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Lee SH, Hong SH, Tang CH, Ling YS, Chen KH, Liang HJ, Lin CY. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to explore the biochemical effects of naphthalene toxicity or tolerance in a mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204829. [PMID: 30273358 PMCID: PMC6166967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthalene causes mouse airway epithelial injury. However, repeated exposures of naphthalene result in mouse airway tolerance. Previous results showed that toxicity or tolerance was correlated with changes of phosphorylcholine-containing lipids. In this study, a mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach was applied to examine the effects of naphthalene-induced injury or tolerance in the male ICR mice. The injury model was vehicle x 7 plus 300 mg/kg naphthalene while the tolerant one was 200 mg/kg daily x 7 followed by 300 mg/kg naphthalene on day 8. The lung, liver, kidney, and serum samples were collected for profiles of phosphorylcholine-containing lipids including phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs). A partial least-square-discriminate analysis model showed different lung phosphorylcholine-containing lipid profiles from the injured, tolerant, and control groups. Perturbation of diacyl-PCs and plasmenylcholines may be associated with enhanced membrane flexibility and anti-oxidative mechanisms in the lungs of tolerant mice. Additionally, alterations of lyso-PCs and SMs may be responsible for pulmonary dysfunction and inflammation in the lungs of injured mice. Moreover, serum PC(16:0/18:1) has potential to reflect naphthalene-induced airway injuries. Few phosphorylcholine-containing lipid alterations were found in the mouse livers and kidneys across different treatments. This study revealed the changes in lipid profiles associated with the perturbations caused by naphthalene tolerance and toxicity; examination of lipids in serum may assist biomarker development with the potential for application in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Han Hong
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yee Soon Ling
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Han Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Liang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Izadnia HR, Tahmoorespur M, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Nassiri M, Esmaeilkhanien S. Gene expression profile analysis of residual feed intake for Isfahan native chickens using RNA-SEQ data. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1507625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Izadnia
- Animal Science Improvement Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Safiabad AREEO, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Maeba R, Araki A, Fujiwara Y. Serum Ethanolamine Plasmalogen and Urine Myo-Inositol as Cognitive Decline Markers. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 87:69-111. [PMID: 30342713 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), were linked at the clinical and molecular levels. Brain insulin deficiency and resistance may be key events in AD pathology mechanistically linking AD to T2DM. Ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtns) are abundant in the brain and play essential roles in neuronal function and myelin formation. As such, PlsEtn deficiency may be pathologically relevant in some neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Decreased brain PlsEtn associated with dementia may reflect serum PlsEtn deficiency. We hypothesized that myo-inositol plays a role in myelin formation through its facilitation of PlsEtn biosynthesis. Excessive urinary myo-inositol (UMI) loss would likely result in PlsEtn deficiency potentially leading to demyelinating diseases such as dementia. Accordingly, measurement of both serum PlsEtn and baseline UMI excretion could improve the detection of cognitive impairment (CI) in a more specific and reliable manner. To verify our hypothesis, we conducted a clinical observational study of memory clinic outpatients (MCO) and cognitively normal elderly (NE) for nearly 4.5years. We demonstrated that serum PlsEtn concentration associated with UMI excretion was useful for predicting advancing dementia in patients with mild CI. Because hyperglycemia and associated insulin resistance might be a leading cause of increased baseline UMI excretion, serum PlsEtn quantitation would be useful in detecting CI among the elderly with hyperglycemia. Our findings suggest that myo-inositol is a novel candidate molecule linking T2DM to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Maeba
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Franco J, Ferreira C, Paschoal Sobreira TJ, Sundberg JP, HogenEsch H. Profiling of epidermal lipids in a mouse model of dermatitis: Identification of potential biomarkers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196595. [PMID: 29698466 PMCID: PMC5919619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are important structural and functional components of the skin. Alterations in the lipid composition of the epidermis are associated with inflammation and can affect the barrier function of the skin. SHARPIN-deficient cpdm mice develop a chronic dermatitis with similarities to atopic dermatitis in humans. Here, we used a recently-developed approach named multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-profiling and single ion monitoring to rapidly identify discriminative lipid ions. Shorter fatty acyl residues and increased relative amounts of sphingosine ceramides were observed in cpdm epidermis compared to wild type mice. These changes were accompanied by downregulation of the Fasn gene which encodes fatty acid synthase. A profile of diverse lipids was generated by fast screening of over 300 transitions (ion pairs). Tentative attribution of the most significant transitions was confirmed by product ion scan (MS/MS), and the MRM-profiling linear intensity response was validated with a C17-ceramide lipid standard. Relative quantification of sphingosine ceramides CerAS(d18:1/24:0)2OH, CerAS(d18:1/16:0)2OH and CerNS(d18:1/16:0) discriminated between the two groups with 100% accuracy, while the free fatty acids cerotic acid, 16-hydroxy palmitic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had 96.4% of accuracy. Validation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of the above-mentioned ceramides was in agreement with MRM-profiling results. Identification and rapid monitoring of these lipids represent a tool to assess therapeutic outcomes in SHARPIN-deficient mice and other mouse models of dermatitis and may have diagnostic utility in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Franco
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christina Ferreira
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tiago J. Paschoal Sobreira
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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Metabolic profiling of visceral adipose tissue from obese subjects with or without metabolic syndrome. Biochem J 2018; 475:1019-1035. [PMID: 29437994 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents one of the most complex public health challenges and has recently reached epidemic proportions. Obesity is also considered to be primarily responsible for the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome, defined as the coexistence in the same individual of several risk factors for atherosclerosis, including dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia, as well as for cancer. Additionally, the presence of three of the five risk factors (abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, high fasting glucose and high blood pressure) characterizes metabolic syndrome, which has serious clinical consequences. The current study was conducted in order to identify metabolic differences in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) collected from obese (body mass index 43-48) human subjects who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, obese individuals who were metabolically healthy and nonobese healthy controls. Extensive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analyses were used to obtain the untargeted VAT metabolomic profiles of 481 metabolites belonging to all biochemical pathways. Our results indicated consistent increases in oxidative stress markers from the pathologically obese samples in addition to subtle markers of elevated glucose levels that may be consistent with metabolic syndrome. In the tissue derived from the pathologically obese subjects, there were significantly elevated levels of plasmalogens, which may be increased in response to oxidative changes in addition to changes in glycerolphosphorylcholine, glycerolphosphorylethanolamine glycerolphosphorylserine, ceramides and sphingolipids. These data could be potentially helpful for recognizing new pathways that underlie the metabolic-vascular complications of obesity and may lead to the development of innovative targeted therapies.
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Wood PL, Tippireddy S, Feriante J, Woltjer RL. Augmented frontal cortex diacylglycerol levels in Parkinson's disease and Lewy Body Disease. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513680 PMCID: PMC5841652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research from our laboratory, and that of other investigators, has demonstrated augmented levels of diacylglycerols (DAG) in the frontal cortex and plasma of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We have extended these observations to investigate the frontal cortex of subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy Body Disease (LBD), with and without coexisting pathologic features of AD. Methods/Principal findings Utilizing a high-resolution mass spectrometry analytical platform, we clearly demonstrate that DAG levels are significantly increased in the frontal cortex of subjects with PD, LBD with intermediate neocortical AD neuropathology, and in LBD with established neocortical AD neuropathology. In the case of the PD cohort, increases in cortical DAG levels were detected in cases with no neocortical pathology but were greater in subjects with neocortical pathology. These data suggest that DAG changes occur early in the disease processes and are amplified as cortical dysfunction becomes more established. Conclusions These findings suggest that altered DAG synthesis/metabolism is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by proteinopathy, that ultimately result in cognitive deficits. With regard to the mechanism responsible for these biochemical alterations, selective decrements in cortical levels of phosphatidylcholines in LBD and PD suggest that augmented degradation and/or decreased synthesis of these structural glycerophospholipids may contribute to increases in the pool size of free DAGs. The observed augmentation of DAG levels may be phospholipase-driven since neuroinflammation is a consistent feature of all disease cohorts. If this conclusion can be validated it would support utilizing DAG levels as a biomarker of the early disease process and the investigation of early intervention with anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Soumya Tippireddy
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN, United States of America
| | - Joshua Feriante
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN, United States of America
| | - Randall L. Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health Science University and Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
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57
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Influence of spermatozoal lipidomic profile on the cryoresistance of frozen spermatozoa from stallions. Theriogenology 2018; 108:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of hypoxic conditions to the chemical composition of membranes is not completely established. Plasmalogens, containing an alkenyl group with aldehydogenic ether linkage, are significant components of membrane lipids and their level can change in oxygen deficiency. METHODS Analysis of plasmalogens in red blood cells was performed in patients (n = 17) with coronary heart disease, stable angina (functional class II-III) and coronary atherosclerosis. The control group consisted of 17 healthy volunteers. In addition, isolated blood samples of seven healthy volunteers were analysed before and after 180 min incubation at 37 °C. Fatty acid ethyl esters and diethyl acetals of fatty aldehydes, obtained during sample preparation from red blood cells, were analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Quantitative assessment of the change of the plasmalogen levels was evaluated as change of the share of fatty aldehyde diethyl acetals in the total sum of fatty aldehyde diethyl acetals and fatty acid ethyl esters. RESULTS In comparison with the healthy volunteers, an increase in plasmalogen content of red blood cells and a reduction of the pH of the blood plasma in the group of patients with coronary heart disease were detected. In experimental hypoxia, there was an increase in the plasmalogen content of the red blood cells and a plasma pH decrease in all samples subjected to the incubation. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate changes in the physicochemical properties of the cell membrane in hypoxia. One of the most likely reasons of the increase of plasmalogen content in the membranes may be a more significant increase in activity of calcium-dependent phospholipases in comparison with the activity of calcium-independent plasmalogen phospholipases.
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Lee S, Cheung-See-Kit M, Williams TA, Yamout N, Zufferey R. The glycosomal alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase TbADS is essential for the synthesis of ether glycerophospholipids in procyclic trypanosomes. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:71-78. [PMID: 29355496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are the main constituents of the biological membranes in Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans. The present work reports the characterization of the alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase TbADS that catalyzes the committed step in ether glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. TbADS localizes to the glycosomal lumen. TbADS complemented a null mutant of Leishmania major lacking alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase activity and restored the formation of normal form of the ether lipid based virulence factor lipophosphoglycan. Despite lacking alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase activity, a null mutant of TbADS in procyclic trypanosomes remained viable and exhibited normal growth. Comprehensive analysis of cellular glycerophospholipids showed that TbADS was involved in the biosynthesis of all ether glycerophospholipid species, primarily found in the PE and PC classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Melanie Cheung-See-Kit
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Tyler A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nader Yamout
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Rachel Zufferey
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.
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60
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Dorninger F, Herbst R, Kravic B, Camurdanoglu BZ, Macinkovic I, Zeitler G, Forss-Petter S, Strack S, Khan MM, Waterham HR, Rudolf R, Hashemolhosseini S, Berger J. Reduced muscle strength in ether lipid-deficient mice is accompanied by altered development and function of the neuromuscular junction. J Neurochem 2017; 143:569-583. [PMID: 28555889 PMCID: PMC5725694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inherited deficiency in ether lipids, a subgroup of phospholipids whose biosynthesis needs peroxisomes, causes the fatal human disorder rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. The exact roles of ether lipids in the mammalian organism and, therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still largely enigmatic. Here, we used glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase knockout (Gnpat KO) mice to study the consequences of complete inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis and documented substantial deficits in motor performance and muscle strength of these mice. We hypothesized that, probably in addition to previously described cerebellar abnormalities and myelination defects in the peripheral nervous system, an impairment of neuromuscular transmission contributes to the compromised motor abilities. Structurally, a morphologic examination of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in diaphragm muscle at different developmental stages revealed aberrant axonal branching and a strongly increased area of nerve innervation in Gnpat KO mice. Post-synaptically, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters colocalized with nerve terminals within a widened endplate zone. In addition, we detected atypical AChR clustering, as indicated by decreased size and number of clusters following stimulation with agrin, in vitro. The turnover of AChRs was unaffected in ether lipid-deficient mice. Electrophysiological evaluation of the adult diaphragm indicated that although evoked potentials were unaltered in Gnpat KO mice, ether lipid deficiency leads to fewer spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events but, conversely, an increased post-synaptic response to spontaneous vesicle exocytosis. We conclude from our findings that ether lipids are essential for proper development and function of the NMJ and may, therefore, contribute to motor performance. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojana Kravic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bahar Z Camurdanoglu
- Section for Synapse Formation, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Macinkovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Strack
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muzamil Majid Khan
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Said Hashemolhosseini
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lipidomics reveals a systemic energy deficient state that precedes neurotoxicity in neonatal monkeys after sevoflurane exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1037:87-96. [PMID: 30292318 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have raised public concerns regarding the safety of anesthetics including sevoflurane in children, the biochemical mechanisms leading to anesthetics-induced neurotoxicity remain elusive. Moreover, potential biomarker(s) for early detection of general anesthetics-induced brain injury are urgent for public health. We employed an enabling technology of shotgun lipidomics and analyzed nearly 20 classes and subclasses of lipids present in the blood serum of postnatal day (PND) 5 or 6 rhesus monkeys temporally collected after exposure to sevoflurane at a clinically relevant concentration or room-air as control. Lipidomics analysis revealed numerous significant anesthetic-induced changes of serum lipids and their metabolites as well as short chain acylcarnitines in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid after anesthetic exposure. These include decreased carnitine and acylcarnitines, unchanged triacylglycerol mass but accumulation of 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acyl chains in the triacylglycerol pool, losses of polyunsaturated fatty acids in both non-esterified fatty acid and phospholipid pools, and increased 4-hydroxynonenal content as early as 2 h after sevoflurane exposure. Importantly, the amounts of short chain acylcarnitines in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid were also significantly reduced after anesthetic exposure. We propose that this serum lipidomic profile can serve as indicative of neuronal damage. Our results reveal that sevoflurane exposure induces an energy deficient state in the brain evidenced by reduced free and acyl carnitine contents, as well as the presence of a pro-inflammatory state in the exposed animals, providing deep insights into the underlying mechanisms responsible for anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. From peroxisomal disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases - the role of ether phospholipids in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2761-2788. [PMID: 28796901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging diverse roles of ether (phospho)lipids in nervous system development and function in health and disease are currently attracting growing interest. Plasmalogens, a subgroup of ether lipids, are important membrane components involved in vesicle fusion and membrane raft composition. They store polyunsaturated fatty acids and may serve as antioxidants. Ether lipid metabolites act as precursors for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors; others, like platelet-activating factor, are implicated in signaling functions. Consolidating the available information, we attempt to provide molecular explanations for the dramatic neurological phenotype in ether lipid-deficient human patients and mice by linking individual functional properties of ether lipids with pathological features. Furthermore, recent publications have identified altered ether lipid levels in the context of many acquired neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism. Finally, current efforts to restore ether lipids in peroxisomal disorders as well as AD are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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63
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Koivuniemi A. The biophysical properties of plasmalogens originating from their unique molecular architecture. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2700-2713. [PMID: 28710769 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique class of phospholipids that are present in many organisms. Their presence in cell membranes has intrigued researchers for decades due to their unique molecular structure, namely the vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position, and their association with brain related disorders. Apparently, based on their amount in the cell membranes, their function is to provide exclusive structural and dynamical properties to these complex molecular assemblies. Yet, many of their physiological roles manifested through their biophysical properties have been challenging to identify. In this review, the biophysical properties of plasmalogens are discussed and compared to other lipid species. The role of plasmalogens is examined in the context of cell membrane function, and some future directions are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artturi Koivuniemi
- The Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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64
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Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Plasmalogen homeostasis - regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis and its physiological consequence in mammals. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2720-2729. [PMID: 28686302 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, mostly ethanolamine-containing alkenyl ether phospholipids, are a major subclass of glycerophospholipids. Plasmalogen synthesis is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of plasmalogens in several organs of peroxisome biogenesis-defective patients suggests that the de novo synthesis of plasmalogens plays a pivotal role in its homeostasis in tissues. Plasmalogen synthesis is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 on peroxisomal membranes, a rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis, by sensing plasmalogens in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis by altering the stability of squalene monooxygenase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, implying physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis with respect to cholesterol metabolism in cells, as well as in organs such as the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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65
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Zufferey R, Pirani K, Cheung-See-Kit M, Lee S, Williams TA, Chen DG, Hossain MF. The Trypanosoma brucei dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase TbDAT is dispensable for normal growth but important for synthesis of ether glycerophospholipids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181432. [PMID: 28715456 PMCID: PMC5513551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are the most abundant constituents of biological membranes in Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. They are essential cellular components that fulfill various important functions beyond their structural role in biological membranes such as in signal transduction, regulation of membrane trafficking or control of cell cycle progression. Our previous studies have established that the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase TbGAT is dispensable for growth, viability, and ester lipid biosynthesis suggesting the existence of another initial acyltransferase(s). This work presents the characterization of the alternative, dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase TbDAT, which acylates primarily dihydroxyacetonephosphate and prefers palmitoyl-CoA as an acyl-CoA donor. TbDAT restores the viability of a yeast double null mutant that lacks glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase activities. A conditional null mutant of TbDAT in T. brucei procyclic form was created and characterized. TbDAT was important for survival during stationary phase and synthesis of ether lipids. In contrast, TbDAT was dispensable for normal growth. Our results show that in T. brucei procyclic forms i) TbDAT but not TbGAT is the physiologically relevant initial acyltransferase and ii) ether lipid precursors are primarily made by TbDAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zufferey
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.,Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Karim Pirani
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Melanie Cheung-See-Kit
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Sungsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel G Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Md Faruk Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
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66
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Dammann P. Slow aging in mammals-Lessons from African mole-rats and bats. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 70:154-163. [PMID: 28698112 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the main mammalian models used in aging research have been mice and rats, i.e. short-lived species that obviously lack effective maintenance mechanisms to keep their soma in a functional state for prolonged periods of time. It is doubtful that life-extending mechanisms identified only in such short-lived species adequately reflect the diversity of longevity pathways that have naturally evolved in mammals, or that they have much relevance for long-lived species such as humans. Therefore, some complementary, long-lived mammalian models have been introduced to aging research in the past 15-20 years, particularly naked mole-rats (and to a lesser extent also other mole-rats) and bats. Here, I summarize and compare the most important results regarding various aspects of aging - oxidative stress, molecular homeostasis and repair, and endocrinology - that have been obtained from studies using these new mammalian models of high longevity. I argue that the inclusion of these models was an important step forward, because it drew researchers' attention to certain oversimplifications of existing aging theories and to several features that appear to be universal components of enhanced longevity in mammals. However, even among mammals with high longevity, considerable variation exists with respect to other candidate mechanisms that also must be taken into account if inadequate generalizations are to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dammann
- Central Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany.
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67
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Hadj Ahmed S, Koubaa N, Kharroubi W, Zarrouk A, Mnari A, Batbout F, Gamra H, Hammami S, Lizard G, Hammami M. Identification of long and very long chain fatty acids, plasmalogen-C16:0 and phytanic acid as new lipid biomarkers in Tunisian coronary artery disease patients. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 131:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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68
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Oral Administration of Ethanolamine Glycerophospholipid Containing a High Level of Plasmalogen Improves Memory Impairment in Amyloid β-Infused Rats. Lipids 2017; 52:575-585. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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69
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Yong YS, Chong ETJ, Chen HC, Lee PC, Ling YS. A Comparative Study of Pentafluorophenyl and Octadecylsilane Columns in High-throughput Profiling of Biological Fluids. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoong-Soon Yong
- Biotechnology Research Institute; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Eric Tzyy Jiann Chong
- Faculty of Science & Natural Resources; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health; National Taiwan University; Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Faculty of Science & Natural Resources; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Yee Soon Ling
- Biotechnology Research Institute; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400 Malaysia
- Water Research Unit; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400 Malaysia
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70
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Broniec A, Żądło A, Pawlak A, Fuchs B, Kłosiński R, Thompson D, Sarna T. Interaction of plasmenylcholine with free radicals in selected model systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:368-378. [PMID: 28232206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Plg) - naturally occurring glycerophospholipids with the vinyl-ether group in the sn-1 position are generally viewed as physiological antioxidants. Although there are numerous examples of antioxidant action of plasmalogen in cell cultures and in experimental animals, this hypothesis is far from being satisfactorily proven due to substantial limitations of such studies. Thus, plasmalogen reactivity in cells results in the accumulation of toxic byproducts and the experimental design is usually too complicated to evaluate the protective function of solely one type of lipid molecular species. In this study, experiments were performed in homogenous and heterogeneous model systems consisting of solutions in organic solvents as well as micelles and liposomes containing pure synthetic plasmenylcholines. Under the experimental conditions used, chemical reactivity of plasmalogens could be attributed to specific fatty acid esterification pattern. This is important because the chemical reactivity cannot be separated from physico-chemical properties of the lipids. Time-dependent formation of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides were determined by iodometric assay and HPLC-EC. EPR oximetry and Clark electrode were employed to detect the accompanying changes in oxygen concentration. Oxidation of the studied lipids was monitored by standard colorimetric TBARS method as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Our data indicate that the reactivity of sn-2 monounsaturated vinyl ether lipids in peroxyl radical-induced or iron-catalyzed peroxidation reactions is comparable with that of their diacyl analogs. In samples containing cholesterol and plasmalogens, oxidative processes lead to accumulation of the radical oxidation product of cholesterol. It can be concluded that the antioxidant action of plasmalogens takes place intramolecularly rather than intermolecularly and depends on the degree of unsaturation of esterified fatty acids. Thus, it is questionable if plasmalogens can really be viewed as "endogenous antioxidant", even though they may exhibit, under special conditions, protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Broniec
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Żądło
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pawlak
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Fuchs
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Kłosiński
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - D Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T Sarna
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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71
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Yamashita A, Hayashi Y, Matsumoto N, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Koizumi T, Inagaki Y, Oka S, Tanikawa T, Sugiura T. Coenzyme-A-Independent Transacylation System; Possible Involvement of Phospholipase A2 in Transacylation. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020023. [PMID: 28358327 PMCID: PMC5485470 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coenzyme A (CoA)-independent transacylation system catalyzes fatty acid transfer from phospholipids to lysophospholipids in the absence of cofactors such as CoA. It prefers to use C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, which are esterified in the glycerophospholipid at the sn-2 position. This system can also acylate alkyl ether-linked lysophospholipids, is involved in the enrichment of arachidonic acid in alkyl ether-linked glycerophospholipids, and is critical for the metabolism of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. Despite their importance, the enzymes responsible for these reactions have yet to be identified. In this review, we describe the features of the Ca2+-independent, membrane-bound CoA-independent transacylation system and its selectivity for arachidonic acid. We also speculate on the involvement of phospholipase A2 in the CoA-independent transacylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takanori Koizumi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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72
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Global Changes in Lipid Profiles of Mouse Cortex, Hippocampus, and Hypothalamus Upon p53 Knockout. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36510. [PMID: 27819311 PMCID: PMC5098149 DOI: 10.1038/srep36510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive lipidomic profiling in three different brain tissues (cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) of mouse with p53 deficiency was performed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) and the profile was compared with that of the wild type. p53 gene is a well-known tumour suppressor that prevents genome mutations that can cause cancers. More than 300 lipids (among 455 identified species), including phospholipids (PLs), sphingolipids, ceramides (Cers), and triacylglycerols (TAGs) were quantitatively analysed by selective reaction monitoring (SRM) of nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nUPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Among the three different neural tissues, hypothalamus demonstrated the most evident lipid profile changes upon p53 knockout. Alterations of PLs containing acyl chains of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (highly enriched polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system) were examined in relation to cell apoptosis upon p53 knockout. Comparison between sphingomyelins (SMs) and Cers showed that the conversion of SM to Cer did not effectively progress in the hypothalamus, resulting in the accumulation of SMs, possibly due to the inhibition of apoptosis caused by the lack of p53. Furthermore, TAGs were considerably decreased only in the hypothalamus, indicative of lipolysis that led to substantial weight loss of adipose tissue and muscles.
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73
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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74
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Chatterjee P, Lim WLF, Shui G, Gupta VB, James I, Fagan AM, Xiong C, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Brown BM, Benzinger T, Masters C, Snowden SG, Wenk MR, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Martins RN. Plasma Phospholipid and Sphingolipid Alterations in Presenilin1 Mutation Carriers: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:887-94. [PMID: 26836186 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aberrant lipid metabolism has been implicated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study investigated plasma phospholipid and sphingolipid profiles in individuals carrying PSEN1 mutations responsible for autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). METHODS Study participants evaluated were from the Perth and Melbourne sites of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) study. Plasma phospholipid and sphingolipid profiles were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in 20 PSEN1 mutation carriers (MC; eight of whom were symptomatic and twelve asymptomatic, based on Clinical Dementia Rating scores) and compared with six non carriers (NC) using linear mixed models. Further, AD gold standard biomarker data obtained from the DIAN database were correlated with lipid species significantly altered between MC and NC, using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS One-hundred and thirty-nine plasma phospholipid and sphingolipid species were measured. Significantly altered species in MC compared to NC primarily belonged to choline and ethanolamine containing phospholipid classes and ceramides. Further phosphatidylcholine species (34:6, 36:5, 40:6) correlated with cerebrospinal fluid tau (p < 0.05), and plasmalogen ethanolamine species (34:2, 36:,4) correlated with both cerebrospinal fluid tau and brain amyloid load within the MC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings indicate altered phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism in ADAD and provide insight into the pathomolecular changes occurring with ADAD pathogenesis. Further, findings reported in this study allow comparison of lipid alterations in ADAD with those reported previously in sporadic AD. The findings observed in the current pilot study warrant validation in the larger DIAN cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Chatterjee
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wei L F Lim
- The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Veer B Gupta
- The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian James
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | - Stuart G Snowden
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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75
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Improved Butanol-Methanol (BUME) Method by Replacing Acetic Acid for Lipid Extraction of Biological Samples. Lipids 2016; 51:887-96. [PMID: 27245345 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of lipids from biological samples is a critical step in lipidomics, especially for shotgun lipidomics where lipid extracts are directly infused into a mass spectrometer. The butanol-methanol (BUME) extraction method was originally developed to extract lipids from plasma samples with 1 % acetic acid. Considering some lipids are sensitive to acidic environments, we modified this protocol by replacing acetic acid with lithium chloride solution and extended the modified extraction to tissue samples. Although no significant reduction of plasmalogen levels in the acidic BUME extracts of rat heart samples was found, the modified method was established to extract various tissue samples, including rat liver, heart, and plasma. Essentially identical profiles of the majority of lipid classes were obtained from the extracts of the modified BUME and traditional Bligh-Dyer methods. However, it was found that neither the original, nor the modified BUME method was suitable for 4-hydroxyalkenal species measurement in biological samples.
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76
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Naganuma T, Takagi S, Kanetake T, Kitamura T, Hattori S, Miyakawa T, Sassa T, Kihara A. Disruption of the Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome Gene Aldh3a2 in Mice Increases Keratinocyte Growth and Retards Skin Barrier Recovery. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11676-88. [PMID: 27053112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) ALDH3A2 is the causative gene of Sjögren Larsson syndrome (SLS). To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the symptoms characterizing SLS has been poorly understood. Using Aldh3a2(-/-) mice, we found here that Aldh3a2 was the major FALDH active in undifferentiated keratinocytes. Long-chain base metabolism was greatly impaired in Aldh3a2(-/-) keratinocytes. Phenotypically, the intercellular spaces were widened in the basal layer of the Aldh3a2(-/-) epidermis due to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced genes were up-regulated in Aldh3a2(-/-) keratinocytes. Upon keratinocyte differentiation, the activity of another FALDH, Aldh3b2, surpassed that of Aldh3a2 As a result, Aldh3a2(-/-) mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in terms of their whole epidermis FALDH activity, and their skin barrier function was uncompromised under normal conditions. However, perturbation of the stratum corneum caused increased transepidermal water loss and delayed barrier recovery in Aldh3a2(-/-) mice. In conclusion, Aldh3a2(-/-) mice replicated some aspects of SLS symptoms, especially at the basal layer of the epidermis. Our results suggest that hyperproliferation of keratinocytes via oxidative stress responses may partly contribute to the ichthyosis symptoms of SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Naganuma
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shuyu Takagi
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kanetake
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamura
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- the Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan, and
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- the Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan, and the Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sassa
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan,
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77
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Barnes S, Quinlan RA. Small molecules, both dietary and endogenous, influence the onset of lens cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:87-94. [PMID: 27039707 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How the lens ages successfully is a lesson in biological adaption and the emergent properties of its complement of cells and proteins. This living tissue contains some of the oldest proteins in our bodies and yet they remain functional for decades, despite exposure to UV light, to reactive oxygen species and all the other hazards to protein function. This remarkable feat is achieved by a shrewd investment in very stable proteins as lens crystallins, by providing a reservoir of ATP-independent protein chaperones unequalled by any other tissue and by an oxidation-resistant environment. In addition, glutathione, a free radical scavenger, is present in mM concentrations and the plasma membranes contain oxidation-resistant sphingolipids what compromises lens function as it ages? In this review, we examine the role of small molecules in the prevention or causation of cataracts, including those associated with diet, metabolic pathways and drug therapy (steroids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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78
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Rao S, Walters KB, Wilson L, Chen B, Bolisetty S, Graves D, Barnes S, Agarwal A, Kabarowski JH. Early lipid changes in acute kidney injury using SWATH lipidomics coupled with MALDI tissue imaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1136-47. [PMID: 26911846 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00100.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the leading causes of in-hospital morbidity and mortality, particularly in critically ill patients. Although our understanding of AKI at the molecular level remains limited due to its complex pathophysiology, recent advances in both quantitative and spatial mass spectrometric approaches offer new opportunities to assess the significance of renal metabolomic changes in AKI models. In this study, we evaluated lipid changes in early ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-related AKI in mice by using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra (SWATH)-mass spectrometry (MS) lipidomics. We found a significant increase in two abundant ether-linked phospholipids following IR at 6 h postinjury, a plasmanyl choline, phosphatidylcholine (PC) O-38:1 (O-18:0, 20:1), and a plasmalogen, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) O-42:3 (O-20:1, 22:2). Both of these lipids correlated with the severity of AKI as measured by plasma creatinine. In addition to many more renal lipid changes associated with more severe AKI, PC O-38:1 elevations were maintained at 24 h post-IR, while renal PE O-42:3 levels decreased, as were all ether PEs detected by SWATH-MS at this later time point. To further assess the significance of this early increase in PC O-38:1, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) to determine that it occurred in proximal tubules, a region of the kidney that is most prone to IR injury and also rich in the rate-limiting enzymes involved in ether-linked phospholipid biosynthesis. Use of SWATH-MS lipidomics in conjunction with MALDI-IMS for lipid localization will help in elucidating the role of lipids in the pathobiology of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Rao
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kelly B Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Landon Wilson
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Bo Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Subhashini Bolisetty
- Division of Nephrology and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David Graves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Janusz H Kabarowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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Kimura T, Jennings W, Epand RM. Roles of specific lipid species in the cell and their molecular mechanism. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:75-92. [PMID: 26875545 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of different molecular species of lipids are present within a single cell, being involved in modulating the basic processes of life. The vast number of different lipid species can be organized into a number of different lipid classes, which may be defined as a group of lipids with a common chemical structure, such as the headgroup, apart from the nature of the hydrocarbon chains. Each lipid class has unique biological roles. In some cases, a relatively small change in the headgroup chemical structure can result in a drastic change in function. Such phenomena are well documented, and largely understood in terms of specific interactions with proteins. In contrast, there are observations that the entire structural specificity of a lipid molecule, including the hydrocarbon chains, is required for biological activity through specific interactions with membrane proteins. Understanding of these phenomena represents a fundamental change in our thinking of the functions of lipids in biology. There are an increasing number of diverse examples of roles for specific lipids in cellular processes including: Signal transduction; trafficking; morphological changes; cell division. We are gaining knowledge and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. They are of growing importance in both basic and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - William Jennings
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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80
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Shi X, Tarazona P, Brock TJ, Browse J, Feussner I, Watts JL. A Caenorhabditis elegans model for ether lipid biosynthesis and function. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:265-75. [PMID: 26685325 PMCID: PMC4727422 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids are widespread in nature, and they are structurally and functionally important components of membranes. The roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, synthesizes numerous lipid species containing alkyl and alkenyl ether bonds. We isolated C. elegans strains carrying loss-of-function mutations in three genes encoding the proteins required for the initial three steps in the ether lipid biosynthetic pathway, FARD-1/FAR1, ACL-7/GNPAT, and ADS-1/AGPS. Analysis of the mutant strains show that they lack ether lipids, but possess the ability to alter their lipid composition in response to lack of ether lipids. We found that increases in de novo fatty acid synthesis and reduction of stearoyl- and palmitoyl-CoA desaturase activity, processes that are at least partially regulated transcriptionally, mediate the altered lipid composition in ether lipid-deficient mutants. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated the importance of ether lipids for optimal fertility, lifespan, survival at cold temperatures, and resistance to oxidative stress.Caenorhabditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Shi
- School of Molecular Biosciences Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Pablo Tarazona
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Trisha J Brock
- School of Molecular Biosciences Washington State University, Pullman, WA Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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81
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Small GTPases in peroxisome dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1006-13. [PMID: 26775587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on peroxisome biogenesis/functions and the role that small GTPases may play in these processes. Precise intracellular distribution of cell organelles requires their regulated association to microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. In this respect, RhoGDP/RhoGTP favor binding of peroxisomes to microtubules and actin filaments. In its GTP-bound form, RhoA activates a regulatory cascade involving Rho kinaseII and non-muscle myosinIIA. Such interactions frequently depend on phosphoinositides (PIs) of which PI4P, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,5)P2 were found to be present in the peroxisomal membrane. PIs are pivotal determinants of intracellular signaling and known to regulate a wide range of cellular functions. In many of these functions, small GTPases are implicated. The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), for example, is known to stimulate synthesis of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 on the Golgi to regulate protein and lipid sorting. In vitro binding assays localized Arf1 and the COPI complex to peroxisomes. In light of the recent discussion of pre-peroxisomal vesicle generation at the ER, peroxisomal Arf1-COPI vesicles may serve retrograde transport of ER-resident components. A mass spectrometric screen localized various Rab proteins to peroxisomes. Overexpression of these proteins in combination with laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy co-localized Rab6, Rab8, Rab10, Rab14, and Rab18 with peroxisomal structures. By analogy to the role these proteins play in other organelle dynamics, we may envisage what the function of these proteins may be in relation to the peroxisomal compartment.
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82
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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83
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:663-78. [PMID: 26201894 PMCID: PMC8029412 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineTARGIDKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic DisordersUZ Brussel—University Hospital Brussels1000BrusselsBelgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
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84
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Chen WL, Lin CY, Yan YH, Cheng KT, Cheng TJ. Alterations in rat pulmonary phosphatidylcholines after chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:3163-9. [PMID: 25236678 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study elucidated the underlying pathophysiological changes that occur after chronic ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure via a lipidomic approach. Five male Sprague-Dawley rats were continually whole-body exposed to ambient air containing PM2.5 at 16.7 ± 10.1 μg m(-3) from the outside of the building for 8 months, whereas a control group (n = 5) inhaled filtered air. Phosphorylcholine-containing lipids were extracted from lung tissue and profiled using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The phosphatidylcholine (PC) signal features of the two groups were compared using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The PC profile of the exposure group differed from that of the control group; the R(2)Y and Q(2) were 0.953 and 0.677, respectively, in the PLS-DA model. In the exposure group, a significant 0.66- to 0.80-fold reduction in lyso-PC levels, which may have resulted from repeated inflammation, was observed. Decreased surfactant PCs by 16% at most may indicate injuries to alveolar type II cells. Cell function and cell signalling are likely to be altered because the decrease in unsaturated PCs may reduce membrane fluidity. Accompanied by the decline in plasmenylcholines, decreased unsaturated PCs may indicate the attack of reactive oxygen species generated by PM2.5 exposure. The physiological findings conformed to the histopathological changes in the exposed animals. PC profiling using UPLC-MS/MS-based lipidomics is sensitive for reflecting pathophysiological perturbations in the lung after long-term and low concentration PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
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85
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Deon M, Marchetti DP, Donida B, Wajner M, Vargas C. Oxidative Stress in Patients with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:497-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Lipidomic Profiling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Comparison Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1511-8. [PMID: 25895111 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is believed to be caused by abnormal host immune responses to the intestinal microbiome. However, the precise etiology of IBD remains unknown. Lipid metabolism and signaling are suggested to play important roles in inflammation with significant implications for IBD. In this study, we aimed to characterize lipidomic profiles in IBD with comparison between healthy controls, UC, and CD. METHODS Patients with IBD (n = 40, UC: 16 and CD: 24) and age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (n = 84) were recruited. Plasma lipid profiles containing 333 lipid species were measured using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 86 individual lipid species were significantly changed in CD compared with controls (78 decreased while 8 increased), with the majority belonging to the ether lipids including the alkylphospholipids (alkylphosphatidylcholine and alkylphosphatidylethanolamine) and plasmalogens (alkenylphosphatidylcholine and alkenylphosphatidylethanolamine). Of these 86 lipid species, 33 remained significantly and negatively associated with CD after adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, current smoking, and diastolic blood pressure in logistic regression. In contrast, only 5 lipid species significantly differed between UC and controls. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a number of ether lipids (alkylphospholipid and plasmalogens) are significantly and negatively associated with CD. These alterations of lipid profiles particularly plasmalogens may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD.
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87
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Fuchs B. Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:599-617. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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88
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Couch RD, Dailey A, Zaidi F, Navarro K, Forsyth CB, Mutlu E, Engen PA, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol induced alterations to the human fecal VOC metabolome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119362. [PMID: 25751150 PMCID: PMC4353727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that excessive alcohol consumption impacts the intestinal microbiota composition, causing disruption of homeostasis (dysbiosis). However, this observed change is not indicative of the dysbiotic intestinal microbiota function that could result in the production of injurious and toxic products. Thus, knowledge of the effects of alcohol on the intestinal microbiota function and their metabolites is warranted, in order to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiota in alcohol associated organ failure. Here, we report the results of a differential metabolomic analysis comparing volatile organic compounds (VOC) detected in the stool of alcoholics and non-alcoholic healthy controls. We performed the analysis with fecal samples collected after passage as well as with samples collected directly from the sigmoid lumen. Regardless of the approach to fecal collection, we found a stool VOC metabolomic signature in alcoholics that is different from healthy controls. The most notable metabolite alterations in the alcoholic samples include: (1) an elevation in the oxidative stress biomarker tetradecane; (2) a decrease in five fatty alcohols with anti-oxidant property; (3) a decrease in the short chain fatty acids propionate and isobutyrate, important in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell health and barrier integrity; (4) a decrease in alcohol consumption natural suppressant caryophyllene; (5) a decrease in natural product and hepatic steatosis attenuator camphene; and (6) decreased dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, microbial products of decomposition. Our results showed that intestinal microbiota function is altered in alcoholics which might promote alcohol associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D. Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Allyson Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatima Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karl Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ece Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Engen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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89
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Rubio JM, Rodríguez JP, Gil-de-Gómez L, Guijas C, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Group V secreted phospholipase A2 is upregulated by IL-4 in human macrophages and mediates phagocytosis via hydrolysis of ethanolamine phospholipids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3327-39. [PMID: 25725101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophage populations led to the identification of two major polarization states: classically activated macrophages or M1, induced by IFN-γ plus LPS, and alternatively activated macrophages, induced by IL-4. We studied the expression of multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes in human macrophages and the effect that polarization of the cells has on their levels. At least 11 phospholipase A2 genes were found at significant levels in human macrophages, as detected by quantitative PCR. None of these exhibited marked changes after treating the cells with IFN-γ plus LPS. However, macrophage treatment with IL-4 led to strong upregulation of the secreted group V phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-V), both at the mRNA and protein levels. In parallel with increasing sPLA2-V expression levels, IL-4-treated macrophages exhibited increased phagocytosis of yeast-derived zymosan and bacteria, and we show that both events are causally related, because cells deficient in sPLA2-V exhibited decreased phagocytosis, and cells overexpressing the enzyme manifested higher rates of phagocytosis. Mass spectrometry analyses of lipid changes in the IL-4-treated macrophages suggest that ethanolamine lysophospholipid (LPE) is an sPLA2-V-derived product that may be involved in regulating phagocytosis. Cellular levels of LPE are selectively maintained by sPLA2-V. By supplementing sPLA2-V-deficient cells with LPE, phagocytosis of zymosan or bacteria was fully restored in IL-4-treated cells. Collectively, our results show that sPLA2-V is required for efficient phagocytosis by IL-4-treated human macrophages and provide evidence that sPLA2-V-derived LPE is involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Rubio
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan P Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
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90
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Watschinger K, Keller MA, McNeill E, Alam MT, Lai S, Sailer S, Rauch V, Patel J, Hermetter A, Golderer G, Geley S, Werner-Felmayer G, Plumb RS, Astarita G, Ralser M, Channon KM, Werner ER. Tetrahydrobiopterin and alkylglycerol monooxygenase substantially alter the murine macrophage lipidome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2431-6. [PMID: 25675482 PMCID: PMC4345615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414887112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor synthesized from GTP with well-known roles in enzymatic nitric oxide synthesis and aromatic amino acid hydroxylation. It is used to treat mild forms of phenylketonuria. Less is known about the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in lipid metabolism, although it is essential for irreversible ether lipid cleavage by alkylglycerol monooxygenase. Here we found intracellular alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity to be an important regulator of alkylglycerol metabolism in intact murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. Alkylglycerol monooxygenase was expressed and active also in primary mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes and "alternatively activated" M2 macrophages obtained by interleukin 4 treatment, but almost missing in M1 macrophages obtained by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide treatment. The cellular lipidome of RAW264.7 was markedly changed in a parallel way by modulation of alkylglycerol monooxygenase expression and of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis affecting not only various ether lipid species upstream of alkylglycerol monooxygenase but also other more complex lipids including glycosylated ceramides and cardiolipins, which have no direct connection to ether lipid pathways. Alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity manipulation modulated the IFN-γ/lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist but not transforming growth factor β1, suggesting that alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity affects IFN-γ/lipopolysaccharide signaling. Our results demonstrate a central role of tetrahydrobiopterin and alkylglycerol monooxygenase in ether lipid metabolism of murine macrophages and reveal that alteration of alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity has a profound impact on the lipidome also beyond the class of ether lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Markus A Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad T Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabrina Sailer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Rauch
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Werner-Felmayer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert S Plumb
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1468; and
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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91
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Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
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92
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Phuyal S, Skotland T, Hessvik NP, Simolin H, Øverbye A, Brech A, Parton RG, Ekroos K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. The ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol stimulates the release and changes the composition of exosomes derived from PC-3 cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4225-37. [PMID: 25519911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles released by cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. In this study, we have investigated whether ether lipids affect the release of exosomes in PC-3 cells. To increase the cellular levels of ether lipids, the ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol was added to cells. Lipidomic analysis showed that this compound was in fact able to double the cellular levels of ether lipids in these cells. Furthermore, increased levels of ether lipids were also found in exosomes released by cells containing high levels of these lipids. Interestingly, as measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, cells containing high levels of ether lipids released more exosomes than control cells, and these exosomes were similar in size to control exosomes. Moreover, silver staining and Western blot analyses showed that the protein composition of exosomes released in the presence of hexadecylglycerol was changed; the levels of some proteins were increased, and the levels of others were reduced. In conclusion, this study clearly shows that an increase in cellular ether lipids is associated with changes in the release and composition of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Pettersen Hessvik
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anders Øverbye
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert G Parton
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia, and
| | - Kim Ekroos
- the Zora Biosciences Oy, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway,
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93
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Thiamine and magnesium deficiencies: keys to disease. Med Hypotheses 2014; 84:129-34. [PMID: 25542071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine deficiency (TD) is accepted as the cause of beriberi because of its action in the metabolism of simple carbohydrates, mainly as the rate limiting cofactor for the dehydrogenases of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, both being critical to the action of the citric acid cycle. Transketolase, dependent on thiamine and magnesium, occurs twice in the oxidative pentose pathway, important in production of reducing equivalents. Thiamine is also a cofactor in the dehydrogenase complex in the degradation of the branched chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine. In spite of these well accepted facts, the overall clinical effects of TD are still poorly understood. Because of the discovery of 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) as the first peroxisomal enzyme in mammals found to be dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and the ability of thiamine to bind with prion protein, these factors should improve our clinical approach to TD. HACL1 has two important roles in alpha oxidation, the degradation of phytanic acid and shortening of 2-hydroxy long-chain fatty acids so that they can be degraded further by beta oxidation. The downstream effects of a lack of efficiency in this enzyme would be expected to be critical in normal brain metabolism. Although TD has been shown experimentally to produce reversible damage to mitochondria and there are many other causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, finding TD as the potential biochemical lesion would help in differential diagnosis. Stresses imposed by infection, head injury or inoculation can initiate intermittent cerebellar ataxia in thiamine deficiency/dependency. Medication or vaccine reactions appear to be more easily initiated in the more intelligent individuals when asymptomatic marginal malnutrition exists. Erythrocyte transketolase testing has shown that thiamine deficiency is widespread. It is hypothesized that the massive consumption of empty calories, particularly those derived from carbohydrate and fat, results in a high calorie/thiamine ratio as a major cause of disease. Because mild to moderate TD results in pseudo hypoxia in the limbic system and brainstem, emotional and stress reflexes of the autonomic nervous system are stimulated and exaggerated, producing symptoms often diagnosed as psychosomatic disease. If the biochemical lesion is recognized at this stage, the symptoms are easily reversible. If not, and the malnutrition continues, neurodegeneration follows and results in a variety of chronic brain diseases. Results from acceptance of the hypothesis could be tested by performing erythrocyte transketolase tests to pick out those with TD and supplementing the affected individuals with the appropriate dietary supplements.
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94
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Saab S, Mazzocco J, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Bron AM, Bretillon L, Acar N. Plasmalogens in the retina: From occurrence in retinal cell membranes to potential involvement in pathophysiology of retinal diseases. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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95
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Dorninger F, Brodde A, Braverman NE, Moser AB, Just WW, Forss-Petter S, Brügger B, Berger J. Homeostasis of phospholipids - The level of phosphatidylethanolamine tightly adapts to changes in ethanolamine plasmalogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:117-28. [PMID: 25463479 PMCID: PMC4331674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogens constitute a group of ether glycerophospholipids that, due to their unique biophysical and biochemical properties, are essential components of mammalian cellular membranes. Their importance is emphasized by the consequences of defects in plasmalogen biosynthesis, which in humans cause the fatal disease rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). In the present lipidomic study, we used fibroblasts derived from RCDP patients, as well as brain tissue from plasmalogen-deficient mice, to examine the compensatory mechanisms of lipid homeostasis in response to plasmalogen deficiency. Our results show that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a diacyl glycerophospholipid, which like ethanolamine plasmalogens carries the head group ethanolamine, is the main player in the adaptation to plasmalogen insufficiency. PE levels were tightly adjusted to the amount of ethanolamine plasmalogens so that their combined levels were kept constant. Similarly, the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in ethanolamine phospholipids was maintained upon plasmalogen deficiency. However, we found an increased incorporation of arachidonic acid at the expense of docosahexaenoic acid in the PE fraction of plasmalogen-deficient tissues. These data show that under conditions of reduced plasmalogen levels, the amount of total ethanolamine phospholipids is precisely maintained by a rise in PE. At the same time, a shift in the ratio between ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs occurs, which might have unfavorable, long-term biological consequences. Therefore, our findings are not only of interest for RCDP but may have more widespread implications also for other disease conditions, as for example Alzheimer's disease, that have been associated with a decline in plasmalogens. PE accurately compensates for the lack of plasmalogens in vitro and in vivo. PE levels decrease to adapt to excess of ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtn). Plasmalogen deficiency favors incorporation of arachidonic acid into PE. Docosahexaenoic acid in ethanolamine phospholipids decreases upon PlsEtn depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Brodde
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital, 4060 Ste-Catherine West, PT-406.2, Montreal, QC H3Z 2Z3, Canada.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, The Hugo W Moser Research Institute, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wilhelm W Just
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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96
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Bergan J, Skotland T, Lingelem ABD, Simm R, Spilsberg B, Lindbäck T, Sylvänne T, Simolin H, Ekroos K, Sandvig K. The ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol protects against Shiga toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4285-300. [PMID: 24740796 PMCID: PMC11113769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Currently, only supportive treatment is available for diagnosed patients. We show here that 24-h pretreatment with an ether lipid precursor, the alkylglycerol sn-1-O-hexadecylglycerol (HG), protects HEp-2 cells against Shiga toxin and Shiga toxin 2. Also the endothelial cell lines HMEC-1 and HBMEC are protected against Shiga toxins after HG pretreatment. In contrast, the corresponding acylglycerol, DL-α-palmitin, has no effect on Shiga toxicity. Although HG treatment provides a strong protection (~30 times higher IC₅₀) against Shiga toxin, only a moderate reduction in toxin binding was observed, suggesting that retrograde transport of the toxin from the plasma membrane to the cytosol is perturbed. Furthermore, endocytosis of Shiga toxin and retrograde sorting from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus remain intact, but transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by HG treatment. As previously described, HG reduces the total level of all quantified glycosphingolipids to 50-70% of control, including the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in HEp-2 cells. In accordance with this, we find that interfering with Gb3 biosynthesis by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gb3 synthase for 24 h causes a similar cytotoxic protection and only a moderate reduction in toxin binding (to 70% of control cells). Alkylglycerols, including HG, have been administered to humans for investigation of therapeutic roles in disorders where ether lipid biosynthesis is deficient, as well as in cancer therapy. Further studies may reveal if HG can also have a therapeutic potential in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Spilsberg
- Section of Bacteriology-Food and GMO, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Lindbäck
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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97
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Bibis SS, Dahlstrom K, Zhu T, Zufferey R. Characterization of Leishmania major phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2 and their inhibition by choline analogs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 196:90-9. [PMID: 25176160 PMCID: PMC4252796 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in the membranes of the human parasite Leishmania. It is synthesized via two metabolic routes, the de novo pathway that starts with the uptake of choline, and the threefold methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. Choline was shown to be dispensable for Leishmania; thus, the methylation pathway likely represents the primary route for PC production. Here, we have identified and characterized two phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases, LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2. Both enzymes are expressed in promastigotes as well as in the vertebrate form amastigotes, suggesting that these methyltransferases are important for the development of the parasite throughout its life cycle. These enzymes are maximally expressed during the log phase of growth which correlates with the demand of PC synthesis during cell multiplication. Immunofluorescence studies combined with cell fractionation have shown that both methyltransferases are localized at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterologous expression in yeast has demonstrated that LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2 complement the choline auxotrophy phenotype of a yeast double null mutant lacking phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity. LmjPEM1 catalyzes the first, and to a lesser extent, the second methylation reaction. In contrast, LmjPEM2 has the capacity to add the second and third methyl group onto phosphatidylethanolamine to yield (lyso)PC; it can also add the first methyl group, albeit with very low efficiency. Finally, we have demonstrated using inhibition studies with choline analogs that miltefosine and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide are potent inhibitors of this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios S Bibis
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Kelly Dahlstrom
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Rachel Zufferey
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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98
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Moraitou M, Dimitriou E, Dekker N, Monopolis I, Aerts J, Michelakakis H. Gaucher disease: Plasmalogen levels in relation to primary lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:30-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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99
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Grove KJ, Voziyan PA, Spraggins JM, Wang S, Paueksakon P, Harris RC, Hudson BG, Caprioli RM. Diabetic nephropathy induces alterations in the glomerular and tubule lipid profiles. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1375-85. [PMID: 24864273 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m049189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major life-threatening complication of diabetes. Renal lesions affect glomeruli and tubules, but the pathogenesis is not completely understood. Phospholipids and glycolipids are molecules that carry out multiple cell functions in health and disease, and their role in DN pathogenesis is unknown. We employed high spatial resolution MALDI imaging MS to determine lipid changes in kidneys of eNOS(-/-) db/db mice, a robust model of DN. Phospholipid and glycolipid structures, localization patterns, and relative tissue levels were determined in individual renal glomeruli and tubules without disturbing tissue morphology. A significant increase in the levels of specific glomerular and tubular lipid species from four different classes, i.e., gangliosides, sulfoglycosphingolipids, lysophospholipids, and phosphatidylethanolamines, was detected in diabetic kidneys compared with nondiabetic controls. Inhibition of nonenzymatic oxidative and glycoxidative pathways attenuated the increase in lipid levels and ameliorated renal pathology, even though blood glucose levels remained unchanged. Our data demonstrate that the levels of specific phospho- and glycolipids in glomeruli and/or tubules are associated with diabetic renal pathology. We suggest that hyperglycemia-induced DN pathogenic mechanisms require intermediate oxidative steps that involve specific phospholipid and glycolipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Grove
- Departments of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Paul A Voziyan
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Suwan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Paisit Paueksakon
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Departments of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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100
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Ling YS, Liang HJ, Chung MH, Lin MH, Lin CY. NMR- and MS-based metabolomics: various organ responses following naphthalene intervention. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1918-31. [PMID: 24802150 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant capable of causing illness. In this study, we deconvoluted the metabolites related to naphthalene intervention in various organs by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Male ICR mice were intraperitoneally dosed with olive oil (vehicle), and a low dose and a high dose (100 and 200 mg kg(-1) body wt, respectively) of naphthalene. After 48 h, the lungs, liver, and kidneys were collected for analysing the metabolic responses. The metabolites were extracted and non-targeted profiled using NMR. Low NMR resolution limited the identification of the hydrophobic metabolites. Therefore, LC-MS/MS-based focus lipidomics was applied to profile phosphorylcholine-containing lipids and sphingolipids. Chemometric analysis revealed that succinate and lactate were significantly increased in the lungs, suggesting that energy metabolisms and antioxidation were increased following naphthalene treatment. In the liver, anti-oxidative stress-related metabolites increased, enabling the oxidative stress during naphthalene biotransformation and detoxification to be overcome. The elevation of glutathione protected kidneys from reactive-naphthalene-metabolite-induced injury. Significant alteration of hydrophobic metabolites (membrane constituents) revealed lung and liver were the target organs of naphthalene treatment. MS data demonstrated that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and ceramide species were significantly altered in the lungs and liver, whereas only PC was observed in the kidneys. Elevated numbers of unsaturated bonds and fatty acyl chains in both ceramides and PCs were determined to reduce cellular membrane rigidity and facilitating the trafficking of recovery elements into the cell for rejuvenation. To conclude, the complementary results of NMR- and MS-based metabolomics enabled the characterization of naphthalene-induced changes in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Soon Ling
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 1, Jen-ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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