphiphilic Squalenyl Derivative Based Versatile Drug Delivery Platform. Front Chem 2020; 8:584242. [PMID: 33195079 PMCID: PMC7604382 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.584242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited drug loading capacity (LC), mostly below 5% w/w, is a significant drawback of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (DDS). Squalenoylation technology, which employs bioconjugation of squalenyl moiety and drug, allows self-assemble of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous media with significantly high LC (>30% w/w). The synthesis and particle preparation of squalenoylated prodrugs are, however, not facile for molecules with multiple reactive groups. Taking a different approach, we describe the synthesis of amphiphilic squalenyl derivatives (SqDs) as well as the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterizations of their self-assembled NPs as DDSs. The SqDs included in this study are (i) cationic squalenyl diethanolamine (ii) PEGylated SqD (PEG 750 Da), (iii) PEGylated SqD (PEG 3,000 Da), and (iv) anionic squalenyl hydrogen sulfate. All four SqDs self-assemble into NPs in a size range from 100 to 200 nm in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, all NP derivatives demonstrate appropriate biocompatibility and adequate colloidal stability in physiological relevant pH environments. The mucoprotein binding of PEGylated NPs is reduced compared to the charged NPs. Most importantly, this technology allows excellent LC (at maximum of 45% w/w) of a wide range of multifunctional compounds, varying in physicochemical properties and molecular weight. Interestingly, the drug release profile can be tuned by different loading methods. In summary, the SqD-based NPs appear as versatile drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khiet Ho
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rebekka Christmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chiara De Rossi
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sarah Frisch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Didier Desmaele
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Hoe BC, Chan E, Nagasundara Ramanan R, Ooi CW. Recent development and challenges in extraction of phytonutrients from palm oil. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:4031-4061. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Hoe
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Eng‐Seng Chan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Monash‐Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
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Antifungal Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Vernonia amygdalina Extract against Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold Disease on Tomato Fruits. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090286. [PMID: 32932993 PMCID: PMC7563699 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a damaging postharvest disease in tomato plants, and it is known to be a limiting factor in tomato production. This study aimed to evaluate antifungal activities of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts against B. cinerea and to screen the phytochemical compound in the crude extract that had the highest antifungal activity. In this study, crude extracts of hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, and water extracts with concentration levels at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/mL were shown to significantly affect the inhibition of B. cinerea. Among the crude extracts, dichloromethane extract was shown to be the most potent in terms of antifungal activities. The SEM observation proved that the treatment altered the fungal morphology, which leads to fungal growth inhibition. For the in vivo bioassay, the fruits treated with dichloromethane extract at 400 and 500 mg/mL showed the lowest disease incidence with mild severity of infection. There were 23 chemical compounds identified in V. amygdalina dichloromethane extract using GCMS analysis. The top five major compounds were dominated by squalene (16.92%), phytol (15.05%), triacontane (11.31%), heptacosane (7.14%), and neophytadiene (6.28%). Some of these significant compounds possess high antifungal activities. This study proved that V. amygdalina from dichloromethane extract could be useful for inhibiting gray mold disease on tomato fruit and has potential as a natural antifungal agent.
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80
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Effects of graded levels of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5915-5924. [PMID: 33142509 PMCID: PMC7647917 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical indices, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers. Two hundred and forty 0-day-old male chicks were allocated into 5 groups of 6 replicates and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control group), 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg squalene for 42 d. Dietary squalene supplementation linearly increased weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers during the grower and overall periods (P < 0.05). Squalene linearly decreased 21-d malondialdehyde (MDA) level and 42-d glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and both linearly and quadratically decreased 42-d MDA level in plasma (P < 0.05). In contrast, squalene linearly increased plasma reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level on 21 and 42 d and superoxide dismutase activity on 42 d (P < 0.05). Squalene supplementation linearly decreased 21-d MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level on 21 d and 42 d and both linearly and quadratically increased 21-d GSH-Px activity in liver (P < 0.05). Supplementing squalene linearly increased pH value at 48 h and linearly decreased lightness at 48 h and 24-h drip loss of breast muscle (P < 0.05). The lightness at 24 h and cooking loss of breast muscle were both linearly and quadratically reduced by squalene (P < 0.05). Dietary squalene administration linearly decreased MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level and GSH-Px activity of breast muscle (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, aforementioned growth performance, antioxidant-related parameters (except 42-d GSH-Px in plasma and breast and hepatic GSH), and meat quality were improved by squalene when its level was 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg (P < 0.05), with their results being similar between these 2 groups (P > 0.05). It was concluded that squalene administration especially at a level of 1,000 mg/kg can improve growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in broiler production.
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81
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Micera M, Botto A, Geddo F, Antoniotti S, Bertea CM, Levi R, Gallo MP, Querio G. Squalene: More than a Step toward Sterols. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080688. [PMID: 32748847 PMCID: PMC7464659 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene (SQ) is a natural triterpene widely distributed in nature. It is a metabolic intermediate of the sterol biosynthetic pathway and represents a possible target in different metabolic and oxidative stress-related disorders. Growing interest has been focused on SQ’s antioxidant properties, derived from its chemical structure. Strong evidence provided by ex vivo models underline its scavenging activity towards free radicals, whereas only a few studies have highlighted its effect in cellular models of oxidative stress. Given the role of unbalanced free radicals in both the onset and progression of several cardiovascular diseases, an in depth evaluation of SQ’s contribution to antioxidant defense mechanisms could represent a strategic approach in dealing with these pathological conditions. At present experimental results overall show a double-edged sword role of squalene in cardiovascular diseases and its function has to be better elucidated in order to establish intervention lines focused on its features. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about endogenous and exogenous sources of SQ and to point out the controversial role of SQ in cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Micera
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
- Exenia Group S.r.l., 10064 Pinerolo (TO), Italy;
| | | | - Federica Geddo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
| | - Susanna Antoniotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
| | - Cinzia Margherita Bertea
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
| | - Renzo Levi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
| | - Maria Pia Gallo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Querio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.G.); (S.A.); (C.M.B.); (R.L.); (G.Q.)
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Yu W, Sun K, Zhang L, Wan X, Chen C, Su R, Liu Y, Wang H, Yang H. Investigation of the Effects of Squalene and Squalene Epoxides on the Homeostasis of Coenzyme Q10 in Rats by UPLC‐Orbitrap MS. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000243. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Kaiju Sun
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Xilin Wan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Rui Su
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Anhui Pujia Medical Technology Co.Ltd. 2800 Chuangxin Road Hefei 230000 P. R. China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine 1035 Boshuo Road Changchun 130117 P. R. China
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Alberdi-Cedeño J, Ibargoitia ML, Guillén MD. Study of the In Vitro Digestion of Olive Oil Enriched or Not with Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds. Relationships between Bioaccessibility of Main Components of Different Oils and Their Composition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060543. [PMID: 32575754 PMCID: PMC7346224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes provoked by in vitro digestion in the lipids of olive oil enriched or not with different phenolic compounds were studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). These changes were compared with those provoked in the lipids of corn oil and of virgin flaxseed oil submitted to the same digestive conditions. Lipolysis and oxidation were the two reactions under consideration. The bioaccessibility of main and minor components of olive oil, of phenolic compounds added, and of compounds formed as consequence of the oxidation, if any, were matters of attention. Enrichment of olive oil with antioxidant phenolic compounds does not affect the extent of lipolysis, but reduces the oxidation degree to minimum values or avoids it almost entirely. The in vitro bioaccessibility of nutritional and bioactive compounds was greater in the olive oil digestate than in those of other oils, whereas that of compounds formed in oxidation was minimal, if any. Very close quantitative relationships were found between the composition of the oils in main components and their in vitro bioaccessibility. These relationships, some of which have predictive value, can help to design lipid diets for different nutritional purposes.
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84
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Lee H, Nam K, Zahra Z, Farooqi MQU. Potentials of truffles in nutritional and medicinal applications: a review. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:9. [PMID: 32566240 PMCID: PMC7301458 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles, the symbiotic hypogeous edible fungi, have been worldwide regarded as a great delicacy because of their unique flavor and high nutritional value. By identifying their bioactive components such as phenolics, terpenoids, polysaccharides, anandamide, fatty acids, and ergosterols, researchers have paid attention to their biological activities including antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. In addition, numerous factors have been investigating that can affect the quality and productivity of truffles to overcome their difficulty in culturing and preserving. To provide the information for their potential applications in medicine as well as in functional food, this review summarizes the relevant literature about the biochemical composition, aromatic and nutritional benefits, and biological properties of truffles. Besides, various factors affecting their productivity and quality as well as the preservation methods are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heayyean Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea.,Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, 02163 MA USA
| | - Kyungmin Nam
- Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, 02163 MA USA
| | - Zahra Zahra
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea.,Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Miranda AF, Nham Tran TL, Abramov T, Jehalee F, Miglani M, Liu Z, Rochfort S, Gupta A, Cheirsilp B, Adhikari B, Puri M, Mouradov A. Marine Protists and Rhodotorula Yeast as Bio-Convertors of Marine Waste into Nutrient-Rich Deposits for Mangrove Ecosystems. Protist 2020; 171:125738. [PMID: 32544845 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids and a marine Rhodotorula red yeast isolated from Australian coastal waters for their abilities to be a potential renewable feedstock for the nutraceutical, food, fishery and bioenergy industries. Mixotrophic growth of these species was assessed in the presence of different carbon sources: glycerol, glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and sucrose, starch, cellulose, malt extract, and potato peels. Up to 14g DW/L (4.6gDW/L-day and 2.8gDW/L-day) of biomass were produced by Aurantiochytrium and Thraustochytrium species, respectively. Thraustochytrids biomass contained up to 33% DW of lipids, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, 124mg/g DW); up to 10.2mg/gDW of squalene and up to 61μg/gDW of total carotenoids, composed of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene. Along with the accumulation of these added-value chemicals in biomass, thraustochytrid representatives showed the ability to secrete extracellular polysaccharide matrixes containing lipids and proteins. Rhodotorula sp lipids (26% DW) were enriched in palmitic acid (C16:0, 18mg/gDW) and oleic acid (C18:1, 41mg/gDW). Carotenoids (87μg/gDW) were mainly represented by β-carotene (up to 54μg/gDW). Efficient growth on organic and inorganic sources of carbon and nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic wastewater pollutants along with intracellular and extracellular production of valuable nutrients makes the production of valuable chemicals from isolated species economical and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomer Abramov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faridah Jehalee
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Mohini Miglani
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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86
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87
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A key mammalian cholesterol synthesis enzyme, squalene monooxygenase, is allosterically stabilized by its substrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7150-7158. [PMID: 32170014 PMCID: PMC7132291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915923117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a high-cost process and, therefore, tightly regulated by both transcriptional and posttranslational negative feedback mechanisms in response to the level of cellular cholesterol. Squalene monooxygenase (SM, also known as squalene epoxidase or SQLE) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes epoxidation of squalene. The stability of SM is negatively regulated by cholesterol via its N-terminal regulatory domain (SM-N100). In this study, using a SM-luciferase fusion reporter cell line, we performed a chemical genetics screen that identified inhibitors of SM itself as up-regulators of SM. This effect was mediated through the SM-N100 region, competed with cholesterol-accelerated degradation, and required the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH6. However, up-regulation was not observed with statins, well-established cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors, and this pointed to the presence of another mechanism other than reduced cholesterol synthesis. Further analyses revealed that squalene accumulation upon treatment with the SM inhibitor was responsible for the up-regulatory effect. Using photoaffinity labeling, we demonstrated that squalene directly bound to the N100 region, thereby reducing interaction with and ubiquitination by MARCH6. Our findings suggest that SM senses squalene via its N100 domain to increase its metabolic capacity, highlighting squalene as a feedforward factor for the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
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88
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Nham Tran TL, Miranda AF, Gupta A, Puri M, Ball AS, Adhikari B, Mouradov A. The Nutritional and Pharmacological Potential of New Australian Thraustochytrids Isolated from Mangrove Sediments. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E151. [PMID: 32155832 PMCID: PMC7142457 DOI: 10.3390/md18030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangrove sediments represent unique microbial ecosystems that act as a buffer zone, biogeochemically recycling marine waste into nutrient-rich depositions for marine and terrestrial species. Marine unicellular protists, thraustochytrids, colonizing mangrove sediments have received attention due to their ability to produce large amounts of long-chain ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids for their production of valuable biomolecules in biomass, de-oiled cakes, supernatants, extracellular polysaccharide matrixes, and recovered oil bodies. Extracted lipids (up to 40% of DW) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 80% of total fatty acids) were mainly represented by docosahexaenoic acid (75% of polyunsaturated fatty acids). Cells also showed accumulation of squalene (up to 13 mg/g DW) and carotenoids (up to 72 µg/g DW represented by astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene). Both strains showed a high concentration of protein in biomass (29% DW) and supernatants (2.7 g/L) as part of extracellular polysaccharide matrixes. Alkalinization of collected biomass represents a new and easy way to recover lipid-rich oil bodies in the form of an aqueous emulsion. The ability to produce added-value molecules makes thraustochytrids an important alternative to microalgae and plants dominating in the food, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Linh Nham Tran
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
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89
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AL Qtaish N, Gallego I, Villate-Beitia I, Sainz-Ramos M, López-Méndez TB, Grijalvo S, Eritja R, Soto-Sánchez C, Martínez-Navarrete G, Fernández E, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Niosome-Based Approach for In Situ Gene Delivery to Retina and Brain Cortex as Immune-Privileged Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E198. [PMID: 32106545 PMCID: PMC7150807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-viral vectors have emerged as a promising alternative to viral gene delivery systems due to their safer profile. Among non-viral vectors, recently, niosomes have shown favorable properties for gene delivery, including low toxicity, high stability, and easy production. The three main components of niosome formulations include a cationic lipid that is responsible for the electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged genetic material, a non-ionic surfactant that enhances the long-term stability of the niosome, and a helper component that can be added to improve its physicochemical properties and biological performance. This review is aimed at providing recent information about niosome-based non-viral vectors for gene delivery purposes. Specially, we will discuss the composition, preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and biological evaluation of niosomes and corresponding nioplexes that result from the addition of the genetic material onto their cationic surface. Next, we will focus on the in situ application of such niosomes to deliver the genetic material into immune-privileged tissues such as the brain cortex and the retina. Finally, as future perspectives, non-invasive administration routes and different targeting strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuseibah AL Qtaish
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Myriam Sainz-Ramos
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Tania Belén López-Méndez
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.); (R.E.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Eritja
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.); (R.E.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Soto-Sánchez
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
| | - Gema Martínez-Navarrete
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández
- Neuroprothesis and Neuroengineering Research Group, Miguel Hernández University, E-03202 Elche, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (G.M.-N.); (E.F.)
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (N.A.Q.); (I.G.); (I.V.-B.); (M.S.-R.); (T.B.L.-M.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Li T, Liu GS, Zhou W, Jiang M, Ren YH, Tao XY, Liu M, Zhao M, Wang FQ, Gao B, Wei DZ. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae To Overproduce Squalene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2132-2138. [PMID: 31989819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squalene has wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Engineering microbes to produce squalene is a promising alternative for traditional production approaches. In this study, squalene production was enhanced to 978.24 mg/L through stepwise overexpression of the enzymes that catalyze acetyl-CoA to squalene. Subsequently, to increase the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and alleviate the high dependence on NADPH, the HMG-CoA reductase (NADH-HMGR) from Silicibacter pomeroyi, highly specific for NADH, was introduced, which increased squalene production to 1086.31 mg/L. Native ethanol dehydrogenase ADH2 and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ADA from Dickeya zeae were further overexpressed, which enhanced the capability to utilize ethanol for squalene synthesis and endowed the engineered strain with greater adaptability to high ethanol concentrations. Finally, a remarkable squalene production of 9472 mg/L was obtained from ethanol via carbon source-controlled fed-batch fermentation. This study will greatly accelerate the process of developing microbial cell factories for squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Guo-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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91
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Patel A, Liefeldt S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Co-production of DHA and squalene by thraustochytrid from forest biomass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1992. [PMID: 32029800 PMCID: PMC7005032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, and specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important and essential nutrients for human health. Thraustochytrids are recognised as commercial strains for nutraceuticals production, they are group of marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of co-synthesis of DHA and other valuable carotenoids in their cellular compartment. The present study sought to optimize DHA and squalene production by the thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. The highest biomass yield (0.46 g/gsubstrate) and lipid productivity (0.239 g/gsubstrate) were observed with 60 g/L of glucose, following cultivation in a bioreactor, with the DHA content to be 67.76% w/wtotal lipids. To reduce costs, cheaper feedstocks and simultaneous production of various value-added products for pharmaceutical or energy use should be attempted. To this end, we replaced pure glucose with organosolv-pretreated spruce hydrolysate and assessed the simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from S. limacinum SR21. After the 72 h of cultivation period in bioreactor, the maximum DHA content was observed to 66.72% w/wtotal lipids that was corresponded to 10.15 g/L of DHA concentration. While the highest DHA productivity was 3.38 ± 0.27 g/L/d and squalene reached a total of 933.72 ± 6.53 mg/L (16.34 ± 1.81 mg/gCDW). In summary, we show that the co-production of DHA and squalene makes S. limacinum SR21 appropriate strain for commercial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Liefeldt
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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92
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Moula Ali AM, Caba KDL, Prodpran T, Benjakul S. Quality characteristics of fried fish crackers packaged in gelatin bags: Effect of squalene and storage time. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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93
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Park SY, Choi SJ, Park HJ, Ma SY, Moon YI, Park SK, Jung MY. Hexane extract of green tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves is an exceptionally rich source of squalene. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:769-775. [PMID: 32523786 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a cancer chemo-preventive and skin protective agent with high commercial demand. Here, we report for the first time that the green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves is a surprisingly rich plant-based source of squalene. Young and tender leaves and old and turf leaves were collected at four different collecting seasons (April-August). Lipophilic compounds in the leaves and commercial green teas were extracted with hexane. The squalene contents in the hexane extracts varied greatly with the types of the leaves and collecting seasons. The hexane extract of turf leaves contained significantly higher contents of squalene than the extract of tender leaves. The hexane extract of the turf leaves collected in August contained the highest content of squalene (29.2 g/kg extract). This represents the first report on the qualitative and quantitative information on squalene in green tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Park
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-up, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Ji Choi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-up, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Park
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-up, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Ma
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-up, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Moon
- Department of Food Industry and Culinary Arts, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Food Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Yhung Jung
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-up, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Industry and Culinary Arts, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province Republic of Korea
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94
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S. Eldeen I, Foong S, Ismail N, Wong K. Regulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes by the dragon fruits from Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) and squalene - its major volatile constituents. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_271_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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95
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Toderich KN, Mamadrahimov AA, Khaitov BB, Karimov AA, Soliev AA, Nanduri KR, Shuyskaya EV. Differential Impact of Salinity Stress on Seeds Minerals, Storage Proteins, Fatty Acids, and Squalene Composition of New Quinoa Genotype, Grown in Hyper-Arid Desert Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:607102. [PMID: 33365043 PMCID: PMC7750330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change and soil salinization on dryland ecosystems are already widespread, and ensuring food security is a crucial challenge. In this article, we demonstrate changes in growth performance and seed quality of a new high-yielding quinoa genotype (Q5) exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and mixed salts (NaCl + Na2SO4). Differential responses to salt stress in growth performance, seed yield, and seed quality were identified. High salinity (mixed Na2SO4 + NaCl) reduces plant height by ∼30%, shoot and root dry weights by ∼29%, head panicle length and panicle weight by 36-43%, and seed yield by 37%, compared with control conditions. However, the 1,000-seed weight changes insignificantly under salinity. High content of essential minerals, such as Fe, Zn, and Ca in quinoa Q5 seeds produced under salinity, gives the Q5 genotype a remarkable advantage for human consumption. Biomarkers detected in our studies show that the content of most essential amino acids is unchanged under salinity. The content of amino acids Pro, Gly, and Ile positively correlates with Na+ concentration in soil and seeds, whereas the content of squalene and most fatty acids negatively correlates. Variation in squalene content under increasing salinity is most likely due to toxic effects of sodium and chlorine ions as a result of the decrease in membrane permeability for ion movement as a protective reaction to an increase in the sodium ion concentration. Low squalene accumulation might also occur to redirect the NADPH cofactor to enhance the biosynthesis of proline in response to salinity, as both syntheses (squalene and proline) require NADPH. This evidence can potentially be used by the food and pharmaceutical industries in the development of new food and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N. Toderich
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture for Central Asia and Caucasus (ICBA-CAC), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Botir B. Khaitov
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture for Central Asia and Caucasus (ICBA-CAC), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Aziz A. Karimov
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture for Central Asia and Caucasus (ICBA-CAC), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Azamjon A. Soliev
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kameswara Rao Nanduri
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture for Central Asia and Caucasus (ICBA-CAC), Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Elena V. Shuyskaya
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Elena V. Shuyskaya,
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96
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Moula Ali AM, Prodpran T, Benjakul S. Effect of squalene as a glycerol substitute on morphological and barrier properties of golden carp (Probarbus Jullieni) skin gelatin film. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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97
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Kim JE, Jang IS, Son SH, Ko YJ, Cho BK, Kim SC, Lee JY. Tailoring the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endoplasmic reticulum for functional assembly of terpene synthesis pathway. Metab Eng 2019; 56:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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98
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Wang XQ, Kim KW, Chu SH, Phitaktansakul R, Park SW, Chung IM, Lee YS, Park YJ. Genome-Wide Association Study for Squalene Contents and Functional Haplotype Analysis in Rice. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19358-19365. [PMID: 31763560 PMCID: PMC6868895 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is an isoprenoid compound that acts as the intermediate metabolite in cholesterol synthesis. Squalene is not very susceptible to peroxidation, and it quenches singlet oxygen in the skin, which is caused by UV exposure and other ionizing radiation sources. Squalene is a precursor to phytosterol synthesis, and it has been widely studied for its ability to reduce oxidation, cancer activity, and cholesterol levels. We performed a genome-wide association study for squalene in rice using 1.6 million high-quality SNPs extracted from 295 accessions' resequencing data. The candidate gene locus Os09g0319800-an orthologue of terpene synthase in Arabidopsis-showed up as the most likely candidate gene amongst the identified loci. Nucleotide variations in the promoter were associated with squalene content variations within the japonica group. The results of this study can provide clues for understanding the mechanisms of squalene biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Department
of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science and Center of Crop
Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic
of Korea
- DiaCarta
Inc. Yangzi Sci-Tech Innovation Center, Floor 21, Building A, No. 211 Pubin Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Department
of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science and Center of Crop
Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Chu
- Department
of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science and Center of Crop
Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic
of Korea
| | - Rungnapa Phitaktansakul
- Department
of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science and Center of Crop
Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Chemical
Safety Division, National Institute of Agriculture
Science (NIAS), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department
of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Lee
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang
University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Park
- Department
of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science and Center of Crop
Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic
of Korea
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99
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Moula Ali AM, Prodpran T, Benjakul S. Effect of squalene rich fraction from shark liver on mechanical, barrier and thermal properties of fish (Probarbus Jullieni) skin gelatin film. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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100
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Ferroni C, Del Rio A, Martini C, Manoni E, Varchi G. Light-Induced Therapies for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Front Chem 2019; 7:719. [PMID: 31737599 PMCID: PMC6828976 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most widespread tumors affecting the urinary system and the fifth-leading cause from cancer death in men worldwide. Despite PC mortality rates have been decreasing during the last years, most likely due to an intensification of early diagnosis, still more than 300,000 men die each year because of this disease. In this view, researchers in all countries are engaged in finding new ways to tackle PC, including the design and synthesis of novel molecular and macromolecular entities able to challenge different PC biological targets, while limiting the extent of unwanted side effects that significantly limit men's life quality. Among this field of research, photo-induced therapies, such as photodynamic and photothermal therapies (PDT and PTT), might represent an important advancement in PC treatment due to their extremely localized and controlled cytotoxic effect, as well as their low incidence of side effects and tumor resistance occurrence. Based on these considerations, this review aims to gather and discuss the last 5-years literature reports dealing with the synthesis and biological activity of molecular conjugates and nano-platforms for photo-induced therapies as co-adjuvant or combined therapeutic modalities for the treatment of localized PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferroni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity – ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity – ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
- Innovamol Consulting Srl, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity – ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Manoni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity – ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity – ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
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