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Brabhukumr A, Malhi P, Ravindra K, Lakshmi PVM. Exposure to household air pollution during first 3 years of life and IQ level among 6-8-year-old children in India - A cross-sectional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135110. [PMID: 31874342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many illnesses have been attributed to the exposure of solid biomass smoke but the effect on intelligence has largely been unexplored. The study aims to examine the effect of exposure to solid biomass smoke during the first 3 years of life on intelligence among 6-8-year-old children. Children aged 6-8 years were enrolled from a primary school and their houses were visited to collect data on socio-economic status and household exposure assessment. Households using LPG as cooking fuel were considered as the unexposed group. All the children were tested for their Intelligence Quotient (IQ) using Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC). The mean IQ was calculated as the average of Verbal and Performance score. Potential confounders were adjusted using multivariate general linear model. About 45% of children had average or above-average IQ while the rest had below-average IQ. The mean scores for the arithmetic component of IQ were found to be significantly lower among solid biomass fuel users as compared to LPG users after adjusting for confounders. The mean IQ of LPG users were 5.58 points higher (95% CI: 0.46-10.1) for the arithmetic component as compared to solid biomass users. Children living in the houses using solid biomass fuel for cooking have lower IQ as compared to the children living in the houses using LPG for cooking for arithmetic component even after adjusting for potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Brabhukumr
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Department of Paediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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Braig S, Fischer N, Freudenmann M, Gonser T, Genuneit J, Kolassa IT, Rothenbacher D. [Determinants of Cognitive Development in Preschoolers - Results of the Mann-Zeichen Test]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2020; 83:208-214. [PMID: 32126580 DOI: 10.1055/a-1099-9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the determinants and factors influencing the development of cognition and perception using the Mann-Zeichen Test in preschool children. METHODS Data were obtained from the Ulm Birth Cohort Study (UBCS) including newborns and their mothers recruited in Ulm between 2000-2001. Data were collected using self-administered parental questionnaires following delivery (baseline examination) and at 2, 3, 4, and 6 years of children's age. Cognitive development was tested using drawings of n=298 children at a school entrance examination (mean age=5.8 years, SD=0.4). Bi- und multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS In boys, we observed statistically significant positive associations between high paternal education and the children's cognitive development (regression coefficient b, p-value: 6.65, p=0.018). There was a trend towards negative association between institutional care during the first 3 years of life (b=- 0.18/months of institutional care, p=0.074), as well as allergic diseases (b=- 6.02, p=0.075) and cognitive development. More than 30 min. spent on watching television (TV) or video at children's age of 4 years was significantly associated with reduced cognitive abilities at 6 years of age (b=- 9.37, p=0.005). In girls, there was a trend towards negative association between maternal education (b=- 4.43, p=0.091) and a positive association between allergic diseases and the cognitive development (b=6.42, p=0.075). Mutually adjusted, the effects were attenuated in boys and girls. However, a negative association between paternal education and time spent watching TV with children's cognitive ability was observed. CONCLUSION The study shows modifiable factors associated with the cognitive abilities at age 6 years, especially early TV consumption in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Braig
- Institut für Epidemiologie und Medizinische Biometrie, Universität Ulm, Ulm
| | - Nora Fischer
- Klinische und Biologische Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie und Pädagogik, Universität Ulm, Ulm
| | | | | | - Jon Genuneit
- Institut für Epidemiologie und Medizinische Biometrie, Universität Ulm, Ulm.,Pädiatrische Epidemiologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Klinische und Biologische Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie und Pädagogik, Universität Ulm, Ulm
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Nadhiroh SR, Djokosujono K, Utari DM. The association between secondhand smoke exposure and growth outcomes of children: A systematic literature review. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:12. [PMID: 32180689 PMCID: PMC7067234 DOI: 10.18332/tid/117958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The strong relation between maternal smoking and maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and the growth of newborn infants has been proven. However, the effect of SHS on growth outcomes of older children is not well defined. Through a systematic literature review, we sought to determine whether a relationship exists between SHS exposure and growth outcomes of children up to 8 years of age. METHODS A systematic review was performed, including articles published between 2004–2019, related to SHS exposure (prenatal and postnatal) and children’s growth (weight, length/height, and head circumference). The relevant articles were identified from Science Direct, ProQuest, Sage Publication, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, CINAHL Plus with Full Text (via EBSCOhost) and Google search. RESULTS Seventeen articles were identified, of which three categories of growth measurements were extracted, comprising weight (weight, WAZ, WHZ, and BMI), height (height/length and HAZ) and head circumference. SHS exposure both pre or postnatally was inversely associated with weight (deficit in weight, risk of underweight, risk of wasting) and height (lower length and risk of stunting) and elevated BMI of children. Furthermore, prenatal SHS exposure was associated with a lower head circumference. CONCLUSIONS The current review identified that exposure to SHS may be associated with adverse growth outcomes in children. It is crucial that active smokers, specifically those who live with children or with a pregnant partner, are made aware of the potential effects of SHS exposure on non-smokers. Further assessment of the association between exposure to SHS and other growth outcomes in other age groups is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti R Nadhiroh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | | | - Diah M Utari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Harbin MM, Kelly AS, Dengel DR, Rudser KD, Evanoff NG, Ryder JR. Relation of secondhand smoke exposure to vascular phenotypes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:760-766. [PMID: 31645051 PMCID: PMC7082180 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among children and adolescents remains insufficiently described. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 298 children and adolescents (48.0% male, body mass index: 27.0 ± 8.9 kg/m2), including 49 self-reported cases with SHS. Arterial elasticity and stiffness (distensibility, compliance, incremental elastic modulus [IEM]) were obtained via ultrasound imaging in the abdominal aorta, brachial, and carotid arteries. A one-way analysis of variance compared differences between groups, and multiple linear regression adjusted for covariates. RESULTS SHS was associated with lower abdominal aorta diameter distensibility (aDD) (13.4 ± 3.6% vs. 16.0 ± 5.2%, p = 0.009) and abdominal aorta cross-sectional distensibility (aCSD) (28.8 ± 8.3% vs. 35.1 ± 12.2%, p = 0.009), as well as higher abdominal aorta IEM (aIEM) (1241 ± 794 vs. 935 ± 388 mmHg, p = 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, aDD (p = 0.047), aCSD (p = 0.040), and aIEM (p = 0.017) remained significant; this significance persisted with the additional adjustment of percent body fat. Measures of brachial and carotid compliance and distensibility were not associated with SHS. CONCLUSIONS SHS was associated with abdominal aorta stiffness; the majority of vascular measures within the brachial and carotid artery remained unaffected following adjustment for covariates, including hypertension and adiposity. SHS may predispose individuals to increased abdominal aorta stiffness, an artery previously reported to exhibit increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Harbin
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donald R Dengel
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas G Evanoff
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Donzelli G, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Llopis-Morales A, Cioni L, Morales-Suárez-Varela M. Particulate Matter Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E67. [PMID: 31861799 PMCID: PMC6982101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common cognitive and behavioural disorder affecting children, with a worldwide-pooled prevalence of around 5%. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution is suspected to be associated with autism spectrum disorders and recent studies have investigated the relationship between PM exposure and ADHD. In the absence of any synthesis of the relevant literature on this topic, this systematic review of epidemiological studies aimed to investigate the relationship between the exposure of children to PM and ADHD and identify gaps in our current knowledge. In December 2018, we searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases. We only included epidemiological studies carried out on children without any age limit, measuring PM exposure and health outcomes related to ADHD. We assessed the quality of the articles and the risk of bias for each included article using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) approach, respectively. The keyword search yielded 774 results. Twelve studies with a total number of 181,144 children met our inclusion criteria, of which 10 were prospective cohort studies and 2 were cross-sectional studies. We subsequently classified the selected articles as high or good quality studies. A total of 9 out of the 12 studies reported a positive association between PM exposure to outdoor air pollution and behavioral problems related to attention. Despite these results, we found a significant degree of heterogeneity among the study designs. Furthermore, 11 studies were judged to be at a probably high risk of bias in the exposure assessment. In conclusion, we opine that further high quality studies are still needed in order to clarify the association between PM exposure and ADHD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Donzelli
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (M.M.-S.-V.)
| | - Agustin Llopis-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (M.M.-S.-V.)
- Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustin Llopis-Morales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (M.M.-S.-V.)
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7-56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - María Morales-Suárez-Varela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (M.M.-S.-V.)
- Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Household Smoking Status and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Toenails of Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203871. [PMID: 31614844 PMCID: PMC6843436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on the distribution of heavy metals and its association with secondhand smoking (SHS) within Pacific Island children living in New Zealand. Certain heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and aluminum (Al) bioaccumulates in the body and can deteriorate health in both children and adults. Others, such as chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in trace amounts are necessary but become toxic at high levels. Exposure routes of these elements include food, water, and air. The purpose of this study was to identify the distribution of toxic metal concentrations and its possible correlation with SHS within the Pacific Island children. A sub-sample of children within Pacific Island families longitudinal study, at the nine-year phase, who were living in the New Zealand city of Auckland were invited to participate, (n = 278). Toenails were used as a biomarker to determine Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Al concentration using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Reliable and validated questionnaires were used for demographics, lifestyle, and health outcome variables. Significant differences between household smoking status and ethnicity, as well as parents' marital status, were observed (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in heavy metal concentrations in smoking versus non-smoking households. However, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Ni concentrations were all higher than the required optimal health value in both groups. A high concentration of heavy metals was observed in these children that exceeded the value required for optimal health, although no significant difference in heavy metals with regards to secondhand smoking was observed. SHS was associated with children's ethnicity and parental marital status, but not with household income levels or maternal education.
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Tobore TO. On the potential harmful effects of E-Cigarettes (EC) on the developing brain: The relationship between vaping-induced oxidative stress and adolescent/young adults social maladjustment. J Adolesc 2019; 76:202-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ashour AA, Haik MY, Sadek KW, Yalcin HC, Bitharas J, Aboulkassim T, Batist G, Yasmeen A, Al Moustafa AE. Substantial Toxic Effect of Water-Pipe Smoking on the Early Stage of Embryonic Development. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:502-507. [PMID: 28605482 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is the most widespread tobacco use in the Middle-East, and is rapidly spreading globally. Smoke from WP contains most of the compounds present in cigarette smoke, although in different proportions. WPS is associated with the risk of several human diseases; however, its impact on the early stage of normal development has not been investigated yet. Thus, in this investigation, we assess the effect of WPS on the embryo at the early stage of development. Methods Chicken embryos at 3 days of incubations were used in this study. Meanwhile, we explored the outcome of WPS on angiogenesis using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryos. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study the regulation of some key control genes of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Results Our data reveal that WPS inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM and in embryos in comparison with their matched controls; in addition, WPS-exposed embryos show slight reduction in their sizes. We also noted that around 80% of WPS-exposed embryos die before 10 days of incubation. More significantly, WPS induces upregulations of BCL-2, Caspase-8, ATF-3, INHIB-A, and Cadherin 6 genes, which are important key regulators of cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Conclusion Our data reveal, for the first time, that WPS has very toxic effects during the early stage of embryogenesis. Thus, we believe that further studies are required to elucidate the pathogenic effect of WPS on human health especially on the embryo at the early stage of its development. Implications This investigation addresses an important gap on the outcome of WPS during the early stage of embryogenesis. Data of this study point out that WPS can have a very toxic effect on the embryo at this stage. Additionally, results from this report display for the first time that WPS can damage normal angiogenesis of the embryo thus provoking a significant number of embryonic death. Moreover, this study reveals that this effect can occur via the deregulation of several genes related to cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Bitharas
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerald Batist
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Syrian Research Cancer Centre of the Syrian Society against Cancer, Aleppo, Syria
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Soesanti F, Uiterwaal CSPM, Grobbee DE, Hendarto A, Dalmeijer GW, Idris NS. Antenatal exposure to second hand smoke of non-smoking mothers and growth rate of their infants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218577. [PMID: 31220162 PMCID: PMC6586334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is limited evidence on the effect of exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) in non-smoking pregnant mothers and infant health. We assessed the effects of maternal antenatal exposure to SHS on infant growth rate, and secondarily, on birth weight, birth length and head circumference at birth. Methods In this prospective cohort, 305 mother-infant pairs were studied. Mothers filled out questionnaires about exposure to SHS in pregnancy at the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Infant anthropometry was performed at birth, day 7, and months 1, 2, 4, and 6, postnatally. Linear mixed modeling and linear regression were used to calculate growth rates over the first 6 months. The association between SHS-exposure with growth rate and birth sizes was assessed using multivariate linear regression adjusted for confounders, with SHS as both number of cigarettes and as groups (no exposure, SHS < 23 cigarettes, SHS ≥ 23 cigarettes). Results Seventy-three mothers were not exposed and 232 were exposed. SHS exposure (per cigarette) was not related to gain in weight, length, head circumference, and weight for length. However, infants born to mothers exposed to ≥ 23 cigarettes/d had lower head circumference gain (-0.32 mm/m, 95% CI -0.60, -0.03) than those born to non-exposed mothers. SHS exposure (per cigarette) was not related to birth weight, length, and head circumference, but exposure to ≥ 23 cigarettes was related to lower head circumference at birth (-11.09 mm, -20.03, -2.16). Conclusions Heavy antenatal exposure to SHS in non-smoking mothers results in reduced neonatal head circumference at birth and head circumference gain over the first 6 months of life. Our findings show no clear relations between exposure to SHS during pregnancy and other markers of neonatal growth and birth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Soesanti
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Cuno S. P. M. Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aryono Hendarto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Geertje W. Dalmeijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikmah Salamia Idris
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Neumann D, Herbert SE, Peterson ER, Underwood L, Morton SMB, Waldie KE. A longitudinal study of antenatal and perinatal risk factors in early childhood cognition: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand. Early Hum Dev 2019; 132:45-51. [PMID: 30974313 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor maternal health, disadvantageous exposures during pregnancy and unfavourable perinatal events are associated with adverse trajectories in offspring cognitive development. AIM To examine longitudinal associations between antenatal maternal, perinatal and maternal health characteristics and children's early cognitive development across executive control, motor ability and receptive language domains. STUDY DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES Analyses comprised interview and observational data from 4587 children and their mothers enrolled in the longitudinal Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study. Children's executive control (Luria hand clap task), motor skills (mothers' report) and receptive language ability (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) were assessed at age 4.5 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted, controlling for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Smoking pre- and during pregnancy, no folate intake during first trimester and low birth weight were risk factors for poorer executive control. Perceived stress during pregnancy, no folate intake during first trimester and low birth weight were all risk factors for poorer motor ability. Smoking pre-pregnancy, antenatal anxiety and no folate intake during first trimester were risk factors for poorer receptive language ability. CONCLUSION Adverse ante- and perinatal environments are associated with poorer executive control, motor and receptive language abilities in early childhood. Improving maternal education and support especially for more disadvantaged mothers during pregnancy may reduce the potential deleterious impact of adverse ante- and perinatal conditions on children's early cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Neumann
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah E Herbert
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth R Peterson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa Underwood
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Susan M B Morton
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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61
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Huang CM, Liao JY, Huang SF, Hsu YT, Hsu HP, Guo JL. Patterns of parents' perspectives on protecting young children from secondhand smoke exposure: A Q-methodology study. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:2591-2602. [PMID: 30993733 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify and describe the various patterns of parents' perspectives on avoiding secondhand smoke exposure. DESIGN Q methodology was applied to investigate the parental perspectives of 50 parents. METHODS The study was implemented from September-December 2016. Forty-two Q-statements were constructed based on the literature related to parental attitudes and prevention practices regarding preventing young children from experiencing secondhand smoke exposure. A series of Q-sorts was performed by the participants to rank the statements into a Q-sort grid. PQMethod 2.35 software was used to perform principal component analysis to identify different patterns of parents' perspectives. RESULTS Five patterns of shared perspectives, which accounted for 62% of the total variance, were derived from the analysis: (a) lack of confidence to confront smokers in non-smoking areas; (b) awareness of health hazards but not ready to take preventive actions; (c) emphasis on parental responsibility and behavioural guidance; (d) awareness of health rights protected by legislation; and (e) strong willingness to take protective actions. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed the shared perspectives of five groups of parents. The exploration of clusters of parents could assist healthcare professionals in acknowledging parents' tendencies related to attitudes and responses towards secondhand smoke exposure. IMPACT Using a forced distribution through the Q-sorting technique, the particular perspective patterns of parents' experiences would be captured. These findings can serve as a useful guide for researchers and practitioners to develop tailored intervention programs for parents with the purpose of reducing secondhand smoke exposure in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mieh Huang
- Institute of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yu Liao
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fei Huang
- Department of Senior Citizen Service, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiao-Pei Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Long Guo
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Midouhas E, Kokosi T, Flouri E. The quality of air outside and inside the home: associations with emotional and behavioural problem scores in early childhood. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:406. [PMID: 30987624 PMCID: PMC6466661 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study explored the role of outdoor air pollution [nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)] and indoor air quality (measured with damp or condensation and secondhand smoke exposures) at age 9 months in emotional, conduct and hyperactivity problems at age 3 years. Method Data from 11,625 Millennium Cohort Study children living in England and Wales were modelled using multilevel regression. Results After adjusting for a host of confounders, having a damp or condensation problem at home was related to both emotional and conduct problems. Secondhand smoke exposure was associated with all three problem types. Associations with outdoor air pollution were less consistent. Conclusions Exposures to damp or condensation and secondhand smoke in the home are likely to be risk factors for child emotional and behavioural problems. Parents should continue to be educated about the dangers of exposing their children to poor air quality at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK.
| | - Theodora Kokosi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK
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Yamada M, Sekine M, Tatsuse T, Asaka Y. Association between lifestyle, parental smoke, socioeconomic status, and academic performance in Japanese elementary school children: the Super Diet Education Project. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:22. [PMID: 30967112 PMCID: PMC6456972 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health and education are closely linked. However, few studies have explored the correlates of children’s academic performance in Japan. We aimed to investigate comprehensively the associations of low academic performance among school children with lifestyles, parental smoke, and socioeconomic status. Methods In 2016, children aged 6 to 13 years from the Super Diet Education School Project were surveyed using questionnaires. The survey explored the lifestyles and subjective academic performance of 1663 children and asked their parents about parental smoke and subjective socioeconomic status. Academic performance and socioeconomic status were divided into three levels. Then, we defined subjective academic performance in the lower two levels as low academic performance. The odds ratios (OR) were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results Among all participants, 299 (18.0%) children reported low academic performance. In general, low academic performance was significantly associated with late wakeup time (OR = 1.36 for 6:30 to < 7 a.m. and OR = 2.48 for ≥ 7 a.m.), screen time ≥ 2 h (OR = 1.35), studying at home < 1 h (OR = 1.82), paternal smoke (OR = 1.47), maternal smoke (OR = 1.87), and low socioeconomic status (OR = 1.48). Analyses stratified by grade showed stronger associations between academic performance and socioeconomic status in senior (OR = 1.62 for middle, OR = 1.52 for low in grades 4 to 6) than in junior children (OR = 1.15 for middle, OR = 1.38 for low in grades 1 to 3). Conclusions Children’s lifestyles, parental smoke, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with low academic performance among Japanese children. Parents and health care providers should take these findings into consideration to prevent children from having low academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yamada
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Michikazu Sekine
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Tatsuse
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yukiko Asaka
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Drehmer JE, Nabi-Burza E, Hipple Walters B, Ossip DJ, Levy DE, Rigotti NA, Klein JD, Winickoff JP. Parental Smoking and E-cigarette Use in Homes and Cars. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3249. [PMID: 30858346 PMCID: PMC6564069 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how smoke-free and vape-free home and car policies differ for parents who are dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), who only smoke cigarettes, or who only use e-cigarettes. To identify factors associated with not having smoke-free or vape-free policies and how often smoke-free advice is offered at pediatric offices. METHODS Secondary analysis of 2017 parental interview data collected after their children's visit in 5 control practices participating in the Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure trial. RESULTS Most dual users had smoke-free home policies, yet fewer had a vape-free home policies (63.8% vs 26.3%; P < .01). Dual users were less likely than cigarette users to have smoke-free car (P < .01), vape-free home (P < .001), or vape-free car (P < .001) policies. Inside cars, dual users were more likely than cigarette users to report smoking (P < .001), e-cigarette use (P < .001), and e-cigarette use with children present (P < .001). Parental characteristics associated with not having smoke-free or vape-free home and car policies include smoking ≥10 cigarettes per day, using e-cigarettes, and having a youngest child >10 years old. Smoke-free home and car advice was infrequently delivered. CONCLUSIONS Parents may perceive e-cigarette aerosol as safe for children. Dual users more often had smoke-free policies than vape-free policies for the home. Dual users were less likely than cigarette-only smokers to report various child-protective measures inside homes and cars. These findings reveal important opportunities for intervention with parents about smoking and vaping in homes and cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E. Drehmer
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics,
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts;,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and
| | - Emara Nabi-Burza
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics,
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts;,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and
| | - Bethany Hipple Walters
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics,
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts;,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and
| | - Deborah J. Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Douglas E. Levy
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and,Mongan Institute Health Policy Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts
| | - Nancy A. Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and,Mongan Institute Health Policy Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and,Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American
Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Jonathan P. Winickoff
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics,
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts;,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center and,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts;,Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American
Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
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65
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Lee M, Ha M, Hong YC, Park H, Kim Y, Kim EJ, Kim Y, Ha E. Exposure to prenatal secondhand smoke and early neurodevelopment: Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study. Environ Health 2019; 18:22. [PMID: 30894196 PMCID: PMC6425627 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy and a child's neurodevelopment has not been established yet. We explored the association between prenatal exposure to SHS and neurodevelopment at 24 months of age considering genetic polymorphism and breastfeeding in 720 mothers and their offspring enrolled in the Korean multicenter birth cohort study (Mothers and Children Environmental Health, MOCEH). METHODS We quantified urine cotinine concentrations in mothers once from 12th to 20th gestational weeks and excluded those whose urine cotinine levels exceeded 42.7 ng/ml to represent SHS exposure in early pregnancy. Mental developmental index (MDI) and psychomotor developmental index (PDI) values were measured using the Korean version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II) at 24 months of age. A general linear model was used to assess the relationship between maternal urinary cotinine level and neurodevelopment. RESULTS MDI scores were inversely associated with cotinine [β = - 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 5.32 to - 0.15] in children whose mothers had early pregnancy urinary cotinine levels >1.90 ng/ml. No association was evident in children whose mothers had cotinine levels ≤1.90 ng/ml. This negative association was more pronounced in children whose mothers had both Glutathione S-transferases mu 1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) null type [β = - 5.78; 95% CI: -10.69 to - 0.87], but not in children whose mothers had any present type of GSTM1/GSTT1 [β = - 1.64; 95% CI: -4.79 to 1.52]. The association was no longer significant when children received breast milk exclusively for up to 6 months [β = - 0.24; 95% CI: -4.69 to 4.20] compared to others [β = - 3.75; 95% CI: -7.51 to 0.00]. No significant association was found for PDI. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to SHS during pregnancy may result in delayed MDI in early childhood. This effect might be modified by genetic polymorphism and breastfeeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjee Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeni Kim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Torres LH, Balestrin NT, Spelta LEW, Duro SDO, Pistis M, Marcourakis T. Exposure to tobacco smoke during the early postnatal period modifies receptors and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system in the brainstem and striatum in mice. Toxicol Lett 2019; 302:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Lim HL, Teh CH, Kee CC, Mohd Ghazali S, Pan SA, Lim KH. Exposure to second-hand smoke among secondary school-going adolescents: Findings from the Malaysian Adolescent Health Risk Behaviour (MyAHRB) study. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105818789961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and it has been proven to be associated with an increased likelihood of smoking initiation among adolescents. Nonetheless, evidence on SHS exposure among Malaysian adolescents is scarce. Therefore, this article aims to demonstrate the magnitude and factors associated with SHS exposure among school-going adolescents in selected secondary schools in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods: Data were derived from the Malaysian Adolescent Health Risk Behaviour (MyAHRB) study conducted in 2013. A total of 2599 adolescent were recruited into the study using a two-stage proportionate-to-size sampling method. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine the risk factors/predictors associated with SHS. Results: More than half of the respondents had been exposed to SHS during the last one week (56.4%), and SHS exposure was significantly higher among respondents who smoked (94.0% vs. 49.9%, p <0.001). Multivariable analysis revealed that the likelihood of exposure to SHS was higher among those who smoked (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 12.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.01–20.4), had at least one parent/guardian who smoked (aOR 5.49, 95% CI: 4.41–6.94) and adolescents of Malay descent (aOR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.68–2.63). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the effectiveness of anti-smoking measures implemented in recent years to protect adolescents from the health risks of passive smoking were less evident. Therefore, educational and awareness programmes that emphasize the negative health impacts of SHS exposure on Malaysian adolescents, particularly when among smoking adults, should be intensified to help in preventing adoption of smoking behaviours among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Lim
- Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Jalan Maran, Malaysia
| | - Chien Huey Teh
- Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Cheong Kee
- Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Kuang Hock Lim
- Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Differences in Prenatal Tobacco Exposure Patterns among 13 Race/Ethnic Groups in California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030458. [PMID: 30764487 PMCID: PMC6388267 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure is a significant, preventable cause of childhood morbidity, yet little is known about exposure risks for many race/ethnic subpopulations. We studied active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a population-based cohort of 13 racially/ethnically diverse pregnant women: white, African American, Hispanic, Native American, including nine Asian/Pacific Islander subgroups: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Laotian, Samoan, and Asian Indians (N = 3329). Using the major nicotine metabolite, cotinine, as an objective biomarker, we analyzed mid-pregnancy serum from prenatal screening banked in 1999–2002 from Southern California in an effort to understand differences in tobacco exposure patterns by race/ethnicity, as well as provide a baseline for future work to assess secular changes and longer-term health outcomes. Prevalence of active smoking (based on age- and race-specific cotinine cutpoints) was highest among African American, Samoan, Native Americans and whites (6.8–14.1%); and lowest among Filipinos, Chinese, Vietnamese and Asian Indians (0.3–1.0%). ETS exposure among non-smokers was highest among African Americans and Samoans, followed by Cambodians, Native Americans, Vietnamese and Koreans, and lowest among Filipinos, Japanese, whites, and Chinese. At least 75% of women had detectable cotinine. While for most groups, levels of active smoking corresponded with levels of ETS, divergent patterns were also found. For example, smoking prevalence among white women was among the highest, but the group’s ETS exposure was low among non-smokers; while Vietnamese women were unlikely to be active smokers, they experienced relatively high ETS exposure. Knowledge of race/ethnic differences may be useful in assessing disparities in health outcomes and creating successful tobacco interventions.
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69
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Gonzalez-Sicilia D, Derevensky JL, Pagani LS. Two Lifestyle Risks Intertwined: Parental Smoking Predicts Child Gambling Behavior at Age 12 Years. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 14:89-96. [PMID: 31903088 DOI: 10.1177/1559827618824286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental smoking can create a toxic environment for child development. A parental smoking lifestyle can predispose children to executive deficits, influencing precocious risk activities. Using a prospective birth cohort design, we examine the association between 2 lifestyle factors by estimating the relative contribution of long-term parental household smoking in predicting subsequent precocious child gambling behavior. METHOD Parents reported on the amount of household smoke exposure from ages 1.5 to 7.5 years for children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. The main outcome measure was children's self-report of gambling behavior (at age 12 years). RESULTS Sixty percent of parents reported that their children were never exposed to secondhand smoke in the home, while 27% and 13% reported transient and continuous levels of secondhand smoke, respectively. Overall, 16% of children reported gambling participation. When compared with never-exposed children, children exposed to secondhand smoke had 18% more chances of having participated in gambling at age 12 years (odds ratio = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.080-1.293). These results are adjusted for competing explanations and possible individual and family confounders. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of early childhood household smoke exposure are associated with greater odds of reporting gambling participation at age 12 years, which is more than several years before it is normative youthful behavior. By connecting the neurotoxic influence of one lifestyle factor on another, we show a nontrivial link between 2 public health issues (smoke exposure and precocious gambling) associated with considerable individual and societal costs that are amenable to community information campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gonzalez-Sicilia
- Université de Montréal, École de Psychoéducation, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (DG-S, LSP).,INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada (DG-S).,International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (JLD).,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada (LSP)
| | - Jeffrey L Derevensky
- Université de Montréal, École de Psychoéducation, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (DG-S, LSP).,INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada (DG-S).,International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (JLD).,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada (LSP)
| | - Linda S Pagani
- Université de Montréal, École de Psychoéducation, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (DG-S, LSP).,INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada (DG-S).,International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (JLD).,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada (LSP)
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Yang X, Guo AL, Pang YP, Cheng XJ, Xu T, Li XR, Liu J, Zhang YY, Liu Y. Astaxanthin Attenuates Environmental Tobacco Smoke-Induced Cognitive Deficits: A Critical Role of p38 MAPK. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E24. [PMID: 30609815 PMCID: PMC6356379 DOI: 10.3390/md17010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) impairs cognitive function and induces oxidative stress in the brain. Recently, astaxanthin (ATX), a marine bioactive compound, has been reported to ameliorate cognitive deficits. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, ATX administration (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, oral gavage) and cigarette smoking were carried out once a day for 10 weeks to investigate whether the p38 MAPK is involved in cognitive function in response to ATX treatment in the cortex and hippocampus of ETS mice. Results indicated that ATX administration improved spatial learning and memory of ETS mice (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Furthermore, exposure to ATX prevented the increases in the protein levels of the p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK; p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65; p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), reversed the decreases in the mRNA and protein levels of synapsin I (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Moreover, ATX significantly down-regulated the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were suppressed after exposure to ATX (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Also, the results of the molecular docking study of ATX into the p38 MAPK binding site revealed that its mechanism was possibly similar to that of PH797804, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Therefore, our results indicated that the ATX might be a critical agent in protecting the brain against neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity impairment, and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of ETS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - An-Lei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Yi-Peng Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Xin-Rui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Yu-Yun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
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Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Early Development of Children in Rural Guizhou Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122866. [PMID: 30558202 PMCID: PMC6313710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a substantial body of evidence supporting the association between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and child development, but the association between prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and early child development has not been well documented. This cross-sectional study examines the association between prenatal exposure to ETS and the development of children in their first two years of life. METHODS We interviewed the primary caregivers of 446 children under two years old in rural Guizhou Province, China. Based on self-reported assessments about whether the mother was exposed to ETS during pregnancy, we divided the children into the ETS-exposed group or the non-exposed group. Sociodemographic information was collected through a questionnaire. The cognitive, language, motor, and socioemotional abilities of children were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III). A multivariate linear regression model adjusting for confounding variables was used to estimate the association of interest. RESULTS About 60% of mothers experienced ETS exposure during pregnancy. Cognitive and language scores were lower among children in the ETS-exposed group. When adjusting for characteristics of the child, the mother, the household, and village fixed effects, prenatal exposure to ETS was associated with lower cognition scores (-3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): -6.39 to -0.42; p = 0.03) and language scores (-3.01; 95% CI: -5.39 to -0.09; p = 0.04). Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS was also negatively associated with language development (-0.48; 95% CI: -0.87 to -0.09; p = 0.02) before children reached two years old. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to ETS is negatively associated with the cognitive and language development of rural young children within their first two years of life. The government should take action to raise public awareness about the negative effects of tobacco use, with an emphasis on the protection of pregnant women and their children, in order to carry through comprehensive smoke-free laws in rural areas, while also increasing tobacco taxation.
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Kim KM, Lim MH, Kwon HJ, Yoo SJ, Kim EJ, Kim JW, Ha M, Paik KC. Associations between urinary cotinine and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:481-486. [PMID: 29957501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated associations between urinary cotinine levels as a biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS A total of 520 child participants (200 with ADHD, 67 with ASD, and 253 normal control subjects) were assessed using the Korean version of the ADHD rating scale (K-ARS), Autism spectrum screening questionnaire (ASSQ), and Behavioral Assessment System for Children, second edition (BASC-2). The Korean version of the computer-based continuous performance test was used to assess cognitive function. Urinary cotinine was evaluated as a biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure. RESULTS Urinary cotinine levels were significantly and positively associated with K-ARS score (B = 4.00, p < 0.001), ASSQ score (B = 1.71, p = 0.030), the behavioral problem subscales of the BASC-2 (B = 1.68-3.52, p < 0.001-0.045), and omission and commission errors in the continuous performance test (B = 6.21-8.42, p < 0.001-0.019). Urinary cotinine levels were also associated with the increased odds ratio of ADHD (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.05-2.30, p = 0.028) and ASD (OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.12-3.21, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION Urinary cotinine levels were associated with lower behavioral adaptation and cognitive function and increased odds ratios of ADHD and ASD, indicating a negative effect of secondhand smoke exposure on the symptomatic manifestation of ADHD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Lim
- Department of Psychology, College of Public Human Resources, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Yoo
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chung Paik
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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Micalizzi L, Knopik VS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring executive function: What do we know and what are the next steps? Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1333-1354. [PMID: 29144227 PMCID: PMC6028309 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) exhibit difficulties in executive function (EF) from infancy through adolescence. Due to the developmental significance of EF as a predictor of adaptive functioning throughout the life span, the MSDP-EF relation has clear public health implications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between MSDP and offspring EF across development; consider brain-based assessments, animal models, and genetically informed studies in an effort to elucidate plausible pathways of effects; discuss implications for prevention and intervention; and make calls to action for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
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Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Cigarette smoke exposure effects on the brainstem expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and on cardiac, respiratory and sleep physiologies. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 259:1-15. [PMID: 30031221 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is the largest modifiable risk factor for adverse outcomes in the infant. Investigations have focused on the psychoactive component of cigarettes, nicotine. One proposed mechanism leading to adverse effects is the interaction between nicotine and its nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Much data has been generated over the past three decades on the effects of cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) on the expression of the nAChRs in the brainstem and physiological parameters related to cardiac, respiration and sleep, in the offspring of smoking mothers and animal models of nicotine exposure. This review summarises this data and discusses the main findings, highlighting that findings in animal models closely correlate with those from human studies, and that the major brainstem sites where the expression level for the nAChRs are consistently affected include those that play vital roles in cardiorespiration (hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract), chemosensation (nucleus of the solitary tract, arcuate nucleus) and arousal (rostral mesopontine sites such as the locus coeruleus and nucleus pontis oralis). These findings provide evidence for the adverse effects of CSE during and after pregnancy to the infant and the need to continue with the health campaign advising against CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Medical Foundation Building K25, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Karen A Waters
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Medical Foundation Building K25, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Medical Foundation Building K25, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Jain RB. Rates of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke from various indoor environments among US children and nonsmoker adolescents and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17002-17011. [PMID: 29627962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2013-2014 were used to compute rates of exposure (ROE) to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from various indoor environments among US children and nonsmoking adolescents and adults. In a typical week in USA, 473,000 infants (ROE, 11%), 3.36 million children aged 1-5 years (ROE, 16.4%), and 4.59 million children aged 6-11 years (ROE, 18.6%) are exposed to ETS from indoor environments only. ROE among children was found to be highest by inhaling tobacco smoke inside home, riding in a car, and when visiting other people's homes. In a typical week, 4.1 million nonsmoking adolescents (ROE, 29.2%) were being exposed to ETS. For every one adolescent smoker, 2.4 nonsmoker adolescents were being subjected to ETS exposure. Both non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) nonsmoking adolescents had higher ROE (p < 0.01) than Hispanics (HISP) and non-Hispanic Asians (NHAS). Also, in a typical week, 16.8 million nonsmoking adults (ROE, 29.2%) were being exposed to ETS. For every adult smoker, 0.7 nonsmoker adult was subjected to ETS exposure. Both NHW and NHB nonsmoking adults had higher ROE (p < 0.01) than HISP and NHAS and males had higher ROE than females (p < 0.01).
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76
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Pan X, Luo Y, Roberts AR. Pan et al. Respond to "Secondhand Smoke and Cognitive Decline". Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:922-923. [PMID: 29370330 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Pan
- Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Ye Luo
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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Anstey KJ, Chen R. Invited Commentary: Secondhand Smoke-an Underrecognized Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:919-921. [PMID: 29370342 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pan et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(5):911-918) reported findings that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) was associated with cognitive decline over the course of 2 years among middle-aged and older Chinese women who never smoked, and they also reported a dose-response relationship. SHS exposure affects vulnerable people disproportionately because they have less control or choice over their living and working environment. Smoking is an established risk factor for dementia, but recent evidence reports on dementia-risk increase have not included SHS. Many epidemiologic studies collect data on smoking but not SHS exposure. SHS may be one of the most prevalent and modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and therefore represents a major potential target for reduction of dementia risk. Given the high prevalence of smoking in China and other parts of the world, there is an urgent need to raise awareness of SHS reduction as part of global and national strategies to reduce cognitive decline and dementia and to introduce legislation that protects nonsmokers and vulnerable children and adults from SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine and Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ruoling Chen
- Centre for Health and Social Care Improvement, Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
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Secondhand smoke is associated with heavy metal concentrations in children. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:257-264. [PMID: 29224186 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Secondhand smoke (SHS) has adverse effects on health, particularly for children. Our purpose was to analyze the correlation between SHS exposure and heavy metal concentrations in children. The investigation was conducted in Xinxiang County, Henan Province, China, from August 2015 to December 2015. In total, 821 students (433 boys and 388 girls) were recruited, and the contents of heavy metals in their hair-including chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic, lead, and cadmium-were detected by ICP-MS. The children's parents were informed, and a questionnaire was conducted, which included questions about smoking habits and demographic characteristics. Our results indicate that all parent smokers are fathers, 48.9% of fathers who are smokers, but 25.2% of fathers smoke in front of their children. The levels of chromium (median girls vs boys, μg/g) (2.36 vs 2.06, p < 0.001), nickel (1.28 vs 0.97, p < 0.001), arsenic (0.55 vs 0.49, p < 0.001), and lead (2.73 vs 2.16, p < 0.001) in girls were significantly higher than in boys. The levels of cadmium (median, SHS group vs control: 0.43 vs 0.29 (μg/g), p < 0.001) and lead (median, SHS group vs control: 2.71 vs 2.27 (μg/g), p = 0.007) in the SHS group were significantly higher than in the control. Multi-linear regression analysis indicated that SHS exposure in children is very likely to be correlated with increasing levels of lead (β (95% CI): 0.53 (0.99-5.14), p = 0.023) and cadmium (β (95% CI): 0.43 (0.14-0.73), p = 0.003) in their hair. In conclusion, children exposed to SHS have increased lead and cadmium accumulations in the body. CONCLUSION In our study, 821 students (433 boys and 388 girls) were recruited, and the contents of heavy metals in their hair-including chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic, lead, and cadmium-were detected by ICP-MS. And the secondhand smoking (SHS) exposure was inquired by face-to-face investigation of their parents. We illustrated that children exposed to SHS have increased lead and cadmium accumulations in the body. What is Known: • Secondhand smoke (SHS) has adverse effects on health, particularly for children. • There might be correlation between SHS exposure and heavy metal concentrations in children. What is New: • The levels of chromium, nickel, arsenic, and lead in girls were significantly higher than in boys. • SHS exposure in children was correlated with increasing levels of lead and cadmium in their hair because of exposure to SHS.
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Midouhas E, Kokosi T, Flouri E. Outdoor and indoor air quality and cognitive ability in young children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:321-328. [PMID: 29182908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined outdoor and indoor air quality at ages 9 months and 3 years and their association with cognitive ability at age 3 in England and Wales. METHOD Data from 8198 Millennium Cohort Study children were analysed using multilevel regression. Outdoor air quality was assessed with mean annual estimates of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels within a standard small area (ward). Indoor air quality was measured with parent-reports of damp or condensation in the home and exposure to secondhand smoke in the home. Cognitive ability was assessed with the British Ability Scales Naming Vocabulary subscale and the Bracken School Readiness Assessment. RESULTS In adjusted models, consistent exposure to high levels of NO2 at age 9 months and age 3 years was associated with lower verbal ability at age 3 years. Damp/condensation and secondhand smoke in the home at either age or at both ages were correlated with lower school readiness at age 3 years. Exposures to damp/condensation at age 3 years or at both ages and secondhand smoke at either age or at both ages were associated with lower verbal ability at age 3 years. CONCLUSION Young children's exposures to indoor damp or condensation and secondhand smoke are likely to be detrimental for their cognitive outcomes. However, there do not appear to be any short-term effects of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK.
| | - Theodora Kokosi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
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Shenassa ED, Rossen LM, Cohen J, Morello-Frosch R, Payne-Sturges DC. Income Inequality and US Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race-Ethnicity. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1292-1299. [PMID: 27811157 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Prior studies have found considerable racial and ethnic disparities in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Although a number of individual-level determinants of this disparity have been identified, contextual determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in SHS exposure remain unexamined. The objective of this study was to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to area-level income inequality among 14 649 children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods We fit log-normal regression models to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to Metropolitan Statistical Areas level income inequality among 14 649 nonsmoking children aged 3-15 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2012). Result Non-Hispanic black children had significantly lower serum cotinine than non-Hispanic white children (-0.26; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.15) in low income inequality areas, but this difference was attenuated in areas with high income inequality (0.01; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.18). Serum cotinine declined for non-Hispanic white and Mexican American children with increasing income inequality. Serum cotinine did not change as a function of the level of income inequality among non-Hispanic black children. Conclusions We have found evidence of differential associations between SHS exposure and income inequality by race and ethnicity. Further examination of environments which engender SHS exposure among children across various racial/ethnic subgroups can foster a better understanding of how area-level income inequality relates to health outcomes such as levels of SHS exposure and how those associations differ by race/ethnicity. Implications In the United States, the association between children's risk of SHS exposure and income inequality is modified by race/ethnicity in a manner that is inconsistent with theories of income inequality. In overall analysis this association appears to be as predicted by theory. However, race-specific analyses reveal that higher levels of income inequality are associated with lower levels of SHS exposure among white children, while levels of SHS exposure among non-Hispanic black children are largely invariant to area-level income inequality. Future examination of the link between income inequality and smoking-related health outcomes should consider differential associations across racial and ethnic subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond D Shenassa
- School of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health Program, Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.,School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI.,School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lauren M Rossen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Devon C Payne-Sturges
- School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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81
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Makadia LD, Roper PJ, Andrews JO, Tingen MS. Tobacco Use and Smoke Exposure in Children: New Trends, Harm, and Strategies to Improve Health Outcomes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:55. [PMID: 28741144 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Every day in the USA, approximately 4000 adolescents begin smoking and the adolescent brain is particularly susceptible to nicotine addiction. We present current pediatric trends on tobacco use and exposures, various new products used by adolescents, the adverse biological and behavioral effects of tobacco use and exposures, and tobacco control strategies to eliminate tobacco-related illnesses and deaths in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS Twelve-20% of women continue to smoke during pregnancy. New research reveals cognitive differences and behavior-control disorders are seen in elementary school children from prenatal and postnatal exposures. Traditional cigarette smoking has decreased in adolescents; novel and appealing tobacco products have captured their attention, particularly electronic cigarettes, and rates double and often triple from middle to high school. Children with asthma and those living in multi-housing units have higher rates of secondhand smoke exposure than non-asthmatics and children living in single-home dwellings. There is no "safe or risk-free" level of tobacco use or exposure. Tobacco use and exposure in childhood and adolescence must be decreased using evidenced-based strategies to improve child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luv D Makadia
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - P Jervey Roper
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Martha S Tingen
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, HS-1755, 1499 Walton Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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82
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McHugh RK, Votaw VR, Sugarman DE, Greenfield SF. Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 66:12-23. [PMID: 29174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gender gap in substance use disorders (SUDs), characterized by greater prevalence in men, is narrowing, highlighting the importance of understanding sex and gender differences in SUD etiology and maintenance. In this critical review, we provide an overview of sex/gender differences in the biology, epidemiology and treatment of SUDs. Biological sex differences are evident across an array of systems, including brain structure and function, endocrine function, and metabolic function. Gender (i.e., environmentally and socioculturally defined roles for men and women) also contributes to the initiation and course of substance use and SUDs. Adverse medical, psychiatric, and functional consequences associated with SUDs are often more severe in women. However, men and women do not substantively differ with respect to SUD treatment outcomes. Although several trends are beginning to emerge in the literature, findings on sex and gender differences in SUDs are complicated by the interacting contributions of biological and environmental factors. Future research is needed to further elucidate sex and gender differences, especially focusing on hormonal factors in SUD course and treatment outcomes; research translating findings between animal and human models; and gender differences in understudied populations, such as those with co-occurring psychiatric disorders and gender-specific populations, such as pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Victoria R Votaw
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Dawn E Sugarman
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - Shelly F Greenfield
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States
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83
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Borrelli B, Endrighi R, Hammond SK, Dunsiger S. Smokers who are unmotivated to quit and have a child with asthma are more likely to quit with intensive motivational interviewing and repeated biomarker feedback. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:1019-1028. [PMID: 29083219 PMCID: PMC5678980 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smokers who are not motivated to quit are an important group for intervention, particularly if they have children with asthma. Research indicates that unmotivated smokers are less responsive to intensive interventions, although motivation-by-treatment interactions have not been tested. This study examines whether motivation to quit moderates the effect of a cessation induction intervention. METHOD Parents had an asthmatic child requiring urgent care, and did not have to want to quit smoking to be eligible for the study. Two home visits included asthma education, motivational interviewing (MI) for cessation, and feedback on child's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe). Participants were then randomized (n = 339, 79.6% female) to receive Enhanced-PAM (Precaution Adoption Model; 6 MI calls including SHSe feedback) or PAM (6 contact control calls). Motivation to quit was assessed at baseline and point-prevalence abstinence (ppa) and SHSe outcomes were objectively measured. RESULTS At baseline, 38.9% were not motivated to quit. Those who were not motivated to quit were 3 to 4 times more likely to be abstinent at 6 months in Enhanced-PAM versus PAM (7-day ppa: OR = 3.71, 95% CI = [1.06, 12.99]; 30-day: OR = 4.15, 95% CI [1.20, 14.35]); those receiving Enhanced-PAM achieved quit rates comparable to motivated smokers. Those who were not motivated to quit were more than 4 times as likely to have very low/undetectable SHSe at follow-up in Enhanced-PAM versus PAM (OR = 4.46, 95% CI [1.31, 15.15]). Among motivated smokers, neither outcome significantly differed by treatment arm. CONCLUSION It cannot be assumed that smokers who are unmotivated to quit will not be responsive to intensive interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Borrelli
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Division of Behavioral Science Research, Boston, MA
| | - Romano Endrighi
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Division of Behavioral Science Research, Boston, MA
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Environmental Health Science Division, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Shira Dunsiger
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and The Miriam Hospital
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84
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Carson‐Chahhoud KV, Ameer F, Sayehmiri K, Hnin K, van Agteren JEM, Sayehmiri F, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Chang AB, Smith BJ. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 6:CD001006. [PMID: 28574573 PMCID: PMC6481357 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001006.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass media interventions can be used as a way of delivering preventive health messages. They have the potential to reach and modify the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of a large proportion of the community. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of mass media interventions on preventing smoking in young people, and whether it can reduce smoking uptake among youth (under 25 years), improve smoking attitudes, intentions and knowledge, improve self-efficacy/self-esteem, and improve perceptions about smoking, including the choice to follow positive role models. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register, with additional searches of MEDLINE and Embase in June 2016. This is an update of a review first published in 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials, controlled trials without randomization and interrupted time-series studies that assessed the effect of mass media campaigns (defined as channels of communication such as television, radio, newspapers, social media, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach large numbers of people and which are not dependent on person-to-person contact) in influencing the smoking behaviour (either objective or self-reported) of young people under the age of 25 years. We define smoking behaviour as the presence or absence of tobacco smoking or other tobacco use, or both, and the frequency of tobacco use. Eligible comparators included education or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted information relating to the characteristics and the content of media interventions, participants, outcomes, methods of the study and risks of bias. We combined studies using qualitative narrative synthesis. We assessed the risks of bias for each study using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool, alongside additional domains to account for the nature of the intervention. We assessed the quality of evidence contributing to outcomes using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We identified eight eligible studies reporting information about mass media smoking campaigns, one of which is new for this update. Seven of the studies used a controlled trial design and one an interrupted time-series analysis. Risks of bias were high across all included studies and there was considerable heterogeneity in study design, intervention and population being assessed.Three studies (n = 17,385), one of which compared a mass media intervention to no intervention and two of which evaluated mass media interventions as adjuncts to school-based interventions, found that the mass media interventions reduced the smoking behaviour of young people. The remaining five studies (n = 72,740) did not detect a significant effect on smoking behaviour. These included three studies comparing a mass media intervention to no intervention, one study evaluating a mass media intervention as an adjunct to a school-based intervention, and one interrupted time-series study of a social media intervention. The three campaigns which found a significant effect described their theoretical basis, used formative research in designing the campaign messages, and used message broadcast of reasonable intensity over extensive periods of time. However, some of the campaigns which did not detect an effect also exhibited these characteristics. Effective campaigns tended to last longer (minimum 3 years) and were more intense (more contact time) for both school-based lessons (minimum eight lessons per grade) and media spots (minimum four weeks' duration across multiple media channels with between 167 and 350 TV and radio spots). Implementation of combined school-based components (e.g. school posters) and the use of repetitive media messages delivered by multiple channels (e.g. newspapers, radio, television) appeared to contribute to successful campaigns. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Certainty about the effects of mass media campaigns on smoking behaviour in youth is very low, due to inconsistency between studies in both design and results, and due to methodological issues amongst the included studies. It would therefore be unwise to offer firm conclusions based on the evidence in this review. Methodologically rigorous studies investigating the effect of social media and novel forms of technology as part of tobacco prevention campaigns for youth are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Ilam University of Medical SciencesDepartment of BiostatisticsIlamIran
| | - Khin Hnin
- Flinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | | | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNeuroscience Research CenterTehranIran
| | - Malcolm P Brinn
- Faculty of Medicine, University of QueenslandHabit Research Group, School of Public HealthBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Adrian J Esterman
- University of South AustraliaSansom Institute of Health Service ResearchAdelaideAustralia
- James Cook UniversityAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineCairnsAustralia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin UniversityChild Health DivisionPO Box 41096DarwinNorthern TerritoriesAustralia0811
| | - Brian J Smith
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health NetworkRespiratory Medicine UnitAdelaideAustralia
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85
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Vitória PD, Nunes C, Precioso J. Parents' educational level and second-hand tobacco smoke exposure at home in a sample of Portuguese children. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2017; 23:221-224. [PMID: 28347749 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure is a major and entirely avoidable health risk for children's health, well-being and development. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the association between parents' educational level and children's SHS home exposure. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted within a sample of 949 students in 4th grade (mean age 9.56±0.75, 53.4% male). The sample was randomly selected from all schools located at Lisbon District, Portugal. The current study confirmed that Portuguese children are exposed to unacceptable high levels of SHS at home, mainly by their parents' smoke. Prevalence of smokers was higher amongst parents with low educational level. Children of parents with low educational level were more likely to suffer SHS exposure at home. These results confirmed the social inequalities associated with smoking, support the relevance of more research on this subject and stress the need for more interventions to control this problem. Some interventions should be specifically aimed at less educated parents, particularly at less educated mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo D Vitória
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; CIS-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Célia Nunes
- Departamento de Matemática e Centro de Matemática e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Precioso
- Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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87
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Alemán A, Morello P, Colomar M, Llambi L, Berrueta M, Gibbons L, Buekens P, Althabe F. Brief Counseling on Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Pregnant Women in Argentina and Uruguay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010028. [PMID: 28036075 PMCID: PMC5295279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Argentina and Uruguay have a high prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, as well as of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. In this secondary analysis of a trial to implement brief smoking cessation counseling during antenatal care in Argentina and Uruguay, we aim to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the rates of self-reported SHS exposure at home and at work, and on attitudes recalled by non-smoker women enrolled in the intervention group compared with the control group. We randomly assigned (1:1) 20 antenatal care clusters in Argentina and Uruguay to receive a multifaceted intervention to implement brief smoking cessation counseling, which also included questions and counseling regarding SHS exposure, or to receive the standard of care. There was not a statistically significant difference between groups of the intervention’s effect (reduction of exposure to SHS) on any of the three exposure outcome measures (exposure at home, work or other indoor areas) or on the attitudes of women regarding exposure (avoiding breathing SHS and having rooms where smoking is forbidden). This analysis shows that we should not expect reductions in SHS exposure with this modest intervention alone. To achieve such reductions, strategies engaging partners and other household members may be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Alemán
- Montevideo Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Paola Morello
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud de la Madre y el Niño, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Buenos Aires C1414CPV, Argentina.
| | - Mercedes Colomar
- Montevideo Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Laura Llambi
- Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Mabel Berrueta
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud de la Madre y el Niño, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Buenos Aires C1414CPV, Argentina.
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud de la Madre y el Niño, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Buenos Aires C1414CPV, Argentina.
| | - Pierre Buekens
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Fernando Althabe
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud de la Madre y el Niño, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Buenos Aires C1414CPV, Argentina.
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88
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Hoehn JL, Riekert KA, Borrelli B, Rand CS, Eakin MN. Barriers and motivators to reducing secondhand smoke exposure in African American families of head start children: a qualitative study. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:450-64. [PMID: 27329373 PMCID: PMC4945858 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify barriers and motivators for reducing secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for families of African-American, low-income, urban children. METHOD Audiotaped intervention sessions of 52 African-American caregivers of Head Start children who reported being a smoker and/or had at least one smoker in the home were randomly sampled from a larger trial examining the effectiveness of a motivational-interviewing intervention in reducing child's SHSe. Counseling sessions were qualitatively coded to identify barriers and motivators to implementing a home smoking ban or quitting smoking. RESULTS African-American families identified several themes that were either or both barriers and motivators for SHSe reduction, including: asking others not to smoke, other family living in the home, neighborhood safety, absence of childcare, cost/availability of cessation tools, physician support and prevention of health problems. DISCUSSION Urban, low-income African-American families face numerous barriers to reducing SHSe. Families were able to identify many motivators for reducing SHSe, suggesting an awareness of the importance for SHSe reduction but uncertainty in their confidence to change behaviors. Counseling should include tailoring to be most effective in supporting health behavior change. Greater emphasis on motivators is needed, such as low-cost/free cessation tools, engagement from physicians and greater involvement of extended family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hoehn
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Kristin A Riekert
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Belinda Borrelli
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Cynthia S Rand
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michelle N Eakin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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89
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Pagani LS, Fitzpatrick C. Early Childhood Household Smoke Exposure Predicts Less Task-Oriented Classroom Behavior at Age 10. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2016; 43:584-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198115614317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand tobacco smoke is considered a developmental neurotoxicant especially given underdeveloped vital systems in young children. An ecological test of its negative influence on brain development can be made by examining the prospective association between early childhood household smoke exposure and later classroom behavior. Using a longitudinal birth cohort, we examined the unique contribution of household tobacco smoke exposure to children’s subsequent classroom engagement at age 10. From child ages 1.5 to 7 years, parents of 2,055 participants from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development reported on household smoking by themselves and other home occupants. At age 10, fourth-grade teachers reported on the child’s classroom engagement. In terms of prevalence, 58% of parents reported that their children were never exposed to smoke in the home, while 34% and 8% of children were exposed to transient and continuous household smoke, respectively. Compared with never exposed children, those who were exposed to transient and continuous household smoke scored 13% and 9% of a standard deviation lower on classroom engagement in fourth grade, standardized B = −.128 (95% confidence interval = −.186, −.069) and standardized B = −.093 (95% confidence interval = −.144, −.043), respectively. Compared with their never exposed peers, children exposed to transient and continuous early childhood household smoke showed proportionately less classroom engagement, which reflects task-orientation, following directions, and working well autonomously and with others. This predisposition poses risks for high school dropout, which from a population health perspective is closely linked with at-risk lifestyle habits and unhealthy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Fitzpatrick
- Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Université Ste-Anne, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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90
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Clifford A, Lang L, Chen R, Anstey KJ, Seaton A. Exposure to air pollution and cognitive functioning across the life course--A systematic literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:383-98. [PMID: 26945620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Air pollution is associated with increased risk of respiratory, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, but its association with cognitive functioning and impairment is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to examine whether a relationship exists between these variables across the life course. METHODS We searched Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, SciVerse Scopus, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Science Direct up to October 2015 to identify studies that investigated the association between air pollution and performance on neurocognitive tests. RESULTS Variations in exposure assessment and outcome measures make meta-analysis impossible. Thirty one studies published between 2006 and 2015, from the Americas (n=15), Asia (n=5) and Europe (n=11), met the criteria for inclusion. Many showed weak but quantified relationships between various air pollutants and cognitive function. Pollution exposure in utero has been associated with increased risk of neuro-developmental delay. Exposure in childhood has been inversely associated with neuro-developmental outcomes in younger children and with academic achievement and neurocognitive performance in older children. In older adults, air pollution has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS The evidence to date is coherent in that exposure to a range of largely traffic-related pollutants has been associated with quantifiable impairment of brain development in the young and cognitive decline in the elderly. There is insufficient evidence at present to comment on consistency, in view of the different indices of pollution and end-points measured, the limited number of studies, and the probability at this stage of publication bias. However, plausible toxicological mechanisms have been demonstrated and the evidence as a whole suggests that vehicular pollution, at least, contributes to cognitive impairment, adding to pressure on governments and individuals to continue to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Clifford
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Linda Lang
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK; Post Graduate Academic Institute of Medicine, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ruoling Chen
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK; Post Graduate Academic Institute of Medicine, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Anthony Seaton
- School of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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91
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Why young people's substance use matters for global health. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:265-79. [PMID: 26905482 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During puberty, when young people are completing their education, transitioning into employment, and forming longer-term intimate relationships, a shift in emotional regulation and an increase in risky behaviour, including substance use, is seen. This Series paper considers the potential effects of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use during this period on: social, psychological, and health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood; role transitions, and later health and social outcomes of regular substance use initiated in adolescence; and the offspring of young people who use substances. We sourced consistent support for causal relations between substance use and outcomes and evidence of biological plausibility from different but complementary research designs. Many adverse health and social outcomes have been associated with different types of substance use. The major challenge lies in deciding which are causal. Furthermore, qualitatively different harms are associated with different substances, differences in life stage when these harms occur, and the quality of evidence for different substances and health outcomes varies substantially. The preponderance of evidence comes from a few high-income countries, thus whether the same social and health outcomes would occur in other countries and cultures is unclear. Nonetheless, the number of harms that are causally related to substance use in young people warrant high-quality research design interventions to prevent or ameliorate these harms.
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92
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Fallin A, Miller A, Ashford K. Smoking Among Pregnant Women in Outpatient Treatment for Opioid Dependence: A Qualitative Inquiry. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1727-32. [PMID: 26817489 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking during pregnancy is a major public health issue, contributing to adverse health outcomes. The vast majority of women with substance use disorders smoke during the perinatal period. Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) is the standard of care for women using opioids during pregnancy. The majority of women engaged in MAT (88%-95%) report smoking. The purposes of this study were to describe: (1) facilitators and barriers to engaging in tobacco treatment among pregnant, opioid dependent women receiving MAT; and (2) strategies to tailor tobacco treatment interventions with this population. METHODS Two semi-structured focus groups lasting approximately 45 minutes each were conducted with 22 women engaged in MAT. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed and analyzed in MAXQDA using content analysis. RESULTS Participants reported: (1) desire to quit smoking for themselves and their children; (2) aversion to smoking; (3) a turning point in their lives from being pregnant and entering MAT; (4) nicotine dependence; (5) smoking as a way to cope with stress; (6) coping with dual dependencies; (7) past experiences with stopping smoking due to smoking restrictions; (8) perceived lack of success with nicotine replacement therapy or other tobacco treatment medications; and (9) the need for intensive environmental support for quit attempts. CONCLUSIONS Participants were motivated to quit smoking, but faced multiple complex barriers. Integrating tobacco treatment into the psychosocial services offered in conjunction with MAT would allow a healthcare provider to offer tailored tobacco treatment in a supportive environment. IMPLICATIONS Results of this qualitative study include facilitators and barriers to engaging in tobacco treatment among pregnant, opioid dependent women receiving MAT, as well as strategies to tailor tobacco treatment interventions for this population. In-depth knowledge of the complex barriers facing this patient population can be used to inform tailored tobacco treatment services that can be integrated into clinics providing MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fallin
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alana Miller
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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93
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Jain RB. Trends in exposure to second hand smoke at home among children and nonsmoker adolescents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:144-152. [PMID: 26519575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2012 were used to evaluate trends in exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) at home among children aged 3-11 years and nonsmoker adolescents aged 12-19 years. A total of 12,815 children and 10,269 adolescents were included in the analyses. Serum cotinine was used as a biomarker for exposure to SHS at home. Regression models with log10 transformed values of serum cotinine as dependent variables and age, race/ethnicity, NHANES survey year, and family poverty income ratio as a surrogate measure of socioeconomic status were used in models for those with and without exposure to SHS at home. In addition, for those with exposure to SHS at home, number of smokers smoking inside home and number of cigarettes smoked at home every day were also used as independent variables. There was a biennial increase of 1.05 ng/L in adjusted serum cotinine levels for children with exposure to SHS at home over the period of 1999-2012. Serum cotinine levels among nonsmoker adolescents with exposure to SHS at home did not change over time. When there was no exposure to SHS at home, there was a statistically significant downward trend for serum cotinine levels for both children and nonsmoker adolescents. Serum cotinine levels attributable to SHS exposure increased with age among nonsmoker adolescents (p≤0.02) but decreased with age among children (p<0.01). For a unit decrease in family poverty income ratio, SHS exposure as measured by serum cotinine levels (Table 6) increased by 1.18 ng/L among children and by 1.30 ng/L among nonsmoker adolescents. In general, observed serum cotinine levels associated with SHS exposure at home were higher for children than they were for nonsmoker adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Ct, Dacula, GA 30019, United States.
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94
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De Alwis D, Tandon M, Tillman R, Luby J. Nonverbal Reasoning in Preschool Children: Investigating the Putative Risk of Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Mediator. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2016; 3:115-125. [PMID: 26726310 PMCID: PMC4696599 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2015-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been found to be associated with cognitive deficits in children. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between SHS exposure, cognitive deficits, and smoking-related psychopathology, specifically attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing disorders such as conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in preschool children. METHODS Children (n = 54) between the ages of 4 and 6 years from a comprehensive, longitudinal study of preschool emotional development were included in this study. Each child's primary caregiver completed questionnaires and interviews related to childhood psychopathology. SHS exposure was estimated with the use of saliva cotinine values. RESULTS After adjustment for sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender, an income-to-needs ratio) and for ADHD, CD, and ODD symptoms, exposure to SHS was found to be negatively associated with preschool children's nonverbal reasoning skills. Exposure to SHS continued to be negatively associated with nonverbal reasoning skills after adjustment for maternal education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and maternal reports of exposure to SHS during pregnancy in separate models. CONCLUSIONS Children who grow up in an environment with adults who smoke are vulnerable to several social and environmental risk factors. The findings of this study suggest that exposure to SHS during early childhood should also be considered as a potential variable in the risk trajectory and as a marker of other associated risks when formulating public health intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duneesha De Alwis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mini Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Postnatal nicotine effects on the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the developing piglet hippocampus and brainstem. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- The BOSCH InstituteSydneyNSW2006Australia
- Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Karen A. Waters
- The BOSCH InstituteSydneyNSW2006Australia
- Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- The Children's HospitalWestmead SydneyNSW2145Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- The BOSCH InstituteSydneyNSW2006Australia
- Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- The Children's HospitalWestmead SydneyNSW2145Australia
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England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA. Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:286-93. [PMID: 25794473 PMCID: PMC4594223 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products in the U.S. would prevent tens of millions of tobacco-related deaths. It has been suggested that the introduction of less harmful nicotine delivery devices, such as electronic cigarettes or other electronic nicotine delivery systems, will accelerate progress toward ending combustible cigarette use. However, careful consideration of the potential adverse health effects from nicotine itself is often absent from public health debates. Human and animal data support that nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability (fetal through adolescent stages) has multiple adverse health consequences, including impaired fetal brain and lung development, and altered development of cerebral cortex and hippocampus in adolescents. Measures to protect the health of pregnant women and children are needed and could include (1) strong prohibitions on marketing that increase youth uptake; (2) youth access laws similar to those in effect for other tobacco products; (3) appropriate health warnings for vulnerable populations; (4) packaging to prevent accidental poisonings; (5) protection of non-users from exposure to secondhand electronic cigarette aerosol; (6) pricing that helps minimize youth initiation and use; (7) regulations to reduce product addiction potential and appeal for youth; and (8) the age of legal sale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Van T Tong
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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97
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Evlampidou I, Bagkeris M, Vardavas C, Koutra K, Patelarou E, Koutis A, Chatzi L, Kogevinas M. Prenatal Second-Hand Smoke Exposure Measured with Urine Cotinine May Reduce Gross Motor Development at 18 Months of Age. J Pediatr 2015; 167:246-52.e2. [PMID: 25863662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of second-hand smoke exposure of pregnant mothers using urine cotinine with the neurodevelopment of their children at 18 months of age in the mother-child cohort in Crete (Rhea Study). STUDY DESIGN Selected participants were Greek mothers with singleton pregnancies, had never smoked, and had available urine cotinine measurements in pregnancy, and their children for whom a neurodevelopmental assessment was completed. We performed face-to-face interviews twice during pregnancy and postnatally, and assessed children's neurodevelopment at 18 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. We used linear regression and generalized additive models. RESULTS Of 599 mothers, 175 (29%) met the inclusion criteria. Maternal urine cotinine levels were low (mean: 10.3 ng/mL, SD: 11.7 ng/mL). Reported passive smoking from different sources was strongly associated with urine cotinine levels. A negative association was observed between cotinine levels in pregnancy and child's gross motor function (beta = -3.22 per 10 ng/mL, 95% CI -5.09 to -1.34) after adjusting for factors potentially associated with neurodevelopment; results were similar in both sexes. A negative association was also observed for cognitive and receptive communication scales but the effect was small and not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure during pregnancy to second-hand smoke measured through urine cotinine was associated with a decrease in gross motor function among 18-month-old children, even at low levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Evlampidou
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Bagkeris
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Vardavas
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Katerina Koutra
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evridiki Patelarou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Koutis
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
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Wang P, Gao J, Zhao S, Guo Y, Wang Z, Qi F. Maternal Thyroxine Levels During Pregnancy and Outcomes of Cognitive Development in Children. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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99
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Agaku IT, Olutola BG, Adisa AO, Obadan EM, Vardavas CI. Association between unmet dental needs and school absenteeism because of illness or injury among U.S. school children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, 2011-2012. Prev Med 2015; 72:83-8. [PMID: 25575801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the prevalence of dental disease among U.S. children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, as well as the impact of unmet dental needs on school absenteeism because of illness/injury within the past 12 months. METHODS Data were from the 2011/2012 National Survey of Children's Health (n=65,680). Unmet dental need was defined as lack of access to appropriate and timely preventive or therapeutic dental healthcare when needed within the past 12 months. The impact of unmet dental needs on school absenteeism was measured using a multivariate generalized linear model with Poisson probability distribution (p<0.05). RESULTS Within the past 12 months, 21.8% (10.8 million) of all U.S. children and adolescents aged 6-17 years had "a toothache, decayed teeth, or unfilled cavities." Of all U.S. children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, 15.8% (7.8 million) reported any unmet dental need (i.e., preventive and/or therapeutic dental need) within the past 12 months. The mean number of days of school absence because of illness/injury was higher among students with an unmet therapeutic dental need in the presence of a dental condition compared to those reporting no unmet dental need (β=0.25; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced and sustained efforts are needed to increase access to dental services among underserved U.S. children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel T Agaku
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Global Tobacco Control, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bukola G Olutola
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Akinyele O Adisa
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Enihomo M Obadan
- Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constantine I Vardavas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Global Tobacco Control, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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100
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McHugh RK, Wigderson S, Greenfield SF. Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2015; 41:177-89. [PMID: 24845483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of women of reproductive age in the United States use addictive substances. In 2012 more than 50% reported current use of alcohol, 20% used tobacco products, and approximately 13% used other drugs. Among women, use of these substances is associated with several significant medical, psychiatric, and social consequences, and the course of illness may progress more rapidly in women than in men. The prevalence of substance use and evidence of accelerated illness progression in women highlight the importance of universal substance use screening in women in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Wigderson
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Division of Women's Mental Health, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Shelly F Greenfield
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Women's Mental Health, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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