51
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Shabo I, Svanvik J, Lindström A, Lechertier T, Trabulo S, Hulit J, Sparey T, Pawelek J. Roles of cell fusion, hybridization and polyploid cell formation in cancer metastasis. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:121-135. [PMID: 32257843 PMCID: PMC7103524 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a normal biological process playing essential roles in organ formation and tissue differentiation, repair and regeneration. Through cell fusion somatic cells undergo rapid nuclear reprogramming and epigenetic modifications to form hybrid cells with new genetic and phenotypic properties at a rate exceeding that achievable by random mutations. Factors that stimulate cell fusion are inflammation and hypoxia. Fusion of cancer cells with non-neoplastic cells facilitates several malignancy-related cell phenotypes, e.g., reprogramming of somatic cell into induced pluripotent stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. There is now considerable in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence that fusion of cancer cells with motile leucocytes such as macrophages plays a major role in cancer metastasis. Of the many changes in cancer cells after hybridizing with leucocytes, it is notable that hybrids acquire resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. One phenomenon that has been largely overlooked yet plays a role in these processes is polyploidization. Regardless of the mechanism of polyploid cell formation, it happens in response to genotoxic stresses and enhances a cancer cell’s ability to survive. Here we summarize the recent progress in research of cell fusion and with a focus on an important role for polyploid cells in cancer metastasis. In addition, we discuss the clinical evidence and the importance of cell fusion and polyploidization in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shabo
- Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE 171 77, Sweden
- Patient Area of Breast Cancer, Sarcoma and Endocrine Tumours, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE 171 76, Sweden
| | - Joar Svanvik
- The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE 413 45, Sweden
- Division of Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE 581 83, Sweden
| | - Annelie Lindström
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE 581 85, Sweden
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Trabulo
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - James Hulit
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Sparey
- Novintum Bioscience Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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52
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Abstract
The hallmark of most cardiac diseases is the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes. In the perinatal period, cardiomyocytes still proliferate, and the heart shows the capacity to regenerate upon injury. In the adult heart, however, the actual rate of cardiomyocyte renewal is too low to efficiently counteract substantial cell loss caused by cardiac injury. In mammals, cardiac growth by cell number expansion changes to growth by cardiomyocyte enlargement soon after birth, coinciding with a period in which most cardiomyocytes increase their DNA content by multinucleation and nuclear polyploidization. Although cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is often associated with these processes, whether polyploidy is a prerequisite or a consequence of hypertrophic growth is unclear. Both the benefits of cardiomyocyte enlargement over proliferative growth of the heart and the physiological role of polyploidy in cardiomyocytes are enigmatic. Interestingly, hearts in animal species with substantial cardiac regenerative capacity dominantly comprise diploid cardiomyocytes, raising the hypothesis that cardiomyocyte polyploidy poses a barrier for cardiomyocyte proliferation and subsequent heart regeneration. On the contrary, there is also evidence for self-duplication of multinucleated myocytes, suggesting a more complex picture of polyploidy in heart regeneration. Polyploidy is not restricted to the heart but also occurs in other cell types in the body. In this review, we explore the biological relevance of polyploidy in different species and tissues to acquire insight into its specific role in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we speculate about the physiological role of polyploidy in cardiomyocytes and how this might relate to renewal and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Derks
- From the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (W.D., O.B.)
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- From the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (W.D., O.B.).,Karolinska Institutet, Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden (O.B.)
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53
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Bou-Nader M, Caruso S, Donne R, Celton-Morizur S, Calderaro J, Gentric G, Cadoux M, L’Hermitte A, Klein C, Guilbert T, Albuquerque M, Couchy G, Paradis V, Couty JP, Zucman-Rossi J, Desdouets C. Polyploidy spectrum: a new marker in HCC classification. Gut 2020; 69:355-364. [PMID: 30979717 PMCID: PMC6984053 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polyploidy is a fascinating characteristic of liver parenchyma. Hepatocyte polyploidy depends on the DNA content of each nucleus (nuclear ploidy) and the number of nuclei per cell (cellular ploidy). Which role can be assigned to polyploidy during human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is still an open question. Here, we investigated whether a specific ploidy spectrum is associated with clinical and molecular features of HCC. DESIGN Ploidy spectra were determined on surgically resected tissues from patients with HCC as well as healthy control tissues. To define ploidy profiles, a quantitative and qualitative in situ imaging approach was used on paraffin tissue liver sections. RESULTS We first demonstrated that polyploid hepatocytes are the major components of human liver parenchyma, polyploidy being mainly cellular (binuclear hepatocytes). Across liver lobules, polyploid hepatocytes do not exhibit a specific zonation pattern. During liver tumorigenesis, cellular ploidy is drastically reduced; binuclear polyploid hepatocytes are barely present in HCC tumours. Remarkably, nuclear ploidy is specifically amplified in HCC tumours. In fact, nuclear ploidy is amplified in HCCs harbouring a low degree of differentiation and TP53 mutations. Finally, our results demonstrated that highly polyploid tumours are associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline the importance of quantification of cellular and nuclear ploidy spectra during HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Bou-Nader
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Team Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Romain Donne
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- INSERM U1162, Paris, France,Department of Pathology, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
| | - Géraldine Gentric
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Équipe Labelisée LNCC, Institut Curie, Paris, France,INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Cadoux
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Antoine L’Hermitte
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christophe Klein
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Couchy
- Team Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Team Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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54
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Bangru S, Kalsotra A. Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:74-87. [PMID: 31980376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have reinvigorated the field of liver regeneration. It is now possible to combine lineage-tracing with genome-wide studies to genetically mark individual liver cells and their progenies and detect precise changes in their genome, transcriptome, and proteome under normal versus regenerative settings. The recent use of single-cell RNA sequencing methodologies in model organisms has, in some ways, transformed our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of liver regeneration. Here, we review the latest strides in our knowledge of general principles that coordinate regeneration of the liver and reflect on some conflicting evidence and controversies surrounding this topic. We consider the prominent mechanisms that stimulate homeostasis-related vis-à-vis injury-driven regenerative responses, highlight the likely cellular sources/depots that reconstitute the liver following various injuries and discuss the extrinsic and intrinsic signals that direct liver cells to proliferate, de-differentiate, or trans-differentiate while the tissue recovers from acute or chronic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bangru
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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55
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Tsvirenko S, Saveliev L, Sazonov S. Features of regenerative processes in case of extreme factors influencing the body. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202202012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the specific liver mass, number of single and binucleate cells of different ploidy, mitotic index and alteration index, DNA content and inclusion of 3H-thymidine in DNA of Wistar rats and CBA mice in the following conditions: at 0°C for 3, 7, 14 days for 23 hours per day, and in the highlands conditions (3, 200 m above sea level) for 3 and 30 days. Activation of regenerative processes has been established — proliferation of hepatocytes (mainly diploid) in combination with polyploid cell share reduction, as well as cellular hypertrophy development. Cell dynamics shifts persisted throughout the observation duration and were opposite in direction when growing up and aging.
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56
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Matsumoto T, Wakefield L, Tarlow BD, Grompe M. In Vivo Lineage Tracing of Polyploid Hepatocytes Reveals Extensive Proliferation during Liver Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 26:34-47.e3. [PMID: 31866222 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identity of cellular populations that drive liver regeneration after injury is the subject of intense study, and the contributions of polyploid hepatocytes to organ regeneration and homeostasis have not been systematically assessed. Here, we developed a multicolor reporter allele system to genetically label and trace polyploid cells in situ. Multicolored polyploid hepatocytes undergo ploidy reduction and subsequent re-polyploidization after transplantation, providing direct evidence of the hepatocyte ploidy conveyor model. Marker segregation revealed that ploidy reduction rarely involves chromosome missegregation in vivo. We also traced polyploid hepatocytes in several different liver injury models and found robust proliferation in all settings. Importantly, ploidy reduction was seen in all injury models studied. We therefore conclude that polyploid hepatocytes have extensive regenerative capacity in situ and routinely undergo reductive mitoses during regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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57
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Wang J, Batourina E, Schneider K, Souza S, Swayne T, Liu C, George CD, Tate T, Dan H, Wiessner G, Zhuravlev Y, Canman JC, Mysorekar IU, Mendelsohn CL. Polyploid Superficial Cells that Maintain the Urothelial Barrier Are Produced via Incomplete Cytokinesis and Endoreplication. Cell Rep 2019; 25:464-477.e4. [PMID: 30304685 PMCID: PMC6351079 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is an epithelia barrier lined by a luminal layer of binucleated, octoploid, superficial cells. Superficial cells are critical for production and transport of uroplakins, a family of proteins that assemble into a waterproof crystalline plaque that helps protect against infection and toxic substances. Adult urothelium is nearly quiescent, but rapidly regenerates in response to injury. Yet the mechanism by which binucleated, polyploid, superficial cells are produced remains unclear. Here, we show that superficial cells are likely to be derived from a population of binucleated intermediate cells, which are produced from mononucleated intermediate cells via incomplete cytokinesis. We show that binucleated intermediate and superficial cells increase DNA content via endoreplication, passing through S phase without entering mitosis. The urothelium can be permanently damaged by repetitive or chronic injury or disease. Identification of the mechanism by which superficial cells are produced may be important for developing strategies for urothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Spenser Souza
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Theresa Swayne
- Confocal and Specialized Microscopy Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher D George
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregory Wiessner
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yelena Zhuravlev
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology and Immunology and Center for Reproductive Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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58
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Suvorov A, Naumov V, Shtratnikova V, Logacheva M, Shershebnev A, Wu H, Gerasimov E, Zheludkevich A, Pilsner JR, Sergeyev O. Rat liver epigenome programing by perinatal exposure to 2,2',4'4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Epigenomics 2019; 12:235-249. [PMID: 31833787 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers permanently reprogram liver metabolism and induce a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-like phenotype and insulin resistance in rodents. Aim: To test if these changes are associated with altered liver epigenome. Materials & methods: Expression of small RNA and changes in DNA methylation in livers of adult rats were analyzed following perinatal exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, the polybrominated diphenyl ether congener most prevalent in human tissues. Results: We identified 33 differentially methylated DNA regions and 15 differentially expressed miRNAs. These changes were enriched for terms related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, insulin signaling, Type-2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusion: Changes in the liver epigenome are a likely candidate mechanism of long-term maintenance of an aberrant metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts 686 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Naumov
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina 4, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Shtratnikova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, 119992, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine & Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science & Technology, 143028, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Logacheva
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, 119992, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine & Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science & Technology, 143028, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Shershebnev
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts 686 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts 686 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Evgeny Gerasimov
- E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology & Tropical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 20 Malaya Pirogovskaya, 119435, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jonathan R Pilsner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts 686 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Oleg Sergeyev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, 119992, Moscow, Russia.,Chapaevsk Medical Association, 3a Meditsinskaya St., Samara region, 446100, Chapaevsk, Russia
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59
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Pospisilova V, Esner M, Cervenkova I, Fedr R, Tinevez JY, Hampl A, Anger M. The frequency and consequences of multipolar mitoses in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:209-217. [PMID: 34907719 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2019.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells widely used in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, the broader clinical applications of ES cells are limited by their genomic instability and karyotypic abnormalities. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying ES cell karyotypic abnormalities is critical to optimizing their clinical use. In this study, we focused on proliferating human and mouse ES cells undergoing multipolar divisions. Specifically, we analyzed the frequency and outcomes of such divisions using a combination of time-lapse microscopy and cell tracking. This revealed that cells resulting from multipolar divisions were not only viable, but they also frequently underwent subsequent cell divisions. Our novel data also showed that in human and mouse ES cells, multipolar spindles allowed more robust escape from chromosome segregation control mechanisms than bipolar spindles. Considering the frequency of multipolar divisions in proliferating ES cells, it is conceivable that cell division errors underlie ES cell karyotypic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pospisilova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Esner
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Cervenkova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ales Hampl
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic.,St. Anne's University Hospital, International Clinical Research Center, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Anger
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Brno, Czech Republic
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60
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Patterson M, Swift SK. Residual Diploidy in Polyploid Tissues: A Cellular State with Enhanced Proliferative Capacity for Tissue Regeneration? Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1527-1539. [PMID: 31608782 PMCID: PMC11001963 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major objective of modern biomedical research aims to promote tissue self-regeneration after injury, obviating the need for whole organ transplantation and avoiding mortality due to organ failure. Identifying the population of cells capable of regeneration, alongside understanding the molecular mechanisms that activate that population to re-enter the cell cycle, are two important steps to advancing the field of endogenous tissue regeneration toward the clinic. In recent years, an emerging trend has been observed, whereby polyploidy of relevant parenchymal cells, arising from alternative cell cycles as part of a normal developmental process, is linked to restricted proliferative capacity of those cells. An accompanying hypothesis, therefore, is that a residual subpopulation of diploid parenchymal cells retains proliferative competence and is the major driver for any detected postnatal cell turnover. In this perspective review, we examine the emerging literature on residual diploid parenchymal cells and the possible link of this population to endogenous tissue regeneration, in the context of both heart and liver. We speculate on additional cell types that may play a similar role in their respective tissues and discuss outstanding questions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Patterson
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Samantha K. Swift
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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61
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Thomson GJ, Hernon C, Austriaco N, Shapiro RS, Belenky P, Bennett RJ. Metabolism-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage selectively trigger genome instability in polyploid fungal cells. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101597. [PMID: 31448850 PMCID: PMC6769381 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cellular activities impact genome stability is critical to multiple biological processes including tumorigenesis and reproductive biology. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans displays striking genome dynamics during its parasexual cycle as tetraploid cells, but not diploid cells, exhibit genome instability and reduce their ploidy when grown on a glucose-rich "pre-sporulation" medium. Here, we reveal that C. albicans tetraploid cells are metabolically hyperactive on this medium with higher rates of fermentation and oxidative respiration relative to diploid cells. This heightened metabolism results in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the ROS-responsive transcription factor Cap1, and the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Genetic or chemical suppression of ROS levels suppresses each of these phenotypes and also protects against genome instability. These studies reveal how endogenous metabolic processes can generate sufficient ROS to trigger genome instability in polyploid C. albicans cells. We also discuss potential parallels with metabolism-induced instability in cancer cells and speculate that ROS-induced DNA damage could have facilitated ploidy cycling prior to a conventional meiosis in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Thomson
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology DepartmentBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Claire Hernon
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology DepartmentBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | | | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Peter Belenky
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology DepartmentBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Richard J Bennett
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology DepartmentBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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62
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Katsuda T, Hosaka K, Matsuzaki J, Usuba W, Prieto-Vila M, Yamaguchi T, Tsuchiya A, Terai S, Ochiya T. Transcriptomic Dissection of Hepatocyte Heterogeneity: Linking Ploidy, Zonation, and Stem/Progenitor Cell Characteristics. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:161-183. [PMID: 31493546 PMCID: PMC6909008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a long-standing debate regarding the biological significance of polyploidy in hepatocytes. Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that hepatocytes with different ploidy statuses behave differently in a context-dependent manner (eg, susceptibility to oncogenesis, regenerative ability after injury, and in vitro proliferative capacity). However, their overall transcriptomic differences in a physiological context is not known. METHODS By using microarray transcriptome analysis, we investigated the heterogeneity of hepatocyte populations with different ploidy statuses. Moreover, by using single-cell quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (scPCR) analysis, we investigated the intrapopulational transcriptome heterogeneity of 2c and 4c hepatocytes. RESULTS Microarray analysis showed that cell cycle-related genes were enriched in 8c hepatocytes, which is in line with the established notion that polyploidy is formed via cell division failure. Surprisingly, in contrast to the general consensus that 2c hepatocytes reside in the periportal region, in our bulk transcriptome and scPCR analyses, the 2c hepatocytes consistently showed pericentral hepatocyte-enriched characteristics. In addition, scPCR analysis identified a subpopulation within the 2c hepatocytes that co-express the liver progenitor cell markers Axin2, Prom1, and Lgr5, implying the potential biological relevance of this subpopulation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into hepatocyte heterogeneity, namely 2c hepatocytes are preferentially localized to the pericentral region, and a subpopulation of 2c hepatocytes show liver progenitor cell-like features in terms of liver progenitor cell marker expression (Axin2, Prom1, and Lgr5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Aasahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Juntaro Matsuzaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Usuba
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Prieto-Vila
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Aasahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Aasahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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MONMEESIL P, FUNGFUANG W, TULAYAKUL P, PONGCHAIRERK U. The effects of astaxanthin on liver histopathology and expression of superoxide dismutase in rat aflatoxicosis. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1162-1172. [PMID: 31270307 PMCID: PMC6715921 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroys hepatocytes. Meanwhile, astaxanthin (AX) is known to have stronger antioxidative activity than other carotenoids. This study aimed to investigate hepatoprotective role of AX from AFB1-induced toxicity in rat by histopathological study and immunohistochemistry of Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD1) which acts as the first enzyme in antioxidative reaction against cell injury from ROS. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control and AFB1 groups were gavaged by water for 7 days followed by a single DMSO and 1 mg/kg AFB1, respectively. The AXL+ AFB1 and AXH+ AFB1 groups were given of 5 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg AX for 7 days before 1 mg/kg AFB1 administration. The result showed significantly elevated liver weight per 100 g body weight in AFB1 group. The histopathological finding revealed vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, megalocytosis and binucleation of hepatocytes with bile duct hyperplasia in AFB1 group. The severities of pathological changes were sequentially reduced in AXL+AFB1 and AXH+AFB1 groups. Most rats in AXH+AFB1 group owned hypertrophic hepatocytes and atypical proliferation of cholangiocytes which are adaptive responses to severe hepatocyte damage. The SOD1 expression was also significantly higher in AXH+AFB1 group than solely treated AFB1 and AXL+AFB1 groups. In conclusion, AX alleviated AFB1-induced liver damage in rat by stimulating SOD1 expression and transdifferentiation of cholangiocytes in dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poempool MONMEESIL
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Jatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wirasak FUNGFUANG
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Jatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu TULAYAKUL
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom
73140, Thailand
| | - Urai PONGCHAIRERK
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Jatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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64
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Hao Q, Tan W, Sun J, Li J, Chen CW, Li Z, Meng Y, Zhou Y, Han Z, Pei H, DePamphilis ML, Zhu W. The Cdk2-c-Myc-miR-571 Axis Regulates DNA Replication and Genomic Stability by Targeting Geminin. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4896-4910. [PMID: 31431461 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA rereplication leads to genomic instability and has been implicated in the pathology of a variety of human cancers. Eukaryotic DNA replication is tightly controlled to ensure it occurs only once during each cell cycle. Geminin is a critical component of this control, it prevents DNA rereplication from occurring during S, G2, and early M phases by preventing MCM helicases from forming prereplication complexes. Geminin is targeted for degradation by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) from anaphase through G1-phase, however, accumulating evidence indicates that Geminin is downregulated in late S-phase due to an unknown mechanism. Here, we used a high-throughput screen to identify miRNAs that can induce excess DNA replication and found that miR-571 could reduce the protein level of Geminin in late S-phase independent of the APC/C. Furthermore, miR-571 regulated efficient DNA replication and S-phase cell-cycle progression. Strikingly, c-Myc suppressed miR-571 expression by binding directly to the miR-571 promoter. At the beginning of S-phase, Cdk2 phosphorylated c-Myc at Serine 62, promoting its association with the miR-571 promoter region. Collectively, we identify miR-571 as the first miRNA that prevents aberrant DNA replication and the Cdk2-c-Myc-miR-571 axis as a new pathway for regulating DNA replication, cell cycle, and genomic stability in cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify a novel regulatory mechanism that is critical for maintaining genome integrity by regulating DNA replication and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zhuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zongzhu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Yunxiao Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Seton Hall-Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.
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65
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Yamano-Adachi N, Ogata N, Tanaka S, Onitsuka M, Omasa T. Characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cells with disparate chromosome numbers: Reduction of the amount of mRNA relative to total protein. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:121-128. [PMID: 31303495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are labile. We have shown that high-chromosome-number CHO cells have greater potential to become robust producers of recombinant proteins. One explanation being the increase in transgene integration sites. However, high-chromosome-number cell clones produce more IgG3 following culture of single-cell clones, even under conditions that yield the same number of integrations as cells with normal chromosome numbers. Here, we characterized high-chromosome-number cells by transcriptome analysis. RNA standards were used to normalize transcriptomes of cells that had different chromosome numbers. Our results demonstrate that the mRNA ratio of β-actin and many other genes in high-chromosome-number cells to that in normal-chromosome-number cells per cell (normalized to RNA standards) was smaller than the equivalent genomic size and cell volume ratios. Many genes encoding membrane proteins are more highly expressed in high-chromosome-number cells, probably due to differences in cell size caused by the increase in chromosomes. In addition, genes related to histone modification and lipid metabolism are differentially expressed. The reduced transcript level required per protein produced in total and the different intracellular signal transductions might be key factors for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Norichika Ogata
- Nihon BioData Corporation, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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66
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Donné R, Saroul M, Maillet V, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. [Hepatic polyploidy: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:519-526. [PMID: 31274081 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy (alias whole genome amplification) refers to organisms containing more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy was first observed in plants more than a century ago, and it is known that such processes occur in many eukaryotes under a variety of circumstances. In mammals, the development of polyploid cells can contribute to tissue differentiation and therefore possibly a gain of function. Alternately, it can be associated with development of disease such as cancer. Polyploidy can occur because of cell fusion or abnormal cell division. Polyploidy is a common characteristic of the mammalian liver. Polyploidization occurs notably during liver development, but also in adults because of cellular stress. Recent progresses have unraveled the mechanisms and functional consequences of hepatocytes polyploidization during normal and pathological liver growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Donné
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, équipe Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, 15, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Maëva Saroul
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, équipe Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, 15, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Maillet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, équipe Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, 15, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, équipe Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, 15, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, équipe Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, 15, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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67
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Díez-Quijada L, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Cătunescu GM, Puerto M, Moyano R, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of cylindrospermopsin in rats using a combined micronucleus and comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110664. [PMID: 31279043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent cyanotoxin recognized as an emerging human threat due to its cytotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Although the genotoxicity of CYN has been extensively studied in vitro, limited data are available on its in vivo genotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of pure CYN (7.5-75 μg/kg body weight) after oral exposure of rats through a combined assay of the micronucleus test (MN) in bone marrow, and the standard and modified comet assay in stomach, liver and blood. Also, histopathological changes in stomach and liver were evaluated. Positive results in the MN test were observed in bone marrow in the exposed rats at all the tested concentrations. However, the comet assay revealed that CYN did not induce DNA strand breaks nor oxidative DNA damage in any of the tissues investigated. Finally, histopathological changes were observed in stomach and liver (7.5-75 μg/kg) in intoxicated rats. These results could indicate that CYN is able to induce irritation in stomach before its biotransformation in rats orally exposed, and genotoxicity in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain.
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
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68
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Akazawa Y, Nakashima R, Matsuda K, Okamaoto K, Hirano R, Kawasaki H, Miuma S, Miyaaki H, Malhi H, Abiru S, Itoh M, Kondo H, Fukuoka J, Nakao K, Nakashima M. Detection of DNA damage response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via p53-binding protein 1 nuclear expression. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:997-1007. [PMID: 30809000 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major liver disease that leads to cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma in a subset of patients. The mechanism underlying disease progression is largely unknown. p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) is a DNA damage response protein that rapidly localizes at the site of DNA double-strand breaks. In this study, we investigated nuclear 53BP1-positive foci formation as an indicator of DNA double-strand breaks in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease liver tissues by immunofluorescence microscopy. A total of 52 liver tissue samples, including 43 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease samples and 9 controls, were studied. Our results show that the number of abnormal 53BP1-positive foci in hepatocytes (defined as three or more discrete nuclear foci and/or large foci greater than 1 μM) was significantly increased in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients compared to that in controls, both in nonalcoholic fatty liver (p < 0.01) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients (p < 0.01). The number of large foci was significantly increased in the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cases compared to that in the nonalcoholic fatty liver cases (p < 0.05) and correlated with increased stage of fibrosis. The number of large-foci-expressing hepatocytes was positively correlated with increased age (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with serum platelet count (p < 0.05). In addition, we performed an in vitro assay using rat hepatocytes treated with the saturated free fatty acid palmitate. Treatment appeared to augment the number of abnormal foci, indicating an induction of double-strand breaks in the hepatocytes through free fatty acid treatment in a caspase-dependent manner. This study demonstrates that 53BP1-positive nuclear foci formation is associated with disease progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Analysis of 53BP1 expression might be a feasible technique to estimate genomic instability in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Ryoma Nakashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Matsuda
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Okamaoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ran Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Miyaaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Seigo Abiru
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hisayohi Kondo
- Biostatistics Section, Division of Scientific Data Registry, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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69
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Broughton KM, Khieu T, Nguyen N, Rosa M, Mohsin S, Quijada P, Wang BJ, Echeagaray OH, Kubli DA, Kim T, Firouzi F, Monsanto MM, Gude NA, Adamson RM, Dembitsky WP, Davis ME, Sussman MA. Cardiac interstitial tetraploid cells can escape replicative senescence in rodents but not large mammals. Commun Biol 2019; 2:205. [PMID: 31231694 PMCID: PMC6565746 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte ploidy has been described but remains obscure in cardiac interstitial cells. Ploidy of c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells was assessed using confocal, karyotypic, and flow cytometric technique. Notable differences were found between rodent (rat, mouse) c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells possessing mononuclear tetraploid (4n) content, compared to large mammals (human, swine) with mononuclear diploid (2n) content. In-situ analysis, confirmed with fresh isolates, revealed diploid content in human c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells and a mixture of diploid and tetraploid content in mouse. Downregulation of the p53 signaling pathway provides evidence why rodent, but not human, c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells escape replicative senescence. Single cell transcriptional profiling reveals distinctions between diploid versus tetraploid populations in mouse c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells, alluding to functional divergences. Collectively, these data reveal notable species-specific biological differences in c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells, which could account for challenges in extrapolation of myocardial from preclinical studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Broughton
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Tiffany Khieu
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Nicky Nguyen
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Michael Rosa
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, 19140 PA USA
| | - Pearl Quijada
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Bingyan J. Wang
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Oscar H. Echeagaray
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Dieter A. Kubli
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Taeyong Kim
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Megan M. Monsanto
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Natalie A. Gude
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Robert M. Adamson
- Division of Cardiology, Sharp Memorial Hospital, 8010 Frost St., San Diego, 92123 CA USA
| | - Walter P. Dembitsky
- Division of Cardiology, Sharp Memorial Hospital, 8010 Frost St., San Diego, 92123 CA USA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, 30322 GA USA
| | - Mark A. Sussman
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
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70
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Manco R, Clerbaux LA, Verhulst S, Bou Nader M, Sempoux C, Ambroise J, Bearzatto B, Gala JL, Horsmans Y, van Grunsven L, Desdouets C, Leclercq I. Reactive cholangiocytes differentiate into proliferative hepatocytes with efficient DNA repair in mice with chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1180-1191. [PMID: 30794890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Chronic liver diseases are characterized by expansion of the small immature cholangiocytes - a mechanism named ductular reaction (DR) - which have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes. We investigated the kinetics of this differentiation, as well as analyzing several important features of the newly formed hepatocytes, such as functional maturity, clonal expansion and resistance to stress in mice with long-term liver damage. METHODS We tracked cholangiocytes using osteopontin-iCreERT2 and hepatocytes with AAV8-TBG-Cre. Mice received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for >24 weeks to induce chronic liver injury. Livers were collected for the analysis of reporter proteins, cell proliferation and death, DNA damage, and nuclear ploidy; hepatocytes were also isolated for RNA sequencing. RESULTS During liver injury we observed a transient DR and the differentiation of DR cells into hepatocytes as clones that expanded to occupy 12% of the liver parenchyma by week 8. By lineage tracing, we confirmed that these new hepatocytes derived from cholangiocytes but not from native hepatocytes. They had all the features of mature functional hepatocytes. In contrast to the exhausted native hepatocytes, these newly formed hepatocytes had higher proliferative capability, less apoptosis, a lower proportion of highly polyploid nuclei and were better at eliminating DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS In chronic liver injury, DR cells differentiate into stress-resistant hepatocytes that repopulate the liver. The process might account for the observed parenchymal reconstitution in livers of patients with advanced-stage hepatitis and could be a target for regenerative purposes. LAY SUMMARY During chronic liver disease, while native hepatocytes are exhausted and genetically unstable, a subset of cholangiocytes clonally expand to differentiate into young, functional and robust hepatocytes. This cholangiocyte cell population is a promising target for regenerative therapies in patients with chronic liver insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Bou Nader
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Luc Gala
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Hepato-gastroenterology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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71
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Maillet V, Boussetta N, Leclerc J, Fauveau V, Foretz M, Viollet B, Couty JP, Celton-Morizur S, Perret C, Desdouets C. LKB1 as a Gatekeeper of Hepatocyte Proliferation and Genomic Integrity during Liver Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1994-2005. [PMID: 29466728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is involved in several biological processes and is a key regulator of hepatic metabolism and polarity. Here, we demonstrate that the master kinase LKB1 plays a dual role in liver regeneration, independently of its major target, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We found that the loss of hepatic Lkb1 expression promoted hepatocyte proliferation acceleration independently of metabolic/energetic balance. LKB1 regulates G0/G1 progression, specifically by controlling epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Furthermore, later in regeneration, LKB1 controls mitotic fidelity. The deletion of Lkb1 results in major alterations to mitotic spindle formation along the polarity axis. Thus, LKB1 deficiency alters ploidy profile at late stages of regeneration. Our findings highlight the dual role of LKB1 in liver regeneration, as a guardian of hepatocyte proliferation and genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Maillet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Boussetta
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Leclerc
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fauveau
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Perret
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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72
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Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than two homologous sets of chromosomes. The original observations of liver polyploidy date back to the 1940s, but functional roles for polyploid cells are still unclear. Liver polyploidy may influence regeneration, stress response, and cancer, although little evidence has established direct causal links between polyploidy and these biological phenotypes. In this review, we will introduce broad concepts about polyploidy including its distribution in nature and how polyploids form in normal and pathological situations. Then we will examine recent discoveries that have begun to clarify functionality and disease relevance of liver polyploidy. Finally, we will discuss implications and future directions of research about polyploidy in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Branden Tarlow
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
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73
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB, Kutsev SI. Ontogenetic and Pathogenetic Views on Somatic Chromosomal Mosaicism. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E379. [PMID: 31109140 PMCID: PMC6562967 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular karyotypic variability has been a focus of genetic research for more than 50 years. It has been repeatedly shown that chromosome heterogeneity manifesting as chromosomal mosaicism is associated with a variety of human diseases. Due to the ability of changing dynamically throughout the ontogeny, chromosomal mosaicism may mediate genome/chromosome instability and intercellular diversity in health and disease in a bottleneck fashion. However, the ubiquity of negligibly small populations of cells with abnormal karyotypes results in difficulties of the interpretation and detection, which may be nonetheless solved by post-genomic cytogenomic technologies. In the post-genomic era, it has become possible to uncover molecular and cellular pathways to genome/chromosome instability (chromosomal mosaicism or heterogeneity) using advanced whole-genome scanning technologies and bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, the opportunities to determine the effect of chromosomal abnormalities on the cellular phenotype seem to be useful for uncovering the intrinsic consequences of chromosomal mosaicism. Accordingly, a post-genomic review of chromosomal mosaicism in the ontogenetic and pathogenetic contexts appears to be required. Here, we review chromosomal mosaicism in its widest sense and discuss further directions of cyto(post)genomic research dedicated to chromosomal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y Iourov
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergei I Kutsev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia.
- Molecular & Cell Genetics Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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74
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Christensen KA, Sakhrani D, Rondeau EB, Richards J, Koop BF, Devlin RH. Effect of triploidy on liver gene expression in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) under different metabolic states. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:336. [PMID: 31053056 PMCID: PMC6500012 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triploid coho salmon are excellent models for studying gene dosage and the effects of increased cell volume on gene expression. Triploids have an additional haploid genome in each cell and have fewer but larger cells than diploid coho salmon to accommodate the increased genome size. Studying gene expression in triploid coho salmon provides insight into how gene expression may have been affected after the salmonid-specific genome duplication which occurred some 90 MYA. Triploid coho salmon are sterile and consequently can live longer and grow larger than diploid congeners in many semelparous species (spawning only once) because they never reach maturity and post-spawning mortality is averted. Triploid fishes are also of interest to the commercial sector (larger fish are more valuable) and to fisheries management since sterile fish can potentially minimize negative impacts of escaped fish in the wild. RESULTS The vast majority of genes in liver tissue had similar expression levels between diploid and triploid coho salmon, indicating that the same amount of mRNA transcripts were being produced per gene copy (positive gene dosage effects) within a larger volume cell. Several genes related to nutrition and compensatory growth were differentially expressed between diploid and triploid salmon, indicating that some loci are sensitive to cell size and/or DNA content per cell. To examine how robust expression between ploidies is under different conditions, a genetic/metabolic modifier in the form of different doses of a growth hormone transgene was used to assess gene expression under conditions that the genome has not naturally experienced or adapted to. While many (up to 1400) genes were differentially expressed between non-transgenic and transgenic fish, relatively few genes were differentially expressed between diploids and triploids with similar doses of the transgene. These observations indicate that the small effect of ploidy on gene expression is robust to large changes in physiological state. CONCLUSIONS These findings are of interest from a gene regulatory perspective, but also valuable for understanding phenotypic effects in triploids, transgenics, and triploid transgenics that could affect their utility in culture conditions and their fitness and potential consequences of release into nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A Christensen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Eric B Rondeau
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffery Richards
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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75
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Manolopoulou M, Matlock BK, Nlandu-Khodo S, Simmons AJ, Lau KS, Phillips-Mignemi M, Ivanova A, Alford CE, Flaherty DK, Gewin LS. Novel kidney dissociation protocol and image-based flow cytometry facilitate improved analysis of injured proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F847-F855. [PMID: 30759021 PMCID: PMC6580245 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00354.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry studies on injured kidney tubules are complicated by the low yield of nucleated single cells. Furthermore, cell-specific responses such as cell cycle dynamics in vivo have conventionally relied on indirect immunohistochemistry and proximal tubule markers that may be downregulated in injury. Here, we report a new tissue dissociation protocol for the kidney with an early fixation step that greatly enhances the yield of single cells. Genetic labeling of the proximal tubule with either mT/mG "tomato" or R26Fucci2aR (Fucci) cell cycle reporter mice allows us to follow proximal tubule-specific changes in cell cycle after renal injury. Image-based flow cytometry (FlowSight) enables gating of the cell cycle and concurrent visualization of the cells with bright field and fluorescence. We used the Fucci mouse in conjunction with FlowSight to identify a discrete polyploid population in proximal tubules after aristolochic acid injury. The tissue dissociation protocol in conjunction with genetic labeling and image-based flow cytometry is a tool that can improve our understanding of any discrete cell population after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Manolopoulou
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brittany K Matlock
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stellor Nlandu-Khodo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melanie Phillips-Mignemi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alla Ivanova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David K Flaherty
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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76
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Histone stress: an unexplored source of chromosomal instability in cancer? Curr Genet 2019; 65:1081-1088. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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77
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Gachon F. [Circadian proteomics]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:55-59. [PMID: 30973132 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent development in the proteomic technologies offers new perspectives in circadian biology and in particular the possibility to study post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation. Applying in vivo proteomics on whole liver or on nuclear extracts, we were able to characterize the rhythmic liver proteome with unprecedented coverage. It allows the characterization of new rhythmic processes such as protein secretion, ribosome biogenesis, DNA repair, and polyploidy. In addition, the analysis of rhythmic post-translational modifications helps to understand the signal pathways involved and their consequences on hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gachon
- Institut de Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Suisse - Département de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Suisse
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78
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Wilkinson PD, Alencastro F, Delgado ER, Leek MP, Weirich MP, Otero PA, Roy N, Brown WK, Oertel M, Duncan AW. Polyploid Hepatocytes Facilitate Adaptation and Regeneration to Chronic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1241-1255. [PMID: 30928253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver contains diploid and polyploid hepatocytes (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.), with polyploids comprising ≥90% of the hepatocyte population in adult mice. Polyploid hepatocytes form multipolar spindles in mitosis, which lead to chromosome gains/losses and random aneuploidy. The effect of aneuploidy on liver function is unclear, and the degree of liver aneuploidy is debated, with reports showing aneuploidy affects 5% to 60% of hepatocytes. To study relationships among liver polyploidy, aneuploidy, and adaptation, mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (LKO), which have a polyploidization defect, were used. Polyploids were reduced fourfold in LKO livers, and LKO hepatocytes remained predominantly diploid after extensive proliferation. Moreover, nearly all LKO hepatocytes were euploid compared with control hepatocytes, suggesting polyploid hepatocytes are required for production of aneuploid progeny. To determine whether reduced polyploidy impairs adaptation, LKO mice were bred onto a tyrosinemia background, a disease model whereby the liver can develop disease-resistant, regenerative nodules. Although tyrosinemic LKO mice were more susceptible to morbidities and death associated with tyrosinemia-induced liver failure, they developed regenerating nodules similar to control mice. Analyses revealed that nodules in the tyrosinemic livers were generated by aneuploidy and inactivating mutations. In summary, we identified new roles for polyploid hepatocytes and demonstrated that they are required for the formation of aneuploid progeny and can facilitate adaptation to chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan R Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeleine P Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew P Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Whitney K Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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79
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Rius-Pérez S, Tormos AM, Pérez S, Finamor I, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Nebreda AR, Sastre J, Taléns-Visconti R. p38α deficiency restrains liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy triggering oxidative stress and liver injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3775. [PMID: 30846722 PMCID: PMC6405944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α MAPK negatively regulates the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle transitions. However, liver-specific p38α deficiency impairs cytokinesis and reduces hepatocyte proliferation during cirrhosis and aging in mice. In this work, we have studied how p38α down-regulation affects hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, focusing on mitotic progression, cytokinesis and oxidative stress. We found that p38α deficiency triggered up-regulation of cyclins A1, B1, B2, and D1 under basal conditions and after hepatectomy. Moreover, p38α-deficient hepatocytes showed enhanced binucleation and increased levels of phospho-histone H3 but impaired phosphorylation of MNK1 after hepatectomy. The recovery of liver mass was transiently delayed in mice with p38α-deficient hepatocytes vs wild type mice. We also found that p38α deficiency caused glutathione oxidation in the liver, increased plasma aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and decreased plasma protein levels after hepatectomy. Interestingly, p38α silencing in isolated hepatocytes markedly decreased phospho-MNK1 levels, and silencing of either p38α or Mnk1 enhanced binucleation of hepatocytes in culture. In conclusion, p38α deficiency impairs mitotic progression in hepatocytes and restrains the recovery of liver mass after partial hepatectomy. Our results also indicate that p38α regulates cytokinesis by activating MNK1 and redox modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Ana M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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80
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Wilkinson PD, Delgado ER, Alencastro F, Leek MP, Roy N, Weirich MP, Stahl EC, Otero PA, Chen MI, Brown WK, Duncan AW. The Polyploid State Restricts Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Regeneration in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:1242-1258. [PMID: 30244478 PMCID: PMC6532408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver contains a mixture of hepatocytes with diploid or polyploid (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.) nuclear content. Polyploid hepatocytes are commonly found in adult mammals, representing ~90% of the entire hepatic pool in rodents. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate polyploidization have been well characterized; however, it is unclear whether diploid and polyploid hepatocytes function similarly in multiple contexts. Answering this question has been challenging because proliferating hepatocytes can increase or decrease ploidy, and animal models with healthy diploid-only livers have not been available. Mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (liver-specific E2f7/E2f8 knockout; LKO) were recently reported to have a polyploidization defect, but were otherwise healthy. Herein, livers from LKO mice were rigorously characterized, demonstrating a 20-fold increase in diploid hepatocytes and maintenance of the diploid state even after extensive proliferation. Livers from LKO mice maintained normal function, but became highly tumorigenic when challenged with tumor-promoting stimuli, suggesting that tumors in LKO mice were driven, at least in part, by diploid hepatocytes capable of rapid proliferation. Indeed, hepatocytes from LKO mice proliferate faster and out-compete control hepatocytes, especially in competitive repopulation studies. In addition, diploid or polyploid hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice were examined to eliminate potentially confounding effects associated with E2f7/E2f8 deficiency. WT diploid cells also showed a proliferative advantage, entering and progressing through the cell cycle faster than polyploid cells, both in vitro and during liver regeneration (LR). Diploid and polyploid hepatocytes responded similarly to hepatic mitogens, indicating that proliferation kinetics are unrelated to differential response to growth stimuli. Conclusion: Diploid hepatocytes proliferate faster than polyploids, suggesting that the polyploid state functions as a growth suppressor to restrict proliferation by the majority of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Evan R. Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Madeleine P. Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Matthew P. Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Elizabeth C. Stahl
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - P. Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Maelee I. Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Whitney K. Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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81
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous different types of variations can occur in DNA and have diverse effects and consequences. The Variation Ontology (VariO) was developed for systematic descriptions of variations and their effects at DNA, RNA and protein levels. RESULTS VariO use and terms for DNA variations are described in depth. VariO provides systematic names for variation types and detailed descriptions for changes in DNA function, structure and properties. The principles of VariO are presented along with examples from published articles or databases, most often in relation to human diseases. VariO terms describe local DNA changes, chromosome number and structure variants, chromatin alterations, as well as genomic changes, whether of genetic or non-genetic origin. CONCLUSIONS DNA variation systematics facilitates unambiguous descriptions of variations and their effects and further reuse and integration of data from different sources by both human and computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden.
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82
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Manco R, Leclercq IA, Clerbaux LA. Liver Regeneration: Different Sub-Populations of Parenchymal Cells at Play Choreographed by an Injury-Specific Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4115. [PMID: 30567401 PMCID: PMC6321497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is crucial for the maintenance of liver functional mass during homeostasis and diseases. In a disease context-dependent manner, liver regeneration is contributed to by hepatocytes or progenitor cells. As long as they are replicatively competent, hepatocytes are the main cell type responsible for supporting liver size homeostasisand regeneration. The concept that all hepatocytes within the lobule have the same proliferative capacity but are differentially recruited according to the localization of the wound, or whether a yet to be defined sub-population of hepatocytes supports regeneration is still debated. In a chronically or severely injured liver, hepatocytes may enter a state of replicative senescence. In such conditions, small biliary cells activate and expand, a process called ductular reaction (DR). Work in the last few decades has demonstrated that DR cells can differentiate into hepatocytes and thereby contribute to parenchymal reconstitution. In this study we will review the molecular mechanisms supporting these two processes to determine potential targets that would be amenable for therapeutic manipulation to enhance liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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83
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Myerson D, Parkin RK. Donor-derived hepatocytes in human hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: evidence of fusion. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:365-374. [PMID: 30539318 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of hepatocytes by hematopoietic stem cells-a phenomenon which occurs in rodents under highly selective conditions-results from infrequent fusion between incoming myelomonocytes and host hepatocytes, with subsequent proliferation. Human hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients have been little studied, with some support for transdifferentiation (direct differentiation). We studied routinely obtained autopsy liver tissue of four female hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with male donors, using a highly specific conjoint immunohistochemistry in situ hybridization light microscopic technique. Hepatocyte nuclei were identified by cytokeratin (Cam5.2) staining and evaluated for X and Y chromosome content. Over 1.6 million hepatocytes were assessed for rare instances of donor origin, revealing a Y chromosome in 67. Mixed tetraploids (XXXY) and their nuclear truncation products (XXY, XY, Y) were directly demonstrated, with no detection of the male tetraploids (XXYY) that may result from transdifferentiation with subsequent tetraploidization, nor their unique truncation products (XYY, YY), implicating fusion as the mechanism. To determine whether it is the sole mechanism, we modeled the chromosome distribution based on the same probability of detection of each X chromosome, deriving parameters of sensitivity and female tetraploidy by best fit. We then hypothesized that the distribution of Y chromosome-containing cells could be predicted by a similar model. After modification to account for "clumpy" Y chromosomes, the observed results were in accord with the predicted results (p = 0.6). These results suggest that all the Y-containing cells, including apparent XY cells, derive from mixed tetraploids, consistent with fusion as the sole mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Myerson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Rachael K Parkin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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84
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Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes DNA damage propagation through disruption of liver polyploidization and enhances hepatocellular carcinoma initiation. Oncogene 2018; 38:2645-2657. [PMID: 30538294 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) contributes to Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cancer. However, its impact on hepatocyte proliferation and genomic stability remains elusive. We studied the role of HBx expression on the progression of cell cycle and liver polyploidization during proliferation and liver carcinogenesis. Full-length HBx transgenic mice (FL-HBx) were developed to investigate liver ploidy as well as hepatocyte proliferation, along normal liver maturation and during cancer initiation (chemical carcinogen treatment). Investigation of postnatal liver development in FL-HBx showed an aberrant G1/S and G2/M transitions, triggered (1) a delay of the formation of hepatocytes binucleation, (2) the early synthesis of polyploidy nuclei (≥4n) and (3) DNA damage appearance. Moreover, HBV infection during hepatocytes proliferation in a humanized liver mouse model led, to modifications in polyploidy of hepatocytes. In initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, FL-HBx protein decreased ChK1 phosphorylation, Mre11 and Rad51 expression, upregulated IL-6 expression and impaired apoptosis. This was related to DNA damage accumulation in FL-HBx mice. At day 75 after initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, FL-HBx mice revealed significant cell cycle changes related to the increased amount of 4n nuclei and of markers of cancer progenitor cells. Finally, PLK1 upregulation and p38/ERK activation in FL-HBx mice were implicated in aberrant polyploidization favoring DNA damage propagation and hepatocyte transformation. In conclusion, our data indicate that FL-HBx protein increases DNA damage through the hijack of hepatocyte polyploidization. That leads to enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma initiation in an inflammatory context.
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85
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Abstract
Life starts with a zygote, which is formed by the fusion of a haploid sperm and egg. The formation of a blastomere by cleavage division (nuclear division without an increase in cell size) is the first step in embryogenesis, after the formation of the zygote. Blastomeres are responsible for reprogramming the parental genome as a new embryonic genome for generation of the pluripotent stem cells which then differentiate by Waddington's epigenetic landscape to create a new life. Multiple authors over the past 150 years have proposed that tumors arises from development gone awry at a point within Waddington's landscape. Recent discoveries showing that differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells, and that somatic cell nuclear transfer can be used to successfully clone animals, have fundamentally reshaped our understanding of tumor development and origin. Differentiated somatic cells are plastic and can be induced to dedifferentiate into pluripotent stem cells. Here, I review the evidence that suggests somatic cells may have a previously overlooked endogenous embryonic program that can be activated to dedifferentiate somatic cells into stem cells of various potencies for tumor initiation. Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) have long been observed in cancer and were thought originally to be nondividing. Contrary to this belief, recent findings show that stress-induced PGCCs divide by endoreplication, which may recapitulate the pattern of cleavage-like division in blastomeres and lead to dedifferentiation of somatic cells by a programmed process known as "the giant cell cycle", which comprise four distinct but overlapping phases: initiation, self-renewal, termination and stability. Depending on the intensity and type of stress, different levels of dedifferentiation result in the formation of tumors of different grades of malignancy. Based on these results, I propose a unified dualistic model to demonstrate the origin of human tumors. The tenet of this model includes four points, as follows. 1. Tumors originate from a stem cell at a specific developmental hierarchy, which can be achieved by dualistic origin: dedifferentiation of the zygote formed by two haploid gametes (sexual reproduction) via the blastomere during normal development, or transformation from damaged or aged mature somatic cells via a blastomere-like embryonic program (asexual reproduction). 2. Initiation of the tumor begins with a stem cell that has uncoupled the differentiation from the proliferation program which results in stem cell maturation arrest. 3. The developmental hierarchy at which stem cells arrest determines the degree of malignancy: the more primitive the level at which stem cells arrest, the greater the likelihood of the tumor being malignant. 4. Environmental factors and intrinsic genetic or epigenetic alterations represent the risk factors or stressors that facilitate stem cell arrest and somatic cell dedifferentiation. However, they, per se, are not the driving force of tumorigenesis. Thus, the birth of a tumor can be viewed as a triad that originates from a stem cell via dedifferentiation through a blastomere or blastomere-like program, which then differentiates along Waddington's landscape, and arrests at a developmental hierarchy. Blocking the PGCC-mediated dedifferentiation process and inducing their differentiation may represent a novel alternative approach to eliminate the tumor occurrence and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4095, United States.
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86
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Gérard C, Gonze D, Goldbeter A. Revisiting a skeleton model for the mammalian cell cycle: From bistability to Cdk oscillations and cellular heterogeneity. J Theor Biol 2018; 461:276-290. [PMID: 30352237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A network of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) regulated by multiple negative and positive feedback loops controls progression in the mammalian cell cycle. We previously proposed a detailed computational model for this network, which consists of four coupled Cdk modules. Both this detailed model and a reduced, skeleton version show that the Cdk network is capable of temporal self-organization in the form of sustained Cdk oscillations, which correspond to the orderly progression along the different cell cycle phases G1, S (DNA replication), G2 and M (mitosis). We use the skeleton model to revisit the role of positive feedback (PF) loops on the dynamics of the mammalian cell cycle by showing that the multiplicity of PF loops extends the range of bistability in the isolated Cdk modules controlling the G1/S and G2/M transitions. Resorting to stochastic simulations we show that, through their effect on the range of bistability, multiple PF loops enhance the robustness of Cdk oscillations with respect to molecular noise. The model predicts that a rise in the total level of Cdk1 also enlarges the domain of bistability in the isolated Cdk modules as well as the range of oscillations in the full Cdk network. Surprisingly, stochastic simulations indicate that Cdk1 overexpression reduces the robustness of Cdk oscillations towards molecular noise; this result is due to the increased distance between the two branches of the bistable switch at higher levels of Cdk1. At intermediate levels of growth factor stochastic simulations show that cells may randomly switch between cell cycle arrest and cell proliferation, as a consequence of fluctuations. In the presence of Cdk1 overexpression, these transitions occur even at low levels of growth factor. Extending stochastic simulations from single cells to cell populations suggests that stochastic switches between cell cycle arrest and proliferation may provide a source of heterogeneity in a cell population, as observed in cancer cells characterized by Cdk1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gérard
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Gonze
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Albert Goldbeter
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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87
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Yamada T, Murata D, Adachi Y, Itoh K, Kameoka S, Igarashi A, Kato T, Araki Y, Huganir RL, Dawson TM, Yanagawa T, Okamoto K, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Mitochondrial Stasis Reveals p62-Mediated Ubiquitination in Parkin-Independent Mitophagy and Mitigates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Metab 2018; 28:588-604.e5. [PMID: 30017357 PMCID: PMC6170673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown what occurs if both mitochondrial division and fusion are completely blocked. Here, we introduced mitochondrial stasis by deleting two dynamin-related GTPases for division (Drp1) and fusion (Opa1) in livers. Mitochondrial stasis rescues liver damage and hypotrophy caused by the single knockout (KO). At the cellular level, mitochondrial stasis re-establishes mitochondrial size and rescues mitophagy defects caused by division deficiency. Using Drp1KO livers, we found that the autophagy adaptor protein p62/sequestosome-1-which is thought to function downstream of ubiquitination-promotes mitochondrial ubiquitination. p62 recruits two subunits of a cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, Keap1 and Rbx1, to mitochondria. Resembling Drp1KO, diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty livers enlarge mitochondria and accumulate mitophagy intermediates. Resembling Drp1Opa1KO, Opa1KO rescues liver damage in this disease model. Our data provide a new concept that mitochondrial stasis leads the spatial dimension of mitochondria to a stationary equilibrium and a new mechanism for mitochondrial ubiquitination in mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daisuke Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Adachi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shoichiro Kameoka
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Igarashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yoichi Araki
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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88
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Zhang S, Zhu H. Cytokinesis and the Hippo Pathway: New Molecular Links Between Intimate Partners. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:976-978. [PMID: 30201365 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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89
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Kurtz ML, Astort F, Lezon C, Ferraro SA, Maglione GA, Orona NS, Friedman SM, Boyer PM, Tasat DR. Oxidative stress response to air particle pollution in a rat nutritional growth retardation model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:1028-1040. [PMID: 30239279 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1519747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution consisting of gases and particulate matter-(PM) represents a health problem in cities worldwide. However, air pollution does not impact equally all individuals, as children appear to be more vulnerable subpopulations. Air pollution and malnutrition are two distinct factors that have been associated with oxidative damage. Therefore, the interaction between environmental exposure and nutritional status in populations at risk needs to be explored. The aim of this study was to examine oxidative metabolism in lung, heart and liver in malnourished young rats exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA). A Nutritional Growth Retardation (NGR) model was developed in weanling male rats placed on a 20% restricted balanced diet for 4 weeks. Then, NGR and control rats were intranasally instilled with either ROFA (1mg/kg BW) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Twenty-four hr post-exposure lung, heart and liver were excised, and serum collected. ROFA induced lung and liver inflammation in control and NGR animals as evidenced by lung polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment and alveolar space reduction accompanied by liver lymphocyte and binucleated hepatocyte level increase. In lung and liver, antioxidant defense mechanisms reduced lipoperoxidation. In contrast, only in NGR animals did ROFA exposure alter heart oxidative metabolism leading to lipid peroxidation. Although histological and biochemical tissue alterations were detected, no marked changes in serum liver and heart systemic biomarkers were observed. In conclusion, NGR animals responded differently to PM exposure than controls suggesting that nutritional status plays a key role in responsiveness to ambient air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa L Kurtz
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b Committee for Scientific Research , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Francisco Astort
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b Committee for Scientific Research , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Christian Lezon
- c Department of Physiology , School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Ferraro
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b Committee for Scientific Research , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Maglione
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Nadia S Orona
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b Committee for Scientific Research , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvia M Friedman
- e Department of General and Oral Biochemistry , School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Patricia M Boyer
- c Department of Physiology , School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- a Center for The Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology , National University of San Martín , San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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90
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Epigenetic and Cellular Diversity in the Brain through Allele-Specific Effects. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:925-937. [PMID: 30098802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of diploidy are considered to involve masking partially recessive mutations and increasing genetic diversity. Here, we review new studies showing evidence for diverse allele-specific expression and epigenetic states in mammalian brain cells, which suggest that diploidy expands the landscape of gene regulatory and expression programs in cells. Allele-specific expression has been thought to be restricted to a few specific classes of genes. However, new studies show novel genomic imprinting effects that are brain-region-, cell-type- and age-dependent. In addition, novel forms of random monoallelic expression that impact many autosomal genes have been described in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the implications for understanding the benefits of diploidy, and the mechanisms shaping brain development, function, and disease.
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91
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Okano-Uchida T, Kent LN, Ouseph MM, McCarty B, Frank JJ, Kladney R, Cuitino MC, Thompson JC, Coppola V, Asano M, Leone G. Endoreduplication of the mouse genome in the absence of ORC1. Genes Dev 2018; 32:978-990. [PMID: 29967292 PMCID: PMC6075035 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311910.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Okano-Uchida et al. describe the physiological role of ORC1 in mice by generating knock-in mice with LoxP sites flanking exons encoding the critical ATPase domain of ORC1. They show that ORC1 ablation in extraembryonic trophoblasts and hepatocytes failed to impede genome endoreduplication and organ development and function and conclude that ORC1 in mice is essential for mitotic cell divisions but dispensable for endoreduplication. The largest subunit of the origin recognition complex (ORC1) is essential for assembly of the prereplicative complex, firing of DNA replication origins, and faithful duplication of the genome. Here, we generated knock-in mice with LoxP sites flanking exons encoding the critical ATPase domain of ORC1. Global or tissue-specific ablation of ORC1 function in mouse embryo fibroblasts and fetal and adult diploid tissues blocked DNA replication, cell lineage expansion, and organ development. Remarkably, ORC1 ablation in extraembryonic trophoblasts and hepatocytes, two polyploid cell types in mice, failed to impede genome endoreduplication and organ development and function. Thus, ORC1 in mice is essential for mitotic cell divisions but dispensable for endoreduplication. We propose that DNA replication of mammalian polyploid genomes uses a distinct ORC1-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okano-Uchida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Madhu M Ouseph
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Britney McCarty
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Frank
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Raleigh Kladney
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - John C Thompson
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Maki Asano
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Cellular and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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92
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Tanaka K, Goto H, Nishimura Y, Kasahara K, Mizoguchi A, Inagaki M. Tetraploidy in cancer and its possible link to aging. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2632-2640. [PMID: 29949679 PMCID: PMC6125447 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, is often seen as a natural physiological condition but is also frequently seen in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. Tetraploidy facilitates chromosomal instability (CIN), which is an elevated level of chromosomal loss and gain that can cause production of a wide variety of aneuploid cells that carry structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes. The resultant genomic heterogeneity supposedly expedites karyotypic evolution that confers oncogenic potential in spite of the reduced cellular fitness caused by aneuploidy. Recent studies suggest that tetraploidy might also be associated with aging; mice with mutations in an intermediate filament protein have revealed that these tetraploidy‐prone mice exhibit tissue disorders associated with aging. Cellular senescence and its accompanying senescence‐associated secretory phenotype have now emerged as critical factors that link tetraploidy and tetraploidy‐induced CIN with cancer, and possibly with aging. Here, we review recent findings about how tetraploidy is related to cancer and possibly to aging, and discuss underlying mechanisms of the relationship, as well as how we can exploit the properties of cells exhibiting tetraploidy‐induced CIN to control these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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93
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Moreno-Marín N, Merino JM, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Patel DP, Takahashi S, González-Sancho JM, Gandolfo P, Rios RM, Muñoz A, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Liver Polyploidization and Inhibits PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. iScience 2018; 4:44-63. [PMID: 30240752 PMCID: PMC6147018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) deficiency alters tissue homeostasis. However, how AhR regulates organ maturation and differentiation remains mostly unknown. Liver differentiation entails a polyploidization process fundamental for cell growth, metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we report that AhR regulates polyploidization during the preweaning-to-adult mouse liver maturation. Preweaning AhR-null (AhR−/−) livers had smaller hepatocytes, hypercellularity, altered cell cycle regulation, and enhanced proliferation. Those phenotypes persisted in adult AhR−/− mice and correlated with compromised polyploidy, predominance of diploid hepatocytes, and enlarged centrosomes. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained upregulated from preweaning to adult AhR-null liver, likely increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Metabolomics revealed the deregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation intermediates succinate and fumarate in AhR−/− liver. Consistently, PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin inhibition partially rescued polyploidy in AhR−/− mice. Thus, AhR may integrate survival, proliferation, and metabolism for liver polyploidization. Since tumor cells tend to be polyploid, AhR modulation could have therapeutic value in the liver. AhR is required for liver polyploidization during preweaning-to-adult transition INS-R/PI3K/AKT, ERK, Wnt/β-Cat and mTOR are downregulated during liver polyploidization Reduced polyploidy relates with enhanced mitochondrial metabolism in AhR-null liver Understanding how AhR modulates polyploidy may provide strategies against cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Moreno-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Jaime M Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Daxeshkumar P Patel
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José M González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pablo Gandolfo
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rios
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain.
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94
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Desdouets C, Avila MA. Inhibiting Cytokinesis in the Liver: A New Way to Reduce Tumor Development. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1229-1231. [PMID: 29510129 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Desdouets
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin and CNRS, UMR8104 and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, CIBERehd, Idisna, Pamplona, Spain
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95
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Chen C, Soto-Gutierrez A, Baptista PM, Spee B. Biotechnology Challenges to In Vitro Maturation of Hepatic Stem Cells. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1258-1272. [PMID: 29428334 PMCID: PMC6237283 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of liver disease is increasing globally. The only curative therapy for severe end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation, is limited by the shortage of organ donors. In vitro models of liver physiology have been developed and new technologies and approaches are progressing rapidly. Stem cells might be used as a source of liver tissue for development of models, therapies, and tissue-engineering applications. However, we have been unable to generate and maintain stable and mature adult liver cells ex vivo. We review factors that promote hepatocyte differentiation and maturation, including growth factors, transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, and the microenvironment. We discuss how the hepatic circulation, microbiome, and nutrition affect liver function, and the criteria for considering cells derived from stem cells to be fully mature hepatocytes. We explain the challenges to cell transplantation and consider future technologies for use in hepatic stem cell maturation, including 3-dimensional biofabrication and genome modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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96
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Hojo H, Enya S, Arai M, Suzuki Y, Nojiri T, Kangawa K, Koyama S, Kawaoka S. Remote reprogramming of hepatic circadian transcriptome by breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34128-34140. [PMID: 28388556 PMCID: PMC5470956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers adversely affect organismal physiology. To date, the genes within a patient responsible for systemically spreading cancer-induced physiological disruption remain elusive. To identify host genes responsible for transmitting disruptive, cancer-driven signals, we thoroughly analyzed the transcriptome of a suite of host organs from mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer, and discovered complexly rewired patterns of circadian gene expression in the liver. Our data revealed that 7 core clock transcription factors, represented by Rev-erba and Rorg, exhibited abnormal daily expression rhythm in the liver of 4T1-bearing mice. Accordingly, expression patterns of specific set of downstream circadian genes were compromised. Osgin1, a marker for oxidative stress, was an example. Specific downstream genes, including E2f8, a transcriptional repressor that controls cellular polyploidy, displayed a striking pattern of disruption, "day-night reversal." Meanwhile, we found that the liver of 4T1-bearing mice suffered from increased oxidative stress. The tetraploid hepatocytes population was concomitantly increased in 4T1-bearing mice, which has not been previously appreciated as a cancer-induced phenotype. In summary, the current study provides a comprehensive characterization of the 4T1-affected hepatic circadian transcriptome that possibly underlies cancer-induced physiological alteration in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hojo
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sora Enya
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Arai
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan.,The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojiri
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koyama
- Department of Statistical Modeling, Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kawaoka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-Forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto, Japan
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97
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Lizier M, Castelli A, Montagna C, Lucchini F, Vezzoni P, Faggioli F. Cell fusion in the liver, revisited. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:213-221. [PMID: 29527257 PMCID: PMC5838440 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is wide agreement that cell fusion is a physiological process in cells in mammalian bone, muscle and placenta. In other organs, such as the cerebellum, cell fusion is controversial. The liver contains a considerable number of polyploid cells: They are commonly believed to originate by genome endoreplication, although the contribution of cell fusion to polyploidization has not been excluded. Here, we address the topic of cell fusion in the liver from a historical point of view. We discuss experimental evidence clearly supporting the hypothesis that cell fusion occurs in the liver, specifically when bone marrow cells were injected into mice and shown to rescue genetic hepatic degenerative defects. Those experiments-carried out in the latter half of the last century-were initially interpreted to show “transdifferentiation”, but are now believed to demonstrate fusion between donor macrophages and host hepatocytes, raising the possibility that physiologically polyploid cells, such as hepatocytes, could originate, at least partially, through homotypic cell fusion. In support of the homotypic cell fusion hypothesis, we present new data generated using a chimera-based model, a much simpler model than those previously used. Cell fusion as a road to polyploidization in the liver has not been extensively investigated, and its contribution to a variety of conditions, such as viral infections, carcinogenesis and aging, remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lizier
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Milan 20138, Italy
- Human Genome Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castelli
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Milan 20138, Italy
- Human Genome Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics and Pathology Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Milan 20138, Italy
- Human Genome Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Francesca Faggioli
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Milan 20138, Italy
- Human Genome Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
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98
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Zhang S, Zhou K, Luo X, Li L, Tu HC, Sehgal A, Nguyen LH, Zhang Y, Gopal P, Tarlow BD, Siegwart DJ, Zhu H. The Polyploid State Plays a Tumor-Suppressive Role in the Liver. Dev Cell 2018; 44:447-459.e5. [PMID: 29429824 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most cells in the liver are polyploid, but the functional role of polyploidy is unknown. Polyploidization occurs through cytokinesis failure and endoreduplication around the time of weaning. To interrogate polyploidy while avoiding irreversible manipulations of essential cell-cycle genes, we developed orthogonal mouse models to transiently and potently alter liver ploidy. Premature weaning, as well as knockdown of E2f8 or Anln, allowed us to toggle between diploid and polyploid states. While there was no detectable impact of ploidy alterations on liver function, metabolism, or regeneration, mice with more polyploid hepatocytes suppressed tumorigenesis and mice with more diploid hepatocytes accelerated tumorigenesis in mutagen- and high-fat-induced models. Mechanistically, the diploid state was more susceptible to Cas9-mediated tumor-suppressor loss but was similarly susceptible to MYC oncogene activation, indicating that polyploidy differentially protected the liver from distinct genomic aberrations. This suggests that polyploidy evolved in part to prevent malignant outcomes of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kejin Zhou
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Liem H Nguyen
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Branden D Tarlow
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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99
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Mammalian endoreplication emerges to reveal a potential developmental timer. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:471-476. [PMID: 29352263 PMCID: PMC5864232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most intriguing and relevant questions in physiology is how developing tissues correctly coordinate proliferation with differentiation. Endoreplication, in a broad sense, is a consequence of a cell division block in the presence of an active cell cycle, and it typically occurs as cells differentiate terminally to fulfill a specialised function. Until recently, endoreplication was thought to be a rare variation of the cell cycle in mammals, more common in invertebrates and plants. However, in the last years, endoreplication has been uncovered in various tissues in mammalian organisms, including human. A recent report showing that cells in the mammary gland become binucleate at lactation sheds new insight into the importance of mammalian polyploidisation. We here propose that endoreplication is a widespread phenomenon in mammalian developing tissues that results from an automatic, robust and simple self-limiting mechanism coordinating cell multiplication with differentiation. This mechanism might act as a developmental timer. The model has implications for homeostasis control and carcinogenesis.
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100
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Horn V, Triantafyllopoulou A. DNA damage signaling and polyploid macrophages in chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 50:55-63. [PMID: 29202328 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Whole genome duplications, an important step in cancer development, also occur in the macrophage lineage in disease: large multinucleated macrophages found within compact, ordered aggregates of immune cells, called granulomas, are a well-known histologic entity. Very recent work suggests that granuloma macrophages remarkably acquire epithelial cell features and the genotoxic stress response instructs granuloma macrophage genome duplications, suggesting that granuloma macrophages and pre-malignant epithelial cells may share common mechanisms of adaptation to chronic genotoxic stress. Exploring these mechanisms is key for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we review the mechanisms of macrophage polyploidization, the role of DNA damage signaling in this process and the function of polyploid macrophages, with a focus on chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Horn
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medical Center, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medical Center, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center, A Leibniz Institute, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Charité University Medical Center, D-12203 Berlin, Germany.
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